UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
MARA

Lab Report : CES511 – STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

CES511 –STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB EXPERIMENT: TORSION (CO2:PO5)
SEMESTER : MARCH - JULY 2020 DATE OF LAB : 17th MARCH 2020
GROUP : PEC2215B1 LAB LEVEL OEL : 1
LECTURER : MADAM HAFIZAH BINTI MUHAMAD AZLAN
CO2: Organize laboratory work on structural elements and materials.
PO5: Ability to utilize appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools in predicting and modelling
of complex civil engineering problems with an understanding of the limitations.

CRITERIA
No STUDENT ID NAME
1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
1. 2019704841 MUHAMAD NUR AIZUDDIN BIN AMRIN
2. 2019715281 MUHAMAD ZAFRI BIN SAPAWI
3. 2019717297 MUHAMMAD ELHAMME BIN ABDUL KARIM
4. 2019582589 NUR SAMIRAH IZZATI BINTI AHMAD RAZI
5. 2019701961 MUHAMMAD IKRAM BIN MOHD YUNOS

PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

PERFORMANCE SCALE
NO. CRITERIA Developing Functional Proficient Advanced
0 1 2 3 4 5
 Independently
 Often requires  Generally able to designed / identified
 Has a very low ability to  Independently
Ability to design  Unable to design/ instructor to design / design / identify basic the idea / task of the
design/ identify the designed / identified
and conducted identify the basic idea / identify basic idea / task idea / task of the experiment with
basic idea / task of the idea / task of the
task of the experiment. of the experiment. experiment. additional supporting
1 a research- experiment. experiment.
 Helps are required to  Helps are required with  Able to conduct the references.
based  Helps are required to  Able to conduct a
conduct the whole refinement in several experiment with  Show an outstanding
conduct the whole research-based
experiment experiment. major details and minimal guide from ability in conducting
experiment. experiment.
conduct the experiment. the instructor. research-based
experiment.
Ability to
perform Fails to notice the
experiment Has a very low awareness Practices most procedures Practices most safety Practices all safety
importance information and Minor flaws in safety.
on the importance of safety and conforms to procedures and conforms to procedures and conforms to
2 safely and safety factors in the
information and safety
Requires constant
the lab regulations with the lab regulations without the lab regulations without
aware of workplace. supervision.
factors in the workplace. minimal supervision. supervision. supervision.
priorities in the
laboratory.
Ability to
 All equipment are
demonstrate  Setup of equipment is  All equipment are
 Setup of equipment is accurately placed in an
care and  Unable to setup the  Setup of equipment is generally workable accurately placed.
generally workable orgained way
equipment not accurate  Demonstrates good  Demonstrates sound
3 respect in  Demonstrates general  Demonstrates a very
 No respect and care for  Lacks of respect and knowledge of respect knowledge of respect
handling the respect and care for the good knowledge of
the equipments. care for the equipments. and care for the and care for the
equipments. respect and care for the
equipment set- equipment. equipment.
equipments.
up.
Successfully
 Successfully complete  Successfully complete  Successfully complete
performs  Low ability to complete
experiment procedures experiment procedures  Successfully complete experiment
experiment  Cannot complete tasks tasks and standard
with moderate with minimal experiment independently.
and standard procedures.
4 without supervision. supervision. independently.  Thoroughly and
procedures.  Help is required with
guidance based  Requires help from the  Works to follow each  Carefully follow each carefully follow each
 Help is always required. refinement in several
instructor with some step before moving the step. step before moving to
on level of major details.
steps in procedure next step the next step.
openness.
 Data collected is relevant
 Data collected is relevant
and sufficient to analyze  Data collected is  Data collected is
 Data collected is in a and sufficient to analyze
that probably represents relevant, related to accurately reflects the
Ability to collect disorganized manner or that probably only
the results of the objective(s) and results of the
and record the Data collected are only with the instructor represents the results of
experiment but not sufficient to analyze. experiment and
disorganized and not assistance the experiment.
5 experimental related to the objectives.  One component of data objective(s).
relevant  Data recorded is  Two components of data
data in an  Two components of data incomplete or missing:  Tables are easy to read
relevant but very brief incomplete or missing:
incomplete or missing: ____Units and units are provided.
orderly manner and the data is ____Units
____Units ____Tables Graphs are labeled and
insufficient to analyze. ____Tables
____Tables ____Graphs show trends.
____Graphs
____Graphs
Ability to All of the results have been
illustrate the Almost all of the results
All of the results have been interpreted correctly, with
experimental Incorrect interpretation of Incomplete interpretation Minimal with 1 sentence have been correctly
correctly interpreted, with sufficient support of
trends and comparison of of trends and comparison of describing the main finding interpreted but without
6 work and data indicating a lack of data indicating a lack of of the experiment. sufficient support of
only 1 sufficient support of important trends or data
manipulating important trends or data comparisons
understanding of results. understanding of results. important trends or data
comparisons.
data leading to comparisons.
findings

Instruction to Students
1. Two (2) weeks duration is given for each lab report submission.
2. Report must be type using Microsoft Office.
3. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited, the group will be penalized and marks will be deducted.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: TORSION

1.0) INTRODUCTION

Figure 1

Torsion is basic type of deformation of a structural member that is subjected to a twist

action of applied forces, as shown by the cantilever shaft subjected to a torque at the
free end (Figure 1). If the shaft is long and has a circular section, its torsion and
deformation are characterized by the following:

i. The torque or twist moment is applied within a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the circular member.
ii. Under the action of the torque, shear stress develops on the cross sections.
iii. Under the action of the torque, the deformation of the bar is dominated by
angle of twist, i.e., the relative rotation between parallel planes perpendicular
to the axis.
iv. A plane section perpendicular to the axis remains plane after the twist moment
is applied, i.e., no warpage or distortion of parallel planes normal to the axis of
a member occurs.

Recall the equation:

T=G*Jxθ
L

T = Constant x θ

Hence
G*J
L
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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

Constant = Slope of the graph T Vs. θ

Thus, Shear Modulus:

G = (Slope x L) / J

= (Slope x length h of the specimen)

Polar moment of inertia

2.0) OBJECTIVES
To determine the relationship between the applied torque and the angle of twist and
hence obtain the shear modulus.

3.0) PROBLEM STATEMENT

Beam is an element that normally sustains the vertical loading. It tends to fail due to
torsion besides bending and shear. Therefore, it is important to aware the torsion
effect on the beam.

4.0) APPARATUS
1) Digital protractor
2) Load indicator
3) Circular steel as testing sample
4) Dial gauge
5) Vernier calliper

5.0) PROCEDURE
1. The digital protractor and the load indicator unit are switched on to warm the
systems.
2. The length and the diameter of the specimen are measured and recorded.
3. The torsiometer is mounted approximately at the centre of the specimen and the
dial gauge reading is set to zero.
4. The top screw that is attached to the specimen setting bar was loosen.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

5. A socket was attached to the end of the specimen setting bar.

6. The specimen is placed in the socket.
7. Another socket is placed at the free end.
8. The specimen setting bar is pushed towards the other socket. The specimen is
pushed and slides into the socket once the specimen is in contact with the socket.
9. When socket and the specimen are in line, the specimen was pushed until the
whole the hexagon portion is completely inside the socket.
10. After the hexagon portion is completely inside the socket, the position of the
specimen setting bar are locked by tightening the top and bottom screws.
11. The load indicator reading is set to zero by pressing the tare button.
12. The digital protector reading is set to zero by pressing the R button.
13. The torsiometer reading is set to zero by turning the dial indicator face.
14. The handle is turned until the load cell records a small reading and the specimen
is tight. This is a preload condition.
15. The load indicator, the digital protector and the torsiometer reading is set to zero
by pressing tare button, the R button and the face of the dial gauge turned
respectively.
16. Torque is applied to the specimen by turning the handle anticlockwise.

17. The angle of twist is recorded from dial gauge reading.

18. The load cell, the digital protector and the torsiometer reading is recorded for
another 5 values.

19. The digital protractor and the load indicator are switch off.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

6.0) RESULT AND ANALYSIS

i) Experimental Results

Load Cell (W) Torsiometer (div) Digital Protractor, θ actual

(˚)
5 4 2.0
10 7 3.5
15 9.5 4.9
20 12 6.0
25 15 7.1
30 18 8.2
Table 1

ii) Theoretical Results

Data Requirement
1) Length of specimen = 155 mm
2) Diameter of specimen = 6 mm
3) Gauge length ‘torsion meter’ = 50 mm
4) Torque arm, L = 100 mm
5) Polar moment of inertia, J = 103.63 mm⁴
6) For the torsion meter, 1 division represent 0.015 degrees
7) The angle of twist reading is given in the dial gauge

Applied Torque Angle of Twist Angle of Twist

T = W * 100 (Torsiometer) (Digital Protractor)
Θ = (div * 0.01) * 𝝅𝝅/180 Θ = θ actual * 𝝅𝝅/180
(Nmm) (rad) (rad)
500 0.000698 0.0349
1000 0.001221 0.0611
1500 0.001658 0.0855
2000 0.002094 0.1047
2500 0.002617 0.1239
3000 0.003141 0.1431
Table 2

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

Applied Torque (Nmm) vs Angle of Twist (radian)

3500
3000
Applied Torque (Nmm)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Angle of Twist (radian)

Torsiometer Digital Protractor

Graph 1

a) Polar moment of inertia

𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋⁴ 𝜋𝜋(6.0)⁴
𝐽𝐽 = 32
= 32
= 127.23 mm⁴

b) Shear Modulus, G
Gradient (From the graph):
3000−500
Slope = 0.003141−0.000698 = 1023331.969 Nmm

i. Experimental:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (1023331.969 ×155)

G= 𝐽𝐽
= 103.63
= 1530603.64 N/mm²

ii. Theoretical:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 3000 ×155

G = 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽 = 127.33 ×0.003141 = 1162664.139 N/mm²

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

c) Percentage Different Between Theoretical and Experimental result:

| 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒|
% 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
1162664.139 −1530603.64
=| 1162664.139
| × 100%

= 31.64 %

7.0) DISCUSSION

Torsion is basic type of deformation of a structural member that is subjected

to a twist action of applied forces. The reason of a torsion test is to determine the
relationship between the applied torque and the angle of twist and hence obtain the
shear modulus. Plus, based on the data analysis, the value of slope is 1023331.969
Nmm and the Shear Modulus (G) is obtained from the slope of the graph which is the
value is 1530603.64 N/mm². The experiment that undergoes in the lab whereby we
observe the material under a specified torque of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, dan
3000 Nmm. From the experiment, the angle of twist is increases when the applied
torque increases. The value of angle of twist of torsionmeter increases as follows,
0.000698, 0.001221, 0.001658, 0.002094, 0.002617, and 0.003141 radian.

In addition, the value that recorded in the table were taken from the torsion
apparatus which consist of torsionmeter, load cell and a digital protractor. Followed
by calculation provided and formula given and obtained from applied torque, angle of
twist from torsionmeter and angle of twist from the digital protractor, we can
calculate and get the value of shear modulus thus leading to get theoretical value and
percentage error. From the analysis above, the experimental value of shear modulus,
G is 1530603.64 N/mm² by using the value of slope obtained from the graph.
1162664.139 N/mm² is the value of theoretical shear modulus which calculated using
the torsion formula. The experimental and theoretical values of shear modulus lead
to get the percentage error which already calculated and the value is 31.64%.

As well as the possible errors that can occur during the experiment which can
lead straight to inaccurate and imprecise figures of data. The errors might happen
from human error while undertaking the experiment which is parallax error and the

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT

mistaken by overlooked to tare the apparatus while recording the value. Some safety
measures to overcome these possible error which are by making sure that the
apparatus is in good state, always alert before recording any data obtained by the
apparatus reading, making sure that the specimen is tighten into the socket follows
by the procedure given and the all data obtained must be recorded to avoid lost data
during experiment undertaken.

8.0) CONCLUSION

From the graph, the relationship between applied torque and angle of twist is
directly proportional. When the value of applied torque increases, the angle of twist
also increases. Specified torque of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 Nmm are
used during the experiment hence leading to get shear modulus value (G) 1530603.64
N/mm². From the results, percentage errors are calculated which the result is 31.64
%. Plus, there are the possible sources of errors in the experiment which could
indirectly lead to wrong data which are by mistaken in recording the data; human
error in parallax error, human error while doing the experiment by using the
apparatus, and the apparatus used during the experiment is not in a very well
condition. As well as to overcome the errors, some precaution can be completed to
avoid this errors, such as follow the manual when do experiment, be more alert while
recording the data obtained and ensure the apparatus used is in a good state.