2. Strength of Materials, Structural Design & Drawings.

Q.1.- Draw the Shear force and Bending movement diagrams in the following cases duly
indicating the values at various locations. [ LDCE 2003 ]
a)

b)

Ans.- a) Taking moment about A

RB x 8 = ( 4 x 6 ) + 2 x 4 x 4/2 = 24 + 16 = 40, RB = 40 / 8 = 5 T .
And RA = ( 4 + 2 x 4 ) – 5 = 12 – 5 = 7 t.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 7T, FC = 5 - 4 = + 1T, FD = + 5T, FB = + 5 T

Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = ( 5 x 4 ) – ( 4 x 2 ) = 20 – 8 = 12 Tm., MD = 5 x 2 = 10 Tm., MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment –
X / 7 = (4 – x) / 1 , x = 28 – 7x , x + 7x = 28 , 8x = 28 , x = 28 / 8 = 3.5 m.

1 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 1
MM = ( 5 x 4.5 ) – ( 4 x 2.5 ) – ( 0.5 x 2 x 0.5 / 2 ) = 22.5 – 10 – 0.25 = 22.5 – 10.25 = 12.25 Tm.
b) Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 4T, FB = -2 - 2 = - 4T, FC = - 2T, FD = 0.

Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MD = 0 , MC = 2 x 1 x 2 / 2 = 2Tm, MB = 2 x 1 x 2 = 4 Tm., MA = 2 x 3 + 2 x 1 = 8Tm.

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Q. 2 – ( a ) Define young’ s modulus. [ LDCE 1992 ]
(b) What force would be required to cause an elongation of 1 mm
in a steel rod of diameter 25 mm and a length of 5 m ,
young’ s modulus of steel 1.5 x 10 6 kg cm 2 [ LDCE 1992 ]
(c) Which material would have higher modulus of elasticity rubber or steel.
[ LDCE 1992 , 1997 ]
Ans. -
( a ) Young’ s modulus –
The ratio between tensile stress & tensile strain or between compressive stress & compressive
strain is called young’ s modulus of elasticity.
When ever a material is loaded within its elastic limits the stress is proportional to strain
Pµe , P=Exe , E=P/e
Where P = Stress , e = Strain , E = young’ s modulus
( b ) Length of rod l = 5 m = 500 cm. And Dia of rod = 25 mm = 2.5 cm.
Area of rod A = 3.14 x (2.5)2 / 4 = 4.91 cm2
Modulus of elasticity E = 1.5 x 10 6 kg cm 2
Elongation of the rod dl = 1 mm = 0.01 cm. Force P = ?
Using the relation dl = P l / AE , P = AE dl / l = [4.91 x 1.50 x 106 x 0.01] / 500
P = 1473 kg. Ans.
( c ) Steel would have higher modulus of elasticity.
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2 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 2
Q. 3 - Two concentrated loads of 100 & 200 KN advance along a girder of 20 m. span, the
distance between the loads being 8 m. Find the position of the section which has to
support the greatest bending moment and calculate the value of this bending moment.
[ LDCE 1986 ]
Ans. - Taking moment about A
RB x 20 = ( 200 x 14 ) + ( 100 x 6 ) = 2800 + 600 = 3400, RB = 3400 / 20 = 170 KN .
And RA = ( 100 + 200 ) – 170 = 300 – 170 = 130 KN.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 130KN, FC = -30 - 100 = - 130KN, FD = 170 – 200 = - 30KN, FB = +170KN.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 170 x 14 – 200 x 8 = 2380 – 1600 = 789 KNm , MD = 170 x 6 = 1020 KNm ,
MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment – 1020 KNm. At point D

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Q. 4 – A Beam A B 12 meter long rests on supports 9 meter apart the right hand end over
hanging the supports by 1 m and the left hand end by 2 m . The beam carries a
uniformty distributed load of 300 kg per meter. The beam also carries a point load of
2000 kg at extreme right hand end and apart of 1500 kg at the left hand end.
Construct the shear force and bending moment diagrams and also calculate the
maximum bending moment. [ LGS 1993 , 2005 ]
Ans.- Taking moments about C
RD x 9 = (2000 x 10) + (300 x 10 x 5) – (1500 x 2) – (300 x 2 x 1)
= 20000 + 15000 – 3000 - 600 = 35000 – 3600 = 31400
RD = 31400 / 9 = 3488.89 kg.
And RC = ( 2000 + 1500 + 300 x 12 ) – 3488.89 = 7100 – 3488.89 = 3611.11 kg.

3 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 3
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = + 1500Kg, FC = +1500 + 600 – 3611.11= + 2100 – 3611.11 = - 1511.11 Kg,
FD = - 1511.11 + 300 x 9 – 3488.89 = - 5000 + 2700 = - 2300 Kg, FB = - 2000 kg.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = - (1500 x 2) – ( 300 x 2 x 1 ) = - 3000 – 600 = -3600 kgm ,
MD = - ( 2000 x 1 ) – (300 x 1 x 0.50 ) = - 2000 – 150 = - 2150 kgm. MB = 0

Maximum Bending Moment –

X / 1511.11 = (9 – x) / 1188.89 , 1188.89 x = 9 x 1511.11 – 1511.11x ,
1188.89 x + 1511.11x = 13599.99 , 2700 x = 13599.99 , x = 13599.99 / 2700 = 5.03 m.
MM = - ( 1500 x 7.03 ) + ( 3611 x 5.03 ) – ( 300 x 7.03 x 7.03 / 2 )
= - 10545 + 18163.88 – 7413.14 = - 17958.14 + 18163.88 = + 205.74 kgm.

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Q. 5 - A simply supported beam 10 m long is subjected to three point loads of 1 T, 2 T and 3

Tones each at distance of 3m, 5m and 8m from the left end. draw S. F. & B. M. diagram
for the beam. [ LDCE 1989 ]
Ans.- Taking moment about A
RB x 10 = (3 x 8) + (2 x 5 ) + ( 1 x 3 ) = 24 + 10 + 3 = 37
RB = 37 / 10 = 3.7 T
RA = ( 3 + 2 + 1 ) – 3.7 = 6 – 3.7 = 2.3 T.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = - 2.3 T, FC = - 23 + 1= - 1.3 T , FD = – 1.3 + 2 = + 0.7 T.
FE = 0.7 + 3 = 3.7 T. , FB = + 3.7 T.
Bending Moment –

4 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 4
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 2.3 x 3 = 6.9 Tm. , MD = (2.3 x 5) – (1 x 2) = 11.5 – 2 = 9.5 Tm ,
ME = ( 2.3 x 8 ) – ( 1 x 5 ) – ( 2 x 3 ) = 18.4 – 5 – 6 = 18.4 – 11 = 7.4 Tm. , MB = 0

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Q. 6 - Most commonly adopted field test to measure the workability of concrete. Explain the test
procedure in detail. Also indicate the recommended values for RCC & Mass concrete
works in this connection. [ LDCE 2003,2006 ]
Ans - Workability of Concrete :-
Despite all its importance workability is the most elusive property of concrete and is quite
difficult to define and measure. In its simplest form a concrete is said to be workable if it can be
easily mixed , handled, transported, placed in position and compacted.
Evidently the requirement of workability varies according to the nature of job, the obstruction to
the full flow of concrete caused by spacing and nature of reinforcement. The workability of
concrete can be measured by one of the following three tests.
1) Slump test.
2) Compaction factor test.
3) Vee-bee test.
Normally slump test is the most popular method.
Slump test :- Slump test is commonly adopted for ordinary concrete works. This test is
performed with the help of a vessel of the shape of the frustum of a cone and open at both
ends. The top and bottom diameters of the vessel should be 100 mm and 200 mm respectively
and it should be 300 mm in height.
The vessel is placed in a flat non-absorbent surface and then filled with specimen concrete mix
in four different layers of equal thickness. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the point of a 16
mm dia rod, 60 cm. In length. The strokes are applied uniformly over the entire area with a force
that the rod just penetrates the full depth of the layer being compacted . Immediately after the

5 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 5
vessel is completely filled, it is raised vertically, care being taken not to disturb the filling. The
concrete filling is allowed to subside or settle. The vertical settlement recorded for concrete is
known as slump.

Slumps commonly adopted for various concrete mixes

Slump
Type of work When vibrators are When vibrators are not
used used
1. Mass concrete in foundations, 1.0 to 2.5 cm. 5.0 to 7.5 cm.
footing retaining walls and pavements.
2. Thin sections of flooring of less than 2.5 to 4.0 cm. 7.5 to 10.0 cm.
75 mm thickness.
3. Reinforced cement concrete work in 1.0 to 2.5 cm. 8.0 cm.
foundation, footing and retaining walls.
4. RCC in Beams, slab and column. 2.5 to 4.0 cm. 10.0 to 12.5 cm.
5. Thin RCC section . 4.0 to 5.0 cm. 12.0 to 15 cm.
The slump test gives satisfactory results for concrete mix of medium to high workability. It
however, dose not give correct indication for concrete of low workability (suitable for compaction
by vibration) which may give zero slump. Compaction factor test is more dependable in such
cases.

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Q. 7 – Write short notes on –

i. Controlled Concrete . [ LDCE1984, 2000,2006,2007 ]
ii. Workability of Concrete [ LDCE 1997, LGS 1998 ]
iii. Slump test [ LGS 1993, 2005 ]
Ans. - Controlled Concrete :-
Controlled Concrete may be specified for large works where facilities for its manufacture on
scientific basis and testing are available and where considerable economy in the cost of cement
can be achieved by adopting concrete of a specified strength, Controlled Concrete for use in
plain and reinforced structures are normally in grades M10, M15, M20, M25 and M30 in the
maximum total quantity of aggregate by weight per 50 kg. of cement should not exceed 450 kg.
except in special circumstances.
The following points need to be emphasised in designing for concrete mixes.
i. Agree gate Cement ratio determines cost of the mix.
ii. Water Cement ratio determines strength of concrete.
iii. Water Agree gate ratio determines the workability of concrete.

6 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 6
Workability of Concrete :- Ans see in Q. No. 6.
Slump Test :- Ans - see in Q. No. 6.

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Q. 8 - Draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for a beam carrying a uniformly
distributed load the supports are at a distance of L / 4 from each end L being the
length of beam ? [ LDCE 1984 ]
Ans.- RD = RC , RD = WL / 2 , RC = WL / 2
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = 0 , FC = ( W x L/4 ) – WL / 2 = - WL / 4 ,
FD = - WL / 4 + WL / 2 – WL / 2 = - WL / 4 , FB = 0
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MB = 0 , MC = - WL / 4 x L / 8 = - WL2 / 32 , MD = - WL2 / 32 ,
Maximum Bending Moment – At center of beam
MM = - WL / 2 x L /2 + WL / 2 x L /2 = - WL2 / 8 + WL2 / 8 = 0

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Q. 9 - Draw the shear force and bending movement diagram for the following beam
configuration. [ LDCE 1996 ]

Ans.- Taking moment about A

RB x 6 = ( 2 x 7.5 ) + [ 1.2 x 4.5 x (3 + 4.5 /2) ] + ( 3 x 4.5 ) + ( 3 x 3 x 3/2 )
= 15 + 28.35 + 13.5 + 13.5 = 70.35
RB = 70.35 / 6 = 11.725 T.

7 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 7
RA = [ 3 + 2 + ( 1.2 x 4.5 ) + ( 3 x 3 )] – 11.725 = ( 5 + 5.4 + 9 ) – 11.725
= 19.4 – 11.725 = 7.675 T
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FC = - 2 T , FB = - ( 2 + 1.2 x 1.5 ) = - ( 2 + 1.8 ) = - 1.35 T.
FD = 11.725 – ( 2 + 1.2 x 3 ) = 11.725 – ( 2 + 3.6 ) = 11.725 – 56 = + 6.125 T.
FE = 11.725 – ( 2 + 1.2 x 4.5 + 3 ) = 11.725 – ( 2 + 5.4 + 3 ) = 11.725 – 10.4 = 1.325 T.
FA = 11.725 – ( 2 + 1.2 x 4.5 + 3 + 3 x 3 ) = 11.725 – ( 2 + 5.4 + 3 + 9 )
= 11.725 – 19.4 = - 7.675 T.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 0 , MB = - ( 2 x 1.5 + 1.2 x 1.5 x 1.5 / 2 ) = - ( 3 + 1.35 ) = - 4.35 Tm.
MD = - ( 2 x 3 + 1.2 x 3 x 3/2 ) + 11.725 x1.5 = - ( 6 + 5.4 ) + 17.5875
= - 11.4 + 17.5875 = 6.1875 Tm.
ME = - ( 2 x 4.5 + 1.2 x 4.5 x 4.5/2 + 3 x 1.5 ) + 11.725 x 3 = - ( 9 + 12.15 + 4.5 ) + 35.175
= 25.65 + 35.175 = 9.525 Tm.

Maximum Bending Moment –

X / 7.675 = (3 – x) / 1.325 , 1.325 x = 3 x 7.675 – 7.675 x ,
1.325 x + 7.675 x = 23.025 , 9 x = 23.025 , x = 23.025 / 9 = 2.558 m.
MM = -( 3 x 2.558 x 2.558 / 2 ) + ( 7.675 x 2.558 ) = - 9.815 + 19.632 = 9.817 Tm

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Q. 10 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of welding in fabrication of steel
structures ? [ LDCE 1999 ]
Ans.- Advantage of welding :-
i. As no holes are required for welding, the structural members are more effective in
taking load.

8 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 8
 ii. The overall weight of structural steel required is reduced by the use of welded
joints.
iii. Welded joints are often economical as less labour and material are required for a
joint.
iv. The welded connections look better than the usually bulky riveted joints.
v. The speed of fabrication is higher with the welding process.
vi. Any shape of joint can be made with ease.
vii. The welding process requires less working space than the riveting process.
viii. Complete rigid joints can be provided with the welding process.
ix. No noise is produced in the welding process as in the riveting process.
Disadvantage Of welding –
i. Skilled labour and electricity are required for welding.
ii. Internal stresses and warping are produced due to uneven heating and cooling.
iii. Welded joints are more brittle and therefore their fatique strength is less than the
members joined.
iv Defects like internal air pockets, slag inclusion and incomplete penetration are
difficult to direct.
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Q. 11 – Explain of the following –
i. Euler’s theory for long column and Slenderness ratio. [ LDCE 1996]
Slenderness ratio in design of steel structure. [ LDCE 2006 ]
ii. Hook’s Law and Elastic limit. [ LDCE 1996 ]
iii. Elastic limit. [ LDCE 1997 ]
Ans.- Euler’s theory for long column and Slenderness ratio –
The first rational attempt to study the stability of long columns was made by Mr Euler. He
derived an equation for the buckling load of long columns based on the bending stress. While
deriving this equation, the effect of direct stress is neglected. This may be justified with the
statement that the direct stress induced in a long column is negligible as compared to the
bending stress.
The general equation the crippling load P = p2 E I / L2
We known that the buckling of a column under the crippling load will take place about the axis of
least resistance. Now substituting I = A K2 ,
Where A is the area, K is the least radius of gyration of the section.
P = p2 E A K2 / L2 = p2 E A / ( L2 / K2 ) , Where L / K is known as slenderness ratio.
Crippling stress p = P / A = Crippling load / Area.
p2 E A p2 E
p = ---------------- = ----------------
A ( L / K )2 ( L / K )2
A little consideration will show that the crippling stress will be high when the slenderness ratio is
small. We know that the crippling stress for a column can not be more than the crushing stress
of the column material. It is thus obvious that the Euler’s formula will give the value of crippling
stress of the column equal to the crushing stress of the column material corresponding to the
slenderness ratio.
Hook’s Law -
Within the elastic limit stress is proportional to the strain.
i.e. Stress µ Strain Or Stress = a Constant x Strain
Stress
Or -------------- = Constant
Strain
This constant is known as modulus of elasticity.

9 Drawings
Strength of Materials, Structural Design & 9
Elastic Limit –
A material is said to be perfectly elastic if the strain produced due to external load, disappear
completely with the removal of the load.
On loading and unloading repeatedly each time with increased load, a limiting value of the load
will be reached up to which the strain disappear on removal of the load. The corresponding
stress at what limiting load is known as the elastic limit.

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Q. 12 - A Beam A B 12 meter long rests on supports 7 meter apart the right hand end over
hanging the supports by 3 meter and the left hand end by 2 meter. The beam carries a
uniformly distributed load of 450 kg per meter. The beam also carries a point load of
4000 kg at center
Construct the shear force and bending moment diagrams and also calculate the
maximum bending moment. [ LDCE 1987 ]

Ans – Taking moment about A –

RB x 7 = ( 450 x 9 x 9/2 ) + ( 4000 x 3 ) – ( 450 x 3 x 3/2 ) = 18225 + 12000 – 2050 = 28200

RB = 28200 / 7 = 4028.57 kg.
RA = ( 450 x 12 ) + 4000 – 4028.57 = 5371.43 kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FD = 0, FB = - 450 x 2 = - 900 kg. FE = 3128.57 – ( 450 x 4 ) 1328.57 kg.
FA = 450 x 3 = 1350 kg. FC = 0,
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MC = 0 , MD = 0 , MA = - 450 x 3 x 3/2 = - 2025 kgm. MB = - 450 x 2 x 2/2 = - 900 kgm.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 10

& Drawings 10
ME = MM = - ( 450 x 6 x 6/2 ) + 5371.43 x 3 = - 8100 + 16114.29 = + 8014.29 kgm.

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Q.13 - A reinforced concrete pipe is of uniform thickness and 24 inches mean diameter. The
loading from above may also be considered of uniformly distributed both loads having a
value of 1600 Lbs per sq feet. If the pipe is 2 inches thick what maximum stress is
induced. Draw the Bending moment diagram? [ LDCE 1986 ]

Ans.- p = 1600 Lbs / sq feet , d = 24 inches = 2 feet , t = 2 inches = 2 / 12 feet.

pd 1600 x 2 x 12
Circumferential Stress f1 = ---------- = -------------------- = 9600 Lbs / sq feet
2t 2x2
pd 1600 x 2 x 12
Longitudinal Stress f2 = ---------- = -------------------- = 4800 Lbs / sq feet
4t 4x2
Maximum Shear Stress at any part in the thickness of the concrete –
f1 - f2 9600 – 4800 4800
f max = ----------------- = ----------------- = ----------- = 2400 Lbs / sq feet.
2 2 2
Maximum Bending moment = wl2 / 8
W = Longitudinal Stress f2 = 4800 Lbs / sq feet.
Max Bm = 4800 l2 / 8 Lbs / sq feet = 600 Lbs / sq feet.

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Q.14 - A rectangular beam section 300 mm width and 550 mm deep is reinforced with 4 x 14
mm dia. Tension bars (center line of bars from the beam is 50 mm). Determine stress
induced in top compression fiber of concrete and in steel for a bending moment of 55
KNM. Concrete is of M 15 grade? [ LDCE 1996 ]

Ans.-
Given b = 300 mm. , d = 550 – 50 = 500 mm.
For concrete M 15 grade - m = 18,
Bending Moment M = 55 KNm = 55 x 103 KNmm.
Ast = 4 x p / 4 x ( 14 )2 = 615.44 mm2.
To find x - bx . x2 /2 = m . Ast ( d – x ) , 300 . x2 /2 = 18 x 515.44 ( 500 – x ) ,
150 x2 = 5538960 – 11077.92 x , 150 x2 + 11077.92 x - 5538960 , x2 + 73.85 x – 36926.40,

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 11

& Drawings 11
 -73.85 ± Ö ( 73.85 )2 + ( 4 x 36926.40 ) -73.85 ± Ö 5453.82 + 1457705.60
x = ------------------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------ ,
2 2
- 73.85 + Ö 153159.42 - 73.85 + 391.36 317.51
= ------------------------------- = ------------------------ = ----------- =158.75 mm. Say x = 159 mm.
2 2 2
To find z - z = d – d/3 = 500 – 159 / 3 = 500 – 53 = 447 mm.
To find MR = Ast s st ( d – x/3 ) = 615.44 x s st ( 500 – 159/3 ) = 275101.68 s st.
Equating MR to M we get - 275101.68 s st = 55 x 103 ,
s st = 55 x 103 / 275101.68 = 0.199 KN / mm2. = 199 N / mm2
To find s cbc -
s cbc x
------------- = -------- , s cbc = s st / m ( x/d-x ) = 199 / 18 ( 159 / 500 – 159 )
s st / m d–x = 199 x 159 / 18 x 341 = 31641/ 6138
= 5.15 N / mm2.
i. Stress induced in top compression fiber of concrete s cbc = 5.15 N / mm2.
ii. Stress induced in steel s st = 199 N / mm2. Ans.

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Q.15 - A rectangular beam 225 mm x 450 mm is simply supported over a span of 5m. it is
provided with 4 nos 20 mm dia mild steel bars as reinforcement . Calculate the
maximum stress in steel and concrete in the beam , if it carries a UDL of 9000 N /m (
900 kg / m ) including the self weight of the beam . m = 13? [ LDCE 2000 ]
Ans.-
Given b = 225 mm. , d = 450 – 50 = 400 mm. , m = 13, w = 900 kg / m. , l = 5.00 m.
Bending Moment M = wl2 / 8 = 900 x 5 x 5 / 8 = 22500 / 8 = 2812.5 kg.m. = 2812.5 x 103 kg.mm.
Ast = 4 x p / 4 x ( 20 )2 = 1256 mm2.
To find x - bx . x2 /2 = m . Ast ( d – x ) , 225 . x2 /2 = 13 x 1256 ( 400 – x ) ,
112.50 x2 = 6531200 – 16328 x , 112.50 x2 + 16328 x = 6531200 , x2 + 145.13 x – 58055.11,

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 12

& Drawings 12
 -112.50 ± Ö ( 112.50 )2 + ( 4 x 58055.11 ) -112.50 ± Ö 21062.72 + 232220.44
x = --------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------ ,
2 2
- 145.13 + Ö 253283.16 - 145.13 + 503.27 358.14
= --------------------------------- = ------------------------ = ----------- = 179.07 mm.
2 2 2
Say x = 179 mm.
To find z - z = d – d/3 = 400 – 179 / 3 = 400 – 59.66 = 340.33 mm.
To find MR = Ast s st ( d – x/3 ) = 1256 x s st ( 400 – 179/3 ) = 1256 x s st x 340 = 427040 s st.
Equating MR to M we get - 427040 s st = 2812.50 x 103 kg. mm. ,
s st = 2812.50 x 103 / 427040 = 6.586 Kg / mm2.
To find s cbc -
s cbc x
------------- = -------- , s cbc = s st / m ( x/d-x ) = 6.586 / 13 ( 179 / 400 – 179 )
s st / m d–x = 6.586 x 179 / 13 x 221 = 1178.894 / 2873
= 0.41 Kg / mm2.
i. Stress induced in top compression fiber of concrete s cbc = 0.41 Kg / mm2.
ii. Stress induced in steel s st = 6.586 Kg / mm2. Ans.

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Q.16 - A rectangular beam section 400 mm width and 650 mm deep is reinforced with 4 x 20
mm dia. Tension bars, center line of bars from the bottom of the beam is 50 mm.
determine stress induced in top compression fiber of concrete and in steel for a bending
moment of 60 KNM. Concrete is of M 20 grade? [ LDCE 1999 ]

Ans.- Given b = 400 mm. , d = 650 – 50 = 600 mm.

For concrete M 20 grade - m = 13.33,
Bending Moment M = 60 KNm = 60 x 103 KNmm.
Ast = 4 x p / 4 x ( 20 )2 = 1256 mm2.
To find x - bx . x2 /2 = m . Ast ( d – x ) , 400 . x2 /2 = 13.33 x 1256 ( 600 – x ) ,
200 x2 = 10045488 – 16742.48 x , 200 x2 + 16742.48 x - 10045488 ,
x2 + 83.71 x – 50227.44,

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 13

& Drawings 13
 -83.71 ± Ö ( 83.71 )2 + ( 4 x 50227.44 ) -83.71 ± Ö 7007.36 + 200909.76
x = ------------------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------ ,
2 2
- 83.71 + Ö 207917.12 - 83.71 + 455.98 372.27
= ------------------------------- = ------------------------ = ----------- =186.14 mm. Say x = 186 mm.
2 2 2
To find z - z = d – d/3 = 600 – 186 / 3 = 600 – 62 = 538 mm.
To find MR = Ast s st ( d – x/3 ) = 1256 x s st ( 600 – 186/3 ) = 675728 s st.
Equating MR to M we get - 675728 s st = 60 x 103 ,
s st = 60 x 103 / 675728 = 0.089 KN / mm2. = 89 N / mm2
To find s cbc -
s cbc x
------------- = -------- , s cbc = s st / m ( x/d-x ) = 89 / 13.33 ( 186 / 600 – 186 )
s st / m d–x = 89 x 186 / 13.33 x 414 = 16554/ 5518.62
= 2.99 N / mm2.
i. Stress induced in top compression fiber of concrete s cbc = 2.99 N / mm2.
ii. Stress induced in steel s st = 89 N / mm2. Ans.

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Q. 17 - Draw Shear Force and Bending Moment diagram for the following beam configuration.
[ LDCE 1999 ]

Ans.-
Taking Moment about A –
RB x 12 = ( 4 x 14 ) + ( 8 x 2 x 10 ) + ( 5 x 9 ) + ( 3 x 6 ) + ( 3 x 6 x 3 )
= 56 + 160 + 45 + 18 + 54 = 333 T.
RB = 333 / 12 = 27.75 T.
RA = 3 + 5 + 4 + ( 8 x 2 ) + ( 3 x 6 ) – 27.75 = 46 – 27.75 = 18.25 T.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FC = - 4 T, FB = - ( 4 + 2 x 2 ) = - ( 4 + 4 ) = - 8 T,
FD = 27.75 – ( 4 + 2 x 5 ) = 27.75 – 14 = + 13.75 T,

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 14

& Drawings 14
FE = 27.75 – ( 4 + 2 x 8 + 5 ) = 27.75 – 25 = + 2.75 T,
FA = 27.75 – ( 4 + 2 x 8 + 5 + 3 x 6 + 3 ) = 27.75 – 46 = - 18.25 T,
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 0 , MB = - ( 4 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 2/2 ) = - ( 8 + 4 ) = - 12 Tm.
MD = - ( 6 x 1.5 + 3 x 3 + 18 x 6 ) + 18.25 x 9 = - 126 + 164.24 = 38.25 Tm.
ME = MM = - ( 18 x 3 ) + 18.25 x 6 = - 54 + 109.5 = + 55.5 Tm.

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Q. 18 - A beam A B C with an overhang is simply supported at A & B, AB = 8 meters and BC =

2 meters. The beam supports a Uniformly distributed load of 6 KN / m and a
concentrated load Of 28 KN at 3m from A. Calculating the bending moment and Shear
force at a cross section located 5 m from A? [ LDCE 1997 ]
Ans.-
Taking Moment about A –
RB x 8 = ( 10 x 6 x 5 ) + ( 28 x 3 ) = 300 + 84 = 384 KN
RB = 384 / 8 = 48 KN
RA = 28 + ( 6 x 10 ) – 48 = 28 + 60 – 48 = 40 KN.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FC = 0 , FB = - ( 6 x 2 ) = - 12 KN, FD = 48 – ( 5 x 6 ) = 48 – 30 = + 18 KN,
FE = 48 – ( 7 x 6 ) = 48 – 42 = 6 KN, FA = 48 – ( 28 + 6 x 10 ) = 48 –88 = - 40 KN,
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 0 , MB = - ( 2 x 6 x 1 ) = - 12 KNm ,
MD = - ( 6 x 5 x 5/2 ) + 48 x 3 = - 75 + 144 = + 69 KNm,
ME = MM = - ( 6 x 7 x 7/2 ) + 48 x 5 = - 105 + 240 = + 135 KNm.
Shear force at a cross section located 5m from A – FD = + 18 KN.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 15

& Drawings 15
Bending Moment at a cross section located 5 m from A – MD = + 69 KNm.

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Q. 19 - 4 member of a steel truss are connected to a gusset plate 12 mm thick by 22 mm power

driven shop rivets as per sketch below. Find the number of rivets required in each
member to take the load mentioned in the sketch. Member 1 and 2 are double angle
sections and 3 & 4 are single angle sections.
Permissible stresses for power driven rivet are -In shear Ps = 1025 kg / cm2, in bearing
Pb = 2360 kg / cm2. [ LDCE 1996 ]

Ans.-
Permissible stresses for power driven rivet are –
In shear Ps = 1025 kg / cm2 = 10.25 kg / mm2 .

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 16

& Drawings 16
In Bearing Pb = 2360 kg / cm2 = 23.60 kg / mm2 .
Thickness of gusset plate t = 12 mm, Diameter of rivet = 22 mm.
Gross dia of rivet d = 22 + 1.5 = 23.5 mm.
Member 1 – Strength of rivets in bearing on 12 mm thick gusset –
= Pb x d x t = 23.6 x 23.5 x 12 = 6655.2 kg = 6.65 Tone.
Strength of rivets in double shear = 2 x Ps x p/4 x d2
= 2 x 10.25 x 3.14/4 x ( 23.5 )2 = 8887.10 kg = 8.89 Tone.
Hence rivet value = 6.65 Tone.
No. of rivet = Load / Rivet value = 38.5 / 6.65 = 5.78 nos. Say 6 Nos.
Member 2 – Strength of rivets in bearing on 12 mm thick gusset = 6.65 Tone. ( As member 1 )
Strength of rivets in double shear = 8.89 Tone. ( As member 1 )
Hence rivet value = 6.65 Tone.
No. of rivet = Load / Rivet value = 28.6 / 6.65 = 4.30 nos. Say 5 Nos.
Member 3 – Strength of rivets in bearing on 12 mm thick gusset = 6.65 Tone. ( As member 1 )
Strength of rivets in single shear = Ps x p/4 x d2 = 10.25 x 3.14/4 x ( 23.5 )2 = 4.44 Tone.
Hence rivet value = 4.44 Tone.
No. of rivet = Load / Rivet value = 8.70 / 4.44 = 1.90 nos. Say 2 Nos.
Member 4 – Strength of rivets in bearing on 12 mm thick gusset = 6.65 Tone. ( As member 1 )
Strength of rivets in double shear = 4.44 Tone. ( As member 3 )
Hence rivet value = 4.44 Tone.
No. of rivet = Load / Rivet value = 12.0 / 4.44 = 2.70 nos. Say 3 Nos.
For all rivets adopt pitch 3 D = 3 x 23.5 70.5 mm. Say 71 mm.
Edge distance 2 D = 2 x 23.5 = 47 mm.

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Q. 20 - Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of the following beam configuration .
[ LDCE 2000 ]

Ans.-
RA + RB = 1.5 x 4 + 4 + ½ ( 2 x 1.5 ) = 6 + 4 + 1.5 = 11.5 T.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 17

& Drawings 17
Taking Moment about A –
RB x 10 = ( 1.5 x 4 x 4/2 ) + ( 4 x 6 ) + [ ½ ( 2 x 1.5 ) x ( 10 + 1.5/3 ) ] = 12 + 24 + 15.75 = 51.75
RB = 51.75 / 10 = 5.175 T.
RA = 11.5 – 5.175 = 6.325 T.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = RA = - 6.325 T, FC = - 6.325 + 6.00 = - 0.325 T, FD = - 0.325 T,
FB = - 0.325 + 4 = + 3.675 T, FE = 0,
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 6.325 x 4 – 4 x 1.5 x 4/2 = 25.3 –12 = 13.3 Tm,
MD = 6.325 x 6 – 4 x 1.5 x 4 = 37.95 –24 = 13.95 Tm,
MB = 6.325 x 10 – 4 x 1.5 x 8 – 4 x 4 = 63.25 –48 –16 = 63.25 –64 = - 0.75 Tm.

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Q. 21- Calculate quantity of Steel & Concrete of RCC Column footing blow ground level -
1) Lean Concrete Course (1 : 4 : 8 ) 20 cm thick.
2) 1 : 2 : 4 C. C. Footing 2m x 2m.
3) Depth of second footing 1,5 m.
4) Depth of first footing 1.0 m and size 1.5 m x 1.5 m.
5) Steel Reinforcement –
( a ) 12mm f Bar 15 cm. Center to center both side For each footing.
( b ) 16 mm f Bar – 6 nos. which are projected over ground level. Assumed cover 5
cm. [ LDCE 1987 ]
Ans.-
Quantity of concrete –
i. Lean Concrete 1 : 4 : 8 - 1 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.20 = 1.25 M3 .
ii. RCC 1 : 2 : 4 –

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 18

& Drawings 18
 Ist Footing – 1 x 1.50 x 1.50 x 1.00 = 2.25 M3 .
IInd Footing – 1 x 2.00 x 2.00 x 1.50 = 6.00 M3 .
Total RCC 1 : 2 : 4 = 2.25 + 6.00 = 8.25 M3 .

Quantity of Steel –
Description Dia of Shap of Bar Cutting No.of Total Wt.of Bar
Bar length Bar length 12mm 16mm 10mm
Ist Footing 12mm 2.12 14x2 59.36 52.83 - -
IInd 12mm 1.62 11x2 35.64 31.72 - -
Footing
Column 16mm 3.54 6 21.24 - 33.56 -

10mm 1.68 2x21 70.56 - - 43.75

Total 84.55 33.56 43.75

Add 5% wastage 4.23 1.68 2.19
Total 88.78 35.24 45.94
Say 89 Kg 36 Kg 46 Kg

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Q. 22 – A Beam A B 10 meter long is simply supported at 2 m and 1 m from A and B

respectively. The Beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 200 kg per meter and
concentrated loads of 1500 kg and 2000 kg at A and B respectively.
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams and also calculate the maximum
bending moment. [ LGS 1998 ]
Ans.-
Taking moment about C -
RD x 7 = ( 2000 x 8 ) + ( 200 x 8 x 4 ) – ( 1500 x 2 ) – ( 200 x 2 x 1 )
= 16000 + 6400 – 3000 – 400 = 19000

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 19

& Drawings 19
RD = 19000 / 7 = 2714.29 Kg.
RC = [ 2000 + 1500 + ( 200 x 10 ) – 2714.29 ] = 5500 – 2714.29 = 2785.71 Kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = + 1500 kg, FC = +1500 + 400 – 2785.71 = + 1900 – 2785.71 = - 885.71 kg,
FD = - 885.71 + ( 200 x 7 ) – 2714.29 = - 2200 kg. FB = - 200 kg.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MB = 0 , MC = - ( 1500 x 2 ) – ( 200 x 2 x 1 ) = -3000 – 400 = 3400 kg.m.
MD = - ( 2000 x 1 ) – ( 200 x 1 x 0.50 ) = -2000 –100 = - 2100 kg.m.
Maximum Bending Moment –
X / 885.71 = ( 7 – x ) / 514.29 , 514.29 x = ( 7 x 885.71 ) – 885.71 x ,
514.29 x + 885.71 x = 6199.97 , 1400 x = 6199.97 , x = 6199.97 / 1400 = 4.43 m.
MM = -( 1500 x 6.43 ) + ( 2785.71 x 4.43 ) – ( 200 x 6.43 x 6.43 / 2 )
= - 9645 + 12340.70 – 4134.49 = - 13779.49 + 12340.70 = + 1438.79 kg.m.

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Q. 23 – Draw Bending moment and Shear force diagram for a simply supported beam of 6 m
span having over hange of 2 m on either side ( 2 + 6 + 2 ) with a UDL of 500 kg per
meter. [ LGS 2003, 2005 ]
Ans.-
Taking moment about A -
RB x 6 = ( 500 x 8 x 8/2 ) – ( 500 x 2 x 2/2 ) = 16000 –1000 = 15000 kg.
RB = 15000 / 6 = 2500 Kg.
RA = ( 500 x 10 ) – 2500 = 5000 – 2500 = 2500 Kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FD = 0, FC = 0, FB = - ( 2 x 500 ) + 2500 = - 1000 + 2500 = 1500 kg.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 20

& Drawings 20
FA = 1500 – ( 6 x 500 ) + 2500 = 1000 kg.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MD = 0 , MC = 0 , MB = - 500 x 2 x 2/2 = - 1000 kg.m. MA = - 500 x 2 x 2/2 = 1000 kg.m.
Maximum Bending Moment – At center
MM = - ( 500 x 5 x 5 / 2 ) + ( 2500 x 3 ) = - 6250 + 7500 = 1250 kg.m.

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Q. 24 – ( a ) Draw bending moment and Shear force diagram for a simply supported beam of 6
m span having over hange of 2 m on one side ( 6 + 2 ) and one end at wall with a UDL
of 500 kg per meter. [ LGS 2003 ]
( b ) Sketch out the typical detailing of reinforcement of above RCC beam. ( without
detailed design calculations ) [ LGS 2003 ]
Ans.- ( a )
Taking moment about A –
RB x 6 = ( 500 x 8 x 8/2 ) = 16000 kg.
RB = 16000 / 6 = 2666.67 Kg.
RA = ( 500 x 8 ) – 2666.67 = 4000 – 2666.67 = 1333.33 Kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FC = 0, FB = - ( 2 x 500 ) + 2666.67 = - 1000 + 2666.67 = 1666.67 kg.
FA = 1666.67 – ( 6 x 500 ) = 1666.67 – 3000 = - 1333.33 kg.
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = 0 , MB = - 500 x 2 x 2/2 = - 1000 kg.m.
Maximum Bending Moment – x 6-x
------------ = --------------
1333.33 1666.67

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 21

& Drawings 21
1666.67 x = ( 1333.33 x 6 ) – 1333.33 x , 1666.67 x – 1333.33 x = 7999.98
3000 x = 7999.98 , x = 7999.98 / 3000 = 2.67 m.
MM = - ( 500 x 5.33 x 5.33 / 2 ) + ( 2666.67 x 3.33 ) = - 7102.23 + 8880.01 = 1777.78 kg.m.

Ans.- ( b )

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Q. 25 - ( a ) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of a RCC Beam with the
following loading? [ LDCE 1992 ]

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 22

& Drawings 22
( b ) Show in a rough sketch the type of reinforcement required for this beam. No calculations or
size of reinforcement is required.
Ans.- ( a )
Taking moment about C
RD x 5 = ( 500 x 6.5 x 6.5 / 2 ) – ( 500 x 0.75 x 0.75 / 2 ) = 10562.50 – 140.63 = 10421.87
RD = 10421.87 / 5 = 2084.37 kg.
RC = ( 500 x 7.25 ) – 2084.37 = 3625 – 2084.37 = 1540.63 kg.
Shear Force –
The shear force diagram is drawn in fig. And values are Tabulated hear
FA = 0 , FC = + ( 0.75 x 500 ) – 1540.63 = + 75 – 1540.63 = – 1165.63 kg.
FD = - 1165.63 + 500 x 5 – 2084.37 = - 3250 + 2500 = - 750 Kg, FB = 0 ,
Bending Moment –
The Bending Moment Diagram is drawn in fig. And the values are tabulated hear
MA = 0 , MC = - ( 500 x 0.75 x 0.75 / 2 ) = - 140.63 kgm.
MD = - ( 500 x 1.5 x 1.5 / 2 ) = – 562.50 kgm. MB = 0
Maximum Bending Moment –
X / 1165.63 = (5 – x) / 1334.37 , 1334.37 x = 5 x 1165.63 – 1165.63 x ,
1334.37 x + 1165.63 x = 5828.15 , 2500 x = 5828.15 , x = 5828.15 / 2500 = 2.33 m.
MM = - ( 500 x 3.08 x 3.08 / 2 ) + ( 1540.63 x 2.33 ) = - 2371.60 + 3589.67 = + 1218.07 kgm.

Ans.- ( b )

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 23

& Drawings 23
 ******************************************

Q. 26 – Write short notes of the following –

a) Influence line diagram. [ LDCE 1997, 2006 ]
b) Plum Concrete. [ LDCE 1987, 89 ]
c) Poisson’s ratio. [ LDCE 1984, 97 ]
d) Importance of bond in RCC. [ LDCE 1997 ]
Ans.-
Influence line diagram –
An Influence line is a graphical representation showing the variation such as shear force,
bending moment, deflection and stress etc. at a given point due to single moving load as it
crosses the structure from one end to the other. Influence line drawn for a unit load is called unit
influence line.
The Influence line are quite useful for determining the maximum and minimum structural effects
of loads and forces applied to the structure. Which in turn may from basis for the analysis and
design.
Influence lines are used for generally two important purposes –
i. To determine what position of live loads will have for a maximum value of particular
function for which an influence line has been constructed.
ii. To compute the value of that function of that function with the load so placed or in fact
for any load condition.

Plum Concrete –
To economies cost of concreting rubble stones used where section of concreting is more for this
rough rubble stone free from skin and large as can be conveniently handled by one shall be
used. They shall be thrown on the concrete from a height by which to bed them selves. The
concrete shall be shoveled around the stone. Minimum distance between two stones shall be
150 mm & not more than 20% of the volume shall be plums stones shall be wetted before use &
placed in such way that half height in one layer & remaining half in next upper layer to create
bond other specification remains similar to general concreting.

Poisson’s ratio –
If a body is stressed within elastic limit the Lateral Strain bears a constant ratio to the linear
strain.

Strength of Materials, Structural Design 24

& Drawings 24