The Human Immune System - Active Immunity

- Passive Immunity
What is the immune system? Active Immunity
The body’s defense against disease causing - You produce the antibodies
organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign Your body has been exposed to the antigen
particles in the past

The First Line of Defense Passive Immunity

1. Skin
The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the
epidermis, forms a shield against invaders and
secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders
2.Saliva
Saliva contains many chemicals that break down
Thousands of different types of bacteria can
survive these chemicals
3. Stomach Acid
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly
strong acids in the stomach that break down your
food
The stomach must produce a coating of special
mucus or this acid would eat through the
stomach!
• You don’t produce the antibodies
– A mother will pass immunities on to
her baby during pregnancy - through
what organ?
These antibodies will protect the
baby for a short period of
time following birth while its
immune system develops.
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus
• Discovered in 1983
• Specifically targets and kills T-cells
• Because normal body cells are unaffected,
immune response is not launched
• Transmitted by sexual contact, blood
transfusions, contaminated needles

Escherichia coli
is common and plentiful in all of our
digestive tracts.
- These bacteria are technically outside the
body and aid in digesting material we
cannot
- Only if E.Coli are introduced in an unnatural
manner can they break through the first
line of defense and harm us
The Second Line of Defense
1. White Blood Cells~
- If invaders actually get within the body,
then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin
their attack
- WBCs normally circulate throughout the
blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if
invaders are detected
2. Interferon
- Virus-infected body cells release interferon
when an invasion occurs
- Interferon – chemical that
interferes with the ability to
viruses to attack other body
cells
3. The Inflammatory Response
- Injured body cells release chemicals called
histamines, which begin inflammatory
response
The Third Line of Defense
1. Antibodies
What is immunity?
- Resistance to a disease causing organism or
harmful substance
- Two types
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is all the bony tissues in an
animal’s body.
Animal’s that have an internal skeleton, or
endoskeleton, include humans and
domestic animals.
The skeletons are similar in most species, but may
vary in lengths and sizes of bones.
Functions of the skeleton include:
• Giving the body shape and form,
• Protecting vital organs,
• Allowing for body movement,
• Storing minerals, and
Serving as a site for formation of blood cells.
Anatomy of Bones and Bone Tissue
The outer portion of the bone is hard, dense bone
and forms the cortex.
The inner portion of the bone is spongy, porous
bone that forms a network called the
medulla cavity.
The medulla cavity has a membrane lining called
the endosteum
Bone marrow is a thick, red mass of cells inside
the medulla cavity, which makes essential
blood cells.
Blood cells created in the bone marrow include
the following:
• Leukocytes – fight infection,
• Erythrocytes – carry oxygen, and
Platelets – help the blood to clot.
 Floating ribs – ribs that have no connection to
other ribs in the sternum area.

Sternum – several small bones (sternebrae) that

fuse together as animal ages to form the floor of
the thoracic cavity.
The sternum, as previously mentioned, is the site
of attachment for the sternal (true) ribs.

As the bone ages, the red bone marrow gradually

changes into yellow fatty marrow.

Total Bone Mass

Of the total bone mass, 26% is mineral matter; the
other chemical compositions are 20% protein,
4% fat, and 50% water.

The outer layer of a bone is composed of mineral

deposits, which makes the bone hard and
inflexible.

Calcium phosphate makes up almost 85% of the

mineral matter and the remaining 15% is calcium
carbonate and magnesium phosphate.

One-third of the bone’s total weight is comprised

of living tissues that contain replicating cells, blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Number of Vertebrae
Cervical- 7 bones
Thoracic- 12 bones
Lumbar- 5 bones
Sacral- 5 fused bones
Coccygeal – 4 fused bones

Ribs – thin, flat, curved bones that protect the

heart, lungs, stomach, spleen, and kidneys.
Ribs also assist in respiration by lifting up and
allowing the lungs to expand during inhalation and
by moving down and squeezing air out during
exhalation

True ribs (sternal ribs) – ribs that are attached to

the sternum by cartilage.

False ribs – ribs that do not connect directly to the

sternum, but may connect to the last sternal rib by
cartilage.