46 CHAPTER 1 쐽 LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

33. When the Distributive Property is written in its symmetric 37. Provide reasons for this proof. “If a = b and c = d, then
form, it reads a # b + a # c = a(b + c). Use this form to a + c = b + d.”
rewrite 5x + 5y.
34. Another form of the Distributive Property (see Exercise PROOF
33) reads b # a + c # a = (b + c)a. Use this form to rewrite
Statements Reasons
5x + 7x. Then simplify.
35. The Multiplication Property of Inequality requires that we 1. a=b 1. ?
reverse the inequality symbol when multiplying by a 2. a + c = b + c 2. ?
negative number. Given that -7  5, form the inequality 3. c=d 3. ?
that results when we multiply each side by -2. 4. a + c = b + d 4. ?
36. The Division Property of Inequality requires that we
reverse the inequality symbol when dividing by a negative 38. Write a proof for: “If a = b and c = d, then a - c = b - d.”
number. Given that 12 -4, form the inequality that
results when we divide each side by -4.

1.6 Relationships: Perpendicular Lines

KEY CONCEPTS Vertical Line(s) Relations: Reflexive, Equivalence Relation
Horizontal Line(s) Symmetric, and Transitive Perpendicular Bisector of a
Perpendicular Lines Properties Line Segment

Informally, a vertical line is one that extends up and down, like a flagpole. On the other
hand, a line that extends left to right is horizontal. In Figure 1.59, / is vertical and j is
horizontal. Where lines / and j intersect, they appear to form angles of equal measure.
j
DEFINITION
Perpendicular lines are two lines that meet to form congruent adjacent angles.

Perpendicular lines do not have to be vertical and horizontal. In Figure 1.60, the
Figure 1.59 slanted lines m and p are perpendicular (m › p). As we have seen, a small square is of-
ten placed in the opening of an angle formed by perpendicular lines to signify that the
lines are perpendicular.
Example 1 provides a formal proof of the relationship between perpendicular lines
and right angles. Study this proof, noting the order of the statements and reasons. The
m numbers in parentheses to the left of the statements refer to the earlier statement(s) upon
which the new statement is based.
p
STRATEGY FOR PROOF 왘 The Drawing for the Proof
General Rule: Make a drawing that accurately characterizes the “Given” information.
Illustration: For the proof of Example 1, see Figure 1.61.

THEOREM 1.6.1
If two lines are perpendicular, then they meet to form right angles.
Figure 1.60
 1.6 쐽 Relationships: Perpendicular Lines 47

EXAMPLE 1
C
Í ! Í !
GIVEN: AB › CD , intersecting at E (See Figure 1.61)
PROVE: ⬔AEC is a right angle

A E B PROOF
Statements Reasons
Í ! Í !
D 1. AB › CD, intersecting at E 1. Given
(1) 2. ⬔AEC  ⬔CEB 2. Perpendicular lines meet to form
congruent adjacent angles (Definition)
Figure 1.61
(2) 3. m⬔AEC = m⬔CEB 3. If two angles are congruent, their
measures are equal
4. ⬔AEB is a straight angle 4. Measure of a straight angle equals 180°
and m⬔AEB = 180°
5. m⬔AEC + m⬔CEB = m⬔AEB 5. Angle-Addition Postulate
(4), (5) 6. m⬔AEC + m⬔CEB = 180° 6. Substitution
(3), (6) 7. m⬔AEC + m⬔AEC = 180° 7. Substitution
or 2 · m⬔AEC = 180°
(7) 8. m⬔AEC = 90° 8. Division Property of Equality
(8) 9. ⬔AEC is a right angle 9. If the measure of an angle is 90°,
then the angle is a right angle

RELATIONS
The relationship between perpendicular lines suggests the more general, but undefined,
mathematical concept of relation. In general, a relation “connects” two elements of an as-
sociated set of objects. Table 1.8 provides several examples of the concept of a relation R.

TABLE 1.8
Relation R Objects Related Example of Relationship

is equal to numbers 2+3=5

is greater than numbers 7 5
is perpendicular to lines /›m
Exs. 1, 2 is complementary to angles ⬔1 is comp. to ⬔2
is congruent to line segments AB  CD
is a brother of people Matt is a brother of Phil

Reminder
Numbers that measure may be There are three special properties that may exist for a given relation R. Where a, b,
equal (AB = CD or m⬔1 = m⬔2) and c are objects associated with relation R, the properties consider one object (reflexive),
whereas geometric figures may be two objects in either order (symmetric), or three objects (transitive). For the properties to
congruent (AB  CD or
⬔1  ⬔2).
48 CHAPTER 1 쐽 LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

exist, it is necessary that the statements be true for all objects selected from the associated
set. These properties are generalized and given examples as follows:

Reflexive property: aRa (5 = 5; equality of numbers has a reflexive property)

Symmetric property: If aRb, then bRa. (If / › m, then m › /; perpendicularity of lines

has a symmetric property)

Transitive property: If aRb and bRc, then aRc. (If ⬔1  ⬔2 and ⬔2  ⬔3, then
⬔1  ⬔3; congruence of angles has a transitive property)

EXAMPLE 2

Does the relation “is less than” for numbers have a reflexive property? a symmetric
property? a transitive property?

Solution Because “2  2” is false, there is no reflexive property.

“If 2  5, then 5  2” is also false; there is no symmetric property.
“If 2  5 and 5  9, then 2  9” is true; there is a transitive property.
NOTE: The same results are obtained for choices other than 2, 5, and 9. 쮿

Congruence of angles (or of line segments) is closely tied to equality of angle

measures (or line segment measures) by the definition of congruence. The following list
gives some useful properties of the congruence of angles.
Reflexive: ⬔1  ⬔1; an angle is congruent to itself.
Symmetric: If ⬔1  ⬔2, then ⬔2  ⬔1.
Transitive: If ⬔1  ⬔2 and ⬔2  ⬔3, then ⬔1  ⬔3.
Any relation (such as congruence of angles) that has reflexive, symmetric, and
Exs. 3–9 transitive properties is known as an equivalence relation. In later chapters, we will see
that congruence of triangles and similarity of triangles also have reflexive, symmetric,
and transitive properties; these relations are also equivalence relations.
Returning to the formulation of a proof, the
final example in this section is based on the fact A 3 B
that vertical angles are congruent when two O
2 4
lines intersect. See Figure 1.62. Because there D 1 C
are two pairs of congruent angles, the Prove
could be stated Figure 1.62
Geometry in Nature Prove: ⬔1  ⬔3 and ⬔2  ⬔4
Such a conclusion is a conjunction and would be proved if both congruences were es-
tablished. For simplicity, the Prove of Example 3 is stated
© Karel Broz̆/Shutterstock

Prove: ⬔2  ⬔4
Study this proof of Theorem 1.6.2, noting the order of the statements and reasons.

THEOREM 1.6.2
An icicle formed from freezing If two lines intersect, then the vertical angles formed are congruent.
water assumes a vertical path.
 1.6 쐽 Relationships: Perpendicular Lines 49

EXAMPLE 3
Í ! Í !
GIVEN: AC intersects BD at O (See Figure 1.62 on pge 48.)
PROVE: ⬔2  ⬔4

PROOF
Technology Statements Reasons
Í ! Í !
Exploration 1. AC intersects BD at O 1. Given
Use computer software if 2. ⬔s AOC and DOB are straight 2. The measure of a straight angle is 180°
available. ⬔s, with m⬔AOC = 180
Í ! Í !
1. Construct AC and BD to and m⬔DOB = 180
intersect at point O. (See 3. m⬔AOC = m⬔DOB 3. Substitution
Figure 1.62.) 4. m⬔1 + m⬔4 = m⬔DOB and 4. Angle-Addition Postulate
2. Measure ⬔1, ⬔2, ⬔3, and ⬔4. m⬔1 + m⬔2 = m⬔AOC
3. Show that m⬔1 = m⬔3 and 5. m⬔1 + m⬔4 = m⬔1 + m⬔2 5. Substitution
m⬔2 = m⬔4. 6. m⬔4 = m⬔2 6. Subtraction Property of Equality
7. ⬔4  ⬔2 7. If two angles are equal in measure,
the angles are congruent
8. ⬔2  ⬔4 8. Symmetric Property of Congruence
of Angles

In the preceding proof, there is no need to reorder the congruent angles from state-
ment 7 to statement 8 because congruence of angles is symmetric; in the later work,
statement 7 will be written to match the Prove statement even if the previous line does
not have the same order. The same type of thinking applies to proving lines perpendi-
cular or parallel: The order is simply not important!
A X B
(a)
CONSTRUCTIONS LEADING TO PERPENDICULAR LINES
Construction 2 in Section 1.2 determined not only the midpoint of AB but also that of
A C X D B the perpendicular bisector of AB. In many instances, we need the line perpendicular
(b) to another line at a point other than the midpoint of a segment.

Construction 5 To construct the line perpendicular to a given line at a

E specified point on the given line.
Í !
GIVEN: AB with point X in Figure 1.63(a)
Í ! Í ! Í !
CONSTRUCT: A line EX , so that EX ⊥ AB
CONSTRUCTION: Figure 1.63(b): Using X asÍ the
! center, mark off arcs of
A C X D B equal radii on each side of X to intersect AB at C and D.
Figure 1.63(c): Now, using C and D as centers, mark off arcs of equal radii
with a length greater Íthan
! XD so that these arcs intersect either above
(c) (as shown) or below AB.
Í !
Figure 1.63 Í ! of intersection E, draw EX, which is the desired line; that
Calling Íthe! point
is, EX ⊥ AB.
50 CHAPTER 1 쐽 LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

The theorem that Construction 5 is based on is a consequence of the Protractor Pos-

X
tulate, and we state it without proof.

THEOREM 1.6.3
M S In a plane, there is exactly one line perpendicular to a given line at any point on the line.

R
Construction 2, which was used to locate the midpoint of a line segment in Section
1.2, is also theÍ method
! for constructing the perpendicular bisector of a line segment. In
Y
Figure 1.64, XY is the perpendicular bisector of RS. The following theorem can be
proved by methods developed later in this book.
Figure 1.64
THEOREM 1.6.4
The perpendicular bisector of a line segment is unique.
Exs. 10–14

Exercises 1.6
Í ! Í !
In Exercises 1 and 2, supply reasons. 2. Given: AB intersects CD at O so that ⬔1 is a right ⬔
M (Use the figure following Exercise 1.)
1. Given: ⬔1  ⬔3 N
Prove: ⬔2 and ⬔3 are complementary
Prove: ⬔MOP  ⬔NOQ 1 P
2
3 PROOF
O Q
Statements Reasons
Í ! Í !
1. AB intersects CD at O 1. ?
PROOF
2. ⬔AOB is a straight ⬔, 2. ?
Statements Reasons so m⬔AOB = 180
3. m⬔1 + m⬔COB 3. ?
1. ⬔1  ⬔3 1. ?
2. m⬔1 = m⬔3 2. ?
= m⬔AOB
4. m⬔1 + m⬔COB = 180 4. ?
3. m⬔1 + m⬔2 = m⬔MOP 3. ?
5. ⬔1 is a right angle 5. ?
and
6. m⬔1 = 90 6. ?
m⬔2 + m⬔3 = m⬔NOQ
7. 90 + m⬔COB = 180 7. ?
4. m⬔1 + m⬔2 = 4. ?
8. m⬔COB = 90 8. ?
m⬔2 + m⬔3
9. m⬔2 + m⬔3 = m⬔COB 9. ?
5. m⬔MOP = m⬔NOQ 5. ?
10. m⬔2 + m⬔3 = 90 10. ?
6. ⬔MOP  ⬔NOQ 6. ?
11. ⬔2 and ⬔3 are 11. ?
complementary

1
2 2
1 3
A O B

3
D

Exercise 2 Exercise 3
 1.6 쐽 Relationships: Perpendicular Lines 51

In Exercises 3 and 4, supply statements. 8. Given: AB

Construct: The perpendicular bisector of AB
3. Given: ⬔1  ⬔2 and ⬔2  ⬔3
Prove: ⬔1  ⬔3 A B
(Use the figure following Exercise 1.)
9. Given: Triangle ABC
PROOF Construct: The perpendicular bisectors of sides AB, AC,
and BC
Statements Reasons
C
1. ? 1. Given
2. ? 2. Transitive Property of
Congruence

A B
4. Given: m⬔AOB = m⬔1
m⬔BOC
! = m⬔1 10. Draw a conclusion based on the results of Exercise 9.
Prove: OB bisects ⬔AOC
In Exercises 11 and 12, provide the missing statements and
A reasons.
B 11. Given: ⬔s 1 and 3 are complementary
C ⬔s 2 and 3 are complementary
1
O Prove: ⬔1  ⬔2

PROOF 1

Statements Reasons 2

1. ? 1. Given
2. ? 2. Substitution 3
4
3. ? 3. Angles with equal
measures are congruent
4. ? 4. If a ray divides an PROOF
angle into two congruent
Statements Reasons
angles, then the ray
bisects the angle 1. ⬔s 1 and 3 are 1. ?
complementary;
⬔s 2 and 3 are
In Exercises 5 to 9, use a compass and a straightedge to complementary
complete the constructions. 2. m⬔1 + m⬔3 = 90; 2. The sum of the measures
5. Given: Point N on line s m⬔2 + m⬔3 = 90 of complementary
Construct: Line m through N so that m ⊥ s ⬔s is 90
(2) 3. m⬔1 + m⬔3 = 3. ?
s m⬔2 + m⬔3
4. ? 4. Subtraction Property
N of Equality
! (4) 5. ? 5. If two ⬔s are = in
6. Given: OA measure, they are 
Construct: Right angle BOA
!
(HINT: Use a straightedge to extend OA to the left.)

O A

7. Given: Line / containing point A

Construct: A 45° angle with vertex at A

A
52 CHAPTER 1 쐽 LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

12. Given: ⬔1  ⬔2; ⬔3  ⬔4 18. Does the relation “is in love with” have a reflexive
⬔s 2 and 3 are complementary property (consider one person)? a symmetric property
Prove: ⬔s 1 and 4 are complementary (consider two people)? a transitive property (consider
three people)?
19. This textbook has used numerous symbols and
abbreviations. In this exercise, indicate what word is
1
represented or abbreviated by each of the following:
2 a) ⊥ b) ⬔s c) supp. d) rt. e) m⬔1
20. This textbook has used numerous symbols and
3 abbreviations. In this exercise, indicate what word is
4
represented or abbreviated by each of the following:
a) post. b) ´ c)  d)  e) pt.
PROOF 21. This text book has used numerous symbols and
abbreviations. In this exercise, indicate what word is
Statements Reasons represented or abbreviated by !each of the following:
1. ⬔1  ⬔2 and 1. ? a) adj. b) comp. c) AB d)  e) vert.
⬔3  ⬔4 22. If there were no understood restriction to lines in a plane
2. ? and ? 2. If two ⬔s are , in Theorem 1.6.3, the theorem would be false. Explain
then their measures are why the following statement is false: “In space, there is
exactly one line perpendicular to a given line at any point
equal
on the line.”
3. ⬔s 2 and 3 are 3. ?
23. Prove the Extended Segment Addition Property by using
complementary
the Drawing, the Given, and the Prove that follow.
(3) 4. ? 4. The sum of the measures
Given: M-N-P-Q on MQ
of complementary
Prove: MN + NP + PQ = MQ
⬔s is 90
(2), (4) 5. m⬔1 + m⬔4 = 90 5. ? M N P Q
6. ? 6. If the sum of the
measures of two angles 24. The Segment-Addition Postulate can be generalized as
is 90, then the angles are follows: “The length of a line segment equals the sum of
complementary the lengths of its parts.” State a general conclusion about
AE based on the following figure.

13. Does the relation “is perpendicular to” have a reflexive A B C D E

property (consider line /)? a symmetric property
(consider lines / and m)? a transitive property (consider 25. Prove the Extended Angle
lines /, m, and n)? Addition Property by using the T

14. Does the relation “is greater than” have a reflexive Drawing, the Given, and the U
property (consider real number a)? a symmetric property Prove that follow.
! !
(consider real numbers a and b)? a transitive property Given: ⬔TSW with SU and SV S
V
(consider real numbers a, b, and c)? Prove: m⬔TSW = m⬔TSU +
15. Does the relation “is complementary to” for angles have a m⬔USV + m⬔VSW W
reflexive property (consider one angle)? a symmetric 26. The Angle-Addition Postulate
property (consider two angles)? a transitive property can be generalized as follows: G
(consider three angles)? “The measure of an angle L

16. Does the relation “is less than” for numbers have a equals the sum of the measures 1
M

reflexive property (consider one number)? a symmetric of its parts.” State a general 2
N
3
property (consider two numbers)? a transitive property conclusion about m⬔GHK
H 4 K
(consider three numbers)? based on the figure shown.
27. If there were no understood
17. Does the relation “is a brother of” have a reflexive
restriction to lines in a plane in Theorem 1.6.4, the
property (consider one male)? a symmetric property
theorem would be false. Explain why the following
(consider two males)? a transitive property (consider three
statement is false: “In space, the perpendicular bisector of
males)?
a line segment is unique.”