Krishi Prabidhi Sanghrah 5 PDF

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Od]n M chdnarc@ntc.net.np
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NPSN : 00517-330/2016/017
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k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ gfkmfd'ns s[lif Joj;fosf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] k|ljlw xf] .
cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlw dfly s[ifssf] kx'Fr :yflkt geP;Dd o; If]qsf] bLuf] ljsf;sf] sNkgf
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kl/ifb\åf/f ljsfz ul/Psf afnL tyf afujfgLhGo hftx?sf] pGdf]rg k|lqmof ;+:yfut
lx;fan] :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tyflk cGo k|ljlwsf] pGdf]rg / l;kmfl/; k|lqmof xfn;Dd
klg cf}krfl/s eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif k|ljlw pGdf]rg / l;kmfl/; sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu
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sfo{ ;'? ug]{ sfo{of]hgf jgfPsf] 5 . pQm sfo{ cf/De gx'Fbf ;Ddsf] nflu cl3Nnf] cfly{s
jif{df ;DkGg cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfsf glthfdf cfwfl/t s[lif k|ljwx?nfO{ x/]s jif{ s[lif
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tyf ljsf; sdL{ Pjd\ s[lif pBdLx?sf nflu pkof]uL x'g]df d ljZj:t 5' .
of] kfFrf} ;+u|x tof/ ug{sf nflu cxd\ e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf kl/ifb\sf jfnL tyf jfujfgL
lgb]{zs 8f= o1 k|;fb lu/L nufot ;Dkfbs d08nsf ;b:ob? Pjd\ o; ;+u|xdf ;dfj]z
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@=!# df5f kfngsf] nflu kfgLsf] h}ljs u'0f:t/ / o;sf] Joj:yfkg !)#
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;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;/n tyf ;xh tl/sfn] k'u'g eGg] p2]Zon] j[mlif k|ljlw ;+u|xsf] k|sfzg
z'?jft u/]sf] xf] . o; qmdsf] kfFrf} c+s tkfO{+x?sf] xftdf k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5f}F . o;
j[mlif k|ljlw ;+u|x–% df klg klxn]sf c+sx?df h:t} vf; u/]/ ut jif{ -cf=j= @)&!÷@)&@ /
@)&@÷@)&#_ df ljsf; ul/Psf tyf cGo s]xL kl/kSj k|ljlwx? dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
kl/ifb\n] ;DkGg u/]sf ;a} cg';GwfgfTds sfdx?sf] k"0f{ ;"rL eg] of] xf]Og . o;df ;dflji6
ul/Psf k|ljlwx¿ j[mifsx?nfO{ Jofjxf/Ls ?kdf pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] cfwf/df 5gf]6 ul/Psf
5g\ . o; ;+u|xsf] k|fljlws tyf efiffut kIfnfO{ ;se/ j[mifsd}qL agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;j{;fwf/0f j[mifsx?n] o; ;+u|xdf k|sflzt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] s;/L clwstd pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\
eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . of] k|sfzg ;fdfGotof lzlIft j[mifssf] ;d;fdlos
;d:ofx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]uL xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] k|sflzt ul/Psf] ePtfklg dWod :t/sf
k|;f/ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfg ?kn] pkof]uL x'g]5 eGg] cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] ljsf; u/]sf ;fdu|Lx? k|foM c+u|]hL efiffdf k|sflzt ug]{
k|rng ePsf]n] ;fdfGo ;fIf/ s[ifsx?n] kl/ifb\n] ljsf; u/]sf k|ljlwx?sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L
lng Jofjxfl/s gePsf] u'gf;f] cfO{/x]sf] ;Gb{edf of] s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|xsf] k|sfzgsf] z'?jft
ul/Psf] lyof] . h;sf] ;sf/fTds k|lts[ofx? k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;+u|xdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf k|ljlwx?nfO{ ;se/ ;/n tyf af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf n]Vg] / 5l/tf] tl/sfn] k|:t't ug]{
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o; ;+u|xdf k|sflzt k|ljlwx?sf] jf/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L rfxg]
kf7sx?sf] nflu x/]s k|ljlwsf] cGTodf k|ljlw ljsf;df k|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg ;+:yf / JolQmsf]
;Dks{ 7]ufgf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+u|xn] k|ljlwsf] af/]df uxg hfgsf/L lng rfxg]
kf7ssf lh1f;fnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5 eGg] cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .
o; ;+u|xdf afnL tyf afujfgL tkm{ @@ j6f tyf kz' / dT:o ;DaGwL !% j6f n]vx?
;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . xfn;Dd s'g} klg ;/f]sf/jfnfn] kl/ifb\n] ljsf; u/]/ k7fPsf k|ljlw
ckgfP/ v]tLubf{ s]–s:tf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx? k|fKt eP eGg] cflwsf/Ls /
k|dfl0ft tYox?sf] k|lts[ofx? kfOPsf] 5}g . t;y{ sDtLdf s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|;f/ ug]{ cleef/f
lnPsf ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?n] o; k'l:tsfdf k|sflzt ePsf k|ljlwx?sf] Jojxfl/s
kIfsf] s[ifs:t/df k|df0fLs/0f u/L k|dfl0ft k|ltlqmof k7fO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'/fdf Wofg hfg] 5
eGg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ k|ljlwx?nfO{ kl/:s[t ub}{ n}hfg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g]5 . oxfF
k|sflzt k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]un] g]kfnL s[ifssf] cfly{s :t/ p7fpg ;xof]u k'u]df kl/ifb\sf] of]
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cfpF5 . g]kfndf s/La ^%Ü hGf;+Vof s[lifdf g} lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif dGqfnosf] cfFs8f
cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n v]tLof]Uo hUufsf] !#=$ nfv x]S6/df wfg v]tL ul/G5 . g]kfndf wfgsf]
cf}ift pTkfbg #=!@ d]= 6g k|lt x]S6/ 5 h'g xfd|f] l5d]sL /fi6«x?sf] t'ngfdf w]/} sd xf] -
s[lif tYof+s k'l:tsf, @)!%÷!^_ . ls;fgn] k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lksf cfwf/df cfˆgf] df6f]
;'xfpFbf] wfgsf hftx? pTkfbg ub}{ cfO{/x] tfklg clwsf++z ls;fgn] clxn] klg gofF hft /
pGgt k|ljlwaf/] vf;} hfgsf/L kfPsf] b]lv+b}g .
;dodf jiff{ gx'g], sd jiff{ x'g] / rfF8} ;dfKt x'g]
sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf s'n v]tLof]Uo hUufsf] #)Ü
v8]/Lsf] rk]6fdf / !%Ü 8'afgsf] rk]6fdf kg]{
;Defjgf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o; tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
/fli6«o wfgafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, xlb{gfyn]
cGt/f{li6«o wfg cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, lkmlnlkG;sf]
;dGjodf Stress Tolerant Rice For Africa and South
Asia Project cGtu{t :j0ff{ ;j–! h;df ;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] tLgj6f hLg -So"6LPn !.!,
So"=6L=Pn= @.!, So"6LPn #.!_ ;dfj]z u/L ax'u'0fL wfg–! / ax'u'0fL wfg–@ hftx? ljsf;
ePkl5 g]kfndf ljleGGf 7fpFx?df cg';Gwfg k/LIf0fx?sf] cfwf/df :j0ff{, ;f]gf d+;'nL /
/+hLt d+;'nL nufO{g] If]qx?df oL hftx?sf] v]tLsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf]] 5 . 8'afg ;xg]
;j–! / ;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] tLgj6f hLg (So"6LPn !.!, So"6LPn @.!, So"6LPn #.!_ oL
hftx?df ePsf]n] a9L jiff{n] ubf{ !$ lbg ;Dd v]tdf kfgL hDdf eO{{ a]gf{ un]/ uP tfklg
pQm v]taf6 kfgL sd ePkl5 ;j–! hLgsf]
;xfotfn] km]l/ a]gf{ knfP/ cfpF5 / ;fdfGo wfgsf]
v]t h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ ToxL v]tdf kl5 jiff{ geP/
wfg k;fpg] a]nfdf v8]/L k/L wfg pTkfbg w]/} sd
x'g] ub{5 . ;'Vvf ;xg;Sg] tLgj6f hLg ;dfj]z
ul/Psfn] v8]/L k/] klg oL hLgsf ;xfotfn] wfgsf]
afnf k;fpF5 / pTkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs x'G5 .
s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 1

ax'u'0fL wfg–! / ax'u'0fL wfg–@ sf] hftLo ljz]iftfx?
ljz]iftfx? ax'u'0fL wfg–! ax'u'0fL wfg–@
kfSg] cjlw -lbg_ !#* !$%
Aff]6sf] prfO{ -;]= dL=_ !)^ !)%
pTkfbg Ifdtf -d]==6g k|lt x]=_ %.% %.*
!))) bfgfsf] tf}n -u|fd_ @@ @#.%
Rffdn kg]{Ü &$.@ &@.(
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oL hftx?nfO{ ;d–lztf]i0fLo hnjfo' ePsf] -;d'b| ;tx eGbf &)) ld6/sf] prfO{;Dd_
t/fO{, leqLdw]z / kxf8sf] j+];Lx?df v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
hUufsf] lsl;d
oL wfgsf hftx?nfO{ ulx/f] v]tsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf] hxfF a9L jiff{n] ubf{ !$
lbg;Dd v]tdf kfgL hDdf /xg] / afnf k;fpg] a]nfdf jiff{sf] sldn] ubf{ l;+rfO{ ug{ g;Sg]]
lrD6\ofOnf] / anf}6] bf]d6 df6f]sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 t/ oL hftx?nfO{ ;fdfGo hUufdf klg
v]tL u/L a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
hUufsf] tof/L
;fdfGotof klxnf] k6s xnf]n] df6f] kN6fpg]] / @–# k6s b]zL xnf]n] jf 6«ØfS6/sf] ;xfotfn]
tof/ u/L kf6f nufP/ hUuf ;DDf kf/L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
aLpsf] dfqf, pkrf/ / Aof8 Aoj:yfkg

b'j} hftx?sf] aLp $% s]=hL=k|lt x]S6/ rflxG5 . aLp 5g{'eGbf klxn] a]lei6Lg @ u|fd k|lt
s]=hL= sf] b/n] pkrf/ u/L 5g{' kb{5 . aLpnfO{ kfgLdf * 306f;Dd lehfpg' kb{5 / *
306fkl5 kfgLnfO{ lgyfg'{ kb{5 . 6«fO{sf]8df{ xflh{ofgd % u|fd k|lt s]=hL= sf] b/n] kfgL
lgyf/]sf] aLpnfO{ /fd|/L ld;fpFbf aLpaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?nfO{ sdL ug{'sf] ;fy} c+s'/0f a9fpFgdf
klg d2t ub{5 . Aof8 tof/ ug{' eGbf @%–#) lbg cufl8 #)) u]hsf] Knfli6sn] hUufnfO{
5f]Kg' kb{5 h;sf] dfWodaf6 df6f]leq /x]sf /f]u / sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hUuf
/fd|f]l;t hf]t]/ tof/ ug{' kb{5 . oL wfgsf hftx?nfO{ w"n] cyjf lxn] b'O{6} lsl;daf6 Aof8
/fVg ;lsG5 . oL hftx?sf] 5?jf ljlwaf6 klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
a]gf{sf] pd]/ / b"/L

a]gf{sf] pd]/ s/La @% lbgsf] ePkl5 /f]Kbf 7Ls x'G5 . nfO{g b]lv nfO{gsf] b"/L @) ;]=dL= /
af]6 b]lv af]6sf] b"/L @) ;]=dL= pko'Qm x'G5 .
2 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

dnvfb Joj:yfkg
oL wfgsf hftx?sf] af]6 dWod prfO{sf] x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf dnvfbx?sf] /fd|f] Aoj:yfkg x'g
h?/L x'G5 . oL hftx?nfO{ !) 6g sDkf]i6 / !)) s]=hL= gfO{6«f]hg, #) s]=hL= km:kmf]/;, #)
s]=hL= kf]6f;sf ;fy} @) s]=hL= hLÍ;Nkm]6 k|lt x]S6/ lbg h?/L x'G5 . /f]Kg' eGbf sl/a !–@
xKtf cufl8 l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] ;a} sDkf]i6 dn xfNg' kb{5 . wfgsf] a]gf{ ;fg]{ a]nfdf
gfO{6«f]hg dnsf] %)Ü tyf km:kmf]/;, kf]6f; / hLÍ;Nkm]6sf] ;a} dfqf /fVg' kb{5 . oL
hftx? kfgL k|z:t x'g] v]tdf /f]lkg] xF'bf k|foM a]gf{x? /f]k]kl5 a9L jiff{n] ubf{ dg]{ / v]taf6
kfgL lg:s]kl5 k'gM knfP/ cfpg] ePsf]n] ha d/]sf] a]gf{ knfpg yfNb5g\ clg gfO{6«f]hg
!)–!% s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ lbg h?/L x'G5 . 6k8«];sf] nflu gfO{6«f]hg @%Ü /f]k]sf] @% lbg kl5
/ afFsL @%Ü gfO{6«f]hg afnf aGg] cj:yfdf lbg' kb{5 .
l;+rfO{
oL hftx? 8'afg / v8]/L ;xg ;Sg] wfgsf hft ePsf] x'Fbf l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf kb}{g t/
klg l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf 5 eg] cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL nufpg ;lsG5 .
afnLrqm
wfg–uxF', wfg–ds}, wfg–d;'/f]/rgf
emf/kft lgoGq0f
emf/kft lgoGq0fsf] nflu /f]kfO{ u/]sf] tLg lbg leq a'6fSnf]/ (Butachlor) jf k]lG8d]yflng
(Pendimethalin) #–$ ld= ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ / /f]kfO{ u/]sf] @%–#) lbg kl5
gf]ldgL uf]N8 (Bispyribac Sodium) )=$ ld= ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .
oL hftx?df nfUg] k|d'v /f]u tyf sL/fx? / /f]syfd

;fdfGotof ax'u'0fL wfg–! / ax'u'0fL wfg–@ /f]usL/f ;xg ;Sg] wfgsf] hftx? x'g\ t/ /f]u
sL/f nfu]df PsLs[t /f]u sL/f Aoj:yfkg k4ltåf/f Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . tn pNn]v u/]
adf]lhdsf] /f]u sL/f Aoj:yfkg ug{ h?/L x'G5 .
d?jf /f]u (Blast)

of] /f]usf] k|sf]k t/fO{ b]lv pRr kxf8;Dd wfg v]tL
ul/g] 7fpFx?df b]lvP klg lrtjg, emfkf, bfË, h'Dnf /
lelq dw]z tyf pkTosf cGt{utsf lhNnfx?df a9L
b]lvG5 . ;'Vvf u|:t If]qdf of] /f]usf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5 . of]
/f]u nfu]df kftdf ;–;fgf, nflDrnf, b'j} 5]plt/
r'lRrPsf v}/f /Ësf yf]Knfx? b]vf kb{5g\ h;sf] aLrdf

;]tf] l6sf x'G5 . /f]usf] k|sf]k al9 ePkl5 k'/} kft 89\5 . o;sf] nIf0f b]lvof] eg]
gfO{6«f]hgo'Qm dnsf] k|of]u sd ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu a]lei6Lg # u|f=jf lad &%
8An'=kL= ! u|f= k|lt lsnf] aLpsf] b/n] pkrf/ u/]sf] aLp k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . of] /f]usf] nIf0f
b]vf k/]df 6«fO{;fO{Snfhf]n !=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ !% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5bf{ of]
/f]usf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
89'jf /f]u (Bacterial leaf blight)

of] /f]u l;+lrt If]qdf a9L b]lvG5 . o;sf] nIf0f kftsf]
6'Kkf] / lsgf/fdf nfdf] kx]+nf jf v}/f /Ësf w;f{x?
b]lvG5g\ / kft 6'Kkf]af6 ;'s]/ db{5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu lgDg lnlvt ljlwx? ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
 l;kmfl/z cg';f/ /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
 /f]u nfu]sf] v]tdf s]xL lbg kfgL ;'sfpg] .
 @) u|f= sfFrf] -Fresh_ uf]a/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
 Pu|LdfO{l;g–!)) gfds laiffbL !–@ u|f=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
kftsf] km]b 89'jf /f]u (Sheath blight)

of] /f]u l;+lrt If]qdf a9L b]lvG5 . of] /f]usf] nIf0f
kftsf] km]bdf a]cfsf/sf v}/f yf]Knfx? b]lvG5g\ h'g kl5
uP/ cfsf/df j[l¢ eO{ 9';Lsf] sfnf] luvf{sf] ?kdf
kl/0ft x'G5\ / k'/} af]6 ;'Sb5 . o:fsf] nIf0f b]lvof] eg]
e]ln8fdfO{;Lg jf zLydf/ @–# ld= ln= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5¥of] eg] of] /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfnf] kf]s] (False smut)

of] /f]usf] k|sf]k l;+lrt If]qdf a9L b]lvG5 . wfgsf] bfgf z'?df ;'Gtnf /Ë / kl5 uP/ xl/of]
sfnf] /Ëdf kl/0ft x'g] of] /f]usf] k|d'v nIf0f xf] h'g
kl5 uP/ ;Dk"0f{ afnfdf b]lvG5 . o:fsf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu /f]u /lxt jf pkrfl/t aLp -a]lei6Lg @ u|f=÷ls=
u|f= aLp_ nufpg]] cyjf afnf k;fpg] a]nfdf g]l6e
gfds laiffbL @ u|f= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g'{
kb{5 .

ldnL au (Mealy bug)
of] sL/f ;'Vvf cj:yfdf a9L b]vf kb{5 . of] sL/fsf]
k|sf]kn] af]6sf] km]bdf ;]tf] w'nf] b]vf k5{ . of] sL/fsf]
k|sf]k v]tsf] ljleGg 7fpFx?df b]vf kb{5 . o;sf]
/f]syfdsf] nflu Old8fSnf]k|L8 gfds sL6gfzs ljiffbL !
ld= ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{kb{5 .
9'+ª\u|] sL/f (Gall midge)

of] sL/fsf] k|sf]kn] wfgsf] kft KofhL /Ëdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
o;sf] k|sf]k dsjfgk'/, ;Kt/L, ;'Gf;/L / df]/Ë lhNnfx?df a9L x'G5 . of] sL/fsf] jif}{ lkR5]
k|efj x'g] If]qdf a]gf{nfO{ pkrf/ u/L /f]kfO{ ug'{ kb{5 . a]gf{ pkrf/ ubf{ ;dyn lk+w ePsf]
!) ld6/ nfdf], ! ld6/ rf}8f / !) ;]= ld= ulx/f] vf8n vGg] / To;nfO{ !)=% ld6/ nDafO{,
!=% ld6/ rf}8fO{ ePsf] Knfli6sn] 5f]k]/ vf8ndf nueu @)) ln= kfgL e/L pQm kfgLdf
@)) ld= ln= Snf]/f]kfO{l/km; / @ ls= u|f= o'l/of 3f]n]/ @ 306f ;Dd a]gf{ 8'afpg' kb{5 .
sftf{k xfO{8«f]Snf]/fO{8 (Cartap hydrochloride) jf lkmk|f]lgn (Fipronil) sf] bfgf !%–@) ls=
u|f= k|lt x]S6sf b/n] v]tdf % ;]= ld= kfgL hdfP/ 5¥of] eg] of] sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;lsG5 .
v}/f] km8\s] sL/f (Brown plant hopper)

of] sL/fsf] k|sf]kn] wfgsf lj?jfx? ufFlhP/ jf a9\g g;s]/ ;'s]/ db{5g\ / cGtdf wfgsf]
af]6df afnf gnfuL k/fn h:tf] eO{ af]6 ;'s]/ hfG5 . o;sf] nIf0f b]vfk/]df
O{ld8fSnf]lk|8 gfds sL6gfzs ljiffbL !=%–@ ld= ln= k|lt $ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{
kb{5 .

ujf/f] (Stem borer)
of] sL/fn] lj?jfsf] slnnf] cj:yfdf
cfqmd0f u/]df d[t ufjf b]lvG5g\\ /
olb lj?jfsf] km"n km'Ng] a]nfdf
cfqmd0f u/]df e'; dfq ePsf ;]tf
afnfx? b]lvG5g\ . o;sf] nIf0f b]vf
k/]df O{ld8fSnf]lk|8 gfds sL6gfzs
ljiffbL !=%–@ ld= ln= k|lt $ ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .
Kft]/f] (Gundhi bug)

rf8} kfSg] wfgsf hftx?df of] sL/fsf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5 . o;sf]
/f]syfdsf] nflu Dffnflyog w"nf] @) ls= u|f=÷x]= sf b/n] wfgsf]
kftdf Psgf;n] kg]{ u/L 5g]{ jf s'g} l;:6]lds ls6gfzs ljiffbL
k|of]u ug]{ .
Kfft a]?jf (Leaf folder)

o:fsf] k|sf]k l9nf] /f]kfO{ u/]sf] wfgdf a9L x'G5 . of] sL/fn]
kftnfO{ a]/]/ leqkl§ a;L kftsf] xl/of] kbfy{ vfO{lbG5 / kft
;'Sb5 . o:fsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu s'g} klg l;:6]lds sL6gfzs
ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
s6fO{, r'6fO{ tyf e08f/0f

bfgfsf] lr:ofg !*–@)Ü x'Fbf afnL sf6\g pko'Qm x'G5 . /fd|f];Fu
afnL Aoj:yfkg u/]sf] v08df oL hftx?n]] $=^–%=% 6g k|lt
x]S6/ pTkfbg lbG5g\ . e08f/0f ubf{ bfgfsf] lr:ofg !#Ü x'g'
kb{5 . sL/fsf] Iflt sd ug{sf] nflu !=%–@ SjLG6n wfgdf !
rSsL ;]Nkm; /fvL xfjf gl5g]{ u/L e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

j]bfgGb rf}wf/L / b]jlglw ltjf/L
/fli6«o wfgafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, xlb{gfy, wg'iff
;Dks{ g++=M (*%^)#$&!^

!=@ dl;gf] / af:gfbf/ wfgsf] hftM ;'ulGwt wfg–! sf] lrgf/L
;'ulGwt wfg–! af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
of] wfgsf] pTklQ ef/taf6 ePsf] xf] . k';f af:dtL /
cfO{O6L !@^)# aLrsf] qm;af6 of] hftsf] ljsf;
ul/Psf] xf] . z'?df of] hft cGt//fli6«o wfg cg';Gwfg
k|lti7fg, lkmlnlkG; af6 ;g\ @))* df OGh/ g;{/L
-INGER Nursery_ sf] ?kdf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5
ljleGg k/LIf0fx? h:t} k|f/lDes hftLo k/LIf0f,
;dGjofTds hftLo k/LIf0f, s[ifssf] v]taf/Ldf ul/Psf
k/LIf0fx?sf] glthfaf6 pTs[i6 b]lvPsf]n] of] hftnfO{
v]tL ug{sf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf] .
o;sf] hflto ljz]iftfx?M

of] af;gfbf/ wfgsf] hft xf] . o;sf] jf]6, wfg tyf
ksfpg] a]nfdf rfdndf ;d]t klg af;gf cfpF5 . of] hftnfO{ ls;fgn] dg k/fpg'sf] d'Vo
sf/0f o;sf] af;gfo'St u0fn] g} xf] . o;sf d'Vo hftLo ljz]iftfx? tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
hft Aff]6sf] kfSg] pTkfbg !))) bfgfsf] af]6 ;+Vof Bfgfsf] nDafO{ bfgfsf]
prfO{ cjlw -6g k|lt tf}n -u|fd_ k|lt ufFh -;]=dL_ rf}+8fO{
-;]=dL_ -lbg_ x]S6/_ -dL=dL=_
;'ulGwt !)% !$% $=% @@ @$# (=^ @=$
wfg–!
kf}li6s tyf k|zf]wg u'0fx?

hft k|f]l6g lrNnf] PdfOnf]h rfdn kg{] v'b Rffdnsf] rlDsnf]kgf
-Ü_ kbfy{ dfqf rfdnsf] cfsf/
-Ü_ -Ü_ dfqf -Ü_
;'ulGwt wfg–! !=))% )=*( @@=$ ^* %@ dl;gf], dWod
nfdf]
cGo ljlzi6 u'0fx?

/fd|f] pTkfbg x'g], vfg ld7f], ksfPkl5 g/d, e'hfsf] nflu pko'St, d?jf / 89'jf /f]u
lg/f]ws Ifdtf ePsf] OToflb ePsf] hft xf] .

xfafkfgL / ef}uf]lns cfjZostf
o;nfO{ t/fO,{ leqLdw]z, j]zL / dWo kxf8sf] ;dlztf]i0fLo pi0f k|b]lzo xfjfkfgLdf v]tL
ug{ ;lsG5 .
nufpg] 7fpF / ;do
of] hft l;+lrt / cl;+lrt b'a} 7fpFdf v]tL ug{
;lsG5 . o;nfO{ d'Vo jiff{ofddf dfq v]tL
ug{ ;lsG5 . jf]6 dWod ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{
dlnnf] hUufdf nufpg h?/L x'G5 .
hUufsf] tof/L
afFemf] hf]lt;s]kl5 ;wf/0ftof Ps jf b'O{
k6s 6«ofS6/ jf uf]?sf] ;xfotfn] lxNofpg] ug'k{ b{5 .
aLpsf] dfqf / Aof8 Aoj:yfkg
aLp $% s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ rflxG5 . o;sf] w'n] / lxn] b'j} lsl;dsf Aof8 /fVg ;lsG5 .
Aof8 h]i7sf] clGtd cyjf cfiff9sf] bf];|f] xKtf;Dd /fVg pko'Qm x'G5 .
j]gf{sf] pd]/ / b'/L

j]gf{ @)–@% lbgsf] ePkl5 /f]Kg ;lsG5 . a]gf{ /f]Kbf jf]6 b]lv jf]6sf] b'/L @) ;]=dL= / nfOg
b]lv nfOgsf] b'/L @) ;]=dL= sf] km/s kf/L /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
dnvfbsf] dfqf
df6f] pj{/fzlQmnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sDtLdf !) 6g k|ltx]S6/ sDkf]i6 dn ;fy} !)) s]=hL=
gfO6«f]hg, #) s]=hL= km:kmf]/; / #) s]=hL= kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] lbg pko'Qm x'G5 .
;fdGotof wfgv]tdf lh+ssf] sdL b]lvg] ub{5 . o;sf] nflu lhs+;Nkm]6 @) s=]hL= k|lt
x]S6/sf b/n] k|of]u ug{' lgtfGt h?/L 5 .
l;+rfO{
of] cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df ;d]t v]tL ug{ ;lsg] hft ePsf] x'Fbf v8]/L k/]df dfq l;+rfO{ lbg
pko'Qm x'G5 . v]tdf %–^ ;]=dL= kfgL /xg] u/L Aoj:yfkg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 / nuftf/ v]tdf
kfgL hld/xg lbg' x'Fb}g . olb l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf 5 eg] !%÷!% lbgsf] cGt/df v]tnfO{ !–@
lbg;Dd ;'sfP/ dfq kfgL nufpg' kb{5 .

emf/kft lgoGq0f
/f]k]sf] @ b]lv # lbg leq j'6fSnf]/ @ ldnL ln6/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO k|of]u ug]{ / /f]k]sf]
#) lbg kl5 Ps k6s xftn] uf]8d]n ug'{ kb{5 .
jfnLrqm
wfg / ux'F, wfg / d;'/f] jf rgf, wfg ds}
/f]u÷sL/f lgoGq0f
;fdfGotof of] wfgsf] hft /f]u÷sL/f cj/f]wL xf] . s]xL sf/0fjz /f]usL/f nfUg uPdf
PsLs[t /f]usL/f Aoa:yfkg / /f]u÷sL/fsf] pko'Qm ls6gfzs / /f]ugfzs laiffbL k|of]u
ugf{n] pTkfbgdf x|f; x'Fb}g . cGo wfgsf hftx?df h:t} o;nfO{ klg Plss[t /f]usL/f
Aoj:yfkg ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5 .
jfnL sf6\g], ;'sfpg], e08f/0f / pTkfbg

wfgsf] bfgfsf] lr:ofg !* b]lv @)Ü eP kl5 jfnL s6fgL ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 / /fd|f]
Aoj:yfkgdf o;sf] cf}ift pTkfbg $ b]lv $=% 6g k|lt x]S6/ x'G5 . tLg–rf/ 3fddf
;'sfP/ bfgfsf] lr:ofg !#=% ePkl5 e08f/0f ubf{ sL/fn] s'g} gf]S;fg ub}{g . x/]s !=% b]lv
@ SjLG6ndf ! rSsL ;]Nkm; /fVg' kb{5 .

/fli6«o wfg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, xlb{gfy, wg'iff
b]j lglw ltjf/L, u0f]zrGb| 7fs'/ / 8f= a]bfgGb rf}w/L
kmf]gM ))(&&–(*%^)#$&!^
O{d]nM tiwari.dev@narc.gov.np, nrrpjnk@gmail.com

!=# wfg v]tLsf] nflu :yfg ljz]if gfO6f]«hg vfBtTj
Joj:yfkg ljlw M kft /+u rf6{
wfgjfnLsf] nflu !^ j6f vfBtTjx? cfjZos kb{5g\ h; dWo] gfO{6«f]hg, km:kmf]/;, kf]6f;,
;Nkm/, lh+s / l;lnsg a9L dfqfdf cfjZos kg]{ tTjx? x'g\ . oL vfBtTjx? dWo] klg
wfgjfnLnfO{ gfO6f«]hg tTjsf] cfjZostf w]/} dfqfdf kb{5 . ls;fgx?nfO{ klg gfO6f«]hg
vfBtTjsf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkg ljlwsf] hfgsf/L 68\sf/f] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . wfgjfnLsf] ;Dk"0f{
nfut dWo] ^–* k|ltzt nfut vfBtTj Joj:yfkgsf] nflu vr{ x'G5 h;df %) k|ltzt
eGbf al9 o"l/of dnsf] nfut kb{5 . g]kfndf Psflt/ o"l/of dnsf] pknJwttf sd 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ pknJw ePsf] dn klg Jojl:yt ?kn] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f sd dnsf]
k|of]u u/L pTkfbg a9fpg cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . cToflws gfO{6f«]hg tTjsf] k|of]un] hdLg /
hndf gfO6]«6sf] dfqf a9fp“b5 h;n] dflg;sf] :jf:yodf ;d]t k|lts'n c;/ ub{5 . g]kfn
s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ nufotsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;:yfx?n] gfO6f«]hg tTjsf]
pkof]uLtfnfO{ j9fpg ljleGg cg';Gwfg sfo{x? ub}{ cfO{/x]sf 5g\ h; dWo] kft /+u rf6{sf]
k|of]u u/]/ gfO6f«]hg tTj Joj:yfkg ljlw Ps xf] .
kft /+u rf6{sf] k|of]u u/]/ gfO6f«]hg tTj Joj:yfkg ljlw :yfg ljz]if vfBtTj Joj:yfkg
ljlw cGtu{t kb{5 . o; ljlwdf wfgsf] /+u x]/]/ af]6nfO{ dnsf] cfjZostf 5 ls 5}g eg]/
klxrfg ul/G5 . olb cfjZos ePdf dn lbOG5 . of] ljlw ;/n ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]u ug{
ls;fgnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] / sd vlr{nf] klg 5 . o; rf6{df $ b]lv ^ a6f xNsf xl/of] b]lv
uf8f xl/of] /+usf kftfx? x'G5g\, h;;“u xfdLn] wfgsf] af]6sf] kftsf] /+u ldnfpg'kb{5 .
kft /+u rf6{sf] k|of]u u/]/ gfO6f«]hg tTj Joj:yfkg ljlw
!= kft /+u rf6{sf] k|of]u wfg /f]k]sf] !% lbg kl5 z'? u/]/ af]6df km'n v]Ng z'? x'g] a]nf
;Dd ug'{ kb{5 .
@= o; rf6{sf] l/l8ª laxfg * b]lv !) / a]n'sL @ b]lv $ ah] leq lng'kb{5 .
#= l/l8ª lng] a]nfdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f l/l8ª lng]
JolQmsf] k5fl8 x'g'kb{5 tf sL 3fdsf] ls/0f
kft–/+u rf6{ / wfgsf] kftdf gk/f];\ .
$= l/l8ª lng] JolQm z'? b]lv clGtd;Dd Pp6} x'g'
kb{5 . o;f] ePdf 8f6fdf s'g} lsl;dsf] km/s
cfpFb}g .
%= l/l8ª ln+bf v]tsf] ;Dk"0f{ :yfgsf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L cnu cnu :yfgaf6 slDtdf !) j6f
af]6 5fg]/ lng'kb{5 / /f]uL, sL/f nfu]sf] tyf w]/} xf]rf] tyf cUnf af]6x? 5fGg' x'Fb}g .
^= !) j6f 5fg]sf] af]6sf] k"0f{ ljsl;t kftsf] aLr efu kf–/+u–rf6{df /fVg] / kftsf] /ª
rf6{sf] /+u;“u ldnfpg] .

&= olb !) j6f af]6 dWo] ^ j6f af]6sf] l/l8ª $ eGbf sd cfPdf @% s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg k|lt
x]S6/sf b/n] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
*= l/l8ª kTo]s !) lbgsf] km/sdf lng' kb{5 .
cg';Gwfgsf] glthf
o; ljlwnfO{ k|of]u u/L g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf] /fli6«o wfgjfnL cg';Gwfg
sfo{qmdsf] jfXo cg';Gwfg :yn au/f /
t]hgu/ ufp“kflnsfdf ;~rfng ul/Psf]
kl/If0fsf] glthf cg';f/ /+u rf6{af6 gfO6«f]hg
tTjsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ pTkfbg al9 / dnsf]
vkt sd ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . wfgjfnLnfO{ kft /+u rf6{
Ps}rf]6L eGbf o;nfO{ cfjZos ePsf] j]nfdf
dn lb+bf pTkfbg klg a9\g] / jftfj/0fLo
;+t'ng ;d]t sfod x'gfn] o; ljlwaf6
ls;fgx?n] wfgjfnLsf] dnvfb Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] pTkfbgdf j[l4, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng /
cfly{s nfe ;d]t lng ;lsG5 .
tflnsf ! /fli6«o wfgafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] jfXo cg';Gwfg :yn au/f / t]hgu/
:yfg dn /fVg] tl/sf pTkfbg dnsf] dfqf
-s]=hL=÷x]S6/_ -gfO6«f]hg s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/_
ls;fg tl/sf #(*) *%
t]hgu/, wg'iff l;kmfl/z dfqf $@)) !))
kft /+u rf6{ ljlw $^@) (@
ls;fg tl/sf $)$) *)
au/f, wg'iff l;kmfl/z dfqf $%@) !))
Kfft /+u rf6{ ljlw $@%) (%
/fli6«o wfgafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] jfXo cg';Gwfg :yn au/f / t]hgu/ ufpFkflnsfdf
;~rfng u/]sf] kl/If0fsf] glthf
k|sfz kg]?
k|fljlws clws[t
/fli6«o wfgjfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, xlb{gfy, wg'iff
kmf]gM (*$&#)!!#$
O{d]nM paneru2047@gmail.com

!=$ ds}sf] gofF hftM c?0f–# sf] v]tL ug]{ k|ljlw
kl/ro
of] hft la=;+= 2071 ;fndf t/fO{, leqL dw]z / kxf*sf] a]zL tyf ^f/ If]qsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf] . xfn;Dd l;kmfl/z ePsf rf*} kfSg] hftx? ;/x g} sd ;dodf
kfSg] / xf]rf] af]^ ePsf] hft xf] . g]kfnL afnL k|)ffnLdf of] ;"xfp+bf] vfnsf] ds}sf]
hft ePsf]n] of] cfd s[ifsx?df Hofb} nf]slk|o e}/x]sf] % .
c?)f3 sf] bfgf ;]tf] / k"i^ x"G% . o;sf] prfO{ 150 b]lv 195 ;]=dL= x"G% / &fp+
x]/L of] 80 b]lv 100 lbgdf kfSb% . o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 2=5 b]lv 3=5 ^g k|lt
x]S^/ % . o;sf] #f]uf ;fgf], bfgfx? ^Dd ldn]/ #f]ufsf] ^"Kkf;Dd bfgf nfUg], a(L
dn vkt u/L :yfgLo ds} eGbf w]/} kmNg], ;fdfGo /f]Kg] ;do eGbf (Lnf] klg nufpg
;lsg], cl;+lrt ^f/ v]tdf klg nufpg ;lsg], laleGg #"lDt afnL k|)ffnLdf ;"xfp+bf],
af]^ xf]rf] x"g], sd (Ng] cflb u")fx? ePsf] hft xf] .
v]tL Aoj:yfkg
of] hftsf] ds}nfO{ klg cGo ds}sf] hft ;/x g} v]tL ug{ ;lsG% . o;sf] nflu v]tL
ug]{ tl/sf tklzndf k|:t"t ul/Psf] % .
hldgsf] tof/L
g]kfnsf] ;j{;fwf/)f s[ifsn] hldgsf] tof/L u/] cg";f/ g} o; hftnfO{ klg hldgsf]
tof/L ul/G% . vf; u/L 2÷3 hf]tfO{ ug"s
{ f ;fy} ln*\sf] nufpg], *Nnf kmf]g]{ sfd
ugf{n] df^f] /fd|f] / a"a"{/fp+bf] x"G% / aLp /fd|f];+u pld|G% . aif]{afnL leœofO{ ;s]kl%
af/L hf]t]/ /fVgfn] lr:ofgsf] klg /fd|f] ;+/If)f x"G% .

aLp b/
/fd|f] pdf/ zlQm ePsf] -85 k|ltzt eGbf a(L_ aLp / hldgdf pko"Qm lr:ofg ePdf
k|lt /f]kgL 1 s]=hL= cyf{t k|lt x]S^/ 20 s]=hL= eP k"U% . t/ ;w} pko"Qm jftfj/)f
g/xg] x"+bf 20 b]lv 30 s]=hL= aLp k|lt x]S^/ k|o f]u ug"{ pko"Qm x"G% . z"?df afSnf]
%/L kl% a(L ePsf la?jf pv]nL ufO{ e}+;LnfO{ v"jfpg] rng klg ePsf]n] al( lapsf]
b/ /fv]sf] % . sL/fn] la?jf sf^\g], *Nnf d"lg uP/ aLp gpld|g,] lr:ofg sd eP/
aLp sd pld|g] cflb hf]lvdaf^ aRg klg ls;fgx?n] l;kmfl/z eGbf a(L aLp
nufp+%g\ .
nufpg] tl/sf
Ps l;of] la/fO{ xnf]sf] k%fl* Ps xftsf] km/sdf /f]Kg] . ;fwf/)ftof Ps /f]kgLdf
2500 af]^ / Ps x]S^/df sl/a 50000 b]lv 53000 af]^ ePdf a(L pTkfbg lng
;lsG% . c? ;/x o;sf] nflu Ps nx/ b]lv csf]{ nx/ 75 ;]=dL= / Ps af]^b]lv
csf]{ af]^sf] b"/L 25 ;]=dL= sfod u/]df a(L pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ ;lsG% . ;fy} of]
rf*} kfSg] hftsf] nflu Ps nx/ b]lv csf]{ nx/ 70 ;]=dL= / Ps af]^b]lv csf]{
af]^sf] b"/L 25 ;]=dL= sfod u/]df cem a(L pTkfbg lng ;lsG% .
dnvfb
dnvfb slt rflxG% eGg] s"/f hUufsf] dlnnf]kg / dnvfbsf] pknAwtfdf e/ kb{% .
sd dlnnf] hUufdf a(L dn k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . ;fwf/)ftof /fd|f];+u s"lxPsf] uf]a/ jf
sDkf]i^ dn Ps x]S^/sf] nflu 15 b]lv 20 ^g k|of]u ug"{ pko"Qm x"G% . sDkf]i^
dnsf] pknAwtf % eg] of] dfqf eGbf a(L klg xfNg ;lsG% . sDkf] i^ dn a(L
xfn]df /fd|f] g} x"G% . o;n] s"g} gf]S;fgL ub}{g . sDkf]i^ dn hldgsf] tof/L ubf{ g}
xfnL hf]t]/ k"g"{ kb{% . dn %/L ghf]tL ;"sfpgfn] dndf /x]sf vfBtTjx?sf] gf]S;fgL
x"G% . /f;folgs dnsf] xsdf gfO^«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]^f; 4, 2, 1=5 s]=hL= k|lt
s¶fsf b/n] lbgfn] of] hftn] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbG% . /fd|f] uf]a/ dn jf sDkf]i^ dn a(L
dfqfdf xfn]sf] v)*df 1 s]=hL= gfO^«f]hgn] dfq ^k *«]l;é u/]df klg /fd|} pTkfbg
lbG% .
l;+rfO{
of] hftsf] ds} cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df ;kmntfk'j{s v]tL ug{ ;lsG% . l;+rfO{ ;"lawf
ePsf] If]qdf ds} nufP b]lv ef+Rg] a]nf ;Dddf 3 k^s l;+rfO{ lbg" kb{% . klxnf]
l;+rfO{ klxnf] uf]*fO{df, bf]>f] l;+rfO{ wfgrd/f lg:sg] a]nfdf / t]>f] l;+rfO{ bfgf
kf]^fpg] a]nfdf lbg" kb{% .

/f]u
kftdf nfUg] pQ/L / blIf)fL kft *("jf /f]u (Northern and Southern leaf blight) d"Vo
/f]ux? x"g\ . of] hftn] s]xL xb;Dd pQ/L kft *("jf (Turcicum Leaf Blight) /f]u ;xg
;S% . cGo /f]ux? h:tf] l;+b"/], se"n]l/of, d]*Lh, sfnf]kf]s] cflbsf] of] hftdf Tolt
;d:of %}g .
sL/f
of] ds}nfO{ ujf/f] ;xg ;Sg] hftsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G% . v"d|]sL/f, k]mb sf^\g] sL/f,
wfu] sL/fsf] lgoGq)fsf] nflu dfnflyog w'nf] -10 k|ltzt_ 10 b]lv 15 s]=hL= k|lt
x]S^/sf b/n] %g{" kb{% . e)*f/df nfUg] sL/fsf] nflu ;L* aLgdf ;]Nkm; rSsLsf]
k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . Pp^f aLg -1 b]lv 2 SjLG^n_ df Ps rSsL /fvL xfjf gl%g]{ u/L
aGb ug"{ kb{% . #f]ufx?df #/ kf]Tg] r"gfsf] w'nf] 225 u|fd k|lt 100 #f]ufsf b/n]
%gf{n] #"gsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG% .
uf]*d]n
cGo ds}sf hftnfO{ h:t} of] hftnfO{ klg b"O{ uf]*fO{sf] cfjZostf kb{% . klxnf]
uf]*fO{ ds} pd|]sf] 2 b]lv 3 xKtf leq u/L ;Sg" kb{% . klxnf] uf]*fO{ ;dodf ePg
eg] ds}sf] pTkfbgdf w]/} Iflt x"G% . bf]>f] uf]*fOsf ;dodf ps]/f lbOG% . ps]/f lbg]
sfo{ klxnf] uf]*fO{ u/]sf] 3 b]lv 4 xKtf kl% ul/G% . o; ;dodf ds} k|fo #"+*f;Dd
jf ;f] eGbf cUnf] ePsf] x"G% .
ds} ef+Rg]
ds}sf] vf]:^f ;"Sg yfNof] eg] ds} kfs]sf] yfxf x"G% . slxn] sf+xL cGo sf/)fn] klg
vf]:^f ;"Sg] x"+bf ds}sf] bfgf pKsfO{ vf]ofdf ufl*g] efu lt/ sf]^ \ofO{ x]bf{ sfnf] kq
b]lvPdf ds} kfs]sf] lglZrt x"G% . ;fwf/)ftof ds}sf] bfgfsf] lr:ofg 30 k|ltzt eGbf
sd ePkl% ds} ef+Rg pko"Qm x"G% .
e)*f/)f
ds}nfO{ hlt;Sbf] a(L #fddf ;"sfO{ e)*f/)f ug"{ kb{% . e)*f/)f ug{sf] lgldQ
12 b]lv 14 k|ltzt lr:ofgdf Nofpg" kb{% . lr:ofg a(L ePsf] ds} e)*f/)f
ugf{n] a(L #"g sL/f nfUg], s"lxg] tyf aLp gpld|g] ;d:of x"G% .

lrq axfb'/ s'Fj/
/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd /fdk'/, lrtjg, g]kfn
df]jfOn M (*$%)%@!&&

!=% ds}sf] gofF hftM c?0f–^ sf] v]tL k|ljlw
kl/roM
of] hft la=;+= 2071 ;fndf t/fO{, leqL dw]z / kxf*sf] a]zL tyf ^f/ If]qsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z ug{ nfluPsf] % . xfn;Dd l;kmfl/z ePsf rf*} kfSg] hftx? dWo] of] klg
plx ;/xsf] cem al( rf*} kfSg] / xf]rf] af]^ ePsf] hft xf] . g]kfnL afnL k|)ffnLdf
of] ;"xfp+bf] vfnsf] ds}sf] hft ePsf]n] of] cfd s[ifsx?df Hofb} nf]slk| o e}/x]sf] % .
c?)f6 sf] bfgf k+x]nf] / w]/} k"i^ x"G% . o;sf] prfO{ 145 b]lv 190 ;]=dL= x"G% /
&fp+ x]/L of] 70 b]lv 90 lbgdf kfS% . o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 2=0 b]lv 3=0 ^g k|lt
x]S^/ % . of] hftn] ;]t] /f]u ;xg ;Sg],
o;sf] #f]uf ;fgf], bfgfx? ^Dd ldn]/ #f]ufsf]
^"Kkf;Dd bfgf nfUg], a(L dn vkt u/L
:yfgLo ds} eGbf w]/} kmNg], /f]Kg] ;do eGbf
(Lnf] klg nufpg ;lsg] cl;+lrt ^f/ v]tdf
klg nufpg ;lsg], laleGg #"lDt afnL
k|)ffnLdf ;"xfp+bf], af]^ xf]rf] x"g], sd (Ng]
cflb u")fx?sf] ;lDd>)f ul/Psf] hft xf] .
hldgsf] tof/L
g]kfnsf] ;j{;fwf/)f s[ifsn] hldgsf] tof/L u/] cg";f/ g} o; hftnfO{ klg hldgsf]
tof/L ul/G% . vf; u/L 2÷3 hf]tfO{ ug"s
{ f ;fy} ln*\sf] nufpg], *Nnf kmf]g]{ sfd
ugf{n] hldg /fd|f] a"a"{/fp+bf] x"G% / aLp /fd|f];+u pld|G% . aif]{afnL leqofO{ ;s]kl% af/L
hf]t]/ /fVgfn] lr:ofgsf] klg /fd|f] ;+/If)f x"G% .
aLp b/
/fd|f] pdf/ zlQm ePsf] -85 k|ltzt eGbf a(L_ aLp / hldgdf pko"Qm lr:ofg ePdf
k|lt /f]kgL 1 s]=hL= cyf{t k|lt x]S^/ 20 s]=hL= eP k"U% . t/ ;w} pko"Qm jftfj/)f
g/xg] x"+bf 20 b]lv 30 s]=hL= aLp k|lt x]S^/ k|of]u ug"{ pko"Qm x"G% . z"?df afSnf]
%/L kl% a(L ePsf la?jf pv]nL ufO{ e}+;LnfO{ v"jfpg] rng klg ePsf]n] al( lapsf]
b/ /flvPsf] % . sL/fn] la?jf sf^\g], *Nnf d"lg uP/ aLp gpld|g], lr:ofg sd eP/
aLp sd pld|g] cflb hf]lvdaf^ aRg klg ls;fgx?n] l;kmfl/z eGbf a(L aLp
nufp+%g\ .

nufpg] tl/sf
Ps l;of] la/fO{ xnf]sf] k%fl* Ps xftsf]
km/sdf /f]Kg] . ;fwf/)ftof Ps /f]kgLdf 2500
af]^ / Ps x]S^/df sl/a 50000 b]lv 53000
af]^ ePdf a(L pTkfbg lng ;lsG% . c? ;/x
o;sf] nflu Ps nx/ b]lv csf]{ nx/ 75 ;]=dL=
/ Ps af]^b]lv csf]{ af]^sf] b"/L 25 ;]=dL= sfod
u/]df a(L pTkfbg xfl;n ug{ ;lsG% . ;fy} of]
rf*} kfSg] hftsf] nflu Ps nx/ b]lv csf]{ nx/
65 ;]=dL= / Ps af]^b]lv csf]{ af]^sf] b"/L 25 ;]=dL= sfod u/]df a(L pTkfbg lng
;lsG% .
dnvfb
dnvfb slt rflxG% eGg] s"/f hUufsf] dlnnf]kg / dnvfbsf] pknAwtfdf e/ kb{% .
sd dlnnf] hUufdf a(L dn k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . ;fwf/)ftof /fd|f];+u s"lxPsf] uf]a/ jf
sDkf]i^ dn Ps x]S^/sf] nflu 15 b]lv 20 ^g k|of]u ug"{ pko"Qm x"G% . sDkf]i^
dnsf] pknAwtf % eg] of] dfqf eGbf a(L klg xfNg ;lsG% . sDkf]i^ dn a(L
xfn]df /fd|f] x"G% . o;n] s"g} gf]S;fgL ub}{g . sDkf]i^ dn hldgsf] tof/L ubf{ g} xfnL
hf]t]/ k"g"{ kb{% . dn %/L ghf]tL ;"sfpgfn] dndf /x]sf vfBtTjx?sf] gf]S;fgL x"G% .
/f;folgs dnsf] xsdf gfO^«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]^f; 4, 2, 1=5 s]=hL= k|lt s¶fsf
b/n] lbgfn] of] hftn] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbG% . /fd|f] uf]a/ dn jf sDkf]i^ dn a(L
dfqfdf xfn]sf] v)*df 1 s]=hL= gfO^«f]hgn] dfq ^k *«]l;é u/]df klg /fd|} pTkfbg
lbG% .
l;+rfO{
of] hftsf] ds} cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df ;kmntfk'j{s v]tL ug{ ;lsG% . l;+rfO{ ;"lawf
ePsf] If]qdf ds} nufP b]lv ef+Rg] a]nf ;Dddf 3 k^s l;+rfO{ lbg" kb{% . klxnf]
l;+rfO{ klxnf] uf]*fO{df, bf]>f] l;+rfO{ wfgrd/f lg:sg] a]nfdf / t]>f] l;+rfO{ bfgf
kf]^fpg] a]nfdf lbg" kb{% .
/f]u
kftdf nfUg] pQ/L / blIf)fL kft *("jf /f]u (Northern and Southern leaf blight) d"Vo
/f]ux? x"g\ . of] hftn] s]xL xb;Dd pQ/L kft *("jf (Turcicum Leaf Blight) /f]u ;xg
;S% . cGo /f]ux? h:tf] l;+b"/], se"n]l/of, d]*Lh, sfnf]kf]s] cflbsf] of] hftdf Tolt
;d:of %}g .

sL/f
of] ds}nfO{ ujf/f] ;xg ;Sg] hftsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G% . v"d|]sL/f, k]mb sf^\g] sL/f,
wfu] sL/fsf] lgoGq)fsf] nflu dfnflyog w'nf] -10 k|ltzt_ 10 b]lv 15 s]=hL= k|lt
x]S^/sf b/n] %g{" kb{% . e)*f/df nfUg] sL/fsf] nflu ;L* aLgdf ;]Nkm; rSsLsf]
k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . Pp^f aLg -1 b]lv 2 SjLG^n_ df Ps rSsL /fvL xfjf gl%g]{ u/L
aGb ug"{ kb{% . #f]ufx?df #/ kf]Tg] r"gfsf] w'nf] 225 u|fd k|lt 100 #f]ufsf b/n]
%gf{n] #"gsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG% .
uf]*d]n
cGo ds}sf hftnfO{ h:t} of] hftnfO{ klg b"O{ uf]*fO{sf] cfjZostf kb{% . klxnf]
uf]*fO{ ds} pd|]sf] 2 b]lv 3 xKtf leq u/L ;Sg" kb{% . klxnf] uf]*fO{ ;dodf ePg
eg] ds}sf] pTkfbgdf w]/} Iflt x"G% . bf]>f] uf]*fOsf] ;dodf ps]/f lbOG% . ps]/f lbg]
sfo{ klxnf] uf]*fO{ u/]sf] 3 b]lv 4 xKtf kl% ul/G% . o; ;dodf ds} k|fo #"+*f;Dd
jf ;f] eGbf cUnf] ePsf] x"G% .
ds} ef+Rg]
ds}sf] vf]:^f k"m>f] eO{ ;"Sof] eg] ds} kfs]sf] yfxf x"G% . slxn] sf+xL cGo sf/)fn]
klg vf]:^f ;"Sg] x"+bf ds}sf] bfgf pKsfO{ vf]ofdf ufl*g] efu lt/ sf]^\ofO{ x]bf{ sfnf]
kq b]lvPdf ds} kfs]sf] lglZrt x"G% . ;fwf/)ftof ds}sf] bfgfsf] lr:ofg 30 k|ltzt
eGbf sd ePkl% ds} ef+Rg pko"Qm x"G% .
e)*f/)f
ds}nfO{ hlt;Sbf] a(L #fddf ;"sfO{ e)*f/)f ug"{ kb{% . e)*f/)f ug{sf] lgldQ 12
b]lv 14 k|ltzt lr:ofgdf Nofpg" kb{% . lr:ofg a(L ePsf] ds} e)*f/)f ugf{n] a(L
#"g sL/f nfUg], s"lxg] tyf aLp gpld|g] ;d:of x"G% .

/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd/fdk'/, lrtjg, g]kfn
lrq axfb'/ s'Fj/
df]jfOn M (*$%)%@!&&

!=^ ds}df PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k|ljlw
ds} g]kfnsf] k|d'v vfBfGg afnLdf bf];|f] / dWo kxf8sf] k|d'v afnL xf] . of] afnLsf] v]tL
t/fO{, dWo kxf8 nufot pRr kxf8L If]qx?df ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# df
ds} *,(!,%*# x]S6/ If]qkmndf v]tL u/L @@,#!,%!& d]= 6g pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] / @=% d]=
6g k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbsTj lyof] (ABPSD, @)&@÷&#_ . PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k|ljlw afnL
pTkfbgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L k/Dk/fut k|ljlw / cfw'lgs k|ljlwx?sf] ;jn
kIfx? canDag u/L pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ k|ljlw xf] .
PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k|ljlw ckgfpFbf pTkfbg
j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] eP tfklg s[ifs :t/df k|ljlwsf]
cg'z/0f gx'Fbf ds}sf] /fli6«o pTkfbsTj Go"g /x]sf]
5.
ds}df PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4lt s[ifs :t/df
cjnDag u/fO{ vfBfGg afnLsf] pTkfbg /
PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4ltdf v]tL
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;'b"/ ul/Psf] ds}
klZrdsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df ds} afnLdf o;
k4ltsf] k|bz{g kl/If0f ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkgsf] ljz]iftf
s[ifsx?sf] dfem PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj bzf{pgsf nflu kl/If0f k|bz{g ckgfO{Psf]
lyof], h;df k|lt s[ifs # j6f Pp6} ;fO{hsf Kn6 agfO{ b'O{j6f Kn6df PsLs[t afnL
Joj:yfkg k4lt -pGgt tl/sf_ / t];|f] Kn6df ls;fgn] ds} v]tL nufpFFb} cfPsf] tl/sf -
s[ifs tl/sf_ u/L ;~rfng u/]/ t'ngfTds cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .
PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4ltdf v]tL

ul/bf ;lk|Psf] afnL

tflnsf != PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4lt -pGgt tl/sf_ / k/Dk/fut k4lt
-s[ifs tl/sf_ df ckgfO{Psf pTkfbg kIfx?
l;=g= pTkfbg kIfx? PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4lt k/Dk/fut k4lt
-pGgt tl/sf_ -s[ifs tl/sf_
!= ds}sf] hft pGgt hft -/fdk'/ sDkf]hL6_ pGgt hft -/fdk'/ sDkf]hL6_
@= ljiffbLåf/f aLp a]leli6g @ u|fd k|lt s]=hL= aLpsf pkrf/ gu/]sf] aLp /f]lkPsf]
pkrf/ b/n] pkrf/ ul/Psf]
#= aLp /f]kfO{ nfO{gdf -&% ;]=dL= x @% ;]=dL= sf] xnf]sf] l;of]df
b'/Ldf_
$= aLp b/ @) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ s[ifssf] dfqf
%= dnvfb uf]7]dn ^ d]= 6g Pj+ !)% s]=hL= s[ifssf] dfqf
o'l/of, ^% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / %) s]=hL=
kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/
^= uf]8d]n aLp /f]k]sf] #) / ^) lbgdf Ps Ps aLp /f]k]sf] #) / ^) lbgdf
k6s Ps Ps k6s
&= afnL ;+/If0f ds} /f]k]sf] %) lbgsf] cf;kf;df gul/Psf]
u'ef]df @–# bfgf ô'/f8fg k|of]u
ul/Psf
pGgt tl/sfsf] Pp6f Kn6df 5fkf] -%=) d]= 6g k|lt x]S6/_ /flvPsf] lyof] eg] csf]{ Kn6df
5fkf] /flvPsf] lyPg, . afFsL ;a} pTkfbg k|ljlw dflysf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] adf]lhd
ckgfO{Psf] lyof] .
gtLhf tyf lgisif{
tflnsfdf pNn]lvt t/Lsfaf6 v]tL ubf{ ds}df 5fkf] g/fv]/ pGgt t/Lsfn] v]tL ubf{ / 5fkf]
/fv]/ pGgt t/Lsfaf6 v]tL ubf{ s[ifssf] t/Lsf eGbf tYofÍLo lx;fan] a9L pTkfbg ePsf]
kfO{of] / s[ifssf] t/Lsf eGbf qmdzM !&=^ k|ltzt / @&=& k|ltztn] pTkfbg j[l4 ePsf]
kfO{of] . t;y{ s[ifsn] PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k|ljlw -pGgt k|ljlw_ ckgfPdf ds}df
pTkfbg j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

ljzfn 9sfn
If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, efu]t8f, lbkfon, 8f]6L
kmf]gM )($–$!@!^@, (*$!(&$##@
Od]nMarsdoti@gmail.com; dhakal.bishal14@gmail.com

!=& uxF'sf] gofF hft :ju{åf/Lsf] v]tL ug]{ k|ljlw
kl/ro
:ju{åf/L ux'Fsf] hftnfO{ ?kfGtl/t j+zfjnL
(Modified Pedigree Bulk System of Plant
Breeding) t/Lsf ckgfO{ /fli6«o ux'FjfnL
cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, e}/xjfdf ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
of] hftsf] k'Vof}{nL XIA-984-10 YAAS
KUNMING/BL1868 /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ux'FafnL
cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd e}/xjfdf ;g\ !(((÷@))) df
qml;Ë u/L ;g\ @))^÷@))& df F6 af6
Advance line df /fd|f] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf la=Pn= #^@( gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ @))(÷!) b]lv
@)!#/!$ ;Dd kxf8L e'efussf ljleGg s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x? tyf s[ifssf] v]t jf/Ldf
u/LPsf ljleGg kl/If0fx?df o; hftn] ;kmn glthf b]vfPsfn] pGdf]rg ul/Psf] xf] . oL
hft kx]+nf] l;Gb'/], 89'jf, sfnf]kf]s] / v/fgL /f]u cj/f]wL kfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf a9L
pTkfbg / /f]u cj/f]wL hftx?sf] ljsf; / s[ifsx?sf] v]tdf o:tf hftsf]] v]tL u/fpg]
k|of;sf ;fy /fli6«o ux'FafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, e}/xjfn] o; hftsf] pGdf]rgsf] nflu
/fli6«o aLp lahg ;ldltdf l;kmfl/z u/L of] hftnfO{ ;g\ @)!^ -lj=;+= @)&#_ df :ju{åf/L
gfdn] pGdf]rGf ul/Psf] xf] .
hftLo ljz]iftfx?
laut #-$ jif{b]lv g]kfnsf dWo tyf pRr kxf8sf laleGg lhNnfx?df ;+rfng ul/Psf
;xeflutd'ns / ;dGjofTds hflto kl/If0faf6 k|fKt cf‘s8fx?sf] cfwf/df of] hftdf lgDg
lnlvt laz]iftfx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .
HfftLo ljz]iftfx? tYofÍ
af]6sf] prfO{ -;]= dL=_ *!
afnL kfSg nfUg] cjlw -lbg_ !%(–!^!
pTkfbg -6g k|lt x]S6/_ #–$=$
afnfsf] nDafO{ -;]= dL=_ (=^
k|lt afnf k'i6 bfgf -;+Vof_ #^
!))) bfgfsf] tf}n -u|fd_ $&
k|lt ju{ ld6/ k|efjsf/L ;/f -;+Vof_ !(@

ljz]if u'0fx?
!_ o; hft kx]+nf] l;Gb'/],89'jf, sfnf]kf]s] / v/fgL /f]u cj/f]wL kfO{Psf] 5 .
@_ kxf8L If]qdf rfF8} kfSg], kf]l6nf] bfgf / pTkfbg Ifdtf w}/} ePsf] kfO{of] .
#_ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ kxf8L If]qdf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
$_ l;+lrt / c+l;lrt hUufdf klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsg] o; hftsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf
xf] .
%_ aLpsf] cfsf/ c08fsf/ x'G5 .
^_ afnfsf] cfsf/ ;dfgfGt/ b]lvG5 .
&_ kftx? l;wf dfly kmls{Psf -Plant growth habit errect_ b]lvG5g\ .
*_ nfdf] ;do;Dd xl/of] /xG5 .
(_ o;sf] em08]+ kftsf] cfsf/ r]K6f] / 7'nf] xl/of] /ªsf] x'G5, h;n] ubf{ k|sfz z:n]if0f
s[ofdf yk ;xof]u x'g] eO{ bfgf 7'nf] / kf]l6nf] x'G5 .
!)_ of] hftdf k|f]l6gsf] dfqf !)=(#Ü ;Dd kfOPsf] 5 / /f]6L tyf kfp/f]6Lsf] nflu ;d]t
pko'St x'G5 .
l;kmfl/z k|ljlwx?
-s_ l;kmfl/z If]q tyf nufpg] ;do
of] hftnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ kxf8L If]qdf -&)) ld6/ b]lv @$)) ld6/;Dd l;+lrt /
c+l;lrt b'j} cj:yfdf_ sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv d+l;/sf] bf]>f] xKtf ;Dd nufpFbf /fd|f]
pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . of] hft kxf8sf cGo hftx? eGbf Ps xKtf cufl8 kfSb5 .
-v_ aLp b/ tyf 5g]{ tl/sf

aLpsf] pdf/ zlQm *% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L ePdf / sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv dªl;/sf]
bf]]>f] xKtf ;Dd 5/]df !@) lsnf]u|fd k|lt x]S6/ aLp l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . l9nf] u/L uxF' 5g{
k/]sf] cj:yfdf l;kmfl/z aLp b/df @% k|ltzt ;Dd yKg' kb{5 . of] hftnfO{ 5?jf tl/sf
jf nfO{gdf 5g{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ l;+rfO{
df6f]sf] k|s[lt / df6f]df ljBdfg lr:ofgsf] dfqfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL @ b]lv # k6s l;+rfO{sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ux'F 5/]sf] @)-@% lbgdf -lzv/ h/f lg:sg] a]nf_, afnf lg:sg] ;do /
bfgf el/g] ;dodf l;+rfO{sf] clt cfjZostf kg]{ x'gfn] df6f]df lr:ofgsf] sld x'g glbg
ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

-3_ dnvfb
l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwfo'Qm hldgdf *) b]lv !)) lsnf]u|fd gfO6«f]hg, $) lsnf]u|fd km:kmf]/; /
$) lsnf]u|fd kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] lbg'kb{5 . gfO6«f]hgsf] cfwf efu klxnf] l;+rfO{ lbPsf]
!-@ lbg leq 6k8«]l;ª ug'{ kb{5 . cl;+lrt cj:yfdf 5/]sf] eP ^) lsnf]u|fd gfO{6«f]hg, #)
lsnf]u|fd km:kmf]/; / #) lsnf]u|fd kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/ ux'F 5g]{ a]nfdf hldgdf Psgf; x'g]u/L
df6f]df ld;fpg' kb{5 .
! /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] nflu ahf/df kfOg] o'l/of, l8=P=kL=, kf]6f; tyf uf]a/ dn lgDg adf]lhd
/fVg' kb{5 .
cj:yf o'l/of l8=P=kL= kf]6f; uf]a/ dn
l;+lrt &=) $=$ #=# #%)
cl+;+lrt %=# #=# @=% #%)
-ª_ emf/kft Joj:yfkg
ux'FafnLdf ljleGg lsl;dsf rf+}8fkft] / ;fF3'/f]kft] b'a} emf/x? b]vf kb{5g\ . uxF' v]tdf b]lvg]
rf}8f kft] emf/x?df a]y], s[i0fgLn, s'6Lnsf];f, xnxn] cflb kb{5g\ eg] ;fF3'/f] kft] emf/x?df
/ut] emf/, xflQ;'8], cflb kb{5g\ . ;dodf g} oL emf/x?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ h?/L x'G5 .
emf/kft lgoGq0fsf] nflu ljleGg tl/sfx? h:t} pv]n]/ jf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . emf/
cfpg'eGbf cufl8 ux'F 5/]sf] &@ 306f leq df6f]df lr:ofg 5Fb} ahf/df kfO{g] k]l08ldyflng
gfds emf/df xfNg] ljiffbL #=# ln6/ $))–%)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ! x]S6/ hUufdf 5g'{
kb{5 .
To;}u/L, rf}8f kft] emf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ps lsnf]u|fd @,$–8L -%))–&)) u|fd ;lqmo
ljif_ %)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ jf Nabood (Carfentazone-ethyle 40 % DF) %) u|fd #))
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Ps x]S6/ If]qkmndf ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgleq 5g'{ kb{5 . ;fF3'/f]
kft] emf/ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu #$ u|fd ln8/ -;Nkmf];Nkm'/f]g &% W.G.) tyf !@%) Pd= Pn=
surfactant #)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO Ps x]S6/ If]qkmndf ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgleq
5g'{kb{5 . olb b'a} lsl;dsf emf/x? 5g\ eg] ln8/ / Nabood ld;fO{ 5g{ ;lsG5 . Ps
s¶fdf !) ln6/ jf Ps /f]kgLdf !% ln6/sf] emf]n 5g]{ . ;Nkmf];Nô'/f]g -Aofkfl/s gfd
ln8/_ !#=% u|fdnfO{ !@ s¶fdf 5bf{ ;fF3'/f] kft] emf/ lgoGq0f x'G5 . o;sf] laiffbL emf]n
tof/ ubf{ yf]/} kfgLdf !#=% u|fd ln8/ 3f]Ng], To; kl5 3f]nnfO{ %=% ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fpg] / %=% ln6/sf] 3f]ndf cfwf ln6/ ln8/ ;km]{S6]G6 ld;fO{ hDdf ^ ln6/sf] d'n 3f]n
tof/ ug]{ . cGttM of] ^ ln6/sf] 3f]nnfO{ !)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ˆNof6 Kofg gf]hnaf6
ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf !@ s¶fdf /fd|f];Fu :k|] ubf{ ;fF3'/f] kft] emf/ lgoGq0f x'G5 .

-r_ /f]u Joj:yfkg
of] hftsf] ux'F w]/} lsl;dsf /f]ux? cj/f]wL x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ sfnf]kf]s] /f]u b]lvg ;S5
o;sf] nflu @ u|fd efO6fe]S; @)) k|lt s]=hL= ux'Fsf] aLpnfO{ 5g{' cufj} pkrf/ ug]{ .
-5_ sL/f Aoj:yfkg
of] hftsf] ux'Fdf sL/fsf] k|sf]k sd} ePsf] kfOG5 . s'g} s'g} ;dodf uaf/f] / nfxL sL/fsf]
k|sf]k cGo sL/fx? eGbf a9L g} b]lvG5 . oL sL/fx?sf] Aoj:yfkg lgDg k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 .
u'nfjL uaf/f] M ujf/f] nfUg] If]qdf aLp b/ !) b]lv !% k|ltzt;Dd a9fpg] . ;fy} 6«fohf]km;
@ Pd=Pn= jf d]6fl;:6S; @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO 5s{g' kb{5 .
nfxL sL/f M Old8fSnf]k|L8 -sGKfmL8f]/ @)) P;=Pn_ $)) ldln ln6/, %)) ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ ! x]S6/ hldgdf 5s{g' kb{5 .
-h_ kfSg] cjlw
of] hftnfO{ kxf8L If]qdf plrt ;dodf -sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv d+l;/sf] bf]>f] xKtf ;Dd_
nufPsf] v08df ;/b/ !^# b]lv !^% lbgleq kfSb5 .
-em_ sf6\g], r'6\g] / yGSofpg]
ux'Fsf] jfnf d'lgsf] 8fF7 kx]+nf] ePkl5 ux'F kfs]sf] dflgG5 . afnf xftdf lnP/ df8\bf /fd|/L
bfgf 5'6\of] eg] ux'F sf6\g yfn] x'G5 . cyjf ux'Fsf] bfgfdf lr:ofgsf] dfqf @) k|ltzt jf
sd 5 eg] sf6\g nfos ePsf] dflgG5 . o;/L kfs]sf] afnLnfO{ ux'F sf6\g] sDjfOg d]zLgsf]
k|of]uaf6 jf x+l;ofsf] ;xfotfn] af]6 sf6L y|];/af6 r'6\g] sfo{ ug' kb{5 . sf6L ;s]kl5
/fd|/L ;kmf ug]{ / !–@ 3fd ;'sfO{ e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 . e08f/0fdf nfUg] sL/fx?af6 ux'FnfO{
arfpg ;]Nkm; -Pnd'lgod km:kmfO8_ sf] Pp6f rSsL sl/a !) lSjG6n a/fj/sf] ux'Fdf
/fVg' kb{5 .
pTkfbg Ifdtf
of] hftn] al9df %%)) ls=u|f= k|lt x]S6/ jf @&% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL ;Dd pTkfbg lbg
;Sb5 .

g'tg /fh uf}td
/fli6«o uxF'afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd e}/xjf, ?kGb]xL
kmf]g g++ M )&!–%@)@@^, %@@!(^
Email: nwrp.bhairahawa@gmail.com

!=* uxF'sf] Aff0fu+uf hftsf] v]tL ug]{ k|ljlw
kl/ro
of] hftnfO{ ?kfGtl/t j+zfjnL (Modified Pedigree
Bulk System of Plant Breeding) tl/sf ckgfO{ /fli6«o
ux'FjfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{s|d, e}/xjfdf ljsf; ul/Psf]
xf] . of] hftsf] k'Vof}{nL ljj/0f XIA-984-10YAAS
KUNMING/BL1868 xf] . /fli6«o ux'FafnL cg';Gwfg
sfo{s|d e}/xjfdf ;g\ !(((÷@))) df qml;Ë u/]/
;g\ @))^÷)& ;Ddsf ljleGg kl/If0fx?df /fd|f]
b]lvPsf] x'Fbf la=Pn= #^@# gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ @))(÷!) b]lv @)!#÷!$ ;Dd t/fO{sf
ljleGg s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x? tyf s[ifssf] v]tjf/Ldf u/LPsf ljleGg kl/If0fx?df o;
hftsf] pTs[i6 glthf b]lvg cfPsf]n] pGdf]rg ul/Psf] xf] . o; hftdf v}/f] l;Gb'/], 89'jf,
sfnf]kf]s] / kfp8/L ldlN8p cj/f]wL kfOPsf] 5 . at{dfg cj:yfdf a9L pTkfbg / /f]u
cj/f]wL hftx?sf] lasf; / s[ifsx?sf] v]tdf o:tf hftsf]] v]tL u/fpg] k|of;sf ;fy /fli6«o
ux'FafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{s|d, e}/xjfn] o; hftsf] pGdf]rgsf] nflu /fli6«o aLp lahg
;ldltdf l;kml/z u/L of] hftnfO{ ;g\ @)!^ -lj= ;+= @)&#_ df Aff0fu+uf gfdn] pGdf]rGf
u/LPsf] xf] .
hflto laz]iftfx?
laut #÷$ aif{b]lv t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z u/L laleGg lhNnfx?df ;+rfng ul/Psf
;xeflutd'ns tyf ;dGjofTds hflto kl/If0fx?af6 k|fKt cf‘s8fx?sf] cfwf/df of] hftdf
lgDg lnlvt laz]iftfx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .
Hf.lto laz]iftfx? tYofÍ
af]6sf] prfO{ -;]= dL=_ *&
afnL kfSg nfUg] cjlw -lbg_ !!!-!@$
pTkfbg -6g k|lt x]S6/_ $- %
afnfsf] nDafO{ -;]= dL=_ !)
k|lt afnf bfgf -;+Vof_ %)
!))) bfgfsf] tf}n -u|fd_ $#–%&
k|lt ju{ ld= k|efjsf/L ;/f -;+Vof_ @!$–@@*

ljz]if u'0fx?
!_ of] hftdf v}/f] l;Gb'/], 89'jf, sfnf]kf]s] /
v/fgL /f]u cj/f]wL kfOPsf] 5 .
@_ g]kfnsf] ;Dk'0f{ t/fO{, leqL dw]z tyf gbL
lsgf/sf If]qx? -*)) ld= ;Dd_ df
pTkfbg lng ;lsg] .
#_ of] hft l;+lrt / c+l;lrt hUufdf klg
/fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
$_ lapsf] cfsf/ c08fsf/ x'G5 .
%_ of] hftsf] uxF'sf] auricle df anthocyanin
pigmentation gePsf] b]lvG5 .
^_ of] hftsf] profile df ear shape tapering 5 .
&_ o;sf] bfgfdf k|f]l6gsf] dfqf *=( k|ltzt ;Dd kfOPsf] / /f]6L ld7f] / g/d x'g'sf ;fy}
kfp/f]6Lsf] nflu ;d]t pko'Qm /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
v]tLsf] nflu l;kmfl/z k|ljlwx?
-s_ l;kmfl/z If]q
of] hftnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Dk'0f{ t/fO{, leqL dw]z tyf gbL lsgf/ cf;kf;sf If]qx? -;d'Gb|L
;txjf6 *)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO_ df l;+lrt / c+l;lrt b'j} cj:yfdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
-v_ 5g]{ ;do

of] hftjf6 pRrtd pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv dªl;/sf] bf]]>f] xKtf ;Dd
5/L ;Sg'kb{5 .
-u_ aLp b/
aLpsf] Go'gtd pdf/zlQm *% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a/fd|f] ePsf] tyf sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf
b]lv dªl;/sf] bf]]>f] xKtf ;Dd 5/]df !@) lsnf]u|fd k|lt x]S6/ aLp l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
l9nf] u/L uxF' 5g{' k/]sf] cj:yfdf l;kmfl/; aLp b/df @% k|ltzt ;Dd yKg'kb{5 .
-3_ uxF' 5g]{ t/Lsf

of] hftnfO{ 5?jf, nfO{gdf tyf z'Go hf]tfO{ jf sd vghf]t t/Lsf ckgfO{ 5g{ ;lsG5 .
-ª_ l;+rfO{
df6f]sf] k|s[lt / df6f]df ljBdfg lr:ofgsf] dfqfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL @ b]lv # k6s l;+rfO{sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ux'F 5/]sf] @)÷@% lbgdf -lzv/h/f lg:sg] a]nf_, afnf lg:sg] ;do /

bfgf el/g] ;dodf l;+rfO{sf] clt cfjZostf kg]{ x'gfn] df6f]df lr:ofgsf] sld x'g glbg
ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
-r_ dnvfb
l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf] hldgdf !)) lsnf]u|fd gfO6«f]hg, %) lsnf]u|fd km:kmf]/; / %)
lsnf]u|fd kf]6fl;od k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] lbg' kb{5 . gfO6«f]hgsf] cfwf efu klxnf] l;+rfO{
lbPsf] !”@ lbg leq 6k 8«]l;ª ug'{kb{5 .
cl;+lrt cj:yfdf eP ux'F 5g]{ a]nfdf ^) lsnf]u|fd gfO{6«f]hg, #) lsnf]u|fd km:kmf]/; / #)
lsnf]u|fd kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/ hldgdf Psgf; x'g] u/L df6f]df ld;fpg' kb{5 .
;+If]kdf,
s]=hL k|lt s¶f
cj:yf
o'l/of l8=P=kL= kf]6f; uf]a/ dn
l;+lrt %=*# #=^@ @=&& #%)
cl+;lrt #=%) @=!& !=^& #%)
-5_ emf/kft Joj:yfkg

ux'Fsf] rf}8fkft] / ;fF3'/f]kft] emf/ Joj:yfkg
uxF' v]tdf b]lvg] rf}8f kft] emf/x?df a]y], s[i0fgLn, s'6Lnsf];f, xnxn] cflb x'g\ . ;fF3'/f]
kft ePsf /ut] emf/, xflQ;'8], cflb 5g\ eg] emf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ ljifflb
5g'{kb{5 . emf/ cfpg'eGbf cufl8 ux'F 5/]sf] &@ 306f leq df6f]df lr:ofg 5Fb} k]l08ldyflng
! ln6/ ;ls|o ljif -ahf/df kfO{g] k]l08ldyflng -#=# ln6/_ k|lt x]S6/ $))–%)) ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g'{kb{5 .
rf}8f kft] emf/ Joj:yfkg

Ps lsnf]u|fd @,$–8L -%))–&)) u|fd ;ls|o laif_ %)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ jf Nabood
(Carfentazone-ethyle 40 % DF) %) u|fd #)) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Ps x]S6/ If]qkmndf ux'F
5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgleq 5g'{kb{5 .
;fF3'/f] kft] emf/ Joj:yfkg

#$ u|fd ln8/ -;Nkmf];Nkm'/f]g &% W.G. ;fydf !@%) Pd= Pn+ surfactant #)) ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO Ps x]S6/ If]qkmndf ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgleq 5g'{kb{5 . olb b'a} emf/ 5 eg]
ln8/ / Nabood ld;fO{ 5g{ ;lsG5 . Ps s¶fdf !) ln6/ jf Ps /f]kgLdf !% ln6/sf]
emf]n 5g]{ . ;Nkmf];Nkm\o'/f]g -Aofkfl/s gfd ln8/_ !#=% u|fdnfO{ !@ s¶fdf 5bf{ ;fF3'/f] kft]
emf/ lgoGq0f x'G5 . o;sf] laiffbL emf]n tof/ ubf{ yf]/} kfgLdf !#=% u|fd ln8/ 3f]Ng], To;

kl5 3f]nnfO{ %=% ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fpg] / %=% ln6/sf] 3f]ndf !÷@ ln6/ ln8/ ;km]{S6]G6
ld;fO{ hDdf ^ ln6/sf] d'n 3f]n tof/ ug]{ . cGttM of] ^ ln6/sf] 3f]nnfO{ !)) ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fP/ km\n]6 km]g gf]hnaf6 ux'F 5/]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf !@ s¶fdf /fd|f];+u :k|]
ubf{ ;fF3'/f] kft] emf/ lgoGq0f x'G5 .
/f]u tyf sL/f Joj:yfkg

o; hftdf ;fdfGotof /f]u tyf sL/f sd nfUb5 . olb /f]u sL/fsf] ;df:of b]lvPdf cGo
hftx?df h:t} o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-`_ kfSg] cjlw

t/fO{df of] hftnfO{ plrt ;dodf -sflt{ssf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv d+l;/sf] bf]>f] xKtf ;Dd_
nufPdf ;/b/ !!! b]lv !@$ lbg leq kfSb5 .
-6_ sf6\g], r'6\g] / yGSofpg]

uxF'sf] jfnf d'lgsf] 8fF7 kx]+nf] ePkl5 uxF' kfs]sf] dflgG5 . afnf xftdf df8\bf bfgf /fd|/L
5'6\of] eg] ux'F sf6\g yfn] x'G5 . cyjf ux'Fsf] bfgfdf lr:ofgsf] dfqf @) k|ltzt jf sd 5
eg] sf6\g nfos ePsf] dflgG5 . o;/L kfs]sf] uxF'+nfO{ ux'F sf6\g] sDjfOg xfe]{:6/ tyf
xFl;of cflbn] sf6L y|];/jf6 r'6\g] sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . sf6L ;s]k5L /fd|/L ;kmf ug]{ / !-@ lbg
3fddf ;'sfO{ !@Ü eGbf sd lr:ofgdf e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 . e08f/0fdf nfUg] ls/fx?af6
uxF'nfO{ arfpg Pp6f rSsL Pnd'lgod kmf:kmfO8 -;]Nkm;_ sl/a $–% lSjG6n a/fj/sf]
uxF'df xfjf gl5g]{ u/L /fVg'kb{5 .
-7_ pTkfbg Ifdtf

of] hftn] #((% b]lv $(&% ls=u|f= k|lt x]S6/ ;Dd pTkfbg lbG5 .

z]if /d0f pkfWofo
/fli6«o uxF'afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{s|d e}/xjf, ?kGb]xL .
kmf]g g++ M )&!–%@)@@^, %@@!(^
Email: nwrp.bhairahawa@gmail.com

!=( g]kfndf 8\o'/d ux'F M 8\o'/d vh'/f–! / 8\o'/d vh'/f–@
8\o'/d ux'FnfO{ ;+;f/sf] lglZrt 7fpFx?df k|d'v vfBfGg jfnLsf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . of] ux'F s8f
x'G5 h;df k|f]l6gsf] dfqf !# k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf dfly ePdf ;'hL, kf:tf h:tf kl/sf/x?sf]
u'0f:t/df j[l4 x'G5 . o;sf] lk7f]df km}ng] zlQm eGbf tGsg] u'0f /fd|f] ePsf]n] kf:tf agfpg
pko'Qm x'G5 . ;'hL ux'Fsf] bfgf 7"nf] / lk7f] kx]+nf] lsl;dsf] x'g] x'gfn] kf:tf ;'gf}nf] /+usf]
aG5 . 8\o'/d ux'Fsf kl/sf/x? ljleGg gfdn] h:t} ;'hL
(Semolina) sf] xn'jf, s':s';, vL/, lk7f]af6 kf:tf,
lkHhf, rfp rfp, rfpldg cflb agfO{ vfg] ul/G5 .
g]kfndf cf=j= ;g\ @)!%÷!^ sf] cfFs8f cg';f/ ?= !$
s/f]8 @& nfv %# xhf/ &&^ a/fa/sf] kf:tf, aNu/,
s':s';, cflb h:tf 8\o'/d ux'Faf6 ag]sf vfB j:t'x?
cfoft ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] 8\o'/d ux'F, sd pAhfpzLn
hdLg tyf ;'Vvf If]qx?df x'g] x'gfn] g]kfndf o;sf] pTkfbg ;DefJotf /fd|f] 5 . xfn
g]kfnsf] dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrdsf bfª, afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s+rgk'/df o;sf] ;kmn kl/If0f
ul/Psf] 5 / oxfFsf s[ifsx?n] o;sf] v]tL lj:tf/ ub}{ u/]sf 5g\ .
8\o'/d ux'Fsf] hft 8\o'/d vh'/f–! / 8\o'd vh'/f–@
cGt/fli6«o ds} tyf ux'F ljsf; sfo{qmd (CIMMYT)
d]lS;sf]df ljleGg hftx?sf] jLrdf ;]rg u/L ljsf;
ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfndf ;g\ @))*÷@))( df $) cf}+
IDSN k/LIf0f cGtu{t oL hftx? leœofOPsf] lyof] .
pQm ;dob]lv ljleGg kl/If0fx?df ;dfj]z u/L g]kfnsf]
dWo klZrd t/fO{ vh'/fdf l;+lrt cj:yfdf v]tL kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} ljleGg /f]ux¿
h:t} kx]+nf], v}/f] / sfnf] (Ug99) l;Gb'/] bL3{cj/f]wL ePsf]n] oL hftx? l;kmfl/zsf] nflu
cufl8 a9fOPsf] xf] .
8\o'/d vh'/f–! sf] ;/b/ prfO{ (* ;]lG6ld6/ x'G5 eg],
kfSgnfO{ !@^ lbg nfUb5 . o;sf] pTkfbg $*^@
lsnf]u|fd k|lt x]S6/ kfO{of] . To:t} 8\o'/d vh'/f–@ sf]
;/b/ prfO{ !)) ;]lG6ld6/ x'G5 eg], kfSgnfO{ !@( lbg
nfUb5 . o;sf] k|lt x]S6/ ;/b/ pTkfbg %@^$-#&^%
b]lv ^&@@ ;Dd_ lsnf]u|fd ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
cGt/fli6«o ds} tyf ux'F ljsf; s]G› (CIMMYT)
d]lS;sf]sf] cg';f/ 8\o'/d vh'/f–! / 8\o'/d vh'/f–@ sfnf], kx]+nf] clg v}/f] l;Gb'/] cj/f]wL
hftx? x'g\ . To:t} u/L, jfnL /f]u lj1fg dxfzfvfn] u/]sf] /f]u ;DalGw cg';Gwfgaf6 oL

hft x? kx]nf] l;Gb'/] cj/f]wL ePsf] kfO{of] . 8\o'/d vh'/f–! / @ sf] bfgfdf k|f]l6g sf] dfqf
qmdzM !!=$% / !#=)% ;Dd /x]sf] kfOof] .
o;sf] nflu rflxg] xfjfkfgL tyf df6f]
cf};t jiff{ #))–%)) ldlnld6/ x'g] 7fpFdf o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ kfgL k6fpg
;s] w]/} /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0f ux'F h:t} 8\o'/d ux'FnfO{ klg k|f+ufl/s kbfy{o'Qm
dlnnf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 . df6f]sf] clDnokgf kL= Pr= (pH) ^–* /fd|f] dflgG5 . ;fy}
k|f+ufl/s kbfy{ k|z:t ePsf], kfgL ghDg] v]tjf/Ldf /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
afnL k4lt
oL hftx? ljz]ifu/L wfg, ds}, sf]bf], e6df;, tf]/L h:tf afnL kl5 nufOG5 . o;}n] hldgsf]
tof/L, dnhn aLpsf] dfqf klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ul/G5 . ds}, sf]bf], e6df; h:tf afnLkl5
nufpg] ePdf ;f] afnLx? v]t af/Laf6 leœofP kl5 t'?Gt v]t hf]Tg' k5{ eg] wfg afnL kl5
nufpgsf] nflu l;w} ghf]ltsg l;8 l8«naf6 klg nufpg ;lsG5 . o;df d'Vo Wofg lbg' kg]{
s'/f cl3Nnf] jfnL kl5 ux'F jfnL nufpgsf] nflu /xg] ;do, df6f]sf] lr:ofg, emf/kftsf]
k|sf]k cflb x'g\ .
aLpsf] dfqf tyf nufpg] ;do
oL hftx?sf] nflu ;fdfGo ux'Fx?nfO{ h:t} !))–!@)
s]=hL=k|lt x]S6/ jf %–^ s]=hL= aLpb/ l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf] 5 . aLp nufpFbf c;f]h b]lv sflt{s ;Dd
nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf
g]kfndf ux'F v]tL k|foM cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df ul/G5 . l;+rfOsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] v08df o;
cg';f/ l;+rfO lbPdf al9 pTkfbg lbg ;lsG5 . klxnf] l;+rfO lzv/ h/f (Crown Root
Initiation) cyf{t\ uFhfpg] z'?sf] cj:yfdf ug{' k5{ . cfFVnf xfNg] cj:yf (Jointing stage)
km"n v]Ng] cj:yf / bfgfsf] b'w] cj:yfdf qmdzM bf];|f], t]>f] / rfF}yf] l;+rfO{ ug{' kb{5 . oL
rf/dWo] uFhfpg] z'?sf] cj:yf / km"n v]Ng] cj:yf clt g} dxTjk"0f{ cj:yf x'g\ .
emf/kftsf] Joj:yfkg
;fdfGo ux'Fdf h:t} o;df klg ;j} eGbf pQd pkfo eg]sf] xft}n] emf/kftnfO{ pv]n]/ x'G5
ls uf]8]/ x'G5 o;sf] ;dodf lgoGq0f ug{' h?/L x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L n]p3fF; lgoGq0f ug{ Ps
b'O k6s hf]t]/ ux'F /f]k]sf] v08df lgoGq0f x'G5 eg] /Qm] emf/ (Phalaris minor), h'jfg] emf/,
hO{, a]y] h:tf emf/x¿ pv]n]/} lgoGq0f ug{' h?/L 5 . /f;folgs k|ljlw h;nfO{ emf/ dfg]{
ljiffbL (Herbicide) elgG5, sf] k|of]u klg ug{ ;lsG5 o;sf] nflu ;fdfGo ux'Fdf k|of]u ul/g]
emf/dfg]{ ljiffbLx? g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oL ljiffbLx? hyfefjL k|of]u ug{ x'b}Fg . k|of]u
ug}{kg]{ cj:yfdf dfq ljz]if1x?sf] k/fdz{ lnO{ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

sL/f tyf /f]usf] Joj:yfkg
lxpFb] jfnLdf ljz]if u/L kmf}hL sL/f, v'd|]sL/f, nfxL sL/f, k|/f]x a]ws (shoot borer),
x]lnsf]ekf{ h:tf sL/fx?sf] k|sf]k slxn] sflxF b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf sL/fx¿sf] Ifltaf6
afln arfpg ;dodf g} jftfj/0f d}qL tj/n] ljleGg pkfox? ckgfpg' k5{ . ;a}eGbf klxnf
t k'/fgf afnLsf] cjz]ifx? x6fpg' k5{ . bf];|f], l;+rfO{ lbg] / sL/fx? lg:;fl;P/ df6f]af6
aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / To;sf lzsf/L sL/f, r/f cflbn] vfg] jf gi6 ug]{ u5{g\ . To;}u/L nfxL
sL/fsf] k|sf]kaf6 arfpg Lady bird beetle sf] dfWodaf6 nfxL sL/f Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . To;sf]
;fy} x]lnsf]j]kf{ h:tf sL/fx?af6 afln hf]ufpg xNsf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ . kft 8fF7df /f}F,
;]tf] d}gn] kf]ltPsf h:tf (waxiness) hftx? nufpg' w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 h;df sL/fx¿ sd
nfU5g\ .
ux'F jfnLdf nfUg] /f]ux?df sfnf] kf]s], s0ff{n aG6 -ux'Fsf] bfgfdf df5f h:tf] uGxfpg]
9';LhGo /f]u_ h:tf /f]ux?sf] pkrf/ @–# u|fd efO6fJofS; h:tf ljiffbLn] k|lt lsnf]u|fd
ux'Fsf] aLp pkrf/ ug{' k5{ . l;Gb'/] h:tf /f]ux?sf] lgbfg ubf{ ljiffbL w]/} dxFuf] kg]{ ePsf]n]
/f]u cj/f]wL hftx? nufpg' cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo / :jf:Yosf] lx;fjn] /fd|f] x'G5 .
ux'Fsf] s6fO{, r'6fO{ tyf e08f/0f
ux'F kfSbf afnf eGbf d'lgsf] 8fF7 xl/of] af6 ;'gf}nf] /+u / To;kl5 ;a} afnf Pj+ af]6 ;'Sg
yfN5g\ / ux'Fsf] bfgf klg oxL qmd;+u} b'w] cj:yfaf6 afSnf] lk7f] cj:yf x'Fb} s8f cj:yfdf
cfO{k'U5 . o;/L bfgf t/naf6 bfFtn] 6f]Sbf cfjfh cfpg] s8f cj:yfdf cfO{k'U5 / of]
cj:yfdf ux'Fsf] s6fO{ r'6fO{ ug{' k5{ . ;f] cj:yf eGbf l9nfO{ u/]sf] v08df afnfaf6 bfgf
emg{ yfNb5 / gf]S;fgL x'gyfN5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] klZrd tyf pRr kxf8x?df klxnf afnf l6Kg]
clg 5\jfnL -gn_ sf6\g] rng 5 eg] eg] t/fO{ tyf a];Lsf kmfF6x?df 5\jfnL ;lxt sf6]/
bfOF xfNg] jf r'6\g] rng 5 . ux'Fsf] r'6fO{ ;kmf vlnofgdf ug{' kb{5 . 8\o'/d ux'Fsf] s6fgL
r'6fgL kl5 /fd|f];Fu 3fddf ;'sfP/ bfgfdf lr:ofg !@ k|ltzt eGbf sd u/fP/ ;kmf esf/L
jf Grain Pro sf] ;'k/ Aofudf xfjf gl5g]{ u/L sf]7fdf /fVg' kb{5 . esf/Ldf /fVbf ;s];Dd
l6d'/, af]emf] h:tf hl8a'6L /fv]/ e08f/0f ubf{ /fd|f];+u ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 .

8f= w|'j axfb'/ yfkf
s[lif jg:klt dxfzfvf
g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/ .
;Dks{ g+= M (*%!!^!^)#

!=!) sfa|] sf]bf]–@ sf] kl/ro / pGgt v]tL k|lalw
kl/ro
of] hftsf] k}t[s >f]t yfxf geP klg @)$% ;fndf blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g
leq ;+rfng ul/Psf] hftLo k/LIf0f dfkm{t of] hft k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . tt\ kZrft lg/Gt/
?kdf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf ljleGg
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{sf] k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt cf+s8f
cg';f/ kxf8LafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, sfa|], bf]nvfn]
pGdf]rgsf] nflu k|:tfjgf k]z ul/ /fli6«o lap lahg
pGdf]rg ;ldltn] @)&@ ;fndf sfa|] sf]bf]–@ gfdsf] hft
g]kfnsf] dWo kxf8L If]qsf] nflu l;kmf/L; u/]sf] xf] .
hftLo klxrfg tyf laz]iftf
o; hftsf] af]6sf] cf}ift prfO{ () ;]=dL= tyf nufpg]
:yfg laz]if cg';f/ !@*–!^^ lbg leq kfSg] ub{5 . of]
hftsf] af]6sf] cfFVnf / u'R5f -head_ sf] cf}nfsf] /+u km"Ng]
a]nfdf xl/of] t/ kfSg] ;dodf cf}nfx? la:tf/} xNsf v}/f]
/+udf kl/0ft eO leq kl§ 3'ld|Psf x'G5g . To;}u/L o;sf]
Pp6f u'R5f -head_ df cf}ift ^ j6f cf}+nfx? / ltgsf]
nDafO{ ^ ;]=ld= x'G5 . of] hftsf] bfgfsf] /Ë lkmsf /ftf]
/ cGo hftsf] eGbf s]xL 7"nf] x'G5 . ;fy} of] hftn] ;'Vvf
;xg], g9Ng], cf}nf / 3f6Ldf nfUg] d?jf / kftdf nfUg]
yf]Kn] /f]u ;xg ;Sb5 .
sfa|] sf]bf]–@ df kfO{g] kf}i6s tTjx?
Hfft k|f]l6g v/fgL lrNnf] sRrf SoflN;od kmf:kmf]/; kmnfd

-Ü_ -Ü_ -Ü_ kmfO{j/ -d=u|f÷ -ld=u|f ld=u|f÷
-Ü_ !)) u|f=_ ÷!)) u|f=_ !)) u|f=_
sfa|], sf]bf]–@ &=)# @=!( !=#* !=^$ #&( @%* $=@^

l;kmf/L; If]q
;d'b|L ;txaf6 &)) ld6/ b]lv !*)) ld6/ ;Dd prfO{sf] dWokxf8L If]qsf] nflu l;kmf/L;
ul/Ptf klg of] hft t/fO tyf leqL dw]zdf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfjfkfgL
of] hft dWo kxf8L If]qsf] le/fnf kfvfx?df aif]{ afnLsf] ¿kdf nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n]
;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf] v]tLsf nflu w]/} kfgL rflxb}g t/ a9L pTkfbgsf nflu Ps–
b'O k6s l;+rfO{ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL ePsf], aflif{s aiff{ &%–!))
ld=ld= / tfkqmd !!–@&) ;]= x'g] :yfgdf of] hftsf] v]tL pko'Qm dflgG5 . t/ clws aiff{
x'g] 7fpFx?df /f]u nfUg ;Sg] ePsf]n] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] /fd|f] k|aGw ug'{ kb{5 .
df6f]
o;sf] ;kmn v]tLsf nflu xNsf anf}6] / kfgL ghDg] kfFuf]–bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 .
df6f]sf] lk=Pr= %–*=@ ;Dd o;sf] nflu pko'Qm dflgG5 .
jfnLrqm
ds}±sf]bf]–ux'F jf t]nafnL
ds}+±sf]bf]– vfnL
sf]bf]–ux'F÷t]nafnL
aLpsf] 5gf}6
a9L pAhgLsf nfuL pGgt hft / :j:y aLpsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . To;}n] aLpsf] 5gf}6 ubf{
7"nf], kf]6Lnf], sL/fn] gvfPsf], /f]usf] bfu gePsf], cGo emf/kftsf] aLp / a]hftsf] aLp
gldl;Psf] / &%Ü eGbf a9L pdf/zlQm ePsf] aLp 5fGg' kb{5 .
aLp b/
k|lt PsfO{ If]qkmndf af]6sf] ;+Vof plrt ePdf /fd|f] pTkfbg
x'g] x'bf u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] 5gf}6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . aLpsf] dfqf,
aLpsf] cfsf/ k|sf/, 5g]{ ;do, 5g]{ t/Lsf, df6f]df lr:ofgsf]
dfqf ;fy} aLpsf] z'4tf, pdf/zQmL, hLljtkg cfbL cg';f/
km/s kg]{ ePtf klg ;fwf/0ftof !) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ -%))
u|f=÷/f]kgL_ aLpsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
Aof8 /fVg] / /f]Kg] ;do

sf]bf]sf] aLp /fVg] / /f]Kg] ;do xfjfkfgL / df};dsf] cfwf/df :yfg cg';f/ km/s
kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof sf]bf] /f]Kg' eGbf ! dlxgf klxn] aLp /fVg' kb{5 / #)—#% lbgsf] sf]bf]sf]
a]gf{ /f]Kg pko'Qm x'G5 . kxf8L afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd sfa|], bf]nvfdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgdf

dWokxf8L If]qdf c;f/ dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;ftfdf nufOPsf] sf]bf]n] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg] /
To;eGbf klxn] /f]k]sf] sf]bf]sf] gn w]/} x'g] kfOPsf] 5 . dWo kxf8L If]qdf sf]bf]v]tL ubf{
ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] cfwf/df c;f/ b]lv >fj0f dlxgf ;Dd /f]Kg] ul/G5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L
;fdfGotof ds}afnL leq 3';'jfafnLsf] ¿kdf sf]bf] nufOg] ePsf]n] ds} af/L leq sf]bfnLn]
df6f] kN6fP/ emf/kft ;kmf u/]kl5 sf]bf]sf] a]gf{ /f]Kg] k|rng 5 . t/ Psn afnLsf] ¿kdf
sf]bf] v]tL ug{ xnf] jf 6\ofS6/n] Ps–b'O{ k6s /fd|/L hf]t]kl5 8Nnf kmf]/]/ emf/kft x6fP/
hdLgsf] tof/L ug{'kb{5 . sf]bf] /f]Kg df6f] w]/} dl;gf] / ldlxg agfpg' kb}{g . t/ sf]bf]sf] aLp
5/]/ 5?jf v]tL ug{sf nflu eg] df6f]nfO{ dl;gf] agfpg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 . sf]bf] v]tL ul/g]
hdLgdf kfgL hDg] cj:yf cfpg glbg kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 .
dnvfb
cGo afnL h:t} sf]bf]sf] a[l4 / lasf;sf nflu klg dnvfbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . laif]zu/L
sf]bf] v]tL ubf{ k|of]u ug{'kg]{ dnvfbsf] dfqf nufpg] hft, df6f]sf] k|sf/ / afnL nufpg]
tl/sf cfbL s'/fx?df lge{/ ub{5 . t;y{ df6f]sf] k/LIf0f u/fP/ dfq df6f]df ck'u tTjx¿
pko'Qm dfqfdf k|of]u ug{' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . kxf8LafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, sfa|] bf]nvfn]
sf]bf] v]tLsf nflu o'l/of #=^& lsnf] u|fd, 8L=P=lk= #=@^) lsnf] u|fd, kf]6f; !=^^^ lsnf]
u|fd / @)–@% 8f]sf k|fËfl/s dn k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug{ l;kmf/L; u/]sf] 5 . o;/L
dn k|of]u ubf{ kf]6f; / l8=P=kL=sf] k'/} dfqf / o"/Lofsf] cfwf dfqf dn hdLgsf] clGtd
t}of/Lsf] ;dodf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 / o"/Lofsf] jf+sL cfwf dfqf ufFh cfpg] ;dodf 6k8«]; ug{'
kb{5 . g]kfnsf] w]/} :yfgx?df ds} 5bf{ k|fËfl/s dn k|of]u ug]{ / sf]bf] /f]Kbf dn k|of]u
gug]{] rng eP klg sf]bf]sf] pTkfbg a9fpg plrt dfqdf dnvfb k|of]u ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
/f]Kg] t/Lsf
kxf8LafnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd sfa|]n] xfn;Dd u/]sf] k/LIf0fdf k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmn hdLgdf
!)) af]6 sfod ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotof ?vf] hdLgdf sf]bf] v]tL ubf{ dlnnf] df6f]sf]
t'ngfdf af]6 ;+Vof a9L sfod ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . sf]bf]sf] a]gf{ nfOgdf /f]Kg] xf] eg] Ps xf/b]lv
csf]{ xf/sf] b"/L / Ps af]6b]lv csf]{ af]6sf] b"/L !) ;]=ld= sfod ubf{ /fd|f] pTkfbg lng
;lsG5 .
l;+rfO{
sf]bf]afnL] aiff{ofddf nufOg] x'Fbf ;'Svf ;xg ;Sg] jfnL ePsf]n] / ;fwf/0ftof v]tL ubf{
l;+rfO ug{' kb}{g . t/ l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf pknAw ePdf / hdLg a9L ;'Vvf 5 eg] ufFh xfNg] /
km"n km'Ng] ;dodf l;+rfO{ ubf{ pTkfbg a9\g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

emf/kft Aoj:yfkg
kfvf] af/Ldf Psn afnL jf ldl>t jfnLsf] ?kdf sf]bf] v]tL ubf{ emf/kftn] ;d:of pTkGg
ub{5 . Aof8 /fv]sf] @% lbgdf Ps kN6 uf]8d]n ubf{ a]gf{sf] lasf; /fd|/L x'G5 . ;fdfGotof
ds};Fu ldl>t jf Psn afnLsf] ¿kdf sf]bf] v]tL ubf{ b'O{ k6s emf/kft uf]8d]n ug{'
cfjZos x'G5 .
/f]u sL/fsf] Aoj:yfkg
o; hftdf nfUg] d'Vo sL/fdf ujf/f], v'd|] sL/f, km6\ofª\u|f, em'l;nsL/f, nfxL, vk6]sL/f cflb
x'g tfklg o; afnLsf] pTkfbgdf vf; gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] kfOb}g . a]gf{ / kftsf] 89'jf,
kftsf] yf]Kn] /f]u, d?jf, sfnf] kf]s] cflb sf]bf]df nfUg] d'Vo /f]ux? eP klg of] hftn] oL
/f]ux? ;xg ;Sg] ePsf]n] laiffbL k|of]u ug{' kb}{g .
afnL sf6\g] / r'6\g]
of] hftsf] sf]bf] /f]k]sf] kfFr dlxgfdf sf6\g tof/ x'G5 . kfSg] a]nf ePkl5 To;sf cf}+nfx¿
leq tkm{ v'ld|P/ v}/f] /Ësf x'G5g\ . g]kfndf laz]ifu/L b'O{ t/Lsfaf6 sf]bf] sfl6G5 . st}
xFl;ofn] sf]bf]sf em'Kkfx? sf6]/ sk8fsf] y}nf] jf af]/fdf #–$ lbg;Dd /fv]kl5 nf7Ln] s'6]/
jf uf]?n] bfOF u/]/ sf]bf] emfl/G5 eg] st} sf]bf]sf] gn ;lxt k"/} af]6 sf6]/ To;nfO{ #–$
lbg;Dd ;'sfPkl5 r'6]/ emfg]{ ul/G5 .
pTkfbg
o; hftsf] sf]bf]sf] cf}ift pTkfbg Ifdtf @=%^ 6g÷x] / k/fnsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf (=# 6g÷x]
ePsf] kfOG5 .
e08f/0f
kfs]kl5 emfl/Psf] sf]bf]nfO{ @–# lbg rsf]{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfP/ plrt lr:ofg -!!Ü_ ;lxt
e08f/0f ug]{ xf] eg] !) aif{;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

kxf8LjfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
a}t]Zj/ ufpFkflnsf–$, sfa|], bf]nvf
kmf]g g+= )$(^())#& / (*%!!@(&*%
O{d]nM hcrpkabre@gmail.com

!=!! ld7] kmfk/–! sf] kl/ro / v]tL k|ljlw
kl/ro
xfn;Dd kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf ls;fgx?n] :yfgLo hftsf]
kmfk/ v]tL ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
cGtu{t ljleGg cg';Gwfg s]G›x? tyf ls;fgx?sf]
v]tjf/Ldf ;dGjofTds k/LIf0f af6 k|fKt glthf cg';f/
kxf8L afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, sfa|], bf]nvfn] pGdf]rgsf]
nflu k|:tfjgf k]z ul/ /fli6«o lap lahg pGdf]rg ;ldltn]
@)&@ ;fndf ld7] kmfk/–! gfdsf] kmfk/sf] hft l;kmf/L;
u/]sf] lyof] .
hftLo klxrfg tyf laz]iftfx?
of] hftsf]] 8f7 /ftf], kftsf] e]6\gf] xl/of]÷/ftf], km"nsf] /+u
;]tf], bfgfsf] /+u sfnf]÷v}/f], bfgfsf] cfsf/ lqsf]0ffTds /
Pp6f af]6df @÷# cf]6f d'Vo xfFuf nfUg] ub{5 eg] Pp6f
km"nsf] em'Dkfdf $–!) j6f;Dd bfgf nfUb5g . ljleGg
:yfg / ;dodf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ of] kmfk/sf]
hftsf] af]6sf] cf}ift prfO{ *) ;]=dL= /x]sf] 5 eg] %%–*&
lbg leq kfs]sf] kfO{G5 . of] hftn] cGo :yfgLo hftsf]
t'ngfdf kfp8/L / 8fpgL ldN8\o' /f]u klg ;xg ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] hft l56f] kfSg], a9L
pTkfbg lbg] vfgnfO{ ld7f], dnhn;+u /fd|f] k|ltlqmof lbg] tyf g9Ng] x'gfn] nf]slk|o ePsf]
5.
ld7] kmfk/-! sf] kf}li6s u'0fx?

Hfft sfa|f{]xfO{8«]6 k|f]l6g hDdf lrNnf] hDdf SoflN;od kmf:kmf] kmnfd lk7f]
-Ü_ -Ü_ v/fgL -Ü_ kmfO{j/ -Ü_ /; -Ü_ -Ü_ -Ü_
-Ü_ -Ü_
ld7] &# (=$@ !$=@$ @=^ !=# )=)# )=# )=)! &&=!
kmfk/-!
l;kmf/L; If]q
of] hft ;d'Gb| ;txsf] ())–!&)) dL= prfO{;Dd v]tL ug{ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 tfklg
lxpbsf] ;dodf t/fO{ tyf lelq dw]zdf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfjfkfgL
of] hftsf] kmfk/nfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf cnL a9L Gofgf] tfkqmd cfaZos kb{5 . o;sf]] aLp
pd|gsf] nflu slDtdf klg ^–*) ;]= tfkqmd rflxG5, t/ /fd|f] j[l4 / lasf;sf] nflu !^)–
@@) ;]= tfkqmd pko'Qm dflgG5 . o;sf] ;kmn v]tLsf] nflu !^)–#%) ;]= ;Ddsf] tfkqmd
pko'Qm dflgPtf klg plrt jfg:klts a[l4sf nfuL !&)–@)) ;]= ;Ddsf] tfkqmd / &)–
*)Ü ;fk]lIfs cfb|tfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;sf] a[l4 lasf;sf] qmddf t'iff/f] / @) ) ;]= eGbf
sd tfkqmd lgs} xflgsf/s dflgG5 . km"n km'Ng] cj:yfdf tftf] xfjf rn]df jf xfjfsf]
tfkqmd a9L ePdf / df6f]df lr:ofgsf] dfqf sd ePdf pTkfbgdf x|f; cfFp b5 . o;sf]]
;kmn v]tLsf nflu slDtdf klg cf}ift aflif{s aiff{ !)) ld=ln= ln6/ x'g' kb{5 .
df6f]
o; hftsf] kmfk/nfO{{ laleGg lsl;dsf] pj{/f Ifdtf ePsf] df6f]df v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 t/ klg
xNsf anf}6] / kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf] anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 . w]/} jhgbf/,
lrD6\ofO{nf], kfgL hDg] df6f]df o;sf]] v]tL /fd|f];Fu ug{ ;lsb}g . of] hftsf] kmfk/n] cGo
afnLn] eGbf a9L clDnokg ;xg ;S5 . o;sf] plrt a[l4 / lasf;sf] nfuL %–^ kL=Pr=
ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm dflgG5 . a9L pa{/tf ePsf] df6f]df kmfk/sf] af]6 9Ng] ;d:of x'G5 eg]
a9L lrD6fOnf] df6f]df Psgf;n] aLp pd|g g;sL la?jfsf] 3gTj sd x'G5 . ev{/} dfq
km8fg ul/Psf] hUuf, kfgLsf] lgsf; ul/Psf] v]t, k|fËufl/s kbfy{sf] dfqf w]/} ePsf] df6f]df
klg o;sf] ;kmntfk"j{s v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
aLp
of] hftaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu /fd|f] / :j:y
aLpsf] 5gf}6 ug{' kb{5 . To;}n] aLpsf] 5gf]6 ubf{
7"nf], kf]6Lnf], sL/fn] gvfPsf], /f]usf] bfu gePsf], cGo
emf/kftsf] aLp / a]hftsf] aLp gldl;Psf] / *)Ü
eGbf a9L pdf/zlQm ePsf] aLp 5fGg' kb{5 .
afnL rqm
xfd|f] b]zsf] ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf kmfk/df cfwf/Lt
ljleGg afnL k|0ffnL ckgfO{Psf] 5 h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
dWo kxf8
wfg–kmfk/
ds}–kmfk/–vfnL
kmfk/–sf]bf]

wfg–kmfk/–vfnLds}–e6df;–kmfk/
ds}–e6df;–kmfk/–tf]/L
ds}–sf]bf]–kmfk/
t/fO{÷leqL dw]z
wfg–kmfk/–vfnL jf ds} -wfg v]tdf_
ds}–kmfk/–vfnL jf tf]/L -af/Ldf_
ds}–kmfk/–tf]/L–t/sf/L -af/Ldf_
hdLgsf] tof/L
kmfk/sf] aLp Psgf;n] pd|g / af]6sf] pko'Qm 3gTj sfod ug{ hdLgsf] tof/L /fd|f] ;Fu
ug{' kb{5 . wfg v]tdf wfg sf6\gf;fy / af/Ldf ds} efRgf;fy Psk6s jf a9Ldf b'O{ k6s
/fd|/L xnf] jf 6\ofS6/n] hf]t]/ 8Nnf kmf]/L emf/kftx?nfO{{ x6fO{ hldgsf] t}of/L ug{' kb{5 .
df6f]nfO{ w]/} dl;gf] / ldlxg agfpg h?/L x'b}g . hldg tof/ ubf{ kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; x'g]
k|aGw ug{' kb{5 .
dnvfbsf] Aoj:yfkg
cGo af]6la?jfnfO{ h:t} kmfk/ afnLnfO{{ klg dnvfbsf] h?/t kb{5 . dnvfbsf] dfqf df6f]sf]
k|sf/, pj{/tf zQmL, kmfk/sf] hft, l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf, afnLrqm, afnL nufpg] ;do, dn k|of]u
ug]{ t/Lsf cfbLdf e/ kb{5 . xfd|f] b]zsf laleGg :yfgdf ul/Psf k/LIf0fx?sf] glthf
cg';f/ ;fwf/0ftof #=@^ ls=u|f= 8LPkL / @ ls=u|f= o"l/of k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] l;kmf/L;
ul/Psf] 5 . oL dWo] l8PkLsf] k'/} dfqf / o"/Lofsf] cfwf dfqf dn hdLgsf] clGtd t}of/L jf
aLp 5g{' eGbf klxn] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 / o"/Lofsf] jf+sL cfwf dfqf 5/]sf] Ps dlxgf kl5 dfq
k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . k|fËf/Ls dnsf] xsdf olb df6f]df o;sf] dfqf cToGt Go"g 5 / cl3Nnf]
afnLsf] nflu k|of]u u/LPsf] 5}g eg] @)–@% 8f]sf k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] hdLg tof/ ug{'eGbf
slDtdf klg !%–@) lbg klxn] df6f]df ldnfpg' kb{5 . cToGt pj{/tf ePsf] df6f]df kmfk/
9Ng] ;Defjgf ePsf] x'Fbf df6f]df kf]ifs tTjsf] cfjZostf x]/L dnvfbsf] Aoj:yfkg ug{'
cfjZos x'G5 .
afnL nufpg] ;do

afnL nufpg] plrt ;do 5fGg ;Sg' pTkfbg a9fpg] ;/n, ;'ne÷;:tf] / e/kbf]{ dfWod
dflgG5 . b]zsf laleGg :yfg laz]if, xfjfkfgL / afnLrqm ljljwtf;Fu} laleGg ;donfO{
kmfk/ v]tLsf] nfuL pko'Qm dflgG5 . of] hft kxf8L If]qsf] nflu l;kmf/L; ul/P klg lxpbsf]
;dodf t/fO tyf lelq dw]zdf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
pRr kxf8 -vf]r÷a]zL_M a}zfv–h]i7

dWo kxf8M ef›–cflZjg
t/fO tyf lelq dw]zM sflQssf] klxnf] xKtf–d+l;/
aLpsf] dfqf
k|lt PsfO{ If]qkmndf kmfk/sf] af]6sf] ;+Vof plrt ePdf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'g] x'bf u'0f:t/Lo
aLpsf] plrt dfqf x'g' cfjZos 5 . aLpsf] dfqf, aLpsf] cfsf/, hft, 5g]{ ;do, 5g]{
t/Lsf, df6f]df lr:ofgsf] dfqf ;fy} aLpsf] z'4tf, pdf/zQmL, hLljtkg cfbL s'/fdf e/kg]{
ePtfklg ;fwf/0ftof k|lt /f]kgL @–@=% s]=hL= sf b/n] aLpsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
afnL nufpg] t/Lsf
o; hftsf] kmfk/nfO{{ g]kfndf k|foh;f] 5/]/ nufO{g] u/]tfklg $–% ;]=dL= ulx/f], @% ;]=dL=
km/sdf nfO{g agfO{ nufPdf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . o;/L nfO{g agfpbf pQ/ blIf0f
agfpg' /fd|f] dflgG5 . Ps af]6 b]lv csf]{ af]6sf] b"/L % ;]= dL= sfod ug{' kb{5 .
l;+rfO{
;fwf/0ftof kmfk/ cl;+lrt hUufdf nufO{g] x'bf l;+rfOsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . t/ klg km"n
v]Ng] / bfgf nfUg] ;dodf l;+rfO{ u/]df a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
emf/kft lgoGq0f
l;dfGt e"dLdf v]tL ul/g'sf ;fy} kmfk/ l56f] / xnSs a9]/ emf/kft sd x'g] x'bf
clxn] ;Dd s'g}klg emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu /f;folgs laiffbL l;kmf/L; ul/Psf]
5}g . To;}n] kmfk/ v]tLdf emf/kftsf] c;/ sd ug{sf] nflu kmfk/nfO{{ emf/kft gePsf]
ldlxg df6f]df 5g{' kb{5 ;fy} aLpnfO{{ 5bf{ lr:ofg ePsf] ulx/fO{ ;Dd k¥ofpg' kb{5
h;n] ubf{ /fd|/L pd|g], l56f] a9\g] / hldgsf] ;tx 5f]Kg] x'bf emf/kft sd cfpFb5 .
afnL ;+/If0f
o; hftdf /f]u / sL/fx?sf] cfqmd0f cToGt Go"g x'g] ub{5 . t/ g]kfn nufPt laleGg
b]zdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgx?df laleGg /f]u / sL/fsf] cfqmd0f x'g] u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft
ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf kmfk/df nfUg] k|d'v sL/fx?df nfxL, v'd]|, kmf}hL sL/f, ly|K;,
em'l;nsL/f, km6\ofª\u|f d'Vo x'g eg] k|d'v /f]ux?df kfp8/L ldN8\o', 8fpgL ldN8\o', kft
89'jf, h/f s'lxg] cfbL x'g t/ o;sf] k|sf]kn] pTkfbgdf vf;} x|f; ePsf] gkfO{Psf] x'Fbf
s'g} klg laiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g .
afnL sf6\g] / r'6\g]
:yfg laz]if cg';f/ aLp 5/]sf] &)–!)) lbg leq kmfk/ afnL tof/ x'G5 . o;sf]
&%Ü bfgfx? sfnf] jf v}/f] /+udf kl/0ft eO{ tnaf6 kftx? s|dzM ;'s]/ emg{ yfn]kl5

afnL sf6\g pko'Qm dflgG5 . kmfk/nfO{{ hdLgsf] ;tx glhs #–$ O{Gr 5f]8]/ xl;oFfn]
sf6\g] / To;nfO{{ kftnf] x'g]u/L af/Ldfg} sl/a @–# lbg;Dd ;'sfpg' k5{ To;kl5 d'7f
agfP/ vlnofFgdf NofO{ nÝLn]] r'6L bfgfnfO{ af]6af6 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . kmfk/nfO{{ sf6\bf
;s];Dd laxfgLkv sf6]df bfgf emg{af6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
pTkfbg
xfn ;Ddsf] kl/If0fsf] glthf cg';f/ o;sf] cf}ift pTkfbsTj !@#) ls=u|f= k|lt x]S6/
/x]sf] 5 .
e08f/0f
kmfk/sf] eG8f/0f Ifdtf cGo afnLsf] t'ngfdf sd x'G5 . e08f/0f ug{sf] nflu tfkqmd
%)) ;]=, ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf $)Ü / lapsf] lr:ofg dfqf !^Ü ePDff o;nfO{{ b'O{ aif{;Dd
e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
ahf/
dflg;x?sf] :jf:Yo k|lt a9\bf] rf;f] / cGo cGgx?sf] a9\bf] d"Non] ubf{ /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df o;sf] dfu lbg k|ltlbg a9\bf] 5 . hfkfg ;a}eGbf al9 kmfk/ cfoft
ug]{ b]zdf kb{5 h;n] kmfk/nfO{{ ;f]of g'8N;sf] nflu sRrf kbf{ysf] ?kdf k|of]u
ub{5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg o;sf] Joa;flos ?kdf v]tL u/]df a}b]lzs d'›fsf] cfo >f]t
aGg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

kxf8LjfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
a}t]Zj/ ufpFkflnsf–$, sfa|], bf]nvf
kmf]g g+= )$(^())#& / (*%!!@(&*%
O{d]nM hcrpkabre@gmail.com

!=!@ d;'/f]sf] gofF hftM vh'/f d;'/f]–# pTkfbg k|ljlw
kl/ro (Introduction)
d;'/f] (Lens cunliaris Medicus sub sp. culinaris) g]kfndf
cToGt nf]slk|o bnxg afnLsf] ?kdf
lrlgG5 . o;sf] v]tL ;lbcf}+b]lv wfg cyjf ds}afnL kl5
ug]{ k|rng 5 . bnxg afnLn] s'n v]tLof]Uo If]qkmnsf]
!)=^#Ü cf]u6]sf] 5 / bnxg dWo d;'/f]afnLn] dfq}
^@=^$ Ü If]qkmn / ^$=#%Ü pTkfbg cf]u6]sf] 5 . laZj
s[lif vfB ;+u7gsf] @)!^ sf] cfFs8f cg';f/ d';'/f]
pTkfbgdf g]kfn laZjdf kfFrf} :yfgdf kg{ ;kmn ePsf]
5 . xfn g]kfndf d;'/f]sf] !! j6f pGgt hft -l;Gb'/, l;ld|s, lzlz/, lzv/, l;dn, l;tn,
dx]Zj/ ef/tL, ;u'g, vh'/f d;'/f] !, vh'/f d;'/f] @, vh'/f d;'/f] #_ l;kmfl/z ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf d;'/f]sf] gofF hft vh'/f d';'/f] # pGdf]rg
ul/g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx? M
 o;sf] bfgf cfsif{s, dWod cfsf/ / al9
pTkfbg -cf}ift !&&& s] =hL=÷x]=_ lbg], k'aL{
b]lv klZrdL t/fO{ / dWo kxf8sf] e]udf v]tL
ug{ ;lsg]] .
 cf]Onfpg] /f]u lj?4 dWod ca/f]wL /
:6]dkmfO{nd 89'jf /f]u cj/f]wL ePsf] x'gfn] .
 ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf]nflu cfjZos ;"IdtTj kmnfd
-cf}ift *!=$&% ldlnu|fd k|lt s]=hL=_ / lh+s -
cf}ift ^%=@ ldlnu|fd k|lt s]=hL=_ a9L kfOg] .
 :jflbnf] / rf8} kfSg] .
 vr{:cfDbfgL cg'kft w]/} x'g] -!:@=(_ .
vh'/f d;'/f] # sf] af]6 !* b]lv $# ;]=dL=_ cUnf] x'G5, of]
&@ b]lv (( lbgdf km"n v]N5 / !@) b]lv !*^ lbgdf
kfSb5 . o;sf] aLpsf] /+u v}/f] / kft uf9f xl/of] x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL (Climate)
vh'/f d;'/f]–# v]tL ug{sf] nflu lr;f] df};d x'g] t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxf8 -!@) b]lv @))) ld=
prfO{_ ;Dd pko'St dflgPsf] 5 .

df6f] (Soil)
anf}6] bf]d6 df6f], kL=Pr=& sf] glhs / kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf] hldg v]tL ug{sf] nflu
pko'Qm df6f] dflgPsf] 5 .
afnL k|0ffnL (Cropping System)

of] d;'/f]nfO{ cGo hftnfO{ h:t} wfg afnLdf 3';'jf jf wfg kl5 PSnf] afnLsf] ?kdf, tf]/L,
cfn;, s]/fp tyf rgf ;+u ld>Lt tyf cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpg ;lsG5 . ulx/L v]tdf
wfg–d';'/f]], wfg–d';'/f]÷rgf÷v];/L, wfg–d';'/f]]÷cfn;, wfg–d';'/f]]÷tf]/L, wfg–d';'/f]–a;Gt]
ds}, wfg – d;'/f]÷jif]{ ds}sf] ?kdf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . kfvf] v]t jf af/Ldf jif]{ ds}–d;'/f],
jif]{ ds}– d;'/f]÷tf]/L+–cfn; afnL k|0ffnLdf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
/f]Kg] ;do (Planting)

t/fO{ / leqL dw]z If]qdf wfg afnLdf cfwfl/t afnL k|0ffnLdf of] d;'/f]nfO{ sflt{ssf] klxnf]
xKtf b]lv d+;L/sf] bf]>f] xKtf ;Dd 5g{ ;lsG5 . t/ dWo klZrd t/fO{ If]qdf eg] sflt{s d}
5g'{ kb{5 cGoy 5g]{ ;dodf lr:ofgsf] ;d:of x'g] / kmfu'g dlxgfdf tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g] xF'bf
kfSg] a]nf geO{sg kfs]h:tf] x'g] jf ;'Sg] -Forced Maturity_ tyf af/Ld} bfgf emg]{ -Pod
Abortion_ ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 .
dWo kxf8L If]qdf ds} afnLdf cfwfl/t afnL k|0ffnLdf ds} afnL lnPsf] nut} of] d;'/f] 5/L
;Sg' k5{ t;y{ o; If]qdf c;f]h !% b]lv sflt{s !% ;Dd d;'/f] 5g]{ pko'Qm ;do xf] .
cGoyf t'iff/f] -Frost_ n] d;'/f]sf] km"n emfg]{ ;d:of x'g ;S5 .
hUuf 5gf}6 (Land Selection)

of] d;'/f]nfO{ klg cGo d;'/f] v]tLnfO{ h:t} l;rfO{sf] cefj ePsf] l;dfGt hldgdf cl3Nnf]
afnLsf] cjz]if lr:ofg (Residual moisture) nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ul/ v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . t/,
d;'/f]sf] jLh a[l4sf] nflu hUuf 5gf}6 ubf{ hUuf ;dtn k/]sf], dlnnf]], ;lhn} kfgLsf]
lgsf; x'g ;Sg] tyf xfgLsf/s emf/kftx?sf] k|sf]k gePsf] hUuf 5gf}6 ug{' k5{ .
hUufsf] tof/L (Land Preparation)
lrD6fOnf] s8f df6f] d;'/f] v]tLsf] nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g o;sf/0f hUufnfO{ uf]? jf 6«ØfS6/sf]
;xfotfn] hf]tL df6f] v's'nf] agfpg' h?/L 5 . cl3Nnf] afnLsf] cjz]ifx? zq' sL/f tyf
/f]usf]] cf>o:yn x'g] ePsf]n] ltgLx?nfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] hUufaf6 oyfl;3| x6fpg' kb{5 .
aLp b/ (Seed Rate)

wfg leq 3';'jf afnLsf] ?kdf nufpFbf aLp b/ $) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/ afnL tyf ldl>t afnLsf] nflu #) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ aLpn] k'Ub5 . h:t} tf]/L;Fu

ldl>t ul/Psf] 5 eg] #) s] hL d;'/f] @ s]=hL= tf]/L jf @) s]=hL= d;'/f] ^ s]=hL= tf]/L k|lt
x]S6/sf] b/n] ld;fP/ 5g{' k5{ . of] d;'/f] nx/df nufpg' k/]df ! nfOg d;'/f] ! nfOg
tf]/Lsf] b/n] nufpg' kb{5 .
aLp pkrf/ (Seed Treatment)

d;'/f]sf] aLpnfO{ aLp tyf df6f]af6 pTkGg x'g] 9';LhGo /f]u af6 arfpg a]]lei6Lg
-Bavistin 50%_ gfds 9';Lgf;s ljifflb @ u|fd k|lt s]=hL= aLpsf b/n] aLp / laifflb
ld;fO{ /fd|/L df]n]/ aLp pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
dnvfb (Manuring)
d;'/f] v]tL ug]{ hldgdf dn vfb ;Gt'lnt dfqfdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . ;s];Dd uf]7]dn tyf
sDkf]i6 dn g} k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 lsgls /;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] sf];]afnLsf] h/fdf gfO{6«f]hg
l:yl/s/0f ug]{ AofS6]l/ofnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg{ hfG5 . hldg dlnnf] 5 jf k|z:t uf]7]dn jf
sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u u/]df s'g} /;folgs dnsf] h?/t kb}{g t/ /;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug'{ kg]{
cj:yfdf ;fw/0ftof @)M$)M@) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; tyf kf]6f; k|lt x]S6/sf b/n]
lbgsf] nflu l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 .
aLp /f]Kg] b'/L (Spacing)

d;'/f]nfO{ 5/]/ tyf nx/df /f]Kg ;lsG5 . nx/df d;'/f] /f]k]sf] v08df Ps af]6 b]lv csf]{
af]6sf] b'/L % ;]= dL= / Ps xf/ b]lv csf]{ xf/sf] b'/L @% b]lv #) ;]= dL= /fVg' k5{ .
aLp 98\ofpg] k|ljlw (Seed Priming)

l9nf] kfSg] wfg nufpg] 7fpFdf jf hxfF lr:ofg sf] sld jf ;d:of 5 Tof] 7fpFdf d;'/f] v]tL
ug{sf] nflu aLp /f]Kg' cufl8 aLp 98\ofpg] k|ljlw ckgfO{ aLp nufpg' cToGt k|efjsf/L
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu * 306f ;Dd -/fte/_ d;'/f] aLpnfO{ kfgLdf 98ofO{G5 / @ 306f
aLpnfO{ 5fofdf ;'sfO{G5 tf ls 5fofFdf cf]efPsf] aLpnfO{ df6f]df ;lhnf];Fu 5g{ ;lsof];\ .
o;/L aLp clnslt cf]efgf] ePkl5 3';'jf afnLsf] ?kdf jf vghf]t u/]/ aLpnfO{ 5g{
;lsG5 . o;/L 5bf{ d;'/f]sf] pTkfbg ( b]lv !& k|ltzt;Dd al9 ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . lr;f]
k|z:t ePsf] df6f]df aLp 98\ofP/ /f]Kg' x'Fb}g lsgls o;f] ugf{n] aLp s'lxg klg ;Sb5 .
3';'jf afnL k|0ffnL (Relay Cropping)

of] d;'/f]nfO{ 3';'jf afnLsf] ?kdf 5g{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu wfg afnL kfs]kl5 wfg sf6g'
eGbf !) b]lv !% lbg cufl8 d;'/f]nfO{ wfg afnL leq} 3';'jf afnLsf] ?kdf 5g{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf nflu wfg afnL v]tdf 6]Sbf kfOnf gu8\g] t/ 8f]j b]lvg] cj:yf ePdf d;'/f] 5g{sf]
nflu df6f]df lr:ofgsf] dfqf pko'St 5 eGg] a'‰g' kb{5 .

emf/kft Aoj:yfkg (Weed Management)
d;'/f]sf] ;fgf] af]6 tyf la?jf n] emf/kft;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g To;sf/0f d;'/f] sf] af]6
;fgf] 5Fbf z'?sf lbgx?df emf/kftx? lgoGq0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . emf/kftsf] c;/n] ubf{ d;'/f]sf]
pTkfbgdf @) b]lv #) k|ltzt x|f; cfpg ;S5 . emf/kft a9L cfpg] hldgdf d;'/f] /f]k]sf]
# lbg leq -&% 306f leq_ emf/gfzs laifflb k]lG8d]yflng jf :6f]Dk #) O{=;L= #=# ln6/
&%) ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5g'{ kb{5 jf cfO;f]k|f]6\o'/fg ! s]=hL= laif k|lt
x]S6/sf b/n] %)) ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5/]df rf}8fkft] emf/x? lgoGq0f x'G5 . o;/L emf/
lgoGq0f ubf{ @^ k|ltzt ;Dd pTkfbg a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . d;'/f] 5/]sf] @% b]lv #) lbg kl5
emf/kftx?sf] ;+Vof x]/L Ps k6s klxnf] uf]8d]n ug'{ k5{ . emf/kftsf] k|sf]k x]/L $% b]lv
%) lbgdf bf];|f] uf]9fO ug'{ kb{5 .
Plss[t zq'lhj Aoj:yfkg (Integrated Pest Management)

 d;'/f] v]tL ubf{ :j:y afnL pTkfbg k|0ffnL -;Gt'lnt dfqfsf] dn, hn, aLp, uf]8d]n
cflb_ cjnDjg ug]{ .
 of] d;'/f] v]tLsf] nflu :j:y afnL pTkfbg ePsf] 7fpFsf] aLp dfq vl/b u/L 5g]{ .
 gofF 7fpFdf d;'/f] v]lt ubf{ aLpnfO{ hLjf0f'dn n] klg pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ . o;sf]nflu
9'lzgf;s laiffbLåf/f aLp pkrf/ u/]sf] ^ b]lv & lbg kl5 /fO{hf]laod n]u'ldgf];]/d
gfds hLjf0f'dn !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL=d;'/f] aLp sf b/n] ld;fO !) k|ltzt sf]
lrgLkfgLsf] 3f]ndf aLp tyf hLjf0f' dnnfO{ /fd|/L ldnfO{ xfjfdf s]xL a]/ /fvL aLp
cf]efgf] ePkl5 dfq aLp nufpg' k5{ . o;/L aLp pkrf/ ugf{n] h/fdf nfUg]
luvf{x?sf] ;+Vof a9g u} k|efjsf/L ?kn] gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f x'G5 / afnLn] /fd|f]
pTkfbg lbG5 .
 z'4 v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfpg' k5{ . o;sf] nflu hldg tof/ ug]{ a]nfdf /f]uL af]6 tyf
7'6fx?sf] cjz]if t'?Gt gi6 ug'{ kb{5 . cGoyf oLg} 7'6fx? df6f]df a:g] sL/fx?sf]
tyf 9'l;sf] >f]t x'g] ePsfn] a]gf{ cj:yfdf la?jfnfO{ cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb5g . kl5
d;'/f] afnLdf b]lvPsf /f]lu af]6 tyf 7'6fx? ;d]t t'?Gt gi6 ug'{ kb{5 .
 al9 dlnnf] hUufdf d;'/f] afnL cln kftnf] u/L nufpg] .
 d;'/f] af/Ldf kfgL hDg lbg' x'b}g jf df6f]df clws lr:ofg x'g' xF'b}g . o;sf] nflu
cfjZostf cg';f/sf] kfgL tsf{pg] jf lgsf; gfnfx? agfpg' k5{ .
 afnLsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg u/L afnLdf sL/f tyf /f]usf] k|sf]k tyf vfBtTj sldsf
nIf0fx? klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] jf ;DalGwt e]usf s[lif k|;f/ sfo{stf{ tyf laifo
laz]if1 ;+u ;Dks{ u/L afnL cjnf]sg u/fO{ cfjZos ;Nnfxf tyf ;'emfj lng] .

 afnLsf zq'hLj / ldq'hLjx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+Djw{g tyf
Aoj:yfkg ug]{ .
s6fO{, r'6fO{ tyf e08f/0f (Harvesting, Threshing and Storage)

d;'/f] afnL /fd|f];+u kfs]sf] cj:yfdf dfq sf6g' k5{ . d;'/f]sf] sl/j (% k|ltzt sf];fx?
kfs]sf] cj:yfdf dfq afnL sf6L bfO{ ug'{ k5{ . d;'/f]nfO{ ;kmf u/]kl5 # b]lv $ 3fddf
;'sfP kl5 bfgfsf] lr:ofg sl/j !) k|ltztdf cfpF5 clg dfq aLpnfO{ e08f/0f ug'{ k5{ .
pTkfbg (Production)
pGgt v]tL k|ljlw ckgfO{ v]tL ubf{ of]] d;'/f]sf] cf}ift pTkfbg !&&& s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/
kfO{Psf] 5 .
d;'/f] e08f/0f (Grain Storage Technique)

d;'/f] pTkfbg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ pko"St tj/n] e08f/0f ug'{ k5{ . vfBfGg tyf aLp d;'/f]nfO{
/fd|/L ;'sfP/ bfgfsf] lr:ofg sl/j ( b]lv !@ k|ltzt;Dd sfod x'g] u/L ;'sfpg' kb{5 /
pko'St ;+/rgfdf /fvL e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . e08f/0fdf nfUg] vk6] sL/fn] aLp vfO{ ;vfk
kfg]{ ePsfn] xfjf gl5g]{ esf/Ldf ! 6g aLpdf @ rlSs ;]Nkmf]; cgfh leq 3';fO{ esf/L
aGb u/L /fVg' k5{ . vfBfGg k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf] d;'/f] ;'k/ u]|g Aofudf e08f/0f ug{
;lsG5 .

/fd afa' kg]?
sf];]afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, vh'/f, afFs], g]kfn
;Dks{M (*%%)%*)!!, (*$!^&($$%
nglrp_rampur@hotmail.com,
rbpaneru10@gmail.com

!=!# Aff]8Lsf] gofF hft M ufhn] Aff]8L pTkfbg k|ljlw
ufhn] af]8Lsf ljz]iftfx?
 of] af]8Lsf] bfgfnfO{ bfn agfP/ / xl/of] sf];f t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf ;d]t k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
 of] af]8LnfO{ jiff{ Pj+d\ u[id u/L b'O{ df};ddf nufpg ;lsG5 .
 of] hft kx]+nf] l5/lj/] /f]u (Yellow Mosaic Virus) cj/f]wL, sf]q] (Anthracnose) /
sf];fsf] 89'jf (Podblight) dWod cj/f]wL 5 .
 of] af]8L vf; u/]/ 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ x'g], Ps} rf]6L kfSg] / ljleGg /f]u tyf sL/f
cj/f]lw ePsf]n] s[ifsx? cfslif{t ePsf 5g / ahf/df of] af]8Lsf] aLpsf] dfu a9L
5.
 of] af]8Lsf] bfgf ;]tf]df v;|f] af]s|f / cf+vf -
Hilum_ df sfnf] ufhn] /+usf] ePsf]n] lgs}
cfsif{s b]lvG5 / o;nfO{ rf8af8 tyf ljjfx
ef]hsf] Ps c+u agfpg ;lsg] x'Fbf o;sf]
ahf/efp a9L 5 .
 sflQs] af]8Lsf] lasNksf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] .
xfn} ljsf; ul/Psf] ufhn] Aff]8Lsf] hft g]kfnsf] ljleGg ufhn] af]8L sf] bfgf
xfjfkfgLdf pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] of] hft s[ifsx?nfO{ j[xt Joj;flos v]tLsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ul/G5 . t/sf/L / bfn b'j}sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] of] hftn] bfgf !=* 6g k|lt x]= lbG5 eg]
xl/of] sf];f #=! 6g k|lt x]= pTkfbg lbG5 .
of] af]8L sl/a &* b]lv *! lbgdf bfgf tof/ x'G5 eg]
xl/of] sf];f %% b]lv ^) lbgdf g} tof/ eO{ @÷# k6s l6k]/
vfg ;lsG5 . sf];fsf] af]qmf kftnf] x'G5 . dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] of] hftdf kx]+nf] l5/lj/] /f]u lg/f]ws 5 .
o; hftnfO{ t/fO{, leqL dw]z, 6f/, a]zL tyf dWo kxf8sf]
ufhn] af]8Lsf] sf];f ;d'Gb| ;tx b]lv !@)) dL= ;Dd v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . ufhn]
af]8Lsf] af]6sf] prfO{ ^@ ;]=dL= x'G5, $% lbgdf km"n km'N5,
kftsf] /+u uf9f xl/of] / o;sf] bfgf d[uf}nf cfsf/sf] x'G5 / bfgfsf] /+u ;]tf]df v;|f] af]qmf /
cfvfdf sfnf] ufhn ePsf] x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL (Climate)
ufhn] af]8L t/fO{, lelq dw]z / dWo kxf8sf] ;d'G› ;tx !*) ld= b]lv !@)) ld= prfO{
;Dd nufpgsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]iftM of] af]8LnfO{ u[id / jiff{ofd b'j} df};ddf

v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . aLp pd|gsf] nflu !*=%) ;]lN;o; / cfjZos 5, la?jfsf] j[l4 ljsf; /
/fd|f] pTkfbgsf] nflu #)) ;]lN;o; tfkdfg pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 . km"n v]Ng] tyf bfgf el/g]
;dodf tfkqmd !%) ;]lN;o; eGbf tn uPdf pTkfbgdf k|lts"n c;/ kb{5 / nuftf/ ef/L
jiff{t ePdf klg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 .
df6f] (Soil)
ufhn] af]8Lsf] v]tL lrD6\ofOnf] b]lv anf}6] df6f]df ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu
kfgL ghDg] jf ;d'lrt hn lgsf; ePsf] anf}6] bf]d6 jf bf]d6 df6f] pQd
x'G5 . cGo afnLsf] t'ngfdf cDnLo df6f] h;sf] kL=Pr= %=^ b]lv ^=) ePsf]df ufhn]
af]8Lsf] v]tL ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
hUuf tof/L (Land Preparation)
lrD6fOnf] df6f] ePdf hdLgnfO{ !% b]lv #) ;]=dL= ulx/f];Fu @–# k6s hf]Tg' kb{5 t/ anf}6]
df6f]df ! hf]tfO{ kl5 g} kf6f nufO{ ufhn] af]8L /f]Kg ;lsG5 . hf]tfO{ kl5 emf/kft, cl3Nnf]
afnLsf] 7'6f cjz]ifx? x6fpg' kb{5 . clGtd hf]tfO{df cfjZos dnvfb /fvL /fd|f];Fu 8Nnf
kmf]/L kf6f nufO{ ;Dofpg' kb{5 .
dnvfb (Manuring)
v]tL ug]{ hldgdf dnvfb ;Gt'lnt dfqfdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . ;s];Dd uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6
dn g} k|of]u ug'{ k5{ sLgls /;foLlgs dnsf] k|of]un] sf];]afnLsf] h/fdf gfO{6«f]hg
l:yl/s/0f ug]{ AofS6]l/ofnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg{ hfG5 . dnvfb slt k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f
df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm tyf s[ifsn] uf]7]dn slt k|of]u u5{g\ To;df lge{/ kb{5 . /fd|f];Fu
s'lxPsf] uf]a/dn !) 6g k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] tyf /f;folgs dn @)M$)M@) s]=hL= gfO{6«f]hg,
km:kmf]/; / kf]6f; k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
aLp pkrf/ (Seed Treatment)
aLpaf6 pTkGGf x'g] 9';LhGo /f]u lgoGq0fsf] nflu j]leli6g %)Ü 8An'= kL= @ u|fd k|lt s]=hL=
aLpsf] b/n] aLpdf /fd|/L ld;fpg' kb{5 . /fOhf]ljod hLjf0f' dnaf6 aLp pkrf/ ug'{ k/]df
!) u|fd h}ljs dn k|lt ! s]=hL= aLpsf b/n] / !) k|ltzt lrgL jf ;Vv/ kfgLsf] emf]ndf
df]n]/ pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu !)) u|fd lrgL jf zVv/ ! ln6/ kfgL 3f]nL pdfNg] /
;]nfpg] tTkZrft ;]nfPsf] 3f]nnfO{ aLpsf] dfqf x]/L dfly l;kmfl/z u/]sf] dfqf cg';f/
aLpdf 6fFl;g] u/L ldnfP/ af]8L /f]Kg' kb{5 .
nufpg] ;do (Planting Time)

ufhn] af]8L nufpg] ;do / 7fp+F jiff{sf] cj:yf / afnL k4lt cg';f/ km/s kg{ ;S5 .
cl;+lrt tyf kfvf] af/Ldf ds}afnL efFlr;s]kl5 t'?Gt} af]8L nufpg' k5{ . af]8L t/sf/Lsf]
?kdf ^)–^% lbgd} tof/ x'g] ePsf] x'+Fbf tf]/L tyf cGo lxpF+b]afnL lng ;lsG5 . t/fO{ /

leqL dw]zdf jif]{] l;hgsf] nflu >fj0fsf] clGtd b]lv ebf} bf]>f] xKtf pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 .
of] l;hgdf jiff{af6 kof{Kt lr:ofg k'Ug] ePsf]n] s'g} l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf kb}{g . u[id
df};ddf af]8L v]tLsf] nflu r}q b]lv a}zfvsf] bf]>f] xKtf ;Dddf aLp 5g{ pko'Qm dflgPsf]
5 . of] l;hgdf aLp c+s'/0fsf] nflu hdLg tof/ ug'{eGbf cufl8 g} Ps l;+rfO{ lbg' k5{ .
df6f]sf] lr:offg x]/L km"n km'Ng] tyf sf];f nfUg] ;dodf @÷# k6s l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . 3}of jf ds} kl5 af]8L nufpg] 7fpFx?df ebf}+ dlxgf el/df 5g{ ;lsG5 .
/f]kfO{ (Sowing)
ufhn]af]8L nx/ ldnfP/ nufpFbf pko'St x'G5 . o;nfO{ nx/df /f]Kbf Ps nx/ b]lv csf{]
nx/sf] b'/L $) b]lv %) ;]=dL=tyf Ps jf]6 b]lv csf{] af]6sf] b'/L !)–!% ;]=dL /fVg' kb{5 .
lr:ofg x]/L aLpnfO{ #–% ;]=dL= sf] ulx/fO{df /f]kL /fd|/L 9fsL lbg' kb{5 .
aLp b/ (Seed Rate)
ufhn] af]8L u[id l;hgdf Psn jfnLsf] ?kdf nufpFbf aLp b/ $)–%) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/
cyf{t\ !=% s]=hL= k|lt s6\7f jf @ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf] b/n] /f]Kg' kb{5 . aLpsf] pdf/zlQm
&% k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g' h?/L 5 .
uf]8d]n (Weeding)
ufhn af]8L c+s'/0f ePsf] @)–@% lbg k5fl8 g} Ps xNsf uf]8d]n ul/lbgfn] emf/kft gf;
x'g'sf] ;fy} af]6sf] /fd|f] j[l4 x'G5 . To;kl5 cfpg] emf/nfO{ af]8Ln] g} lhTg] x'+bf vf; gf]S;fg
k'¥ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . /;folgs ljlwaf6 emf/kft lgoGq0fsf] nflu af]8L /f]k]sf] # lbg leq -&@
306f leq_ emf/gf;s ljiffbL k]G8Ld]yfnLg -#)Ü O=;L=_ #=# ln6/ k|lt x]S6/sf] b/n] &%)
ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g{' kb{5 .
jfnL sf6\g] / leœofpg] (Harvesting and Storage)
af]8Lsf] slnnf] sf];fx? afnL nufPsf] %) lbgdf g} vfg of]Uo x'g] ePsf]n] cfjZostf
cg';f/ xl/of] sf];f l6Kg ;lsG5 . *% k|ltzt sf];fx? kfs]kl5 af]8L sf6\g of]Uo ePsf]
dfGg' kb{5 . af]8Lsf u]8fx? ;kmf u/L # b]lv $ 3fddf ;'sfO{ ;s]kl5, 6f]Sbf s6Ss cfjfh
cfpg] ePdf, ! 6g aLpdf ! rSsL ;]Nkm; xfnL xfjf gl5g]{ 8«ddf e08f/0f ug{'kb{5 .
af]emf]sf] ufgfsf] w'nf] !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL= af]8Lsf b/n] ld;fO{ df]n]/ /fv]df bnxg e08f/df
nfUg] vk6] sL/faf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
/fd afa' kg]?
sf];]afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, vh'/f, afFs]
;Dks{ M (*%%)%*)!!, (*$!^&($$%
O{d]nM nglrp_rampur@hotmail.com,
rbpaneru10@gmail.com

!=!$ ;'Gtnf v]tL k|ljlw
kl/ro
g]kfndf xfn @%,!@# x]S6/df ;'Gtnf v]tL eO{ !$(,@!@ d]= 6g jflif{s pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn If]qdf o;sf] v]tL w]/} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf o;sf] pTkfbg
cjlw c;f]h b]lv d+l;/;Dd dfq l;ldt 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k jif]{gL 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
;'Gtnf cfoft x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cf= a= @)&!÷)&@ df @@,@$@=& d]=6= ;'Gtnf au{sf]
kmnkm"nsf] cfoft ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfndf ;'Gtnfsf] dfunfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zo
lnO{ /fli6«o ;'Gtnf hft cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, kf/LkfTn]n] b]zsf] ljleGg efudf /x]sf g]kfnsf]
:yfgLo hftx?sf ;fy} ljb]zaf6 NofOPsf ljleGg ;'Gtnfsf hftx? ;+sng u/L cg';Gwfg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . vf]s' :yfgLo, cf]lsT;'jf;] / ldofufjf;]nfO{ kfOknfOg hftx?sf] ?kdf
klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o; afx]s cg';Gwfgaf6 gf]ef hftsf] ;'Gtnfsf] glthf klg /fd|f] kfOPsf]
5.
xfjfkfgL tyf df6f]

g]kfndf ;'Gtnf v]tL *)) b]lv !$)) ld6/ pRrfO{;Dd ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL ePsf
:yfgx?df ug{ ;lsg] ePtfklg /fd|f] kmn pTkfbgsf] nflu !))) b]lv !@)) ld6/
pRrfO{;Dd clt pQd x'G5 . pQ/ lbzf tkm{ kms]{sf kxf8L e]udf kmn]sf] ;'Gtnfsf] :jfb
emg} :jflbnf] x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;'Gtnf v]tLsf] nflu tfkqmd tyf k|sfzsf] cxd e"ldsf
x'G5 . prfO{ a9\b} hfg] qmddf kfgL kg]{ 7fpFdf a9L x':;' nfUg] / 9fls/xg] x'G5 . kmn :j¿k
o;sf] k|lts'n c;/ km"n / kmn j[l4 ljsf;df kg{ hfG5 . ;'Gtnf v]tL !)) b]lv #%)
;]lN;o; tfkqmd;Dd ug{ ;lsg] ePtfklg /fd|f] kmn pTkfbgsf] nflu @%) ;]lN;o; pko'Qm
dflgG5 . af]6sf] jfg:klts j[l4sf] nflu @%–#%) ;]lN;o; tfkqmd pko'Qm x'G5 . sd
tfkqmd ePdf af]6sf] j[l4 ljsf; /f]lsg k'U5 . udL{ df};ddf tftf] xfjf rNgfn] km"n tyf
slnnf km"n cf]Onfpg ;Sb5g\ .
;'Gtnf v]tL ljleGg k|sf/sf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsg] ePtfklg ulx/fO;Dd ePsf] bf]d6 df6f] clt
pko'Qm x'G5 . w]/} lrD6fOnf] tyf kfgL hDg] df6f] ;'Gtnf v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g . df6f]sf]
lk=Pr\= ^ b]lv &=% ;'Gtnf v]tLsf nflu pQd x'G5 .
/f]Kg] ;do / tl/sf

;fdfGotof ;'Gtnf jiff{sf] ;'?jft;+u} nufpg] k|rng g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . t/ cg';Gwfgsf]
kl/0ffd cg';f/ h]i7–c;f/ dlxgfdf /f]k]sf] la?jf eGbf /fd|f];+u l;rfO{ tyf x]/ljrf/ ug{
;s]df kmfNu'g–r}qdf /f]k]sf] la?jf /fd|/L ;/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . gofF au}+rf :yfkgf ubf{ lah'
la?jf eGbf sndL la?jf nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 . la?jf /f]Kbf g;{/Laf6 pv]nL ;Sg] lalQs}

/f]kL xfNg' k5{ . sndL la?jf /f]Kbf la?jfsf] ufF7f] hldg b]lv !)–!% ;]=dL= dfly x'g' kb{5 .
cGoyf la?jfdf 8fF7 s'lxg] /f]u nfuL af]6 dg{ ;Sb5 . la?jf /f]Kbf ;w} l;wf x'g] ul/ /f]Kg'
kb{5 / df6f] nfO{ /fd|f];+u lyRg' kb{5 . sndL la?jf /f]Kbf af]6b]lv af]6 tyf xf/ b]lv
xf/;Ddsf] b'/L $×$ dL= x'g' kb{5 eg] lah' la?jf /f]Kbf cem a9L b"/Ldf nufpg' kb{5 .
l;+rfO{
;'Gtnf v]tLsf] nflu gofF kfn'jf knfpg] ;do cufj}, km"n km'Ng], kmn nfUg], / kmnsf] j[l4
ljsf; x'g] a]nfdf l;+rfO{ ug{ clt cfjZos x'G5 . ;'Gtnf v]tLsf] nfuL jif]{gL &%–@%)
;]=dL= jiff{ x'g] If]q cg's'n dflgG5 .
dnvfb tyf ;'Id vfBtTj Joj:yfkg

;'Gtnf v]tLsf] nfuL gfO{6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf ;fy} ;"Id vfBtTjx? h:t}
SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od, ;Nkm/, lh+s, af]/g, cfO/g, sk/, df]lna8]gd, d]Gu]lgh, cflbsf]
cfjZstf x'G5 . ! aif{sf] ;'Gtnf af]6sf]
nfuL !) s]=hL= uf]a/ dn, %) u|fd
gfO{6«f]hg, @% u|fd km:kmf]/; / #% u|fd
kf]6f; cfjZos x'G5 / jif]{gL !) lsnf] uf]a/
dn, %) u|fd gfO{6«f]hg, @% u|fd km:kmf]/; /
#% u|fd kf]6fl;od yk ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ . bz
jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L pd]/sf] af]6x?nfO{ klg
!) jif{sf] af]6sf] hlt g} dnvfb lbg'k5{ .
/f]u tyf sL/f Joj:yfkg

/f]u
l;6«; u|Llg+u
of] /f]u Candidatus liberobacter asiaticus gfds AofS6]l/ofaf6 nfUb5 . g]kfndf of] /f]u
klxnf] k6s lj=;+= @)@$ df kf]v/fdf b]lvPsf] lyof] / xfn of] /f]un] g]kfndf ljs/fn ?k
lnO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] /f]usf] hLjf0f' l;6«; l;Nnf ls/fn] Ps /f]uL la?jfaf6 csf]{ :j:y
la?jfdf ;fb{5 . ;fy} /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt af]6sf] ;fog k|of]u u/]df sndL ul/Psf] af]6af6 Ps
:yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf ;b{5 .

nIf0f
kftsf] g;fx? kx]+lng] / la:tf/} k'/} kft kx]+lng]Ù
af]6x? 6'Kkf]af6 ;'Sb} hfg] / cGtdf af]6 dg]{Ù
kftx? ;fgf] x'g], kftx?sf] xl/of] k[i7e"lddf
xl/of] / kx]+nf] 6f6fx¿ b]lvg] / oL 6f6fx¿
kftsf] aLr efusf] g;fsf] b'a}lt/ c;dfg
lsl;dn] /xG5Ù a]df};dL km"n km'Ng] / kmnsf]
cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g], kmnnfO{ sf6]/ x]bf{ kmnsf] u'bL
efub]lv ;dfg geO{ Psf k§Lsf] kf6f] 7"nf] / csf]{ k§Lsf] kf6f] ;fgf] x'g], lapmx? rfp/L kg]{Ù
kmnsf] e]6\gf] lt/af6 kx]+lnb} kfSg] t/ 6'Kkf]lt/ xl/of] g} /xg] .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 /f]uL la?jfsf] xfn;Dd pkrf/ kQf gnfu]sf] . t;y{ au}+rfdf of] /f]u lelqg glbg' g}
pQd pkfo xf] .
 gofF au}+rf :yfkgf ubf{ la?jfx? !@)) dL= eGbf w]/} pRrfO{df /x]sf] g;{/Lx?df
hfnLbf/ 3/ leq pTkfbg ul/Psf] /f]u d'Qm :j:y la?jfsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
 l;6«; l;Nnf ls/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 /f]uL la?jfnfO{ au}+rfaf6 t'/Gt} x6fO{ gi6 ug]{ .
l;6«; 6«L:6]hf efO/;

of] Ps efO/;af6 nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]u nfxL ls/f, sndL la?jf tyf k|'lgË+ ug{ k|of]u
ul/Psf] cf}hf/x?af6 ;b{5 .
nIf0f
af]6 kx]+lng], rfF8f] cf]Onfpg], 6'Kkf]b]lv ;'Sb} cfpg] / s]lx jif{df
g} af]6 dg]{Ù kftnfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfz lt/ kf/]/ x]bf{ g;fx? k|i6
b]lvG5Ù cTolws km"n km'Ng] / kmnsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g]Ù /f]uL
la?jfsf] af]qmf v'O{nfpFbf 8fF7df lkgn] sf]k]sf] h:tf] wAafx?
b]lvG5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 /f]u k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] ?6:6sx? h:t} tLgkft] ;'Gtnf
k|of]u ug]{ .
 ;'6 l6k u|flˆ6Ëaf6 efO/; d'Qm la?jf pTkfbg ug]{ .

 nfxL ls/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 /f]ud'Qm af]6af6 dfq ;fog k|of]u ug]{ .
 hfnL 3/ leq pTkfbg ul/Psf la?jfsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
km]b tyf h/f s'lxg] /f]u
of] /f]u Phytophthora gfds 9';Lsf] ljleGg k|hfltx?af6 nfUb5 . lah' la?jfdf of] /f]usf]
k|sf]k w]/} ePsf] kfOG5 . kfgL hDg] 7fpFx?df of] /f]usf] k|sf]k w]/} x'G5 . pRr tfkqmd /
pRr ;fk]lIfs cf›tf ePdf of] /f]usf] ljsf; lta| ultdf x'G5 .
nIf0f
km]b lt/sf] af]qmfx? ;'Sg yfN5 / km'6]sf] 7fpFaf6 ud h:tf] kbfy{ lg:sG5 kft kx]+lng] /
xfFufx? 6'Kkf]af6 ;'Sb} cfpg]Ù kmnsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g], pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg]Ù km]bdf kfgLn]
leh]sf] h:tf] wAafx? b]lvG5 / dl;gf h/fx? la:tf/} db}{ hfG5g\ .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 /f]u k|lt/f]ws ?6:6sx? h:t} tLgkft] ;'Gtnfsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
 kfgL hDg] 7fpFdf ;'Gtnfsf af]6x? gnufpg] .
 km]b lt/sf] xfFufx? x6fpg] .
 sk/ ePsf 9';Lgf;s ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
v/fg] /f]u
of] /f]u Oidium citri / Oidium tingitanium gfds 9';Ln]
nfUb5 . pRr tfkqmd / pRr ;fk]lIfs cf›tf ePdf of]
/f]usf] k|sf]k rfF8f] x'g] ub{5 .
nIf0f
jiff{sf] df};ddf slnnf gofF kfn'jfx?df ;]tf] v/fgL 5s]{sf]
h:tf] b]vfkb{5 / /f]usf] j[l4;+u} kftsf] k5fl8sf] efudf
dl;gf ;]tf yf]Knfx? b]lvG5 . la:tf/} k'/} kft ;]tf] 9';Ln] 9flsG5 / cGtdf kftx? db{5g\ .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
;Nkm]S; jf OGkm]S; @=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ h]i7 b]lv >fjg ;Dd !)–!% lbgsf]
km/sdf 5g]{ .

sfnf] WjfF;] /f]u
of] /f]usf] nIf0f af]6sf] ;a} efudf b]lvG5 . /f]u u|:t
af]6 k'/} ?kdf sfnf] b]lvG5 . af]6 la?jfdf sTn] ls/f,
nfxL, ;]tf] lem+ufsf] cfqmd0f a9L ePdf oL ls/fx?n]
lgsfn]sf] u'lnof] kbfy{df of] /f]usf] ljsf; x'G5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
s[lif ;ef]{ % dL=nL= / Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 ! dL=nL= jf /f]u/
!=% dL=nL= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ kf}if–df3 / h]i7–c;f/df !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5g]{ .
sL/f
l;6«; l;Nnf
of] ls/fsf] j}1flgs gfd Diaphornia citri xf] . jo:s
ls/f #–$ dL=dL= 7"nf] x'G5 / z/L/ tyf kv]6fdf ;]tf] /
v}/f] yf]Knfx? x'G5 . jo:s kf]yf]n] slnnf kftdf c08f
kfb{5 / ! xKtfdf aRrfx? lg:sG5g\ . Pp6f jo:s
kf]yLn] cfˆgf] hLjg rqmdf nueu *)) c08f kfb{5 /
tfkqmd cg';f/ !%–$& lbgdf jo:s x'G5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 k|fs[lts k/lhjLx? h:t} Tamarixia radiates / Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis sf]
k|of]u u/L h}ljs tl/sfn] lgoGq0f ug]{ .
 j}slNks cf>o lbg] af]6x? h:t} s8Lkft, sfldgL km"n cflb x6fpg] .
 ls6gfzs ljiffbLx? h:t} Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 ! dL=nL= jf 8fOd]yf]P6 !=% dL=nL= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
kftdf ;'?ª vGg] sL/f
of] ls/fsf] j}1flgs gfd Phylocnistic citrella Stainton
xf] . jo:s kf]yf]n] kftsf] k5f8L c08f kfg]{ ub{5 . Pp6f
kftdf ;fdfGotof @–# j6f nfef{x? x'G5 . nfef{n]
slnnf kft tyf d'gfdf ;'?ª agfpg] / kft bf]a|ofO
af]6nfO{ Iflt ub{5 .

/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 lgddf cfwfl/t ljiffbL, l:kgf];f8 &–!$ lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
 af]6 glhs df6f]df Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 5bf{ af]6n] ljiffbL ;f];L ls/f dfb{5 . t/ jflif{s
?kdf ! k6s dfq o; ljiffbL 5g{' plrt x'G5 .
xl/of] kt]/f]
of] ls/fsf] j}1flgs gfd Rhynchocoris humeralis
Thunberg xf] . o; ls/fn] gofF kfn'jf, kft /
kmnx?sf] /; r';L xfgL ub{5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
 kt]/f]sf] c08fnfO{ hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{ .
 8fOd]yf]P6 !=% dL=nL= jf Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 !
dL=nL= kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
nfxL
nfxLsf ljleGg k|hfltx¿ dWo] sfnf] nfxL -Black citrus aphid, Toxoptera auranti_ / v}/f]
nfxL -Brown aphid, Toxoptera citricida_ n] ;'GtnfnfO{ xfgL ub{5 / slnnf kft tyf
kfn'jfx?af6 /; r';L af]6nfO{ Iflt ub{5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?
k|fs[lts lzsf/L ls/fx? h:t} dfs'/f, n]8L a8{ la6n,
af?nf cflbn] nfxLnfO{ vfG5g\ . t;y{ oL sL/fx?sf]
;+Vof au}+rfdf j[l4 ug]{ . Old8fSnf]/f]lk8 ! dL=nL= jf
8fOd]yf]P6 !=% dL=nL= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

/f]zg kSsf
/fli6«o ;'Gtnf hft cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
kmf]gM )@^–^@)@#@
email: ncrpdhankuta@gmail.com

!=!% blIf0f cd]l/sL uf]ne]+8fsf] kft vGg] sL/f
South American Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917)
kl/ro
blIf0f cd]l/sL uf]ne]+8fsf] kft vGg] sL/f -6'6f cA;f]n'6f, Tuta absoluta
-Meyrick1917) cfqmfds tj/n] km}lng] tyf uf]ne]+8fsf] kft, d'gf / kmndf nfUg] k'tnL
;d"xsf] sL/f xf] . Aoj:yfkg gul/Psf] cj:yfdf o; sL/fsf] nfef{n] uf]ne]+8fdf ;t\
k|ltzt;Dd gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpFg ;Sb5 . d'Votof uf]ne]+8f afnLdf nfUg] of] sL/f ;f]n]g];L
kl/jf/sf lj?jfx?M e06f, e]+8] v';f{gL tyf cfn'jfnLdf klg nfUg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ;fy} h+unL lj?jfx? sfnLu]8L tyf wt'/f]df klg of] sL/f afFRg ;Sg] cg';Gwfgaf6
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . o; afx]s as'nf, l;dL, jf]8L h:tf sf]z]jfnLx?df klg of] sL/f nfUg]
ub{5 .
of] sL/f blIf0f cd]l/sL If]qdf ;g !(^) b]lv g} uf]ne]+8fsf] d'Vo sL/fsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ;g @))^ df klxnf] kN6 blIf0f cd]l/sf jflx/ :k]gdf of] sL/f e]l6Psf] lyof] . To;
kZrft o'/f]k, d]8L6]/flgog If]q / vf8L d'n'sdf km}lnb} ;g @)!$ df ef/tdf klxnf] k6s of]
sL/f e]l6Psf] lyof] . sL6 la1fg dxfzfvfn] g]kfndf klg of] sL/f lelqPsf] s'/f @)&# h]i7
# ut] tf/s]Zj/ gu/kflnsf ( af6 NofPsf] gd"gfsf] a}1flgs kl/If0f u/L klxnf] k6s
k|dfl0ft u/sf] lyof] . ;fy} ;a]{If0f tyf gd"gf kl/If0faf6 pQm sL/f sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/,
eQmk'/, sfe|]knf~rf]s, wflbª, wgs'6f, afFs] tyf ;Nofg lhNnfsf uf]ne]+8f v]tL ul/g] d'Vo
d'Vo :yfgdf ;d]t km}lnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
k"0f{?kdf Ifltu|:t lj?jfx? nfef{n] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] kmn
nIf0f tyf klxrfg

o; sL/fsf] Ifltsf] nIf0f kft, d'gf tyf slnnf] kmnx?df b]Vg ;lsG5 . la?jfsf] kftdf
aLrsf] xl/of] efu vfP/ lemNnL dfq afFsL ePsf ljleGg cfsf/sf v}/f] wAafx? b]lvG5g .

o:tf wAafx? lr/]/ x]bf{ leq sfnf] lb;f tyf slxn] sfxLF nfef{x? klg e]l6G5g\ . d'gfdf of]
sL/fsf] nfef{n] cfqmd0f u/]df d'gfsf] cfsf/ tyf j[l4df kl/jt{g cfpg'sf ;fy} aflx/ sfnf]
lb;f b]lvG5 . slnnf] kmnx?df e]6\gf]sf] jl/kl/ ;–;fgf Kjfnx? b]lvgfsf ;fy} kmn aflx/
sfnf] lb;f klg b]lvG5 . sL/fsf] k|sf]k w]/} ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ la?jfx? 89]sf] h:tf]
b]lvG5 / la?jfx? xNnfpFbf jo:s k'tnL p8]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
kftdf Ifltsf] nIf0f d'gfdf Ifltsf] nIf0f kmndf Ifltsf] nIf0f
of] sL/fsf] jo:s % b]lv ^ ldlnld6/ nfdf] tyf o;sf] cl3Nnf] kv]6fsf] /+u v}/f], v/fgL
ldl>t e'OFdf sfnf wAafx? x'G5g\ . o; sL/fsf] nfef{ z'?df ;]tf]af6 xl/of] x'Fb}, k"0f{ ljsl;t
x'Fbf xNsf u'nfaL /+usf] x'G5 . o; sL/fsf] nfef{sf] 6fpsf] k5fl8 9f8df cw{ rG›fsf/ sfnf]
v}/f] /+usf] wAaf x'G5 .
jo:s k'tnL nfef{ cj:yf
hLjgL
blIf0f cd]l/sL uf]ne]+8fsf] kft vGg] sL/f k"0f{ ?kdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] k'tnL ;d"xsf] sL/f xf] .
km"n, nfef{, Ko"kf tyf jo:s k'tnL x'Fb} o; sL/fsf] hLjg rqm k'/f x'G5 . o; sL/fsf] jo:s
kf]yL k'tnLn] kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf 5'§f5'§} ?kdf km"n kfb{5 eg] s]xL dfqfdf 8fF7, kmnsf]
e]6\gf tyf xl/of] kmndf klg km"n kfg]{ ub{5 . km"naf6 lg:s]/ nfef{ kft, 8fF7 jf kmn 5]8]/
leq k:g] ub{5 . kft, 8fF7 jf kmnsf] leq leq} vfFb} tLg k6s sfFr'nL km]/]kl5 of] sL/f Ko"kf

cj:yfdf hfG5 . nfef{n] uf]ne]+8fsf] kmndf agfPsf] ;'?Ë jf df6f]leq s]xL ;do Ko"kf
cj:yfdf crn /x]kl5 k"0f{ ljsl;t jo:s k'tnL lgl:sG5 .
o;/L km"naf6 jo:s k'tnLdf ljsl;t x'g o; sL/fnfO{ @& l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf @$
lbg;Dd ;do nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . ;fwf/0ftof j:os efn] k'tnL & lbg afFR5 eg] kf]yL k'tnL
!% lbg afFRg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jo:s k'tnLn] cfˆgf] hLjg el/ cf}ift $) b]lv a9Ldf @^)
j6f;Dd km"n kfb{5 . !(–@# l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd o; sL/fsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;aeGbf
pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
k"mn cj:yf Ko"kf cj:yf
Aoj:yfkgM
 sL/f nfu]sf] If]qaf6 cGo If]qdf uf]+ne]8f tyf lj?jf cf];f/ k;f/ gug]{ .
 6fFl;g] kf;f] jf kfgLsf] kf;f]df km]/]df]g k|of]u u/L -tnsf] lrqdf b]vfP h:t}_ sL/fsf]
cg'udg ug]{ .
 h+unL cf>obftf lj?jfx? h:t}M wt'/f] tyf sfnLu]8L h:tf la?jfx? x6fpg] .
 uf]ne]+8f v]tL ;s]kl5 afnLsf cjz]ifx? gi6 ug]{ .
 sL/f nfu]sf] If]qdf ;f]n]g];L kl/jf/sf] afnLx? h:t} cfn', e06f, vf];f{gL, ;'tL{ tyf
n]u'ldg];L kl/jf/sf l;dL, af]8L, as'Nnf h:tf cf>obftf la?jfx? gnufpg] .
 sL/f nfu]sf kft, kmn tyf d'gfx? ;+sng u/]/ ulx/f] u/L k'g]{ jf Knfli6s y}nfdf
aGb u/L s'xfpg] .
 aQLsf] kf;f]sf] k|of]u u/L -tnsf] lrqdf b]vfP h:t}_ jo:s sL/fx? dfg]{ .
 sL/f nfu]sf] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf Aofl;n; y'l/GhLPlG;; s'/i6fsL -Bacillus
thuringiensis var. Kurstaki_ @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ ;fem kv 5ls{g] .

 w]/} sL/f nfu]sf] cj:yfdf Snf]/PG6«flglnk|f]n -Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC_ jf
l:kgf];f8 -Spinosad 45% SC_ Ps ldnLln6/ k|lt # ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
Pp6} laiffbL lg/Gt/ k|of]u gu/L cfnf]kfnf] k|of]u ug]{ .
aQLsf] kf;f] tyf o;df k/]sf k'tnLx? kfgLsf] kf;f]df k]m/f]df]gsf] k|of]u

cho >L /Tg ah|frfo{
sL6 la1fg dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
v'dn6f/, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
kmf]g gDa/M %%@!!$! %%#^@@$
email: ento.narc@gmail.com, ento.narc@gov.np

!=!^ s]/fdf l;uf6f]sf /f]usf] Joj:yfkg
kl/ro
l;uf6f]sf kft yf]Kn] (Sigatoka Leaf Spot) s]/fsf] Ps k|d'v /f]u xf] . z'?df of] /f]u lkmhL
b]zsf] l;uf6f]sf pkTosfdf kQf nfu]sf] lyof] . xfn s]/f v]tL x'g] ljZjsf k|foM ;a} e"–
efudf of] /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 . 9';Låf/f nfUg] of] /f]u b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5M kx]+nf] l;uf6f]sf
(Mycosphaerella musicola) / sfnf] l;uf6f]sf (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) . k"jL{ t/fO{df
ljz]if u/L kx]nf] l;uf6f]sfn] jiff{ofd b]lv lxpFb;Dd 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 .
ljz]if u/L s]/fsf] /f]uL dfpaf6 ufgf] 5'6\ofP/ /f]Kbf of] /f]u ;b{5 . o;sf ;fy} of] /f]u xfjf /
jiff{sf] kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 klg ;g{ ;Sb5 . of] /f]usf] k|sf]k c;f/÷>fj0faf6 z'? x'G5 eg]
sflt{s b]lv kf}if ;Dd w]/} Iflt k'¥ofpg] ub{5 .
nIf0f
z'?df xNsf xl/of, ;f3'/f, nueu ! ld=ld=
nfdf, dl;gf y]Unf b]vf kb{5g\ . To;kl5
tL y]Unfx? a9\b} uP/ s]xL nfdf / nueu
! ld=ld= rf}+8f w;f{df kl/0ft x'G5g\ .
lj:tf/} tL k}mn+b} uP/ nfDrf] vfnsf]
(elliptical) 3fp aG5g\ / lvof h:t} /ftf]
/+udf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . pQm 3fpsf] jl/k/L
kfgLn] leh] h:t} 3]/f b]lvG5 . of] ljz]if
u/]/ laxfgLkv zLt ePsf] a]nfdf b]Vg
;lsG5 . 3fpsf] aLrsf] uf9f v}/f] efu
kl5 uP/ WjfF;] v}/f] /+udf kl/0ft x'G5 h'g l;uf6f]sf /f]u nfu]sf] s]/fsf] af]6 .
xNsf ba]sf]÷v'lDrPsf] / jl/kl/af6 uf9f
v}/f] 3]/fn] cf}+7L h:t} l/Ë agfPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] k"0f{ ljsl;t 3fp÷wAaf ;'s]sf] kftdf klg
b]Vg ;lsG5 . slnnf kftdf o:tf wAaf÷y]Unfx? 7"nf / uf]nfsf/ x'G5g\ . k"0f{ ljsl;t
y]Unfx? * b]lv !@ ld=ld= nfdf x'G5g\ . y]Unfsf] jl/kl/sf] kftsf] efu kx]nf] x'G5 . o:tf]
nIf0f ljz]if u/]/ y]Unfaf6 kftsf] lsgf/f tk{msf] efudf a9L b]lvG5 . /f]usf] k|sf]k w]/} ePdf
kftsf w]/} efu kx]+nf / To;kl5 uf9f v}/f] lsgf/f eP/ db}{ hfG5g\ . dflyaf6 v'n]sf kft
uGb} hfFbf t];|f] jf rf}yf] kftdf of] /f]u z'?jft ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ jftfj/0f cg's"n ePsf]
avt bf];|f] kftdf klg nIf0f b]Vg ;lsG5 . k'/fgf kftdf ljsl;t bfu b]Vg ;lsG5 . k|foM
u/L dflylt/sf kft eGbf tnlt/sf kftdf of] /f]un] a9L Iflt k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . of] /f]u w]/}
k}mlnPdf kftnfO{ ;'sfO{ lbG5 . kmn /fd||f];Fu j[l4 x'g ;Sb}g / k"0f{ ljsl;t geO{ rf“8} g}
kfSb5 . To:tf kmnsf sf];f ;fgf / kftnf x'G5g\ .

Joj:yfkg
of] /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ Plss[t ?kdf lgDg ljlwx? ckgfpg' kb{5 M
 lgoldt ?kdf aufgsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
 /f]ud'St la?jf /f]Kg] . ufgf] 5'6\ofP/ /f]Kbf /f]u d'Qm dfpaf6 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 .
 plrt b"/Ldf /f]Kg] . afSnf] u/L nufOPsf] aufgdf of] /f]usf] k|sf]k Hofbf
x'G5 .
 lgsf;sf] -drainage_ Joj:yf ug]{ .
 l;+rfO{ ubf{ kmf]x/f l;+rfO{ (sprinkler) ljlwsf] k|of]u gug]{ . yf]kf l;+rfO{
-drip irrigation) jfhdLg d'lgsf] (sub-surface) l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 lgoldt / plrt dfqfdf dnsf] k|of]un]
/f]u ;xg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpFb5 . t;y{
;Gt'lnt dfqfdf dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
 lgoldt ?kdf /f]u nfu]sf kftx?nfO{
sf6]/ hnfpg] jf uf8\g] .
 /f]uL af]6x? sf6L gi6 ug]{ .
 9';L gf;s ljifflbsf] k|of]un] /f]usf]
Go"lgs/0f ug]{ .
 If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, t/x/fdf lkgfsn :k|] u/]/ l;+uf6f]sf lgoGq0f
ul/Psf] k/LIf0fdf of] /f]unfO{ lkgfsn ePsf] s]/fsf] af]6 .
(Propiconazole 25% EC) n] :k|] ubf{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t;y{ of] /f]usf] k|sf]k a9]df lkgfsn
)=%–! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5s{g] . of] 9'ifLgfzs ljifflb cfjZostf
cg';f/ @–# xKtfsf] km/sdf 5g{ klg ;lsG5 . t/ nuftf/ Pp6} ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{
/f]usf] lhjf0f' -9';L]_ n] ljiffbL ;Fu k|lt/IffTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf aLr–
aLrdf Mancozeb jf Chlorothalonil o'Qm 9';L gf;s ljifflbsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm
x'G5 .

gljg s'df/ b+ufn
If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, t/x/f, ;'g;/L
df]M (&$!)&^()*

!=!& e06fsf] 8fF7 tyf kmnsf] uaf/f]sf] PsLs[t Aoj:yfkg
kl/ro
e06f g]kfnsf] t/fO{ / dWo kxf8sf] d'Vo t/sf/L afnL xf] . nfdf] ;do pTkfbg lbg] / ahf/
efp /fd|f] kfOg] x'gfn] ls;fgx?sf] cfocfh{gsf nflu of] afnL lgs} pkof]uL b]lvPsf] 5 . t/,
o; afnLdf nfUg] ljleGg sL/fx? dWo] 8fF7 / kmndf nfUg] uaf/f] (Leucinodes orbonalis
Guenee; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . o;n]
e06fsf] pTkfbgdf k|ToIf ?kdf 7"nf] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] Aoj:yfkgdf
clgolGqt ?kdf k|of]u eO{/x]sf 3fts ljiffbLsf] sf/0f jftfj/0f / dfga :jf:Yodf ulDe/
c;/ kg'{sf] ;fy} pTkfbg vr{df j[l¢ eO{ ls;fgn] kfpg] d'gfkmfdf sdL x'g uPsf] 5 . t;y{
o; sL/fsf] jftfj/0f d}qL tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/k|]Io ;'xfpFbf] a}slNks sL6 Aoa:yfkg
ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nfuL cg';Gwfgaf6 cfPsf glthfx?sf] cfwf/df ljsl;t k|ljlw tn a0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 .
hLjgL
o; sL/fsf k'tnLx? /ftdf ;ls|o x'G5g\ / kf]yLn] slnnf kft, d'gf jf kqbndf k|foM ;s[o
5'§f 5'§} b'lwnf] ;]tf] /Ësf] km'n kfb{5g\ . k'mnaf6 udL{df #–% lbg / hf8f]df &–* lbgdf ;]tf
nfef{x? lgl:sG5g\ . nfef{n] $–% k6s sfFr'nL km]/L hf8f]df !$–@@ lbg / udL{df !@–!%
lbgdf kmn / 8fF7af6 lgl:s ;'s]sf kft jf d'G6f jf hldgdf /x]sf kft kltª\u/df crn
cj:yf -Ko'kf_ u'hfb{5g\ . kl/kSj nfef{sf] /Ë u'nfaL / Ko"kfsf] /ª cfkm" a:g] jftfj/0f;Fu
ldNbf] h'Nbf] x'G5 . Ko'kf df};d cg';f/ sl/a ^ b]lv !& lbgdf ;]tf] /Ësf] k'tnLdf kl/0ft
x'G5 . logLx?sf] Pp6f hLjgrqm ;fwf/0ftof Ps dlxgfdf k'/f x'G5 / Ps jif{df %
k':tf;Dd kfO{Psf] 5 .
e06fsf] ujf/f]sf] ljleGg cj:yfx? qmdzM nfef{, Ko'kf / jo:s

Iflt / km}nfj6
o;n] d'Votof la?jfsf] j[l4 cj:yf, km"n km"Ng] ;do / kmn nfUg] ;dodf a9L Iflt k'ofpFb5
. km'naf6 lg:s]/ ;–;fgf nfef{x?n] 8fF7sf] d'G6f jf kmndf Kjfn kf/L vfg yfN5g\, kmn:j?k
d'G6f cf]O{nfO{ db{5 / kmn sfd gnfUg] u/L gf]S;fg x'G5 . a9L ;+Vofdf nfef{x?sf] cfqmd0f
km"n cj:yfdf ePdf kmn nfUb}g / kmndf cfqmd0f eP kmn s'lxP/ emb{5 . o;n] e06fsf]
pTkfbgdf @) b]lv *)Ü ;Dd gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
ljz]if u/L of] sL/fsf] km}nfj6 clk|msf, ;xf/f If]qsf] blIf0fL efu / blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofdf /x]sf]
5 . g]kfn nufot Pl;ofsf ljleGg b]zx? h:t}M ef/t, kfls:tfg, >LnÍf, a+unfb]z,
yfONof08, sDaf]l8of, nfcf];, leotgfd, rfOgf / lkmlnlkG;sf e06f v]tL x'g] k|foM ;a}
If]qdf o;sf] Aofks ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
e06fsf] ujf/f]n] 8fF7 tyf kmndf u/]sf] Iflt
PsLs[t Aoj:yfkg k|ljlw

sL/fsf]
;lqmotf yfxf kfO{ /fVg km]/f]df]g kf;f]sf] k|of]u tyf Ps–Ps xKtfsf] cGt/fndf
afnLdfIfltsf] cg'udg ul//xg' kb{5 . o; sL/fsf] ;kmn Aoj:yfkgsf] nfuL k|efjsf/L
kfO{Psf
tn pNn]lvt ljlwx? PsLs[t ?kdf ckgfpg' kb{5 .
g;{/L hfnLbf/ 3/df tof/ ug]{ jf g;{/Laf6 d'n v]tdf lj?jf ;fbf{ lj?jfnfO{
:kfOgf]:of8 -6]«;/_ $% P;=l;=)=# ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLsf] emf]ndf 8'afO{ ;fg]{ .
 ujf/f]sf] sf/0f cf]O{nfPsf d'G6f, kft tyf kmn l6kL s/Lj Ps km'6 ulx/f] vf8ndf
k'g]{ jf hnfpg] .
 kmn kmNg 5f8]sf k'/fgf] af]6x? gofF afnLsf] nfuL sL/fsf] d'Vo >f]t ePsf] x'Fbf
ltgnfO{ hnfO{ jf vf8ndf k'/L Aoj:yfkg ug]{ .

 lj?jf ;f/]b]lv clGtd l6kfO ;Dd bz–bz ld6/sf] b'/Ldf efn] ujf/f] cfslif{t ug{]
No'l;g–No'/ (Lucin-lure) $–% ;]=dL= prfO{;Dd ;fa'g kfgLsf] emf]n cf]6f–l6 (Wota-
T) 6«ofkdf /fvL k|of]u ug]{ -lrq # df b]vfOPem}F_ . No'l;g–No'/ x/]s !% lbgsf
km/sdf km]b}{ hfg' k5{ .
 AofS6]l/ofdf cfwfl/t h}las ljiffbL
Aofl;n; y'l/lGhlG;; s';{6fsL @ u|f=
k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf] b/df k|of]u ug]{ . t/
k|of]u ug'{ cufl8 To;df /x]sf] kmfObfhgs
AofS6]l/of hLljt 5 5}g hfgsf/L lng'
kb{5 / o:tf] hLj hGo laiffbLnfO{ lr;f]
tfkqmd jf /]lk|mlh/]6/df e08f/0f ug'{
kb{5 .
 sL/fsf] k|sf]k a9\g yfn]kl5 h}ljs ujf/f] cfslif{t ug]{ kf;f]sf] k|of]u
>f]taf6 agfOPsf] jftfj/0f d}qL ljiffbL
:kfOgf]:of8 $% P;=l;= )=# ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf jf lgddf cfwfl/t ljiffbL @ ld= ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf] b/df jf
ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft ljiffbL Snf]/fg6«flglnk|f]n -sf]/fh]g_ !*=% O=l;= )=@ ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ :k|] ug]{ .
cGtdf, sL/fsf] ljif krfpg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 /f]Sgsf] nflu Pp6} ;d"x jf pxL of}lus z'q ePsf]
ljiffbL nuftf/ ?kdf k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{eGbf klxn] la1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{
kb5{ . ;w} ljiffbLsf] n]jn Wofgk"js{ x]g'{ kb{5 / ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 kv{g'kg]{ ;donfO{ ljz]if
Vofn ug{' kb{5 . ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ ;a} ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kb{5 .
ljiffbL cf}ifwL xf]Ogg\, hLjgfzs kbfy{ x'g\

/fd k|;fb d}gfnL, ;'bLk s'df/ pkfWofo
sL6 lj1fg dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/
kmf]gM – )! –%%@#!$!, )!–%%#^@@$
O{d]nM ento.narc@gmail.com

!=!* cfn' v]tLdf /ftf] sldnf Joj:yfkg k|ljlw
cfn' v]tLdf w]/} lsl;dsf sL/fx?n] cfqmd0f ub{5g\, h;dWo] /ftf] sldnf (Dorylus
orientalis westwood) d'Votof g]kfnsf] kxf8L lhNnfx? 88]Nw'/f, c5fd, 8f]6L, bfr{'nfdf
ljutb]lv g} k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] cfn', d'nf, ufh/, km"nuf]aL,
eG6f, ?v 6df6/ cflb afnLx?df lgs} Iflt k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
klxrfg / hLjgL
/ftf] sldnf hldgsf] ;txeGbf sl/a !=%–@ ld6/ tn ;d"xdf uf]nf agfP/ a:g] ub{5g\,
h;df tLg k|sf/sf sldnfx? efn], kf]yL / sdL{ kb{5g\ . efn] sldnf cl/+ufn h:tf] !=% ;]=
dL= nfdf], b'O{ hf]8f kf/bzL{ kv]6f ePsf] uf9f v}/f] /+usf] x'G5 eg] kf]yL sldnf k]6sf] efu
7"nf] ePsf] @ ;]= dL= ;Ddsf] kv]6f lalxg v}/f] /+usf] x'G5 . sdL{ sldnf eg] cGwf], kv]6f
gePsf], #–^ ldlnld6/;Dd nfdf] / rlDsnf] uf9f /+usf x'G5g\ .
of] sldnfsf] Pp6fdf Ps dfq kf]yL, w]/} efn]x? / xhf/f}sf] ;+Vofdf sdL{ sldnfx? x'G5g\ .
efn] / kf]yLsf] ;dfudkl5 kf]yLn] cfˆgf] uf]nfdf km"n kfb{5, h;af6 efn], kf]yL / gk'+;s
sdL{ sldnfx? hGdG5g\ . efn] / kf]yL sldnfn] j+z j[l4 k|lqmofdf dfq e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ eg]
sdL{ sldnfx?n] uf]nfdf vfgf hDdf ug]{, km"n, aRrf / kf]yLsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{, jf;:yfgsf]
;/;kmfO{ ug]{, uf]nfsf] /Iff ug]{ / hldgdf ;'?+ª agfpg] sfo{ ub{5g\ .
Ifltsf] k|sf/
oL] sldnfx? lkm/Gt] :jefjsf x'G5g\, h;n] ljleGg afnLx?sf] hldgd'lgsf] efux? h:t}
h/fdf cfqmd0f ul/ 6f]s]/ / rafP/ l5of l5of agfO dflgx?sf] nflu vfg cof]Uo agfO
lbG5g\ . of] ls/fn] afnLsf] 8f7Fdf klg cfqmd0f ub{5, h;n] ubf{ z'?sf] s]xL lbgdf lbpF;f]
cf]Onfpg] / /ftL 7Ls x'g] x'G5 eg] sldnfsf] cfqmd0f a9L ePdf ;Dk"0f{ af]6 g} dg{ klg
;Sb5 .
Joj:yfkg k|ljlw
1. afnLdf /ftf] sldnf b]Vgf;fy l;+rfO{sf] /fd|f]
Joj:yf ugf{n] ls/fsf] k|sf]k 36fpg ;lsG5 t/
v]tdf w]/} kfgL ePdf cfn' s'lxg] / afnLsf]
pTkfbgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ xF'bf cfjZostf
cg';f/sf] l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / kfgL w]/}
ePdf lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . sdL{ /ftf] sldnf
2. /ftf] sldnfn] ufh/ Psbd} dg k/fpg] x'Fbf

cfn' v]tLsf] jl/k/L lsgf/df ufh/ nufO
sldnfnfO{ ufh/k|lt cfslif{t u/fO{ cfn' afnLnfO{
sldnfsf] cfqmd0faf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
3. xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf c;'/f], lv/f]{ h:tf jfg:klts
/ h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ klg /ftf]
sldnfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
4. hUuf tof/L ubf{ ltt]kftL, agdf/f, s]t'sLsf] kft /ftf] sldnfsf] cfqmd0fn]
l5›f l5›f kf/]sf] cfn'
6'qmf kf/]/ @%)–#)) s]hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf] b/n]
k|of]u ubf{ /ftf] sldnfsf] k|sf]k sd ePsf] If]qLo
s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, efu]t8f, 8f]6Lsf] jfXo
cg';Gwfg :yn gjb'uf{ 88]Nw'/fsf] cg';Gwfg
kl/If0fdf kfOPsf] 5 .
5. gLdhGo laiffbL Phf8L/fS6Lg % ld=nL= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ tof/ ul/Psf] ld>0f cfn'sf]
af]6sf] km]b jl/kl/ !)) ld=nL= sf b/n] k|of]u /ftf] sldnf lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu
ubf{ /ftf] sldnfsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'G5 . If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›,
6. ufO{sf] d'q / ;'tL{sf] ld>0f -Ps efu uxF't / efu]t8f, 8f]6Ldf ;~rfng
ul/Psf] kl/If0f
kfFr efu kfgL ld;fP/_ tof/ ul/Psf] ld>0fdf
k|lt ln6/ kfFr u|fdsf] b/n] ;'tL{sf] w'nf] ld;fP/
cfn'sf] af]6 jl/kl/ !)) ld=nL= k|lt af]6sf] b/n]
cfn'df bfgf nfUg] / bf];|f] pkrf/ To;sf] #) lbg
kl5 ubf{ /ftf] sldnfsf] k|sf]k sd ePsf] kfOof].
7. kfp/f]6L jf ux'Fsf] /f]6Lsf] ;–;fgf 6'qmfx?
v]taf/Lsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf /flvlbg] / ef]lnkN6
/ftf] sldnf lgoGq0fsf] nflu
x]bf{ /flvPsf] :yfgdf /f]6Lsf] 6'qmfx? 5}g eg] ls;fgn] ltt]kftL, agdf/f,
ToxfF /ftf] sldnf 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . o;sf] nflu s]t'sLsf] kft 6'qmf kfb}{
Snf]/f]kfO{l/km; Snfl;s @)Ü O=;L= jf 8;{afg
@)Ü O=;L= dWo] s'g} Ps !=% ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ /f]6L jf kfp/f]6L ;f]
ljiffbLsf] emf]ndf 8'afP/ ljiffbLo'Qm rf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ /ftf] sldnfsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
8. v]taf/L tof/L ubf{ Snf]/f]kfO{l/km; 8;{afg !)Ü u]8f ljiffbL ! s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf]
b/n] k|of]u u/]/ klg /ftf] sldnfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lbk]z b'a]
If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›, efu]t8f, 8f]6L
kmf]g M )($–$!@!^@, (*$&!(!$@%
O{d]n M arsdoti@gmail.com
!=!( alQsf] kf;f]åf/f sL/fx?sf] ;j]{If0f
(Monitoring of insects through black light trap)
kl/ro
afnLgfnLdf nfUg] laleGg xfgLsf/s sL/fx?n] s[lif pTkfbgdf aif]{gL Xf; Nofpg'sf] ;fy;fy}
pTkfbg nfut ;d]t a9fpg] u/]sf] pbfx0fx? k|;:t} 5g\ . xfgLsf/s sL/fx?n] slxn], sxfF /
s'g afnLdf s;/L Iflt u5{g eGg] s'/f yfxf gx'bfF tLgsf] plrt Aoj:yfkg ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .
;a} sL/fx?sf] dxTj ;do / afnL cg';f/ km/s x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf] ca:yf cg';f/
sL/fx?sf] a[l4 lasf; x'g] x'Fbf hnjfo" kl/jt{sf] ;Gb{edf oLgLx?sf] ultljlw cWoog ug{'
cem al9 dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . w]/}h;f] /flqr/ :jefjsf sL/fx? k|sfzdf cfsif{0f x'g] x'bfF
oLgLx?sf] ;j]{If0f ug{ laleGg ljlwx? ckgfOPtf klg alQsf] kf;f] (Light trap) ljlw
;a}eGbf e/kbf]{, ;:tf] / l6sfp ljlw dflgG5 .
alQsf] kf;f] (Black light trap) dflyNnf]

of] alQsf] kf;f]df sL/fx? cfslif{t k|lqmof 5fgf] Aofkmn
cGo alQsf] kf;f]sf] h:t} g} xf] t/ sL/fx?sf] alQ
;+Vof / sL/fx?sf] k|sf/ ;fdfGo alQsf] kf;f] ;f]nL
sL/f ;+sng
eGbf al9 cfslif{t x'g'sf ;fy} laB'tzlSt afs;
klg sd vkt x'g] x'Fbf of] alQsf] kf;f] al9
:6of08
pkof]uL 5 . o;df k|of]u x'g] aNj !) b]lv !%
jf6 (Watt) ;Ddsf] laz]if k|sf/sf] 6o"j nfO6 alQsf] kf;f] -Black light trap_
xf] / o;n] #%) Gofgf]ld6/ wave length sf]
k|sfz la:tf/ ug]{ x'Fbf 6f9f 6f9f;Ddsf] sL/fx? ;d]t o;df cfslif{0f x'G5g\ . of] alQsf]
kf;f] k]G;fOne]lgof alQsf] kf;f] (Pennsylvania light trap) df cfwfl/t 5 . alQdf cfslif{t
sL/fx? $ j6f dbfgL h:tf] Aofkmndf 7f]lSsP/ ;f]nL (funnel) x'Fb} tNnf] txdf /flvPsf]
tvtf (chambers) df kg]{ x'Fbf al9 eGbf al9 sL/fx? o; kf;f]df ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fdfu|L laj/0f -lrqM !_ cfsf/

!= dflyNnf] 9sgL (top cover): @% OGr Aof;
@= h:tf kftf (GI sheet): @) u]h
#= Aofkmnsf] nDafO{ (baffle length): @) OGr
$= Aofkmnsf] rf}8fO {(baffle width): % OGr
%= kmg]nsf] d'vsf] Aof; (diameter of funnel): !@ OGr
^= kmg]nsf] tNnf] efusf] Aof; (end of funnel diameter): @ OGr
&= 6o"j nfO6 (capacity of light): !)–!% jf6sf]

sL/fx? ;+sng ug]{ afs; (Insects collection box)
sL/fx? ;+sng ug{ # b]lv % j6f ;Dd tvtfx?
(chambers) k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|To]s tvtfdf laleGg
cfsf/sf Kjfnx? ePsf kmnfd jf Pn'ldlgodsf hfnLx?
(sieves) k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df k|of]u x'g] hfnLx? /fVbf
dflyNnf] tvtfb]lv tNnf] tvtf;Dd 7'nf]b]lv ;fgf] Kjfn tvtfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] hfnLx?
ePsf hfnLx? ldnfP/ /fVg' kb{5 . oxfF lrq @ / # df
b]vfP h:t} dflyNnf] tvtfdf ;a}eGbf 7'nf sL/fx? h:t}M
laleGg 7'nf vfnsf /flqr/ k'tnLx?, lsyf]{x?, v'd|]x? cflb
hDdf x'G5g\, demf}nf vfnsf sL/fx? h:t}M vk6]sL/fx?,
x]lnsf]ekf{, kmf}hLsL/fx?, laleGg k|sf/sf kt]/f]x? cfbL dWo
v08df clg dl;gf vfnsf sL/fx? h:t}M cGgafnLdf nfUg] ltg}j6f tvtfdf ;+sng
uaf/f]x?, dl;gf vk6] sL/fx?, km8s]sL/fx? cfbL tNnf] ePsf sL/fx?
tvtfdf hDdf x'g] x'Fbf sL/fx? 5gf}6 (sorting) ug{ ;lhnf]
x'g] x'FbfjfnL Iflt sdx'b} jf gx'b} sL/fx? ;+sng u/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx? (Advantages)
!= cGo alQsf] kf;f]df eGbf o;df al9 k|sf/sf / al9 ;+Vofdf sL/fx? hDdf x'G5g\ .
@= o;df hDdf ePsf sL/fx? 5gf}6 sfo{ ;lhnf] x'g'sf] ;fy} klxrfgdf ;d]t ;lhnf]
x'g]b]lvG5 .
#= o;sf] ;a} efu vf]Ng ;lsg] ePsf]n] ;lhn} hxfF klg n}hfg ;lsG5 .
$= o;df k|of]u x'g] alQn] sd laB't vkt ug]{ ePsf]n] ;:tf] / al9 l6sfp x'G5 .
%= of] kf;f] cGt/fli6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]n] cg';Gwfg If]qdf o;sf]
laZjf; a9\g] / cg';Gwfg s[ltx? k|sf;gdf ;d]t d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
o;sf] k|of]udf b]lvPsf] sdLx? (Limitations)
!= of] alQsf] kf;f]df k|of]u x'g] 6o"j cGo 6o"j nfO6 h;/L hxfF Tolx gkfOg] x'Fbf lalu|Psf]
ca:yfdf ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] klg x'g ;S5 .
@= xfn g]kfndf k|of]u x'g] alQsf] kf;f]x? eGbf of] kf;f] t'ngfTds ?kdf dxËf] 5 .
#= o;df k|of]u x'g] 6o"j UV light df cfwfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf] o;df w]/} ;do;Dd ;Dk{sdf
/xFbf c;/ ug{ klg ;Sb5 eGg] wf/0ff sltko vf]hstf{n] u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ w]/}
cg';Gwfgstf{sf] egfO{df of] alQ ;'/lIft 5 eGg] g} kfOG5 .

3gZofd e08f/L
/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd /fdk'/, lrjtg
;Dks{M (*$%)^#(&$

!=@) t/af/] lnnL (Gladiolus) sf] v]tL k|ljlw
Unf8Lcf]n; Ps kl/ro
h'g km"nnfO{ sfl6;s]kl5 klg kfgLdf /fVbf w]/} lbg ;Dd /xG5
To:tf] km"nx?nfO{ s6 ˆnfj/ eGg] ul/G5 . k'ik v]tLsf] k|j4{gdf
s6ˆnfj/n] w]/} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 To;dWo] t/af/] km'n Ps
dxTjk"0f{ s6 ˆnfj/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt x'g'sf ;fy} ljleGg k|of]hgsf]
nflu k|of]u x'g] x'Fbf ahf/sf] dfu klg pRr /x]sf] 5| . sf7df8f+}df
dfq} x/]s lbg o;sf] ^,)))–*,))) uf]6f ;Dd dfu /x]sf] 5, h'g
s6 ˆnfj/ dWo] &)Ü ;Dd laqmL x'g]df kb{5 (Devtech,1995) .
k|z:t dfqfdf cfoft eO{/x]sf] of] km"n g]kfndf klg pTkfbg ug{
;s] ljb]zaf6 x'g] cfoftdf sdL eO{ cfly{s nfe a9fpg ;lsg]
b]lvG5 . o; n]vdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] t/af/] lnnLsf] v]tL k|ljlw
af/] hfgsf/L eO/x]sf] 5 .
xfjfkfgL
o;sf] v]tL ;d'G› ;txaf6 !)) b]lv @,&%) ld6/;Dd klg ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf] v]tL ubf{ af]6 j[l4sf] ;do, ufgf / ;]nf (corm and cormel) pTkfbgsf] ;dodf
pko'Qm df};d x'g' h?/L x'G5| / @%–#) l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd pko'Qm dflgG5 .
ufgfsf] 5gf}6
ufgf] (corm) 5gf}6 ubf{ ufgfsf] 3]/f slDtdf @=% ;]=dL= x'g'kb{5 . Aoj;flos ?kdf v]tL ubf{
ufgfsf] 3]/f @=%–#=) ;]=dL= x'g'kb{5 . ufgf w]/} ;do;Dd ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /xg] ePsfn] tLg
dlxgf k'/fgf] / ufgf]sf] cfwf/sf] 3]/fdf h/f lgl:sg] lala/f x'g' kb{5 . ;fgf ;]nfx¿af6 ufgf
aGg @) xKtf nfU5 eg] aLpaf6 ufgf] aGg #–$ jif{ nfU5 . / ufgf ag]kl5 dfq /f]Kgsf]
nflu tof/ x'G5 (Pant,@)!%_ .
ufgfsf] cGt/fli6«o :t/ -Grades_M
ufgfsf] :t/ 8fF7sf] nDafO k'l:ksf s}lkmot
-;]=ld=_ ;+Vof÷8fF7
Fancy )Grade A( >!)& !^ 1. 7"nf] ufgf -k|b;{gsf] nflu_ M
2. >%=! / #=*–%=! ;Dd
Special )Grade B( (^–!)^ !% 3. dWod ufgf -Joj;flos p2]Zo_M
4. #=@–#=* / @=% / #=@ ;Dd
Standard )Grade C( *!–(% !@ 5. !=(–@=%;Dd -Joj;flos p2]Zo_M
Utility )Grade D) <*! !) 6. ;fgf] ufgf -;]nf_M
!=#–!=( / !=)–!=# ;Dd

ufgfsf] ;'if'Kt ;do (Dormancy)
ufgf tyf ;]nfx? sl/a # dlxgf hlt ;'if'Kttf cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ufgf] /f]k]df
pld|b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ufgfnfO{ O{lykf]g !)) lk=lk=Pd= n] pkrf/ ubf{ jf ufgfnfO{ $%
8L=;]= tfkqmdsf] tftf]kfgLdf #) ldg]6;Dd 8'afPdf ufgfsf] ;'if'Kt agfpg] /;fog lgis[of
x'G5 . t]:t} yfof]o'/Lof !,)))–@,))) lk=lk=Pd= tyf Pg=P= P= n] pkrf/ ubf{ klg ;'if'Ktf
cj:yf x6fO{lbG5 .
df6f] tyf hUufsf] tof/L
Unf8Lcf]n; v]tL ubf{ k|f+ufl/s kbfy{ k|z:t ePsf] anf}6] jf bf]d6 df6f]df ul/Psf] v08df
lj?jf rfF8} pld|g], af]6 klg xnSs a9\g] / :j:y x'G5 . kfgL hDg] tyf cDnLo / Iffl/o
df6f]df o;sf] v]tL /fd|f] x'Fb}g . /f]Kg'eGbf Ps dlxgf cufl8 klxn] hUuf tof/ u/L sfnf]
Knfli6sn] Ps dlxgf;Dd df6f] 5f]k]/ /fv]df df6f]df ePsf emf/sf aLpx?, /f]u tyf
sL/fx?af6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 .
dnvfb
kfs]sf] uf]a/ dn k|lt /f]kgL @)–@% 8f]sf], 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL=, Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; $ s]=hL= /
o'l/of $=$ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] 5/L df6f]df ldnfpg' kb{5 . o'l/ofsf] cfwf efu lj?jf
# kft] ePkl5 uf]8d]n ubf{ lbg' kb{5 / afFsL efu lj?jf ^ kft] ePkl5 uf]8d]n ubf{ lbg'
kb{5| . tof/ ePsf] hUufdf Ps ufgf]af6 csf]{ ufgf] @) ;]=dL= / Ps xf/af6 csf]{ xf/ #)
;]=dL= km/s u/L ^–* ;]=dL= ulx/f]df /f]Kg' kb{5 .
/f]Kg] tl/sf
Unf8Lcf]n; t/fO{df >fjg dlxgf b]lv df3 dlxgf;Dd pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] jiff{tsf]
;dodf] kxf8df klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ufgf (Corm), ;]nf (cormel), aLpsf] ;fy} ;"Id
tGt'sf]ifaf6 klg k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ufgfnfO{ l;t e08f/af6 lgsfn]kl5 @–# lbg;Dd
5fofFdf /fvL Ps /ft kfgLdf 8'afP/ af]qmf x6fpg' kb{5 . af]qmf x6fO{ ;s]kl5 ufgfnfO{ )=@Ü
a]eLl:6gdf #) ldg]6 8'afP/ /fVg' kb{5 . df3sf] bf];|f] xKtfdf /f]k]sf] ufgf]af6 a}zfvsf]
klxnf] xKtfb]lv s6ˆnfj/ pTkfbg x'G5| .
l;rfO{ / uf]8d]n
Unf8Lcf]n; km"nsf] l;rfO{ df};d cg';f/ df6f]sf] lsl;d tyf df6f]sf] lr:ofg x]/]/ lgwf{/0f
ug{' kb{5 . uf]8d]n of] km"nsf] nflu lgs} g} cfjZos x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ emf/kftnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ xftn] uf]8d]n ug'{sf] ;fy} /f;folgs emf/gf;s ljiffbL klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

pTkfbg ;do
Unf8Lcf]n; km'nsf] dfu jif{ el/g} e}/xG5 . t/fO{df /fd|f] u'0f ePsf] Unf8Lcf]n; pTkfbg
>fjg dlxgf b]lv df3 dlxgf ;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 eg] jiff{tsf] ;dodf o;sf] pTkfbg kxf8df
klg ug{ ;lsG5 . jif{ el/ km"n laqmL ug{ !% of #) lbgsf] km/sdf of] km"nsf] ufgf] nufpg'
kb{5 . tfkqmd j[l4 ePsf] cj:yfdf] /fd|f] km"n pTkfbg gx'g] x'gfn] prLt hftsf] 5gf}6
cfjZos x'G5 .
s6ˆnfj/ sf6\g] ;do / pTkfbg pk/fGtsf sfo{x?

b'O{ j6f dflyNnf] kft -flag leaf_ /fvL km"nsf] 8fF7 ljxfg cyjf a]n'sLkv sf6]/ 8fF7nfO{
kfgLsf] ef8fdf 8'afP/ /fVg' kb{5 . sf6\bf klxnf] k'l:ksf
(First floret) sf] /+u b]lvPsf] / :yfgLo ahf/sf] nflu
klxnf] k'liksf v'n]sf] x'g'kb{5 . km"n, 8fF7sf] cfsf/, /+u,
Aof; / nDafO{ cg';f/ o;nfO{ u|]l8+u / Packaging sf]
nflu Corrugated Fiber Board sf] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 .
km'n sf6]sf] ^–* xKtf kl5 ufgf tyf ;]nf vGgsf] nflu
tof/ x'G5 . / vGg'eGbf @–# xKtf k"j{ g} l;+rfO{ aGb ug{'
kb{5 . vg]kl5 )=@Ü a]gf]dfO{n -a]gn]6_ sf] emf]ndf cfwf
306f pkrf/ u/L @–# 306f 5fofFdf ;'sfP/ lzte08f/df
$) ;]lN;o; sf] tfkqmddf e08f/0f ug{' kb{5 .
/f]ux?
88'jf /f]u
of] /f]u nfu]df ;]tf];]tf], nfDrf] k/]sf yf]Knfx? kftsf]
6'Kkf] efult/ b]vf kb{5 / lj:tf/} 7"nf] x'Fb} kftsf] tn
efudf klg km}ln+b} hfG5g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu
AnfO{6f]S;–%) 9';Lgf;s ljiffbL !% lbgsf] km/sdf @–#
k6s :k|] ug'{ kb{5 .
ô'hfl/od -Unf8Lcf]nL_
of] /f]u nfu]df kft / k'ik kq afËf], af]6 sDhf]/ cflb
x'G5g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu /f]u cj/f]ws hftsf]
k|of]u, kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; ;fy} e08f/0f k"j{ / /f]Kg'
cl3 ufgfsf] pkrf/ a]le:6Lg @–# u|fd k|lt s]=hL=
aLpsf] b/n] ug{' kb{5 .

af]6«Ll6; -Botrytis_M
of] /f]u nfu]df kftdf v}/f] yf]Knfsf] ;fy} k'ik kqdf kfgLn] leh]sf] h:tf] bfu -Water-soaked
spots_ b]lvG5 / kl5 v}/f] 9';Ldf kl/jt{g x'G5| . of] /f]u lr;f] / cf]l;nf] df};ddf nfUb5 .
o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;/;kmfO{ v]tL k|0ffnL g} pQd pkfo xf] . ;fy} 8fO{y]g Pd–$%, @–# u|fd
k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]nL x/]s !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5/]df of] /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
cf]O{nfpg] tyf 3fF6L s'lxg] /f]u -Wilt or collar rot_
of] /f]udf kftsf] cfsf/ ;fgf], kx]Fnf] / 3fF6Lsf] efudf v}/f]
yf]Knfx? b]lvG5g\ . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu /f]Kg' eGbf cl3 /
e08f/0f ug{' eGbf cl3 a]gf]dfO{n @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
3f]nL pkrf/ ug{' kb{5 . ;fy} Pp6} hldgdf nuftf/ @ jif{
eGbf a9L v]tL gug{' g} pko'Qm x'G5 .
sL/f tyf lgdf6f]8x?
km6\of+u|f sL/f
Unfl8of]n; la?jfsf] sf]lknfdf of] sL/fn] gf]S;fgL ug]{
ePsfn] Snf]/kfO{l/kmf]; sL6gfifs ljiffbL @ ld=ln= ! ln6/
kfgLdf /fvL :k|] u/]df lgoGq0f x'G5 .
nfxL -Aphids_
o;n] af]6sf] /; r';L a9\g lb+b}g / df];fos ljiff0f'sf] sf/s aGb5| . /f]u/ )=!Ü cyjf g'efg
)=!Ü ljiffbLn] o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 .
km8\s] sL/f -Thrips_
of] sL/fn] klg la?jfsf] /; r';L a9\g lbb}g . g'efsg )=!Ü ljiffbLn] o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;lsG5| .
lgdf6f]8x?
o;n] h/fdf ufF7f] kf/]/ (Root Knot) cfqmd0f ub{5 . 6]lds *–!) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/sf b/n]
k|of]u u/]df o;sf] lgoGq0f x'G5 . ;fy} afnLsf] aLrdf ;okqL km"n nufP/ klg lgoGq0f ug{
;lsG5 .
hLt gf/fo0f rf}w/L, ;lngf kGt
jfuafgL cg';Gwfg s]G›, b}n]v
;Dks{ g+= M )*(–$@)!%^

!=@! lsjL, gf;kftL tyf cf?jv8fsf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt d"No
clej[l¢s/0f k¢lt (Post Harvest Value Addition)
lsjLsf] klxnf] v]tL rLgaf6 z'? ePsf] xf] . k|foM h;f] lsjLsf hftx? c08f cfsf/sf sl/j
%–* ;]G6Lld6/ nfDrf / $=%–%=% ;]G6Lld6/ uf]nfOsf x'G5g\ . of] e'm;]bf/, lkmSsf xl/of]–v}/f]
/ ;'gf}nf] /+usf] x'G5 . of] kmn g/d / 5'§} jf:gf ePsf] x'G5 o;sf] Aoj;flos v]tL ;+;f/ e/
x'G5 . lsjL kmn l6k]sf] s]xL lbg jf ! xKtf leq kfS5 t/ ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf ;f]em} /fVg' x'Fb}g .
rfF8f] ksfpg lsjL kmnnfO{ :ofp, gf;kftL jf s]/f;Fu sfuhsf] Aofudf /fd|f];Fu e08f/0f
u/]df o;nfO{ ! b]lv @ xKtf;Dd gljlu|sg} /fVg ;lsG5 .
gf;kftL g]kfnsf] Pp6f /}yfg] kmnkm"n xf] . of] /];f / le6fldg æl;Æ sf] /fd|f] >f]t xf] . t/
o;sf] d"No clej[l4sf] cefjdf o;sf] /fd|f] pkof]u x'g gkfO{ j[mifsn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{
;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
To:t} cf?jvf8f klg g]kfnsf] /}yfg] kmn xf] . kfs]sf] cf?jv8fdf w"nf] ;]tf] /Ësf] sf]l6Ë
x'G5 / l6Kbf kfs]sf] 5 ls 5}g Psbd Wofg lbg'k5{ . gkfs]sf] kmn rfF8} lju|g] / sd
u'0f:t/sf] x'G5 . a9L kfs]sf] kmn g/d / v/fa jf:gf cfpg] x'G5 .
gf;kftL / cf?jv8f g]kfnsf /}yfg] kmnkm"n eP tfklg ltgLx?n] /fd|f] d"No gkfpg] / a9L
;do e08f/0f ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] ls;fgx?n] /fd|f] d"No kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . l;hgsf] j]nf
w]/} kmNg] t/ ahf/ d"No gkfpgfn] w]/} kmn Tolts} lju|]/ hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf kmnx?af6
d"No clej[l4 x'g] pTkfbgf]k/fGtsf k|zf]wg k4lQ ckgfpg ;s]df ls;fgx?n] a9L gfkmf
kfpg] / v]/ uO/x]sf kmnx? pkof]u x'g] b]lvG5 . To;sf ;fy} ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux?
;~rfngdf cfO{ /fi6«nfO{ klg kmnbfoL x'g] b]lvG5 .
lsjL
lsjLsf] ;fOh cg';f/ tLgj6f -7"nf], demf}nf / ;fgf]_ u|]l8Ë ul/Psf tfhf kmnx?df s'n
3'ngzLn 7f]; qmdzM !!=), *=) / !)=%o (Brix Bx) kfOof] . Ps xKtf kl5 qmdzM !%=),
!(=) / !%=)o BX kfOof] . To:t} kmnsf] clDnokgf tfhfdf qmdz M !=&*, !=*$ / !=%^Ü /
Ps xTtf kl5 kfs]sf] kmnx?df !=$(, !=&* / !=$@Ü -;fOl6«s Pl;8_ kfOof] . h;af6 s'n
3'ngzLn 7f]; kfs] kl5 a9g] / cDntf kfs] kl5 36\g] tYo k|fKt eof] . To:t} h';sf] k|ltzt
klg kfs]kl5 a9\g] kfOof] -tfhfdf $#=#^Ü / kfs]kl5 &@=%)Ü_ . kfs]sf] lsjLdf kfgLsf]
dfqf, k|f]l6g, qm'8 kmfOj/, / v/fgL qmdz M *!=(!, (=$*, !=&* / )=%*Ü kfOof] .
;'sfOPsf] lsjL
lsjLsf] u'lnof] rfgf b'O{ k|sf/n] agfpg ;lsG5 Ps k|sf/n] c:df]l6s k|s[of / bf]>f] lrgLdf
3f]n]/ . c:df]l6s k|s[ofjf6 agfpbf lsjLnfO{ rfgf agfP/ $)Ü lrgLsf] 3f]n -! ln6/
kfgLdf $)) u|fd lrgL_ df b'O{ w06f /fVg] / To;kl5 #%–$))C tfkqmddf ;f]nf/ 8«fo/df

b'O{ lbg ;'sfP/ rfgf tof/ ug]{ . o;/L agfOPsf] rfgf s'n
3'ngzLn 7f]; @#=% o BX / hnfD; !)=&#Ü kfOof] .
lrgLdf 3f]n]/ u'lnof] lsjLsf] rfgf agfpFbf tf}nsf] cfwf/df Ps efu
rfgf / Ps efu lrgL ld;fO{ !@ 306f /fVg] / To;kl5 #%–$)) C
tfkqmddf ;f]nf/ 8«fo/df b'O{ lbg ;'sfP/ rfgf tof/ ug]{ . o;/L
agfOPsf] rfgfdf s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; @(=^& o Bx / hnfD; !@=#*Ü
kfOof] . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] rfgfx? kf]lnlyg Knfli6sdf Eofs'd
Kofs u/]/ ^ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsg] tYo k|fKt eof] .
lsjLsf] /]8L 6' ;e{ k]o -RTS_ h'; agfpg] tl/sf
lsjLsf] /]8L 6' ;e{ k]o (RTS) agfpFbf lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;kmf kfs]sf] lsjLnfO{ af]qmf tf5\g] clg h'; lgsfNg] / dndnsf]
sk8fdf 5fGg] . o;/L lgsflnPsf] ! lsnf] h';df $ ln6/ kfgL
/fVg], %&) u|fd lrgL ld;fpg] / /fd|f];Fu 3f]Ng] h;n] ubf{ s'n
3'ngzLn 7f]; (TSS) !$o Bx k'¥ofpg] . o;/L agfOPsf] h';nfO{
lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf -tftf] kfgLdf !) ldg]6;Dd /fv]/ pdflnPsf]_
l;;fsf] af]tndf 3fF6L;Dd el/g] u/L /fVg] / xfjf gl5g]{ u/L lasf{]
nufpg] . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] h';nfO{ ^ dlxgf ;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg
;lsG5 .
cf?jv8f
kfs]sf] cf?jvf8fdf s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; -TSS_ (=@$o BX / cDntf !=&^Ü -;fOl6«s Pl;8_
kfOof] .
8«fO8 cf?jv8f -;'sfOPsf]_
cf?jv8fsf] u'lnof] rfgf agfpFbf kfs]sf] kmnnfO{ /fd|f];Fu
kvfNg], rfgf kfg]{ / c:df]l6s k|s[of cg';f/ tf}nsf] cfwf/df
@ efu rfgf / Ps efu lrgL ld;fO{ Ps lbg /fVg] -h;n]
ubf{ rfgfaf6 kfgL lg:sG5_ / #%–$)) ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf
;f]nf/ 8«fo/df b'O{ lbg ;'sfpg] / kf]lnlyg Knfli6sdf /fVg] /
l;n ug]{ .
cf?jv8fsf] h'; b'O{ tl/sfn] lgsfNg ;lsG5 . klxnf] h'; PS;6«ØfS6/af6 / k]lS6g]h
OghfOd /fv]/ . h'; PS6«ØfS6/af6 ;kmf cf?jv8fnfO{ cfwf sf6\g], ljofF lgsfNg] / h';
PS;6«ØfS6/af6 k]Ng] . o;/L lgsflnPsf] h';sf] kl/df0f &%Ü, s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; !!=*o Bx
/ cDntf !=*(Ü -;fOl6«s Pl;8_ kfOof] .

bf]>f] tl/sfaf6 h'; lgsfNg cf?jvf8fnfO{ ;kmf u/L ljofF lgsfNg] / u'9L agfpg] .
lgsflnPsf] u'bLdf k]lS6g]h OGhfOd @*) ldln u|fd k|lt s]=hL= u'bL /fv]/ !@ 306f;Dd /fVg]
/ To;kl5 dndnsf] sk8fn] 5fGg] . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] h';sf] kl/df0f *@=%Ü s'n
3'ngzLn 7f]; -TSS_, !)=&ô Bx / cDntf !=*(Ü -;fOl6«s Pl;8_ kfOof] .
cf?jv8fsf] /]8L 6' ;e{ k]o (RTS) h';
cf?jv8fnfO{ ;kmf kfgLdf kvfNg], sf6\g], ljofF lgsfn]/ u'bL agfpg] /
dndnsf] sk8fdf 5fg]/ h'; lgsfNg] . o;/L lgsflnPsf] ! lsnf]
h';df #=$ ln6/ kfgL /fVg], %&) u|fd lrgL ld;fpg] / /fd|f];Fu 3f]Ng] /
h';nfO{ Pp6f efF8f]df /fvL plDnPsf] tftf] kfgLdf !) ldg]6 8'afP/
lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ To;kl5 ;Dd !) ldg]6 pdfn]/ lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf]
l;;fsf] af]tndf 3fF6L;Dd el/g] u/L /fVg] / xfjf gl5g]{ u/L lasf]{
nufpg] / kfZr'/fOh u/L lr;f] 7fpFdf e08f/0f u/L /fVg] . o;/L tof/
ul/Psf] h';nfO{ ^ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 .
cf?jv8fsf] Nofb/
cf?jv8fnfO{ ;kmf kfgLdf /fd|f] ;+u kvfNg], ljofF lgsfnL
u'bL agfpg] . h;sf] TSS !)=& o Bx x'G5 / lrgLsf] w"nf]
%) u|fd k|lt s]=hL= u'9Ldf /fvL TSS !%=&o Bx agfpg] .
o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] u'bLnfO{ :6Lnsf] 6«]df lkmhfpg] -!
;]G6Lld6/ jfSnf]_ / Soflag]6 8«fo/df &)) ;]lN;o;
tfkqmddf !@ 306f;Dd ;'sfpg], lr;f] kfg]{ / Knfli6ssf]
kfprdf Kofs ug]{ . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] Nofb/sf] kl/df0f
#%Ü x'g hfG5 .
gf;kftL
kfs]sf] gf;kftLsf] h';sf] dfqf, hnfD;, eid, k|f]l6g, s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; -TSS) / cDntf
qmdzM &$=)@, *^=%$, )=#$Ü, )=^( o BX / )=#)Ü -;fOl6«s Pl;8_ kfOof] .
8«fO8 -;'sfOPsf]_ g;kftL
kfs]sf] gf;kftLnfO{ kfgLdf kvfNg], af]qmf lgsfNg] / !
;]lG6ld6/ afSnf] rfgf kfg]{ / Sofljg]6 8«fo/df ^))
;]lN;o; tfkqmddf # 306f jf ;f]nf/ 8«fo/ jf 3fddf
g;'s];Dd ;'sfpg] . ;'s]sf] rfgfx?nfO{ Knfli6ssf]
kfprdf Kofs ug]{ . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] 8«fO8
gf;kftLnfO{ ^ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 .

gf;kftLsf] /]8L 6' ;e{ (RTS) h'; agfpg]
gf;kftLsf] /]8L 6' ;e{ (RTS) k]o agfpFbf gf;kftLnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ / h'; lgsfNg] .
k|lt s]=hL= h';df @) u|fd lrgL /fvL 3f]Ng] / h';nfO{ plDnPsf] tftf] kfgLdf !)
ldg]6 /fv]/ lgd{nLs/0f u/L !) ldg]6 pdfn]/ lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] l;;fsf]
af]tndf 3fF6L;Dd el/g] u/L /fVg] / xfjf gl5g]{ u/L lasf]{ nufO{ kfZr'/fOh ug]{ .
lsjL, gf;kftL / cf?jv8fsf] hfd
/fd|f /fd|f kmn 5gf]6 u/L kvfn]sf] kmnnfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] /fd|f] ;Ë kvfNg] / af]qmf, laofF, sf]of
tyf cGo vfg gx'g] kbfy{ kmnaf6 x6fO{ ;kmf;Fu lgsfNg] . xft] kNk/af6 dl;gf] u'bL
agfpg], d]lzg gePdf kmnnfO{ kfSg] u/L pl;g]/ v'F8]/ n]bf] agfpg klg ;lsG5 . o;/L
agfPsf] n]bf]nfO{ hf]Vg]÷ tf}n ug]{] . hfd agfpFbf Ps lsnf]u|fd u'bLdf Ps lsnf]u|fd lrgL
/fVg] ul/G5 t/ a9L u'lnof] kmn ePdf lrgL s]xL sd dfqfdf /fv] k'U5 . cldnf] -;fOl6«s
Pl;8_ lrgL / k]lS6g /fd|f] ;Gt'ng ePdf hfd /fd|f] aGg] ePsf]n], cldnf] 7Ls dfqfdf
ld;fpg] . To; kl5 cfNd'lgod jf l:6nsf] l8SrLdf /fvL rsf]{ cfuf]df ksfpg] . hfd
agfpFbf o;sf] s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ -u'lnof]kgsf] dfqf_ ^*=% k|ltzt x'g] u/L ksfpg] .
hfd kfs] gkfs]sf] yfxf kfpg Ps lunf; kfgLdf kfls/x]sf] Ps yf]kf hfd xfNg] . o;/L
hfdsf] yf]kf kfgLdf glkm+lhOsg lunf;sf] lk+wdf a:of] eg] hfd kfs]sf] / lkwdf gk'Ub}
lunf;sf] kfgLdf lkmlhg uof] eg] ksfpg k'u]sf] 5}g eGg] yfxf x'G5 . Ps yf]kf kfSb} u/]sf]
hfdnfO{ l/k|mØfS6f] ld6/af6 u'lnof]kg x]/L hfd kfs] gkfs]sf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . hfd kfSgnfO{
o;sf] u'lnof]kg ^* k|ltzt x'g' k5{ . hfd kfs]kl5 vfg x'g] /Ë, jf:gf dfq ld;fpg'
k5{ . cfjZos dfqfsf] /Ë clnslt kfgLdf 3f]nL hfddf xfNg] / kl5 jf:gf ld;fP/
/fd|f];Fu ld;fpg' k5{ . o;/L kfs]sf] hfdnfO{ ;kmf tyf ;'Vvf af]6ndf tft\tft} eg'{
k5{ . hfd eg]{ af]6n / ljsf]{nfO{ plDnPsf] kfgLdf s]xLa]/ 8'afP/ ;'Vvfu/]sf] af]6n
tyf ljsf]{ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . hfd k'/f ;]nfP kl5 dfq ljsf]{ 6Dd aGb u/L, lr;f] tyf
;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg' k5{ .

/f]dg sfsL{, cRo't ld>, k|lj0f cf]sf, pHHjn ;'j]bL
vfB cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/
;Dks{ g++=M )!–%%$$$%(

!=@@ x/d]l6s aLp e08f/0f k|ljlw
aLpsf] u'0f:t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod ug{ kf]i6 xfe]{i6 Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ;'/lIft aLp
e08f/0f dxTjk"0f sfo{ xf] . ;'/lIft aLp e08f/0fsf] nflu aLpnfO{ lglZrt lr:ofgdf
e08f/0f ug{' kb{5 . aLp tyf cgfh e08f/0fdf xfn;fn w]/} lsl;dsf x/d]l6s :6f]/]h
Aofux? ahf/df cfPsf 5g\ . oL Aofux?df cgfh tyf aLpnfO{ /fd|/L ;'sfO{ ;'/lIft
lr:ofgdf sl/a !$ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg ;lsg] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . oL
Aofux?df aflx/sf] lr:ofg tyf clS;hg xfjf leq k|j]z ug{ ;Sb}g . clS;hg xfjfsf]
cefjdf af]/f leq /x]sf sL/f tyf 9';Lsf] j[l4 klg x'g kfpFb}g . ePsf sL/fx? klg clS;hg
xfjfsf] cefjdf db{5g\ . oL x/d]l6s y}nfx? ;fwf/0f Knfli6s y}nf eGbf cln km/s vfnsf
x'G5g\ . x/d]l6s Aofux? w]/} tx ldnfP/ tof/ ePsf x'G5g\ . aLrsf] txn] lr:ofg / xfjf
k|j]znfO{ /f]Sb5 . oL Aofux?nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{ aflx/L y}nfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . aflx/sf] se/
h'6sf] af]/f jf Knfli6s y}nf h] ePklg x'G5 . o:tf xd]{l6s y}nfaf6 cgfh, aLp tyf cGo
vfBkbfy{sf] jf:gf aflx/ gcfpg] ePsf]n] d';f cflb ;d]tn] b'Mv lb+b}g . b}jLk|sf]ksf] a]nf
klg o:tf Aofux?df vfBfGg ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 . oL Aofuaf6 lr;f] leq k:g kfpFb}g .
cgfh, aLp / cGo vfB kbfy{x? e08f/0f ubf{ y}nfdf d'v afFWg ldNg] u/L eg]{ / leqsf]
xfjfnfO{ lgsfNb} d'v a6fg]{ / ;'tnLn] /fd|f];+u afFWg] . oL Aofux?df d'v afFWg] ns -aGw
u/fpg] k|ljlw_ klg pknAw x'G5g\ . ns vf]Ng / aGbug{ cf}+nfn] a6g lyRg' kb{5 . o:t}
lsl;dsf 7"nf 7"nf xd]{l6s Aofu -s's'gx?_ klg ahf/df pknAw 5g\ . oL s's'gdf /fd|/L
;'s]sf] aLp, cgfhsf af]/fx? /fvL ns ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ aflx/sf] lr:ofgleq k:g
kfpFb}g / nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 . oL e08f/0f ;fdfu|Ldf s'g} klg ljifflbsf]
k|of]u ug'{ gkg]{ x'Fbf dfgj :jf:Yosf] nflu ;d]t /fd|f 5g\ .
aLp lj1fg k|ljlw dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/df ul/Psf] ds} aLp e08f/0f ;DalGw kl/If0fdf xd]{l6s
Jofux?nfO{ :yflgo e08f/0f ;fdfu|L;Fu bfFlhPsf] lyof] . o; kl/If0fdf kf]lifnf] ds}–! /
dgsfdgf–$ ds}sf] aLpnfO{ d]6n aLg, Knfli6s n]ldg]6]6 dnsf] af]/f, £ofDkf], u|]g k|f] Aofu
/ lkS; Aofudf !$ dlxgf;Dd e08f/0f uul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s @, @ dlxgfdf aLpsf] gd"gf
lemsL aLpsf] pdf/ zlQm / lr:ofgsf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . ds} aLpnfO{ b'O{ j6f lr:ofg -
* b]lv !) / !! b]lv !# k|ltzt_ sfod u/L e08f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . d]6n aLg, u|]g k|f] Aofu
/ lkS; Aofudf ds} aLp !$ dlxgf;Dd e08f/0f u/L /fVbf klg pdf/ zlQm h:tfsf] t:t} -
() k|ltzt eGbf a9L_ sfod ePsf] kfOof] eg] lr:ofgsf] dfqf klg w]/} 36a9 gePsf] kfOof]
-tflnsf ! / @_ . Knfli6s n]ldg]6]6 dnsf] af]/f tyf £ofDkf]df $ dlxgf;Dd dfq aLp
;'/lIft /x]sf] kfOof] . af]/f / £ofDkf]df lr:ofgsf] k|j]z a9L ePsf]n] aLpsf] u'0f:t/ nfdf]
;do;Dd sfod x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] .

t;y{ yf]/} nufgLdf aLp tyf cgfhnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg xd]{l6s :6f]/]h
Aofux?sf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 . oL Aofux? xn'sf ePsf]n] 9'jfgL ug{ ;d:of kb}{g /
/fd|f];Fu k|of]u u/]df @, # k6s;Dd k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
ljleGg e08f/0f ;fdfu|Ldf dgsfdgf $ ds}sf] pdf/zlQm -k|ltzt_
e08f/0f ;fdfu|L @ dlxgf $ dlxgf ^ dlxgf * dlxgf !) dlxgf !$ dlxgf
d]6n aLg (* (& (& (& (^ (^
dnsf] af]/f (& (% &^ #) #) !*
u|]gk|f] Aofu (* (* (* (% (% (%
£ofDkf] (% (% && $@ !( (
lkS; Jofu (* (^ (^ (^ (^ (^
ljleGg e08f/0f ;fdfu|Ldf dgsfdgf $ ds}sf] lr:ofg -k|ltzt_

e08f/0f ;fdfu|L @ dlxgf $ dlxgf ^ dlxgf * dlxgf !) dlxgf !$ dlxgf
d]6n aLg (=# (=$ *=^ (=$ (=* (=(
dnsf] af]/f !!=& !!=( !@=! !#=^ !%=# !@=&
u|]gk|f] Aofu (=@ (=# *=% (=# (=* (=&
£ofDkf] !)=& !!=& !!=^ !#=* !^=@ !#=^
lkS; Jofu *=& *=* *=) (=) (=^ (=^
lkS; Aofu d]6n aLg, £ofDkf]

8f=tf/faxfb'/ l3ld/], uf]kfn e08f/L
aLp lj1fg k|ljlw dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/ nlntk'/
;Dds{ g+= M (&)!)@#%$)

@= kz' tyf dT:o
@=! a+u'/sf] tfhf aLo{af6 s[lqd uef{wfg k|ljlw
pGgt gZnsf] efn] a+u'/af6 tfhf aLo{ ;+sng ug]{ k|ljlw Ps ;kmn / s[ifssf] nflu
nfebfos k|ljlw l;4 ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu tfnLd k|fKt efn] a+u'/nfO{ s[lqd kf]yLa+u'/ -
8DdL_ dfly r9fO{G5 / k|fljlwsaf6 efn] a+u'/sf] lnË ;dft]/ aLo{ ;+sng ul/G5 . lnË
lg:sg] dflyNnf] kl§ ePsf] 8fOel6{s'nddf hDdf ePsf] lk;fj aflx/ kmfn]/ k]k/ 6fj]nn] lnË
/fd|/L k'5]kl5 kGhf nufPsf] xftn] pQ]lht lnËsf] 6'Kkf]nfO{ ;dfltG5 . To;sf] s]xL
;dokl5 a+u'/n] cuf8L ws]Ng /f]S5 / aLo{ :vng z'? x'G5 . aLo{ 5fGg] lkmN6/ /fv]/ skdf
aLo{ ;+sng ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof # b]lv ^ ldg]6df :vng k'/f x'g] ePtfklg !% ldg6 ;Dd
klg nfUg ;Sb5 . Pp6f efn] a+u'/af6 Psk6sdf !)) b]lv %)) ld=ln= ;Dd aLo{ ;+sng
x'G5 . afx| dlxgfeGbf a9L pd]/sf] efn] a+u'/af6 xKtfdf b'O{ kN6 aLo{ ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+sng kZrft k|zf]wg u/L u'0f:t/ -afSnf] jf kftnf]_ x]/L t/n aLo{sf] dfqf agfO{G5 /
la:tf/} sf]7fsf] @# l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmdddf #-$ 306f /fv]/ !& l8u|L ;]lN;o;df e08f/0f
ul/G5 . Ps xKtfdf b'O{ k6s aLo{ ;+sng ubf{ z'qmsL6sf] 3gTjdf sdL gx'g] ePsf]n] olx
k4lt cg';/0f ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fgf] pd]/sf] a+u'/df aLo{sf] 3gTj sd x'G5 eg] * b]lv !@
dlxgf pd]/ k'u]sf efn]sf k|To]s :vngdf $) b]lv %) ca{ z'qmsL6 x'G5g\ . Ps dfqfdf @
b]lv % ca{ ;fdfGo z'qmsL6 /flvg] ePsf]n] Ps k6ssf] :vngaf6 !) b]lv !% dfqf -8f]h_
t/n aLo{ tof/ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu aLo{
;+u la:tf/s -PS:6]08/_ ld;fO{G5 h;n]
aLo{df z'Id hLjf0f'sf] a[l4 /f]S5 ;fy}
z'qmsL6nfO{ kf]if0f tTj cfk"lt{ u5{ . o;/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] aLo{sf] 3f]nnfO{ *) ld=ln=
sf]] Ps 8f]h agfO{ Knfli6ssf] 6\o'adf
xflnG5 . t/n aLo{nfO{ l;d]g s'n/sf]
tfkqmd !& l8u|L ;]N;Lo;df % lbg ;Dd
e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
a+u'/df s[lqd uef{wfg k|ljlw
s[lqd uef{wfgsf] nflu Sofy]6/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 h;sf] 6'Kkf] kf]yL a+u'/sf] ;le{S;sf] d'vdf
k'u]/ /f]sfj6 ePsf] dx;'; geP ;Dd 3';fpg' kb{5 . :kfO{/n l6K8 Sofy]6/nfO{ 3l8sf] ;'O{
3'dfOPsf] pN6f] lbzfdf 3'dfp+b} lj:tf/} 3r]6L ;le{S;df c8\sfpg' kb{5 .

kf]yLa+u'/df Ct'sfn k|f/De ePsf] s/La $) 306f kl5 cf]e'n];g x'g] x'gfn] ;a} eGbf /fd|f]
uef{wfgsf] ;do xL6 k|f/De ePsf] @* 306f -s/La ! lbg_ kl5 x'G5 . s[lqd uef{wfg ug'{
eGbf #) ldg]6 cuf8L lr:ofO{ /fv]sf] af]tn jf 6\o'a aflx/ l´s]/ Gofgf] x'g lbg] . k|of]u ug{
nfUbf z'qmsL6 ´f]ndf k}mlnof]; elg aLo{ af]tn÷6\o'anfO{ la:tf/} xNnfpg] . To; kl5
af]tnsf] 6'Kkf] cyjf 6\o'a;+u Sofy]6/sf] k]mb
hf]8]/ aLo{ eg]{ . Sofy]6/ kf]yLa+u'/sf] of]gLleq
k;fpg' cl3 o;sf] 6'Kkf]df yf]/} aLo{ v;fnL
lrKnf] agfpg' k5{ . of]gLsf] åf/nfO{ cln vf]n]/
Sofy]6/ lj:tf/} dflylt/ of]gLdf 3';fpg' k5{ .
o;f] ubf{ Sofy]6/sf] 6'Kkf] of]gLdf v'Ng] o'/]y|fdf
gl5g]{ olsg ug'{ k5{ .
of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L xfn ;Dd If]=s[=c=s]=,
t/x/f, ;'g;/Ldf #^ j6f dfpaf6 @!! j6f
kf7fkf7L hlGdPsf 5g\ eg] ljleÌ ls;fgsf] !!% j6f a+u'/df tfhf aLo{af6 s[ltd uef{wfg
ul/Psf]df *$ k|ltzt ;kmn -Conception_ ePsf] 5 . /fd|f] efn] a+u'/sf] Ps k6s :vlnt
aLo{af6 !) b]lv !% kf]yLdf uef{wfg ug{ ;lsG5 . kmn:j?k a+u'/sf] ayfgdf b|"t ultn]
cfg'af+lzs ;'wf/sf ;Defjgfx? a9fpF5 . aLo{ sd tfkqmddf e08f/0f ul/g] x'+bf h'g;'s}
;dodf klg uef{wfg u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;n] of}g ;+;u{af6 x'g ;Sg] ;+qmd0f Go"g x'G5 .
k|fs[lts uef{wfgdf efn]sf] Joj:yfkgdf nfUg] vr{ eGbf s[lqd uef{wfgdf ;:tf] x'G5 .
s[lqd uef{wfgaf6 xf8gftf k|hgg\nfO{ ;d]t /f]Sg ;lsG5 . xf8gftf k|hgg\af6 kf7fkf7L yf]/}
hlGdg] / sd af+Rg] x'G5g .

/fdb]j k08Lt, zs'Gtnf /fO
If]lqo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, t/x/f, ;'g;/L

@=@ afv|fkfngsf Joj;flos df]8nx?
kz'kfng Joj;fodf afv|fkfng Ps cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . Aoj;flos afv|kfnfgdf
aw'jf k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut r/0f k|0ffnLsf] pko'Qm ljsNksf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . aw'jf k|0ffnLdf
Aoj;flos afv|fkfngsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu ljleGg ;+Vofdf /x]sf] ayfgsf] nflu Psd'i7 k|ljlwsf]
cfjZostf cg'?k !), @% / $) ;+Vofsf] dfp ayfgsf] nflu afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G›, aGbLk'/,
tgx'Fdf Ps cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] lyof] . h;sf nflu 8fn]3fF; / e'O3fF;sf] nfut, vf]/sf] nfut
/ cGo afv|f kfng ;DalGw lgDgfg';f/sf] dfkb08x?nfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] .
 afv|fnfO{ zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] $ k|ltztsf] b/n] ;'Vvf kbfy{ lbg] .
 *% k|ltzt ;'Vvf kbfy{ ePsf] bfgf jo:s afv|fnfO{ lbgsf] !%) u|fd / kf7f
kf7LnfO{ lbgsf] &% u|fdsf] b/n] lbg] .
 dfp afv|fn] jif{sf] @=%% kf7f kf7L Aofpg] -b'O jif{df # k6s h;df PskN6sf]
h'DNofxf_
 dfp afv|fsf] tf}n #) s]= hL= .
 Aof8] af]sfsf] tf}n %) s]= hL= .
 kf7f kf7Lsf] tf}n !% s]= hL= .
 a;{df # k6s cfGtl/s k/hLlj lj?4 cf}iflw v'jfpg] .
 jif{df @ k6s jfXo k/hLlj lj?4 8LlKk+u ug]{ .
 Aof8] af]sf / dfp afv|fsf] cg'kft !M#) sf] b/df /flvPsf] .
3fF; pTkfbgsf] cEof; M
 Ps /f]kgL hUufdf l;lNjkf:r/ df]8]ndf 3fF; v]tL ubf{ % cf]6f dfp afv|fnfO{ k|z:t
3fF; k'Ug] .
 3fF;sf] cf}ift ;'Vvf kbfy{sf] dfqf @% k|ltzt .
ljleGg aw'jf k|0ffnL df]8]nnfO{ 3fF; v]tLsf] nflu rflxg] hUuf
df]8]n dfp afv|fsf] ;+Vof rflxg] hUuf
! !) @ /f]kgL -)=! x]S6/_
@ @% % /f]kgL -)=@% x]S6/_
# $) * /f]kgL -)=$) x]S6/_

l;lNjkf:r/ df]8]ndf 8fn]3fF; v]tLsf] /0fgLlt
l;=g+= 8fn]3fF; 8fn]3fF;sf] ;+Vof xl/of] hDdf xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg
pTkfbg÷?v -s]=hL=_
!) @% dfp $) dfp -s]=hL=_ @ % /f]kgL * /f]kgL
dfp df]8]n df]8]n /f]kgL
df]8]n
! Olkn Olkn % !% @) #% !&% %@% &))
@ lsDa' % !% @) @& !#% $)% %$)
# kfv'/L % !) @) !$) &)) !$)) @*))
$ a8x/ % !) @) !@% ^@% !@%) @%))
% 6f+FsL % !% @) &) #%) !)%) !$))
^ sf]O/fnf] % !) @) !)% %@% !)%) @!))
& asfOgf] % !) @) !)) %)) !))) @)))
* sfj|f] % !% @) !%) &%) @@%) #)))
( s'6\dL/f] % !) @) *) $)) *)) !^))
!) baba] / /fO vgfof] % !% @) !@% ^@% !*&% @%))
hDdf 8fn]3fF; %) !@% @)) $&*% !!^)% !(!$)
l;lNjkf:r/ df]8]ndf e'OF3fF; v]tLsf] /0fgLlt M
l;= g+= e'OF3fF; 3fF; nufpg] If]qkmn xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg -6g hDdf xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg
-/f]kgL_ / x]=_ -s]= hL=_
! :6fO{nf] )=% !=% @ *=% @!@% ^#&% *%))
@ g]lko/ )=% !=% @ !%) #&%)) !!@%)) !%))))
# h} )=% !=) @ %) !@%)) @%))) %))))
$ a/l;d )=% !=) @ $) !)))) @)))) $))))
hDdf xl/of] 3fF; ^@!@% !^#*&% @$*%))
8fn]3fF; / xl/of] 3fF; hDdf ^^,(!) !&%,$*) @^&,^$)
ljleGg ;+Vofsf] dfp afv|f df]8nsf] nflu rflxg] ;'Vvf kbfy{:

df]8n dfpsf] Aof8] kf7f kf7f hDdf cfjZos cfjZos /0fgLlt a9L x'g]
tf}n af]sfsf] kf7Lsf] kf7Lsf] tf}n ;'Vvf kbfy{ xl/of] 3fF; cg';f/ xl/of]
tf}n ;+Vof tf}n / jif{ / jif{ xl/of] 3fF; /
-zf/Ll/s 3fF; jif{
tf}nsf] $ pTkfbg
k|ltzt_
!) dfp !) x !x%) = @=%% x @%=% x &## !),(%) $#,*)) ^^,(!) @#,!!)
df]8n #) = %) !) !% = #*# s]=hL= s]=hL= s]=hL= s]=hL= s]=hL=
#)) s]=hL= =@%=% s]=hL=
s]=hL=
@% dfp @% x ! x %) @=%% x ^#=&% x !&%& @%,(!% @% dfp @% x ! x %)
df]8n #) = = %) @% = !% = (%& s]=hL= s]=hL= df]8n #) = = %)
&%) s]=hL= ^#=&% s]=hL= &%) s]=hL=
s]=hL= s]=hL=
$) dfp $) x @ x %) @=%% x !)@ x!% @*#) $!,^!) !^^,$$) @^&,^$ !)!,@))
df]8n #) = = !)) $) = !%#) s]=hL= s]=hL= s]=hL= ) s]=hL= s]=hL=
!@)) s]=hL= =!)@ s]=hL=
s]=hL=
o;/L x]bf{ 8fn]3fF; / e'OF3fF; nufpg] /0fgLlt ckgfpFbf k|To]s df]8ndf 3fF;sf] pTkfbg
rflxg] eGbf a8L b]lvG5 .

:jf:Yo Joj:yfkgsf] cEof;
Aoa;flos afv|f kfngdf afv|fsf] :jf:Yon] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . afv|fsf] :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ ug]{ /f]ux? dWo] laiff0f'af6 nfUg] kL= kL= cf/= nfO{ ;a} eGbf 3fts dflgG5,
To;}n] jif}{lkR5] afv|fx?nfO{ kL= kL= cf/= lj?4 vf]k lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . To];}u/L afv|fsf] :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{df cfGtl/s k/hLla / afXo k/hLlasf] klg pNn]Vo c;/ /lx/x]sf] x'G5 .
afv|fsf] cfGtl/s k/hLla dWo] uf]nf] h'sfn] afv|fsf] pTkfbsTj 36fpg] / clt al9 g}
;+qmldt cj:yfdf afv|fsf] d[To' ;d]t u/fpg] ub{5 . To;}n] cGtl/s k/hLla la?4 plrt
cf}iflwx? -cNa]G8fhf]n, km]+a]G8fhf]n, OToflb_ jif{sf] tLg k6s rf/ dlxgfsf] km/sdf
v'jfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t}, jfXo k/hLlasf] xsdf jif{sf] b'O{ k6s -r}q / c;f]h dlxgfdf_
plrt ls6gfzssf] kfgLdf afv|fnfO{ g'xfO{lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L b}lgs ?kdf h'Qf]sf] ;kmfO{
/ dlxg}lkR5] ls6gfzs cf}iflwn] vf]/sf] ;kmfO{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
vf]/ tyf ayfg Aoa:yfkgsf] cEof;
afv|fsf] vf]/ agfpFbf dfp afv|f, Aof8] af]sf / kf7fkf7Lsf] 7fpFsf] cfjZostf cg';f/
agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 h'g o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
o dfp afv|fsf] nflu ! ju{ ld6/
o Aof8] af]sfsf] nflu !=% ju{ ld6/
o kf7fkf7Lsf] nflu )=% ju{ ld6/
o;} cg'?k !) dfp df]8n, @% dfp df]8n / $) dfp df]8nsf] nflu vf]/sf] 7fpF o; k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 .
O{sfO{ !) dfp df]8n @% dfp df]8n $) dfp df]8n
dfp afv|f -j= ld=_ !) @% $)
Aof8] af]sf -j= ld=_ !=% !=% #
kf7fkf7L -j= ld=_ !# #@ %!
:6f]/ -j= ld=_ * !% @)
Aofpg] sf]7f -j= ld=_ $ !) !%
hDdf -j= ld=_ #^=% *#=% !@(
o;} df]8nx? cg'?k afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G›n] @)^(÷&) df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ vr{ /
cfDbfgLsf] lx;fa ubf{ !) dfp df]8n af6 aflif{s ^&,#*)÷– ?k}of, @% dfp df]8naf6
aflif{s @,)%,&))÷– ?k}of / $) dfp df]8naf6 aflif{s #,*#,)))÷– ?k}of v'b gfkmf ePsf]
kfOPsf] lyof] . t;y{, Aoj;flos afv|f kfngsf] nflu 3fF; pTkfbgsf] cEof;, kz' cfxf/fsf]
cEof;, afv|fsf] :jf:Yosf] cEof; / vf]/ tyf afv|fsf] ayfgsf] cEof;df k"0f{tf lbPdf
cfly{s pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

afv|f cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, alGbk'/, tgx'F
;Dks{ g+= M (*%^)^#%&%

@=# ds}r/L–! l6of];]G6L 3fF; v]tL k|ljlw
ds}r/L–! l6of];]G6L 3fF; jiff{ Ct'df nufOg] Ps dxTjk"0f{ 3fF; xf] . of] ds}h:t}, t/ ds}
eGbf a9L ufFh xfNg] / pTkfbg lbg] hftsf] 3fF; xf] . o;nfO{ sf6]/ tfhf 3f+; cyjf ;fOn]h
agfP/ klg v'jfpg ;lsG5 . kf]ifstfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] of] 3fF;df qm'8 k|f]l6g !#–!$ k|ltzt
kfOG5, / s'g} ljiffn'kbfy{ kfOGg .
hftLo u'0fx?
ds}r/L–! l6of];]G6L 3fF; Ps tyf b'O{ jifL{o
ds} h:t} b]lvg] # ld6/;Dd cUnf] x'g]
3fF;]afnL xf] . o;sf] qmfpgaf6 k|;:t
xfFuflaªuf lg:sG5 / Psk6s 3fF; sf6]kl5
km]l/ knfP/ cfpF5 . o;nfO{ t/fO{ tyf
dw];df a9L jiff{x'g] If]qdf klg ;kmntfk"j{s
nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] af]6sf] 6'Kkf]df ds}sf]
efn] km"n -wfg–rfdn_ sf] u'R5f h:t} km"n
nfU5 / kf]yL km"n a}Un} km'N5 . o;sf] aLp r'Rrf] k/]sf] / ds}sf] bfgf hq} ;fOhsf, ;]tf,
WjfF;] jf sfnf] /ªsf] x'G5 . aLpsf] aflx/L vf]:6f s8f x'G5 . kfs]sf] aLp ufO{a:t'n] vfPdf
krfpg ;Sb}g / uf]a|fPsf] aLpaf6 la?jf 6';fP/ pd|G5g\ . Ps u'R5fdf ^–!^ j6fdfq bfgf
x'G5g\ eg] Ps lsnf]df @%))–$))) aLp x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
ds}r/L–! l6of];]G6L 3fF; pi0f tyf ;df]i0f hnjfo' rflxG5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ tyf
dWokxf8L If]qdf ;kmntfk"j{s nufpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] !,%)) ld6/ pFrfO;Dddf o;n]
/fd|f] pAhf lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;a} lsl;dsf] df6f]df o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsP tfklg kfgLsf] /fd|f]
lgsf; ePsf] xn'sf bf]d6 df6f]df o;sf] v]tL /fd|f] x'G5 . o;n] s]xL dfqfdf hd]sf] kfgL klg
;xg ;Sb5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L
aLp 5g{sf] nflu hUuf /fd|f] ;Fu vghf]t ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{ k|z:t dnsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . k|lt
x]S6/ !) 6g sDkf]i6 jf uf]a/sf] dn /fVg'sf ;fy} *) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg / $) s]=hL=
km:kmf]/; / #) s]=hL= kf]6f; xfNg'kb{5 .

nufpg] ;do
jiff{ Ct'df ul/g] d'Vo 3fF;afnL ePtfklg jif{sf] s'g} klg ;dodf o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
u|Lid sfnLg xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf lng o;nfO{ a};fv b]lv c;f/ ;Dddf 5g'{kb{5 .
aLpsf] dfqf
k|lt x]S6/ #)–$) s]=hL= aLp nfU5 . 5?jf ljlwn] jf $) ;]lG6ld6/sf] km/sdf nfOg agfP/
#) ;]lG6ld6/sf] km/sdf Ps af]6 b]vL csf]{ af]6sf] b'/L x'g] u/L df6f]df sl/a #–$ ;]lG6ld6/
ulx/f] u/L aLp /f]Kg'k5{ .
l;FrfO{
df6f]sf] cj:yf x]l/ !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf l;FrfO u/]df a9L pAhf lng ;lsG5 .
pTkfbg
aLp 5/]sf] %%–^) lbgdf klxnf] s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 / To;kl5 #%–$) lbgdf bf];|f] s6fO{
lng ;lsG5 . o;/L @–# s6fO{df #%–$% 6g ;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
xl/of] 3fF;sf] a9L pTkfbg lngsf nflu s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] o; 3fF;nfO{ af]8L jf cGo
sf];] hftsf 3fF; afnL ;Fu ld;fP/ 5g{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . aLp pTkfbgsf] nflu v]tLubf{
aLp sflQslt/ kfSb5 / k|lt x]S6/ )=&– !=# 6g;Dd aLp kfpg ;lsG5 .

r/g tyf 3fF;]afnL dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/
kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*
Od]n pfrd25@gmail.com

@=$ s'l6n sf];f ! 3fF;sf] v]tL k|ljlw
s'l6n sf];f—! e]r 3fF; lxpFb dlxgfdf nufOg] pGgt hftsf] Ps jifL{o sf];] 3Ff; xf] .
o;nfO{ Psn ¿kdf jf h};Fu ldl>t v]tL u/]/ nufpg ;lsG5 . uxF'+ x'g] h'g ;'s} If]q jf
hUufdf klg e]rsf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L ;a} lhNnfx¿df
o;sf] v]tL ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ k|fo h};Fu ld;fP/ v]tL ul/G5 . e]rnfO{
xl/of] dnsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
s'l6n sf];f—! e]r PsjifL{o nx/] sf];]afnL
xf] . o;sf] la?jf -nx/f_ @ ld6/;Dd nfdf]
x'G5 . kftx¿ Ps nfdf] 8fF7df b'O{lt/af6
lg:s]sf x'G5g\ . Ps 8fF7df #–* hf]8L;Dd
kftx¿ x'G5g\ . o;sf] km"nx¿ j}hgL /ªsf
x'G5g\ / u'R5fdf km'N5g\ . o;sf] aLpsf sf];f
nfdf x'G5g\ / Pp6f sf];fdf sfnf] v]/f} /ªsf
$–!@ j6f;Dd bfgf x'G5g\ . aLp 7"nf] cfsf/sf
x'G5g\ / Ps s]=hL= aLpdf !^,)))– @),)))
aLpsf bfgf x'G5g\ .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
s'l6n sf];f—! e]rnfO{ t/fO{ tyf dWokxf8L If]qx¿df ;kmntfk"j{s nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf
nflu b'd6 df6f] a9L pko'St x'G5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L
s'l6n sf];f—! e]rsf] v]tL ubf{ ;j{k|yd #–$ k6s vghf]t u/L ´f/kft pv]n]/ 8Nnfx¿
;DofO{ df6f] a'a'{/fpFbf] agfpg'k5{ . df6f]df k|z:t lr:ofg x'g'k5{ . e]rsf] pGgt tl/sfn]
v]tL ubf{ uf]a/÷sDkf]:6 dnsf] ;fy} /f;folgs dnsf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;s]df a9L pAhf lng
;lsG5 . uf]a/sf] dn k|lt x]S6/ %–^ 6g / /f;folgs dnx¿ dWo] @% s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg, ^)
s]=hL= km:kmf]/; / #) s]=hL= kf]6f; v]t tof/L ubf{ df6f]df Psgf;Fu ld;fpg'k5{ . o;nfO{
klxnf] k6s hUufdf 5g'{ kbf{ h}ljs dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
nufpg] ;do
aLp 5g]{ pko'St ;do cflZjg, sflt{s dlxgf xf] .

aLpsf] dfqf
k|lt x]S6/ #)–$) s]=hL= aLp cfjZos x'G5 . s'l6n sf];f—! e]rsf] aLp /fd|/L vghf]t
ul/Psf] hUufdf Ps;dfg ¿kdf aLp 5?jf ljlwn] 5l/G5 . olb aLp nfOg nfOgdf 5g]{ xf]
eg] Ps nfOg b]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] b'/L #%–$) ;]=dL= /fVg'k5{ .
l;FrfO{
df6f]df lr:ofgsf] cj:yf x]/L aLp 5/]sf] Ps Ps dlxgfsf] cGt/fndf l;FrfO lbg ;s]df a9L
pAhf lng ;lsG5 .
pTkfbg
aLp 5/]sf] %)–^) lbgdf klxnf] k6s xl/of] 3Ff; sf6\g nfos x'G5 . la?jf x'ls{P/ 3F'8f–3'F8f
;Ddsf] eP kl5 v]tsf] Ps s'gfaf6 3Ff; sf6\g ;'? ug'{k5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ b}lgs ¿kdf
3Ff; sf6]/ ufO{a:t'nfO{ v'jfpg' k5{ . pGgt tl/sfaf6 o;sf] v]tL u/]df Ps x]S6/af6 #%–
$) 6g xl/of] 3Ff;sf] pAhf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] k6s 3Ff; sfl6;s]kl5 l;+rfO u/]/ Ps
efu o'l/ofsf] 6k 8«]l;Ë u/]df la?jf xnSs a9L @%–#) lbgdf k]ml/ knfP/ bf];|f] k6s 3Ff;
sf6\g nfos x'G5g\ . o;/L s'l6n sf];f ! e]raf6 @–# k6s ;Dd xl/of] 3Ff;sf] pAhf lng
;lsG5 . aLp pTkfbg lngsf nflu e]rsf] v]tL 5'§} ug'{k5{ . aLpsf] nflu e]rsf] v]tL ubf{
Psk6s dfq xl/of] 3fF;sf] pTkfbg lng'k5{ .

kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*

@=% kfNkf :6fO{nf] 3fF; v]tL k|ljlw
kfNkf :6fOnf] 3fF; t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]qsf ?vf], kfvf], vf]nfsf] au/ tyf j[Iff/f]k0f
If]qdf klg nufpg ;lsg] ax'jifL{o sf];] 3fF;afnL xf] . :6fOnf] xNsf 5fofFdf klg x'g ;Sg]
ePsf]n] o;sf v]tL j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] 7fpFdf ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 . sf];] 3fF;afnL
ePsf]n] o;n] df6f]df jfo'dl08o gfO6«f]hg ldnfP/ df6f] dlnnf] agfpF5 . o;sf] h/f df6f]df
ulx/f] hfg] / hldgdfly emfFlª\uP/ e'FO{ klg /fd|/L 9fSg] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u klx/f] uPsf]
:yfgdf e"–Ifo /f]Sg klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . kf}li6stfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;fwf/0ftof ;'Vvf kbfy{sf]
cfwf/df :6fOnf]df !$–@! k|ltzt q|m'8 k|f]l6g kfOG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
kfNkf :6fOnf]sf] v]tL !$)) –!%)) ld6/
pFrfO{;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} 7G8L x'g] If]qdf
:6fOnf]df aLp nfUb}g . :6fOnf]sf k|hftL cg';f/
s'g} Ps jifL{o tyf s'g} ax'jifL{o x'G5g\ . s'g}s'g}
:6fOnf] kf]y|fsf] ¿kdf tyf s'g} a'6\Øfgsf]
:j¿kdf x'G5g . s;}s;}sf] 8fF7df em'; x'G5 eg]+
s;}sf] 8fF7 lrNnf] x'G5 . o;sf] aLp ;fgf] x'G5 /
Ps lsnf]df sl/a #,)),)))–%,)),))) ;Dd
aLpsf bfgfx¿ x'G5g\ .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ pi0f tyf ;df]i0f hnjfo' rflxG5 . o;nfO{ t/fO{b]lv dWokxf8sf] !%))
ld6/;Dddf nufpg ;lsG5 . kfNkf :6fOnf]n] k|foM t'iff/f] vKg ;Sb}g . t/ s]xL xb;Dd
;'Vvf vKg ;S5 . o;nfO{ kfgL hDg] :yfgdf v]tL ug{ ;ls+b}g . jif{df %))–^)) ldlnln6/
b]lv !*))–@))) ldlnln6/;Dd jiff{ x'g] If]qdf o;nfO{ nufpg ;lsG5 . kfNkf :6fOnf]
ljleGg lsl;dsf df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 . k|foM o;sf] nflu kfgL ghDg], b'd6, le/fnf]
df6f]df pko'St x'G5 . dsjfgk'/df au/sf] 9'Ë] / anf}6] df6f]df klg /fd|f] km:6fPsf] 5 eg]
kfNkfsf] /ftf] df6f]df klg /fd|} pAhf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ aLpsf nflu xf] eg] o;sf] v]tL
!#)) ld6/ dflyNnf] pFrfOdf ug{ ;ls+b}g .
hldgsf] tof/L
kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ kfgL ghDg] le/fnf] df6f] rflxG5 . of] 3f+; s]xL xNsf b'd6 df6f]df /fd|f]
km:6fpF5 . aLp 5g{sf nflu df6f]nfO{ @–# k6s hf]t]/ 5g{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ gofF vg]sf]
af6f]sf] 5]p5fp, vf]nfsf] au/, klx/f] cfPsf] 7fpFdf klg vghf]t gul/sg} 5g{ ;lsG5 .

o;nfO{ vghf]t ug{ g;lsg] 7fpFdf ;fwf/0f s'6f]n] vf];|]/ klg aLp 5g{ ;lsG5 . o;/L aLp
5bf{ nfOg nfOgdf PsPs ld6/sf] km/sdf 8f]a agfP/ klg aLp 5g{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof
xfd|f] kl/j]zdf 3fF;]afnLdf dnvfbsf] k|of]u ul/+b}g . tfklg pGgt tl/sfn]] o;sf v]tL ug'{
k/]df ;'?sf] jif{df @% s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg dn / To;kl5 jif{} lkR5] ^) s]=hL= km:kmf]/; / #)
s]=hL= kf]6f; dn k|lt x]S6/sf] b/n] 5g{ ;s]df /fd|f] pAhf lng ;lsG5 .
nufpg] ;do
;fwf/0ftof kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ dg;'g ;'? ePkl5 h]7, c;f/df 5g'{ pko'St x'G5 . l;+rfOsf]
;'ljwf ePsf] v08df o;nfO{ kmfu'g, r}t jf c;f]h, sflQs dlxgflt/ klg 5g{ ;lsG5 .
aLpsf] dfqf
/fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] aLp k|lt x]S6/ #–% s]=hL= eP k'U5 . olb aLpsf] cªs'/0f zlSt sd 5, aLp
pkrf/ ul/Psf] 5}g jf hUuf ¿vf] tyf ;fwf/0f vghf]tn] dfq u/]sf] 5 eg] aLpsf] dfqf
s]xL a9fpg' k5{ . /fd|/L vghf]t u/]sf] hUufdf aLp 5bf{ aLp /fd|/L cªs'/0f eO{ a9L la?jf
tyf pAhf kfpg ;lsG5 . t/ afF´f], klt{ tyf j[Iff/f]k0f u/]sf] If]qdf vghf]t ug'{ ;Dej
x'Gg . o:tf] cj:yfdf kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ %)–%% ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf nfO{g agfO{ df6f] vghf]t
u/L 8Nnf km'6fP/ aLp 5l/lbg' k5{ . o;sf] aLp ;fgf] tyf dl;gf] x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{
df6f]df @ ;]lG6ld6/eGbf ulx/f] k'l/g] u/L 5g'{xF'b}g . aLpnfO{ afn'jf jf v/fgL ;Fu ld;fP/
klg 5g{ ;lsG5 .
l;FrfO{
kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ cfsf;] e/df v]tL ul/G5 t/ l;FrfO sf] ;'ljwf eP df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/L
!)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf l;FrfO lbPdf a9L pAhf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} cgfjZos emf/kftx¿
uf]8d]n u/]/ x6fO lbg'kb{5 .
pTkfbg
kfNkf :6fOnf] ;fwf/0ftof 5/]sf] &)–*) lbgdf 3fF; sf6\g nfossf] x'G5 / To;kl5 k|To]s
8]9 dlxgfdf bf];|f] s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 . olb hUuf s]xL sdzn 5 / afnL Tolt km:6fpg
kfPg eg] aLp 5/]sf] klxnf] jif{ 3fF;afnL sf6\g x'Fb}g . o;sf] 3fF; sf6\bf jf ufO{a:t'
r/fpFbf 7'6} x'g] u/L r/fpg' x'Fb}g . ljz]iftM z/b Ct'sf] ;'?df :6fOnf]nfO{ 7'6} x'g] u/L
r/fPdf j[l4 b/ /f]lsg uO{ la?jf dg{ ;d]t ;S5 . kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ 3fF;sf] ¿kdf sf6]/,
a:t'efp r/fP/, x] agfP/, klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . :6fOnf] eL/ kfvf, klx/f] cflbdf klg
;lhn} x's{g] xF'bf e";+/If0fsf] nflu klg pkof]uL ;flat ePsf] 5 . aLp ;ª\sng ul/;s]kl5
;'s]sf] kft / la?jfsf] efux¿ lgs} kf]l;nf] tyf ufO{a:t'n] Hofb} ?rfP/ vfG5g\ . kfNkf
:6fOnfn] ;'vf df};d kmfu'g, r}t dlxgf afx]s jif{sf c¿ ;a} dlxgfdf xl/of] 3fF;sf] pTkfbg

lbO/xG5 . o; :6fOnf]nfO{ pGgt tl/sfn] v]tL u/]df &)– () 6g;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pTkfbg
lng ;lsG5 . kfNkf :6fOnf]n] Ps x]S6/df !)) b]lv !%) s]=hL= aLp kfpg ;lsG5 . aLp
pTkfbgsf] nflu kfNkf :6fOnf]nfO{ !#)) ld6/;Ddsf] pFrfO pko'St kfOPsf] 5 . kfNkf
:6fOnf]nfO{ cGo 3fF;x¿ h:t} df]nf;]; 3fF;, :yfgLo aG;f], v/ cflb;Fu klg ld;fP/ nufpg
;lsG5 . o;/L ldl>t v]tL ubf{ 3fF;sf] pTkfbg a9L cfpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo 3fF;sf]
kf]lifnf]kgfdf klg j[l4 x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*
Od]nM pfrd25@gmail.com

@=^ /;'jf sS;km'6 3fF; v]tL k|ljlw
/;'jf sS;km'6 3fF; zLtf]i0f hnjfo'df x'g] clt kf]lifnf] ax'jifL{o 3fF; xf] . o;sf] v]tL
g]kfndf !%)) dL6/ pFrfO b]lv $))) dL6/ pFrfO;Dd klg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] of] 3fF;
pRr -n]sfnL_ e]usf] nflu clt pkof]uL ;fljt ePsf] 5 . of] 3fF; d'nfod, kf]lifnf], ;':jfb
tyf afx|} dlxgf gofF kftx¿ 6';fO{ /xg] ePsf]n] r/g vs{x¿sf nflu lgs} pko'St x'G5 .
o; 3fF;sf] h/f lgs} ulxl/P/ hfg] / s]xL
5fFofbf/ 7fpFdf klg /fd|/L km:6fpg] ePsf]n]
l;NeLkfZr/sf] nflu / e";+/If0fsf] nflu ;d]t
pko'Qm x'G5 . o; 3fF;nfO{ ;]tf] Snf]e/ -XjfO6
Snf]e/_ tyf cGo 3fF;afnLx¿;Fu ld;fP/
nufOG5 / a:t'efpnfO{ r/fP/ o; 3fF;sf]
pkof]u ul/G5 . of] 3fF; r/fP/, sf6]/, x]
agfP/, ;fOn]h agfP/ v'jfpg ;lsG5 .
n]sfnL If]qsf] cg's"n jftfj/0fdf o;nfO{ jif}{e/L nufpg / pAhf lng ;lsG5 . o;df k|f]l6g
tyf vlgh tTjx¿sf] dfqf a9L kfOG5 . kz'x?nfO{ of] 3fF; krfpg clt ;lhnf] x'G5 .
o;df q'm8k|f]l6g !)– !@ k|lt;t;Dd kfOG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
/;'jf sS;km'6 3fF; /l;nf] nfdf]nfdf] kft u/]sf], 7"nf] ufFh xfNg], !=$) ld6/;Dd cUnf] x'g]
cGo n]sfnL 3fF;sf] bfFhf]df a9L pAhf lbg] vfnsf] pGgt 3fF; xf] . o;sf] kft s]xL km';|f] /
sl/a %)–^) ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] x'G5 . la?jfsf] 6'Kkfaf6 sl/a *–@) ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] km"n
km'Ng] 8fF7 lg:sG5g\ . 8fF7sf] 5]pdf Pslt/af6 km"n lg:sG5g\ / km"ndf k/fu;]+rg ePkl5
aLp nfU5 . aLp s]xL v]/f} / RofK6f] x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
o;n] zLtf]i0f 708f hnjfo' dg k/fpF5 . o;nfO{ !,%)) ld6/ dfly $,))) ld6/;Ddsf]
pFrfOdf nufpg ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} df6f]df klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsg] eP tfklg lrD6fOnf]
bf]d6 df6f]df of] 3fF; ;k|G5 . of] 3fF;n] s]xL ;'vf ;xg ;Sg] ePsf]n] s]xL kfvf] hUufdf klg
o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L
;fwf/0ftof tLg rf/ k6s vghf]t u/L df6f] a'a'{/f] kf/]/ v]t tof/ ul/G5 . a9L pTkfbg
lngsf nflu /;'jf sS;km'6 3fF; nfO{ a9L dnvfbsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t/ r/g vs{df 3fF;
pTkfbgsf nflu dnvfb k|of]u ug{ sl7g ePtfklg uf]7 j/k/ y'lk|Psf] uf]a/, a8\Sof}nfnfO{
vs{sf rf/}lt/ 5/]/ vs{sf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg ;lsG5 . t/ aLp pTkfbgsf nflu o;sf] v]tL
ubf{ k|z:t dfqfdf sDkf]:6sf ;fy} /f;folgs dn klg /fVg'k5{ . o;sf nflu sDkf]i6 dn

k|lt x]S6/ !) 6gsf ;fy} k|lt x]S6/ gfO6«f]hg k|lt jif{ *) lsnf], km:kmf]/; ^) / kf]6f; $)
lsnf]sf] b/n] v]tdf /fVg'k5{ . gfO6«f]hgsf] cfwf efu / km:kmf]/; clg kf]6f;sf] k'/} efu
hUuf tof/ ubf{ /fVg'k5{ eg]+ gfO6«f]hgsf] afFls efu la?jf a9\g] / km"n nfUg] a]nfdf 5s{g'
kb{5 .
Nfufpg] ;do
pRr n]sfnL e]udf lxp+F kUn]/ uPkl5 j}zfv, h]7df / pRrkxf8L If]qdf c;f]h, sflQs
dlxgfdf aLp 5g{ ;lsG5 .
aLpsf] dfqf
k|lt x]S6/ @)–@@ lsnf]sf] b/n] aLp 5l/G5 . aLpnfO{ xftn] Psgf;;+u v]tdf 5l/G5 jf
nfOgdf nufpFbf $% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf nufpg'k5{ . aLp pTkfbgsf nflu v]tL ubf{ o;nfO{
nfOgdf 5g'{k5{ o;/L 5bf{ $% ;]=dL= sf] nx/ agfO{ 5/]df /fd|f] pAhgL lng ;lsG5 . o;
3fF;sf] v]tL ubf{ k'/fgf] la?jfaf6 xfFuf ;f/]/ klg la?jf /f]k]df rfF8} xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf lng
;lsG5 . /;'jf sS;km'6nfO{ a]gf{ tof/ u/L sf]bf] /f]k] h:tf] u/L /f]Kg ;lsG5 . o;/L a]gf{
;fbf{ %) ;]lG6ld6/sf] nfOgdf #) ;]lG6ld6/sf] la?jfnfO{ km/s kf/]/ /fKg' kb{5 . /fd|/L
vghf]t u/]sf] hUufdf aLp Psgf;n] 5g'{k5{ . aLp 5bf{ ! ;]lG6ld6/ eGbf w]/} ulx/f]
k'g{'x'Fb}g .
l;FrfO{
df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/L ;'Vvf ;dodf l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;s]df a9L pAhf kfpg
;lsG5 . of] 3fF; u/d l;hgdf clt rfF8f] a9\5 . hf8f]sf] dWo efudf o;sf] j[l4 s]xL
36\5 . dª\;L/, k'ifsf] lxdkftsf] cj:yfdf lxpFn] k'l/P/ klg of] 3fF; hLljt} /xG5 / lxpF kUn]
kl5 k'gM df}nfP/ cfpF5 . To:t} :yfgLo tyf cGo 3fF;x¿nfO{ 9fs]/ a9\g lb+b}g oBlk ;'?sf]
cj:yfdf cgfjZs emf/kftx¿ uf]8d]n u/]/ x6fO lbg'k5{ .
pTkfbg
aLp /f]k]sf] @=% b]lv tLg dlxgfdf klxnf] k6s 3fF; sf6\g ;lsG5 . To;kl5 #)–#% lbgsf]
cGt/fndf k'gM bf];|f] s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;/L jif{df ^–& s6fO;Dd lng ;lsG5, h:df #)–
$) 6g÷x]S6/;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf kfOG5 . aLp lngsf nflu df3, kmfu'gb]lv xl/of] 3fF;
sf6\g' x'Fb}g . a};fv, h]7sf] ;'?lt/ km"nsf] afnf lg:sg nfU5 / c;f/, ;fpglt/ aLp
l5lKkG5 . aLp Ps} ;dodf kfSb}gg\ . pRr n]sfnL e]ux¿df c;f]h, sflQs;Dddf klg afnf
lg:sg] / kfSg] ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fnfvfnf jif{df @))–#)) lsnf];Dd aLp pTkfbg x'G5 .

kmf]gM )!–%%@#)#*

@=& xfQL3fF;–! v]tL k|ljlw
xfQL3fF;–!, g]lko/ 3fF;, pv' h:tf] b]lvg] Ps ax'jifL{o 3fF; xf] . Psk6s nufPkl5 $–%
jif{;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf kfpg ;lsG5 . c¿ 3fF;sf] bfFhf]df a9L xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf o;
3fF;af6 kfOG5 / klxnf] jif{df nfUg] pTkfbg vr{ afx]s kl5 pTkfbg nfut clt sd x'G5 .
of] pi0f tyf ;df]i0f hnjfo'df x'g] 3fF; xf] . o;n] 708f / t';f/f] ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g t/ s]xL
;'Vvf ;xg ;S5 . t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]qsf u/d xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qdf logLx¿n] afx|}
dlxgf xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf lbG5g\ . w]/} lr;f] x'g] pRr kxf8L If]qdf z/b Ct' nfu]kl5 sl/a
tLg dlxgf;Dd logLx¿ k|foM ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . xfQL3fF;–! g]lko/nfO{ sfpkL,
UnfOl;g h:tf cGo 3f+;x?;Fu ld;fP/ v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . kf}li6stfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] of] 3fF;
s]xL sd;n vfnsf] x'g'sf ;fy} l5lKkPdf o;sf] 8fF7 Hofb} s8f x'g] u5{ . ;fwf/0ftof g]lko/
3fF;df *–!) k|lt;t qm'8 k|f]l6g kfO{G5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
xfQL3fF;–! w]/} 7"nf] ‰ofª x'g] ax'jifL{o / bx|f] h/f k|0ffnL x'g] pv'h:tf] b]lvg] 3fF; xf] .
o;sf] :6f]ngaf6 gofF la?jfx¿ lg:sG5g\ / Pp6f ufFhdf @)–#) j6f la?jfx?
x'G5g\ . la?jfx¿ @–# ld6/ ;Dd cUnf
x'G5g . kftsf] nDafO{ #)–!@) ;]lG6ld6/
x'G5 eg] rf}8fO{ !– % ;]lG6ld6/ x'G5 .
la?jfsf] 6'Kkfaf6 km"nsf] em'Kkf lg:sG5 .
em'Kkf sl/a #) ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] x'G5 / s]xL
;]tf] lqmd /ªsf] x'G5 . To;df clt dl;gf]
e'jf h:tf] aLp nfU5 . Pp6f km"nsf]
em'Kkfaf6 #) j6f;Dd aLp kfOG5 . aLpdf
pdf/ zlSt sd ePsf]n] o;sf] 6'qmf ;f/]/
jfg:klts k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
xfQL3fF;–! g]lko/ pi0f hnjfo' dg k/fpg] 3fF;]afnL xf] o;nfO{ t/fO{ tyf dWo kxf8L If]qdf
nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] t';f/f] vKg ;Sb}g . Hofb} lr;f] ePdf kftx¿ kx]+lnP/ d5{g\ t/
la?jf afFr]s} x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf] df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf;
ePsf] dlnnf] b'd6df6f] o;sf] nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 . o;nfO{ %–* kLPr (pH) df6f]df nufpg
;lsG5 .
hldgsf] tof/L
df6f]nfO{ ulx/f] u/L vghf]t u/]/ k|z:t dn /fv]/ hUuf tof/ ug'{k5{ . xfQL3Ff; ! nfO{
k|z:t dfqfdf dn rflxG5 . v]t tof/L ug]{ ;dodf !) 6g sDkf]i6 dn k|lt x]S6/sf b/n]

v]tdf /fVg'k5{ . yk k|lt x]S6/ *) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg, $) s]=hL= km:kmf]/; / #) s]=hL=
kf]6f; v]tdf /fVg ;s]df a9L xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf kfpg ;lsG5 / xl/of] 3fF; sfl6;s]kl5
gfO6«f]hg k|lt x]S6/ @) lsnf]sf] b/n] 6k8«]l;ª ul/lbg'k5{ .
nufpg] ;do
l;+rfOsf] ;'ljwf ePdf g]lko/nfO{ jif}{e/L /f]Kg ;lsG5 tfklg ;fwf/0ftof kmfu'g b]lv nufpg
;lsG5 . cfsfz] kfgLsf] e/df v]tL ubf{ h]7, c;f/ ;Dd /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
aLpsf] dfqf
xfQL3fF;–! sf] k|hgg pv' h:t} cfFVnf ePsf] 8fF7 /f]k]/ ul/G5 . k|hggsf] nflu g]lko/nfO{
;–;fgf 6'qmfdf sf6\g'k5{, o:tf 6'qmfnfO{ ;]6\; (Sets) elgG5 . Pp6f ;]6\df slDtdf
tLgj6f;Dd :j:Yo cfFVnf x'g'k5{ . ;]6\nfO{ /fd|/L vghf]t u/L tof/ kf/]sf] hUufdf Ps
nfOgb]lv csf]{ nfO{g ! ld6/ / Ps la?jfb]lv csf]{ la?jf %) ;]=dL= sf] km/s kf/L /f]lkG5 .
;]6\ /f]Kbf $% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfO{ Pp6f cfFVnf df6f]sf] ;txb]lv dfly g} /xg] u/L df6f]df
sl/a % ;]lG6ld6/ ulx/f] x'g] u/L /f]Kg'k5{ . Ps x]S6/ hUufsf nflu sl/a !),))) -!=%–
@=) 6g_ j6f ;]6\;sf] cfjZostf k5{ .
l;FrfO{
xfQL3fF;–! /f]k]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 -Ps xKtfleq_ 6';f knfpg] cj:yfdf l;+rfO u/]df la?jf
/fd|/L pd|g ;S5 . l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf eP df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/L !)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf l;FrfO
lbPdf a9L pAhf lng ;lsG5 . o;n] :yfgLo tyf cGo 3fF;x¿nfO{ 9fs]/ a9\g lbFb}g, tfklg
;'?sf] cj:yfdf cgfjZs emf/kftx¿ uf]8d]n u/]/ x6fO lbg'k5{ .
pTkfbg
la?jf /f]k]sf] sl/a tLg dlxgf kl5 klxnf] k6s s6fO{ ug{ ;lsG5 . 3fF; sf6\bf hldgaf6
sl/a !% ;]=ld= nfdf] 7'6f /xg] u/L sf6\g' kb{5 . klxnf] s6fO{ lnPsf] $)–%) lbgkl5 csf]{
s6fO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;af6 jif{df &–* k6s ;Dd xl/of] 3fF; lng ;lsG5 . o;/L jif{df s'n
!)) b]lv !%) 6g k|lt x]S6/ xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf kfpg ;lsG5 . g]lko/sf] aLp pTkfbg
4f/f k|;f/0f Tolt nf]slk|o 5}g To;}n] jfg:klts lalwaf6 g} g]lko/ nufOG5 .

kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*

@=* v'dn aG;f] -;]6]l/of 3fF;_ v]tL k|ljlw
v'dn aG;f] ;]6]l/of g]kfnsf] t/fO{ b]lv pRr kxf8;Dddf nufpg ;lsg] Ps ax'jifL{o 3fF;
xf] . of] r/gsf] nflu klg pkof]uL x'G5 . of] 3fF;sf] æx]Æ -;'sfP/_ ;fOn]h u'Gb|'s agfP/
klg v'jfpg ;lsG5 . kf}li]6stfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o;df qm'8 k|f]l6g !@–!$ k|ltzt kfOG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
v'dn aG;f] ;]6]l/of ;f]emf] 8fF7 u/]sf] sl/a
@–# ld6/ cUnf] ufFh xfNg]] ax'jifL{o 3fF;]afnL
xf] . kftx¿ #)–%) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd nfdf /
!–@ ;]lG6ld6/ rf}8f x'G5g\ . 8fF7sf] gf]8
-cfFVnf_ af6 h/f lg:sG5 . o:sf] nfdf]
8fF7df uf]nf] l;lnG8/ h:tf] km"n km'N5, h'g
sl/a @% ;]lG6ld6/;Dd nfdf] x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
o;nfO{ ;df]i0f hnjfo'df t/fO{ tyf dWokxf8df ;kmntfk"j{s nufpg ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof
o;n] t';f/f] vKg ;Sg] / 5xfl/df x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] dWokxf8L If]q tyf t';f/f] kg]{ 7fpFdf
of] 3fF; pkof]uL ;fljt x'g ;Sb5 .
hdLgsf] tof/L
o;sf] v]tL ljleGg lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg kfgL ghDg] xnsf b'd6 df6f] o;sf]
v]tLsf] nflu pko'St dflgG5 . hldgsf] tof/L ubf{ k|z:t dfqfdf sDkf]i6 dn /fVg'sf ;fy}
k|lt x]S6/ gfO6«f]hg !)) s]=hL= / km:kmf]/; %) lsnf]sf] b/n] v]tdf /fVg'k5{ .
nufpg] ;doM
l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf ePdf jif{sf] s'g} klg ;do aLp 5g]{ jf la?jf /f]Kg ;lsG5, cfsfz] e/df
v]tL ubf{ j}zfv b]lv c;f/ tyf sflQsdf la?jf /f]Kg'k5{
aLpsf] dfqf
k|lt x]S6/ *–!) s]=hL= jLp nfUb5 . aLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf pdf/]/ klg ;fg{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof
o;nfO{ xfFufsf] 6'qmf ;f/]/ nufOG5 . k|lt x]S6/ !–% lSjG6n cyf{t %)))) :nLksf]
cfjZostf k5{ . la?jf /f]Kbf $)–%) ;]=dL= sf] nx/df #) ;]=dL= km/s kf/L /f]Kg' k5{ .

l;+FrfO{
o;n] lr:ofg dg k/fpF5 t/ kfgL hDg lbg' x'Fb}g . l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf eP df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/L
!)–!% lbgsf] cGt/fndf l;FrfO lbPdf a9L pAhf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} :yfgLo tyf cGo
3fF;x¿nfO{ 9fs]/ a9\g lbFb}g tfklg ;'?sf] cj:yfdf cgfjZos emf/kftx¿ uf]8d]n u/]/
x6fO lbg'kb{5 .
pTkfbg
la?jf /f]k]sf] ;f9] b'O{ tLg dlxgfkl5 klxnf] k6s 3fF; sf6\g nfos x'G5 . Ps jif{df &–*
k6s;Dd xl/of] 3fF; sf6\g ;lsG5 . ;fnfvfnf jif{sf] ^)–*) 6g / pGgt k|ljlwdf !%)
6g;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pAhf lng ;lsG5 . aLp l5lKkg] / kfSg] ;do s]xL km/skm/s x'g]
ePsf]n] aLp pTkfbg ug{ s]xL s7Lg x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftofM k|lt x]S6/ !))– !%) lsnf];Dd
aLp kmnfpg ;lsG5 .

kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*

@=( :jfg h} 3Ff; v]tL k|ljlw
:jfg h} 3fF; Ps k|sf/sf] hf} h:t} b]lvg] 3Ff; xf] . of] 3fF; hf} cyjf ux'F h:t}
pd|G5 . lxpFb ofddf h'g avt c? :yfgLo 3fF; x'b}g, Tof] ;dodf of] 3fF;sf] v]tL u/]/
cfkmgf] kz'x?nfO{ xl/of] 3fF; v'jfO{ a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . of] Pp6f kf}li6s tyf
:jflbi6 3fF; xf] . :jfg h} lxpFbsf] nflu Ps pQd kf]l;nf] 3Ff; xf] . c? :yflgo 3fF; lxpFb
dlxgfdf ;'sL kz'sf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f;
cfpg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;dodf xl/of] h} 3fF;
s[ifsx?n] k|of]udf Nofpg ;S5g . o;n]
b'Uw Joj;foL s[ifsx?sf] a:t'efpsf]] b'Uw
pTkfbgdf #%Ü ;Dd j[l¢sf] ;fy} kz'sf]
:jf:Yodf ;d]t ;'wf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
of] 3fF; al9 pTkfbg u/fP/ ;'Vvf ;dodf
v'jfpg tyf x] agfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
:jfg h} 3fF;sf] af]6 !@)–!%) ;]=dL= prfO{sf] x'G5 . /f]k]sf] lbg b]lv !!)–!!# lbg ;Dd
o;sf] k"mn ;do xf] eg] !&)–!&& lbgdf ljp kfSb5 . o;sf] Pp6f ufFhdf *–!! j6f af]6
x'G5g .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
:jfg h} 3fF;nfO{ t/fO{ b]lv pRr kxf8 ;Dd v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} df6f]df v]tL ug{
;s] klg a9L pAhfpsf] nflu kf+uf] bf]d6 df6f] ;a} eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . kfgL hDg] 7f+pdf o;sf]
v]tL /fd|f] x'b}+g .
hldgsf] tof/L
ux'F afnLnfO{ h:t} u/L @ b]lv # k6s vghf]t u/]/ hldg sf] tof/L ug{' kb{5 . Ps x]S6/df
% d]=6g= uf]a/dn of sDkf]i6 dn xfNg' kb{5 . a9L pAhfp lngnfO{ /;folgs dnaf6
gfO6«f]hg *) s]=hL=, km:kmf]/; ^) s]=hL= / kf]6f; $) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ -@) /f]kgL_ sf b/n]
lbg' k5{ .

nufpg] ;do
:jfg h} 3fF; cflZjg dlxgfsf] t]>f] xKtf b]lv d+l;/sf] klxnf] xKtf ;Dd df6f]df lr:ofg x]/L
vghf]t u/L nufpg ;lsG5 . pRr kxf8L If]qdf lxFp kUn] kl5 r}q a}zfvdf o;sf] v]tL ug{
;lsG5 .
ljpsf] dfqf
:jfg h} 3fF;sf] ljp k|lt /f]kgL %-^ s]=hL= cyf{t !)) b]lv !@) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/ cfjZos
kb{5 .
l;+rfO{
df6f]sf] lr:ofg x]/L k|To]s s6fO{kl5 l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'/\ofPdf pAhgL a9L lng
;lsG5 . cyf{t # b]lv $ k6s ;Dd l;rfO{ ug{' kb{5 .
pTkfbg
:yflgo xfjfkfgL, df6f], dnhnsf] dfqf cg';f/ klg 3fF; pTkfbgdf c;/ kb{5 . r/g tyf
3f++;]afnL cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf v'dn6f/n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 o; hftsf] 3fF;af6 k|lt x]S6/
xl/of] 3fF; #) b]lv #% d]=6g= / ljp #=% b]lv #=( d]=6g= pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .

kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*

@=!) d]:sfle 3fF; v]tL k|ljlw
d]:sfle al;{d Ps lx+pb] sf]z] 3fF+;afnL xf] . of] 3fF; kf]lifnf], :jflbnf] tyf j9L pTkfbg lbg]
ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ 3fF;x?sf] /fhf klg elgG5 . o;sf] v]tL t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxf8 ;Ddsf]
e"efu ePsf] xfjfkfgLdf ug{ ;lsG5 . laz]if?kn] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qx?df kz'j:t'x?sf]
cfxf/f cfk"lt{sf] nflu o;sf] v]tL ug]{] ul/G5 . of] 3fF;]jfnLsf] a9L pTkfbg Ifdtf, nfdf]
;do ;Dd 3fF;sf] cfk"lt{ x'g'sf ;fy}+ a9L kf]lifnf]kgf x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] kz'kfngsf] nflu clt
g} pkof]uL dflgG5 . o; 3fF;]jfnLn] h/fdf ePsf] /fOhf]ljod z'Id hLjf0f'sf] d¢tjf6
df6f]df k|lt /f]kgL aflif{s ;/b/ * b]lv !@ lsnf]u|fd ;Dd jfo'd08nLo gfO6«f]hg hDdf u/L
df6f]nfO{ dlnnf] agfpb5 . al;{d d]:sfle lxpFbsf] nflu Ps pQd kf]lifnf] 3fF; xf] . c?
:yflgo 3fF; lx+pb dlxgfdf ;'Sg]
ePsf]n] kz'sf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f;
cfpg] ;f] ;dodf al;{d 3fF; s[ifsx?n]
cfˆgf] kz'j:t'nfO{ v'jfpFg kfpFbf b'Uw
tyf df;' pTkfbgdf j[l¢sf] ;fy} kz'
:jf:Yodf ;d]t ;'wf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
cfjZostf eGbf a9L pTkfbg ePsf]
3fF;nfO{ ;'sfP/ æx]Æ agfP/ klg /fVg
;lsG5 .
hftLo u'0fx?
al;{d d]:sfle 3fF;sf] prfO{ *)–!)) ;]=dL= ;Dd x'G5 . 5/]sf] !!)–!!# lbgdf o:fsf] km"n
k'mNb5 eg] !^)–!&) lbgdf ljp kfSb5 . o:fsf] Pp6f jf]6df !% b]lv @! cf]6f ;Dd xfFufx?
x'G5g .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
of] 3fF;nfO{ t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxf8 ;Ddsf] k|foM h'g;'s} df6f]df v]tL ug{ ;lsPtf klg a9L
pTkfbg lngsf] nflu kfFuf] bf]d6 df6f] ;a} eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 eg] kfgL hDg] 7fFpdf o;sf]
v]tL /fd|f] xF'b}g .
hdLgsf] tof/L
hdLgsf] tof/Lsf nfuL @ b]lv # k6s ;Dd vghf]t u/L Ps /f]kgL If]qkmndf @%) s]=hL=
uf]a/dn of sDkf]i6 dn xfNg' kb{5 . a9L pAhfp lngsf] nflu /;folgs dn k|lt /f]kgL !=^
s]=hL= o'l/of, %=$ s]=hL= l8=P=kL= / @=^ s]=hL= Pd=cf]=kL= -kf]6f;_ lbg' kb{5 . hUufsf]
tof/L ubf{ cfwf efu o'l/of / k'/} efu l8=P=kL= / Pd=cf]=kL= lbg' kb{5 / jfFsL cfwf efu
o'l/of 3fF; sf6L l;+rfO{ u/] kl5 6k 8«];sf] ?kdf xfNg' kb{5 .

nufpg] ;do
d]:sfle al;{d nfdf] ;do;Dd xl/of] 3fF; lngsf] nflu sflt{ssf] klxnf] xKtf b]lv d+l;/
dlxgf ;Dd ljp 5g{ ;lsG5 . ljp pTkfbgsf] nflu dfq jl;{dsf] v]tL ubf{ s]lx l9nf u/L
cyf{t d+l;/sf] bf]>f] xKtf kl5 dfq ljp 5g{' kb{5 . d]:sfle jl;{d 3fF;nfO{ tLg k|sf/n] v]tL
ug{ ;lsG5 .
wfg v]t leq 3';'jf v]tL k|ljlw
o; k|ljlwdf wfg sf6g' !%–@) lbg cufj} ljp 5g{' kb{5 . ljp 5g]{ ;dodf v]tdf cln cln
kfgL x'g' kb{5 . o; tl/sfjf6 pTkfbg nfut sd kg]{ / pJhgL klg j9L x'g] / l56f] xl/of]
3fF; k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] of] k|ljlw s[is dfem lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 .
w"nf] df6f]df ljp 5g]{ k|ljlw
l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf gePsf] 7fFpdf jl;{d v]tL ubf{ hUuf nfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu vghf]t u/L df6f]nfO{ w'nf]
jgfO{ ljp 5g{'kb{5 . o; tl/sfjf6 ljp 5bf{ df6f]df k|ofKt dfqfdf lr:ofg x'g' h?/L x'G5 /
df6f]df ljp Ps O{Gr eGbf jl9 k'l/g' x'b}g .
lxNofPsf] v]tdf ljp 5g]{
l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf] cj:yfdf vghf]t u/L tof/ ul/Psf] hUufdf b'O{ O{Gr hlt kfgL nufO{
ljp 5g{' kb{5 / hUufdf nufO{Psf] kfgLnfO{ ;'Sg lbg'kb{5 . of] v]tL k|ljlw dxËf] ePtfklg
o; tl/sfn] ljp 5bf{ pdf/ k|ltzt /fd|f] x'g] / pTkfbgdf j[l¢ x'G5 .
ljpsf] dfqf
d]:sfle al;{d 3fF;sf] ljp k|lt x]S6/ @% s]=hL]] cfj:ostf kb{5 .
l;+rfO{
jl;{d d]:sfle 3fF;nfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf kfgL rflxg] ePsf]n] jl;{ddf l;+rfO{sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf
ldnfpg' cTofjZos x'G5 . df6f]sf] lr:ofgsf] cj:yf x]/L k|To]s s6fO{ kl5 l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf
k'¥ofPdf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . ljz]ifM u/L km"n km'Ng cufl8 / k|To]s s6fO{ kl5 l;+rfO{
ug{' kb{5 .
pTkfbg
d]:sfle jl;{d 3fF;af6 k|lt x]S6/ hldgdf && b]lv *% d]=6g ;Dd xl/of] 3fF;sf] pTkfbg
lng ;lsG5 . o; 3fF;jf6 ;/b/ ljp pTkfbg $%)- %)) s]=hL= ;Dd x'G5 .
kmf]g )!–%%@#)#*

@=!! cfxf/fdf l;:g'sf] k|of]uaf6 nf]sn afv|fsf] zf/Ll/s
j[l4b/ a9fpg] k|ljlw
l;:gf] g]kfnsf] dWo kxfl8 e]u tyf lxdfnL e]udf k|z:t dfqfdf kfO{G5 . l;:gf] Pp6f w]/}
pkof]udf cfpg] la?jf geP klg kf}li6stfsf] cfwf/df o;sf] w]/} g} dxTj 5 . kz'j:t'x?df klg
l;:gf]nfO{ ljleGg ?kdf v'Fjfpbf w]/} g} k|efasf/L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5, h:t} ufO{–e};Lx?n] w]/}
b'wlbg], s'v'/fsf] c08f pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g] cflb .
l;:gf]df kfOg] kf}li6s tTjx? -k|ltztdf_

qm'8 k|f]l6g 6f]6n cfz cuf{lgs Dof6/ Go'6«n l86/h]G6 Pl;8 l86/h]G6 x]ld;]n'nf]h ;]n'nf]h
kmfOa/ kmfOa/
!&=#* @^=*@ &#=!* $(=*^ #*=!) @=&^ #=^#
l;:gf] k|of]u ubf{sf kmfO{bfx?

cfhef]nL dflg;x? nufPt kz'j:t'df
l;:gf]nfO{ ljleGg kl/sf/sf] ?kdf vfFb}
tyf v'jfpFb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . l;:gf]
v'jfpFbf kz'j:t'df ljleGg kmfO{bfx?
b]lvG5 h:t} s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›
kflv|af;df u/]sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/
n]o;{ s'v'/fnfO{ xKtfdf Psk6s !@
k|ltztsf b/n] l;:gf]sf] w"nf] v'jfpFbf
c08f kfg]{ Ifdtfdf #% k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]
kfOof] . To;}u/L au'+/nfO{ l;:gf] ksfP/
v'jfpFbf au'+/sf] zf/Ll/s j[l4b/ #) k|ltztsf b/n] j[l4 ePsf] kfO{of] ;fy} l;:gf] v'jfPsf]
au'+/sf] df;' :jflbnf] klg ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L l;:gf]nfO{ ljleGg ?kdf kz'j:t'nfO{ v'jfpFbf
w]/} g} k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
l;:gf] sf] w'nf] agfpg] tl/sf

!= l;:gf]sf] slnnf] d'G6f l6Kg]
@= l6k]sf] l;:gf]sf] d'G6fnfO{ b'O{ 3fd ;'sfpg]
#= ;'s]sf] l;:gf]sf] d'G6fnfO{ grinder df lk;L w"nf] agfpg]
$= o;/L tof/ ePsf] w"nf]nfO{ bfgf df ld;fP/ afv|nfO{ v'jfpg]

afv|fnfO{ l;:gf] v'jfpFbfsf] kmfO{bfx?
If]lqo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, vh'/f afFs]df !^ j6f a9\bf] pd]/sf af]sfx?sf] bfgfdf l;:gf]sf]
w'nf] ld;fP/ b'O jif{ v'jfO{ ul/Psf] kl/If0fsf] glthf cg';f/ afv|fsf] bfgfdf !% b]lv @) u|fd
l;:gf] ld;fO{ ! lbg la/fO{ v'jfpbf afv|fsf] zfl//Ls j[l4b/ w]/} /fd|f] ePsf] kfOof] . g]kfnsf]
dWo kxfl8 e]usf kz'kfng ug]{ ls;fgx?nfO{ kz'j:t'sf] nflu bfgfsf] ;fy} laleGg lsl;dsf
le6fldg tyf vlgh tTjx? ;lhn} kfpg ufx|f] x'g] x'bf To; 7fpFdf l;:gf] kof{Kt dfqfdf kfOg]]
/ l;:gf]df k|z:t dfqfdf laleGg lsl;dsf le6fldg tyf vlgh tTjx? Kffpg] x'bf afv|fnfO{
rflxg] cfjZos kf}lits tTj l;:gf]n] kl/k"lt{ ub{5 .

b'uf{ /fjt
If]lqo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, vh'/f, afFs]
kmf]g )*! ^@!@@^
O{–d]nM durgakhadka01@gmail.com

@=!@ df;' pTkfbgsf nflu a|f]On/ s'v'/fdf n]dg
u|f; t]nsf] k|of]u
kz'x?sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{sf nflu cltl/Qm cfxf/f -feed additives) Jofks
?kdf k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] 5 . xfn o;sf] k|of]u s'v'/fsf] tf}n j[l4df dfq geO{ :jf:y ;'wf/df
/ pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljutdf s'v'/fkfng Joj;fodf s'v'/fnfO{ /f]u
nfUg glbg, ;+qmd0faf6 arfpg, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg, cfGb|fdf ePsf cfjZos ;'Id
lhjf0f'x?sf] j[l4 u/fpg Jofks ?kdf PlG6jfof]l6ssf] k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] lyof] . o;/L Jofks
tyf hyfefjL PlG6jfof]l6ssf] k|of]usf] sf/0f o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf sdL cfPsf] 5 / dfgj
:jf:Yodf ;d]t k|lts'n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f j}1flgs÷ cg';Gwfgstf{x?
PlG6jfof]l6ssf] ljsNksf] ?kdf hl8a'6L, af]6
lj?jfaf6 lgsflnPsf] ag:klthGo kbfy{,
d;nfx? cflbsf] k|of]u vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . tL
jg:klthGo kbfy{ dWo] n]dg 3fF; t]nsf] k|of]u
a|f]On/ s'v'/fsf] bfgfdf k|of]u ul/g yflnPsf]
5.
n]dg u|f; kf]o];L kl/jf/df kg]{ ax'jlif{o
af:gfbf/ 3fF; xf] . of] 3fF; pi0f / pkf]i0f
xfjfkfgL ePsf b]z h:t} g]kfn, OlG8of,
Sofdaf]l8of, dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, >Ln+sf, rLg,
Ujf6]dfnf cflb b]zx?df km:6fPsf] kfOG5 .
;d"xdf afSnf] u/L pd|g], rlsnf] / xl/of] wfl/nf] kft ePsf] of] af]6 x]bf{ ;fdfGo 3fF; h:t}
b]lvG5 . n]dg u|f;df %=&^Ü hnf+z -kfgL_, $=%^Ü k|f]l6g, @=&Ü vlgh (ash), (=&*Ü ôf6
-lrNnf kbfy{_ / %%Ü sfjf]{xfO8]«6 kfOG5 . n]dg u|f;sf] k|of]u Pl;ofnL kl/sf/ / lrofsf
nflu Jofks ?kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
n]dgu|f;sf] kftaf6 t]n lgsflnG5 h'g kftnf] xNsf jf rlsnf] kx]nf] /Ësf] x'G5 . o;sf]
af:gf s8f tfhf sfutLsf] h:t} x'G5 . n]dg 3fF;sf] t]ndf d'Votof tLg lsl;dsf tTjx?
kfOG5g\, h:t} ld/;]gL, h]/fgLon / g]/n . n]dg 3fF;sf %) eGbf a9L k|hftLx? kfOPtfklg
;a} vfg of]Uo / cf}iflwsfnflu pkof]uL eg] x'b}gg\ .
n]dg 3fF;sf] t]ndf w]/} dfqfdf citral / geraniol kfOG5 h;n] nfdv'§] / sldnf eufpg] sfd
u5{ . o;nfO{ kz'j:t'sf] cfGb|fdf ePsf] h'sfx? gi6 ug{ / /QmcNktf x'Fbf k|of]u ul/G5 .
s'v'/fx? cfxf/fsf] vkt a9fpg / df;' pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg klg o;nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;sf] k|of]un] z/L/df a9\b} uPsf] Hj/f]nfO{ sd u5{ eg] z/L/ leq / jflx/ ePsf ljiff0f',

9';Lsf] ;+qmd0f h:t} bfb cflbdf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;n] kfrg lqmofdf dbt ug'{sf ;fy}
z/L/df cToflws Uof; aGgaf6 /f]Sg dbt u5{ .
xfn} kz' cfxf/f dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/n] If]qLo
cg';Gwfg s]Gb| k/jfgLk'/df $@ lbg ;Dd u/]sf] Ps
cg';Gwfgn] n]dg u|f; t]nsf] k|of]un] a|f]On/
s'v/' fdf df;' pTkfbg j[l4 ePsf] / df;'sf] :jfbdf
;d]t km/s ePsf]] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; cWoogn] ^))
Pd=Pn= n]dgu|f; t]n k|lt !)) s]=hL= bfgfdf
ld;fO{ v'jfpFbf c? eGbf /fd|f] tf}n j[l4 ePsf] -$@
lbgdf #=( s]hL_ / dressing k|ltzt -*% k|ltzt_
klg /fd|f] ePsf] kfO{of]] . n]dg u|f;sf] t]n g]kfnd}
pTkfbg x'G5 h;nfO{ Aofks ?kdf s'v'/fsf] bfgfdf
k|of]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

?kf af:tf]nf, dlgiff sf]nfIfklt
ladnf zfx, d]3/fh ltjf/L
kz' cfxf/f dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/
kmf]g )!–%%@#)#(

@=!# df5f kfngsf] nflu kfgLsf] h}ljs u'0f:t/ /
o;sf] Joj:yfkg
df5f kfgLdf a:g] hnLo k|f0fL xf] . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk kfgLsf] jftfj/0fn] k|efljt
x'G5 . df5fsf] afFRg] cj:yf, j[l4 ljsf; tyf k|hgg\ sfo{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df e/ kb{5 .
kfgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n gePsf] v08df df5fsf] pTkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf lng ;ls+b}g .
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lau|g uPdf df5fdf ljleGg /f]ux?sf] ;+qmd0f x'g hfG5 . df5fsf] j[l4 b/ /
:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ eO{ df5fsf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 . t;{y k|efjsf/L / nfebfos
df5fkfngsf] nflu kf]v/Ldf pko'Qm kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . df5fkfngsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 kfgLsf] jftfj/0fdf c;/ kg{] d'Vo tLgj6f u'0fx? 5g\ .
!= kfgLsf] ef}lts u'0f M ( Physical qualities of water)

-s_ kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ -v_ kfgLsf] /ª
-u_ kfgLsf] wldnf]kgf -3_ kfgLsf] tfkqmd
@= kfgLsf] /;folgs u'0f (Chemical qualities of water)

-s_ 3'lnt clS;hg -v_ 3'lnt sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 -u_ lk=Pr=
3_ ;Dk"0f{ Iffl/okg -ª_ ;Dk"0f{ vf/fkg -r_ cdf]lgof gfO6«f]hg
-5_ gfO6«fO6 -h_ km:kmf]/;
#= kfgLsf] h}ljs u'0f (Biological qualitlies of water)

o; n]vdf kfgLsf] h}ljs u'0fsf] af/]df dfq hfgsf/L u/fpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .
df5fkfngsf] nflu kf]v/Ldf pko'Qm x'g] kfgLnfO{ hLljt kfgL elgG5 . hLljt kfgLdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf hLjx? x'G5g\ / logLx?sf] ljleGg h}ljs lqmofsnfkx? rln/x]sf x'G5g\ . kfgL
s]xL lbg;Dd v'Nnf /x]kl5 k|sfz, df6f], jfo'sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ hlno hLjx?sf] pTklQ x'G5 .
o;/L df5f kf]v/Lsf] dlnnf]kgf hlno hLjx?df klg e/ kb{5 . kfgLdf /x]sf jg:kltx?n]
csfj{lgs nj0f, sfj{g8fO{cS;fO{8nfO{ kfgL / ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] nflu vfgf
agfp+5g\ / ;f]xL qmddf kfgLdf clS;hgsf] vktnfO{ ;d]t k"lt{ ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;"Id hLjf0f'n]
oL jg:klthGo hLjf0f'sf] ;fy} ;–;fgf sfj{lgs s0fnfO{ cfˆgf] cfxf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u
ub{5g\ . JofS6]l/ofn] oL ;j} lsl;dsf d[t sfj{lgs j:t'x?sf] pkof]u ug]{ ePsf]n] cfxf/fsf]
>[Înfdf KnfË6gx?sf] lgs} dxTj x'G5 . oL k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] k|lt O{sfO{ hnfzonfO{
pTkfbg b/n] ;f]xL cg'?k df5fsf] k|lt O{sfO{ pTkfbg b/nfO{ ;3fpF5g\ . To;}n] oL hLjx?sf]
hlt w]/} pTkfbg x'G5 df5fsf] pTkfbg Tolt g} w]/} x'G5 .

-!_ df5f kf]v/Ldf kfOg] d'Vo ag:kltx?
efln:g]l/of (Vallisneria), Hydrila -xfOl8«nf_, ghf; (Najas), 6«kf (Trapa), sf]/f6f]kmfOnd
(Coratophyllem) OToflb .
-@_ jg:klthGo KnfË6g -kmfO6f]KnfË6g_

dfOqmf]l;l:6; (Microcystis), Snf]/]nf (Chlorella), o'lUngf (Euglena), Pgflagf (Anabaena),
cf]l;n]6f]l/of (Oscillatoria), ;]/fl6od (Ceratium) cflb 5g\ . kmfO6f]KnfË6gn] kf]v/Ldf
df5fsf] cfxf/fsf] ;fy} kfgLnfO{ wldnf]kgf agfO{ cgfjZos emf/kftnfO{ a9\g lb+b}g . of]
kf]v/L leq hLjg rqmsf] cfwf/ xf] / ;fy} kf]v/Ldf 3'lnt clS;hgsf] d'Vo >f]t klg xf] .
To;}n] kmfO6f]KnfË6g al9 / 3l6 ePdf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lalu|g uO{ df5fsf] j[l4 ljsf;df
;d]t c;/ ub{5 . kmfO6f]KnfË6gsf] 3gTj @)))–#))) k|ltln6/sf] ;+Vof kf]v/Lsf] nflu
pko'Qm dflgG5g\ .
-#_ k|f0LhGo KnfË6g (Zooplankton)

1. /f]6Lkm/ – j|frLof]g; (Brachionus), P;Knfrgf (Aspalachana), s]/f6]nf (Kerratella),
kf]lnP/yf (Polyarthara)
2. snf8f]];]/f (Cladocera) - df]O{gf (Moina), 8}kmlgof (Daphnia), af];ldgf (Bosmina)
3. sf]k]kf]8; (Copepods) - d]hf];fOSn]fk; (Mesocyclops), ;fOSnf]k; (Cyclops)
4. k|f6f]hf]cG; (Protozoans) - cf/;]nf (Arcella), l8kmn'lhof (Difflugia), el6{;]nf
(Verticella)
h'KnfË6g ;fgf e'/fx?sf] d'Vo cfxf/ xf] . ;fy} h'KnfË6g vfg]df5f h:t} ljux]8 sfk{ / sTn]
df5fsf] d'Vo cfxf/f xf] . kmfO6f]KnfË6gdf eGbf h'KnfË6gdf a9L k|f]l6g kfOg] ePsf]n] of]
df5fsf] ;jf{]td cfxf/f xf] .
kmfO6f]KnfË6g gfKg] tl/sf
 ;]RrL l8:s (Secchidisc) kf/blz{tf
 k|fOd/L k|f]8S6Llel6 (PrimaryProductivity)
 Snf]/f]lkmnP (Chlorophyll A )
 ;+Vof uGtL ug]{ ;"Idbz{s oGq

k|f0fLhGo KnfË6g gfKg] tl/sf
uGtL ug]{ -;"Idbz{s oGqdf_
of] ;a} tl/sf dWo] ;]RrL l8S; sf] dfkg u/L ;lhn} KnfË6gsf] afx'Notf kQf nufpg
;lsG5 . olb ;]RrL l8S; @)–$) ;]=dL= 5 eg] kf]v/Lsf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . #)
;]=dL= eGbf sd ePdf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL dlnnf] 5 eGg] a'lemG5 / $) ;]=dL= eGbf a9L eof] eg]
kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf KnfË6g sd ePsf] 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] /Ë xl/of] x'g' kb{5 .
kf]v/Lsf] /Ë v}/f] x'g] ljlQs} kf]v/Ldf dn k|of]u u/L ;"Id ag:klthGo KnfË6gsf] Joj:Yffkg
ug'{ kb{5 .
;"Id ag:kltsf] Joj:yfkg

;"Id ag:kltsf] pkl:yltn] kf]v/Ldf ;Gt'ng sfod /fvL kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg d2t
k'¥ofpF5 . kf]v/Ldf o;sf] ;+Vof plrt dfqfdf ePsf] v08df o;n] kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf
a9fO{ kfgLaf6 xflgsf/s CO2, NH3, NO2, H2S 36fpFb5g\ . plrt ;"Id ag:kltsf] ;+Vofn]
kf]v/Ldf ljiffSt j:t'x? 36fpg d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . t/ kf]v/L w]/} dlnnf] eof] cyf{t gfO6«f]hg
/ km:kmf]/; tTj a9L eof] eg] KnfË6gsf] ;+Vof cToflws eO{ kf]v/Lsf] /Ë, w]/} xl/of] x'g'sf]
;fy} kf]v/Ldf Pp6f n]psf] ;tx g} sfod x'G5 . of] n]psf] sf/0fn] slxn]sfxLF PSsf;L /ftsf]
;dodf kf]v/Ldf clS;hgsf] sdL eO{ df5fx? dg{ ;Sb5g\ . To;sf/0f o;sf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu tn eg]h:t} sfo{x? ug'{ kb{5 .
 cNuL;fO{8 (Algicide)M– sk/ ;Nkm]6 !–@ ld=u|f= k|lt ln6/sf b/n] cyjf ;Ldflhg
)=@ ld=u|f= k|lt ln6/sf b/n] kf]v/Ldf 5g]{ .
 l;ne/ sfk{ df5f #))–$)) sf] ;+Vofdf kf]v/Ldf /fVg] .
 ;kmf kfgL kf]v/Ldf yKg] jf k'/fgf] kfgL km]g]{ .
kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]g{] ;do tflnsf

k|To]s lbg ;fKtflxs dfl;s
1. tfkqmd 1. lk=Pr= 1. cdf]lgof
2. 3'lnt clS;hg 2. ;]RrLl8:s 2. km;kmf]/;
3. sfj{g8fOcS;fO{8 3. gfO6«fO6
4. ;Dk"0f{ Iffl/okgf
5. ;Dk"0f{ v/fkgf
kf]v/Ldf 3'lnt clS;hg / tfkqmd kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ cg';f/ 36\b5 . To;}u/L

sfj{g8fOcS;fO{8 a9\5 eg] lk=Pr= 36\5 . To;sf/0f kf]v/Lsf] ulx/fO{ cg';f/ ;tx b]lv
lk+w;Dddf tLgj6f kfgLsf] gd"gf lng' kb{5 .

kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ v/fa ePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
tn lbPsf a'Fbfx?af6 kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ 7Ls 5 5}g yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
1. kfgLsf] /Ë xl/of]sf] ;f6f] ;]tf] x'g' .
2. kf]v/Lsf] kfgL wldnf] -df6f]sf s0fn]_ / sfnf] /Ë b]lvg' .
3. kf]v/Lsf] kfgLaf6 b'u{Gw cfpg' .
4. kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf w]/} g} ulx/f] xl/of] /Ësf] n]k b]vfkg'{ .
5. df5fx? clS;hgsf] nflu kf]v/Lsf]] kfgLsf] d'xfg lt/ cfpg' .
kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf w]/} g} ulx/f] xl/of] kf]v/Lsf] kfgL wldnf]

/Ësf] n]k
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ df5fkfngsf] nflu cg's"n agfpg] tl/sf

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ df5fsf] j[l4sf] nflu cg's'n agfO{ /fVg lgDg adf]lhd ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ df5fsf]
/fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
kf]v/L ;'sfpg ldNg] eP jif{sf] Ps k6s Psrf]6L kfgL k"/} ;'sfO{ kf]v/Ldf r'gsf] k|of]u ug'{
kb{5 . To;} a]nfdf kf]v/Ldf lxnf] n]bf] ! lkm6 eGbf a9L ePdf ! lkm6 lxnf] n]bf] l´Sg'kb{5 .
 kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;do ;dodf km]g]{ ug'{kb{5 .
 kf]v/Lsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug'{kb{5 .
 hnLo ag:kltx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 .
 7Ls ;+Vofdf df5f /fVg'kb{5 .
 k|To]s xKtf kf]v/Ldf yf]/} dfqfdf k|fËfl/s /
/;folgs dn k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
 bfgf v]/ ghfg]] u/L lbg' kb{5 .
 kf]v/Lsf] ulx/fO{ plrt sfod /fVg' kb{5 .
 kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lgoldt ?kdf x]/L
To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .

kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]g{ k|of]u x'g] ;fwgx?
kfgLsf] :ofdkn/ ;]RrLl8:s lk=Pr= ld6/
jf6/ Sjflnl6 ls6 lj=cf]=8L= af]tn ydf]{ld6/

dT:o cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, kf]v/f
kmf]gM)^!–$^@))$, %^))*(
E-mail: frcpokhara@gmail.com

@=!$ ;hfj6L df5fM uf]N8 lkm; – Ps hfgsf/L
kl/ro
g]kfndf xfn ljleGg zx/x?df ;f}lvg dflg;x?n] dgf]/Ghgsf] nflu ljleGg hftsf /+uLg
df5fx? kfng ub}{ cfPsf] kfO{G5 . oL ;hfj6L df5fx?nfO{ ;u'gsf] ?kdf, dfgl;s tgfj
sd ug{, dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/sf] ?kdf, ;j} pd]/sf dflg;x?sf] dg jxnfpg, cfgGb lng,
dflg;x? df5f kfngsf] nflu cfslif{t ePsf] kfO{G5 . ljZjdf /+uLg df5f kfng Joj;fo
k|To]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . /+uLg df5fsf] Joj;fo u/L lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v /fi6«x?df rLg -
xËsË_, dn]lzof, O{G8f]g]l;of, yfO{n}08, tfO{jfg, lkmlnlkG;, >Ln+sf / ef/t kb{5g\ . g]kfndf
/+uLg df5fx? ;hfpg] k|rng /f0ffsfn b]lv g} z'? ePsf] kfO{G5 . ljb]z e|d0fdf hfFbf b]v]
cg';f/ :jb]zdf leœofO{ ;hfpg] sfdsf] yfngL ePtf klg /+uLg df5f :jb]zdf g} Joj;flos
pTkfbg eg] z'? e};s]sf] 5}g . ljb]zaf6 cfoft u/L ljlqm ljt/0f ug]{ Joj;foLx? eg] lgs}
nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . sf7df8f} pkTosfaf6 z'? ePsf] of] Jofj;fo xfn clw/fHosf
ljleGg zx/x? kf]v/f, e}/xjf, lj/u+h, lj/f6gu/, w/fg, gf/fo0fu9, a'6an, g]kfnu+h,
wgu9L cflb :yfgx?df j}7s sf]7f, :s"n, sn]h, /]i6'/]G6, xf]6n, au}+rf kf]v/L tyf wfld{s
:ynx?df kfng u/L dgf]/Ghgsf] nflu ;hfpg] rng cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg hftsf /+uLg
df5fx? dWo] s/Lj *)Ü hlt ef/taf6 cfpg] u/]sf] / @)Ü htL cGo b]zx?af6 cfPsf]
kfO{G5 . g]kfndf kfO{g] @)) eGbf a9L :yfgLo hftsf] df5fx? dWo] s]xL df5fsf hftx?
;hfj6L df5fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf 5g\ . sf]ln;f hftsf] :yfgLo df5fnfO{
s}nfnL lhNnfsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfnaf6 ;+sng u/L kfng tyf k|hgg\sf] nflu dT:o cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|, kf]v/fdf cWoog e}/x]sf] 5 .
Uff]N8 lkm; (Goldfish)

;fwf/0f gfdM Uff]N8lkm;
j}1flgs gfdM Carassius auratus
kl/roM Uff]N8lkm; df5f cfsif{s / ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/df kfO{G5 . of] df5f w]/} klxn] b]lv
kfng ug]{ k|rngdf cfPsf] kfO{G5 tfklg cfhsn w]/} dflg;x?n] ;aeGbf a9L dg k/fpg] /

cfSjf/Loddf a9L kfnLg] df5f ePsf] 5 . z'?df of] df5fsf] /+u v}/f] kx]nf] ePsf] sf]O{
sfk{,qm'l;og sfk{ kl/jf/af6 5gf}6 ePsf] / a0f{;+s/ k|ljlwaf6 cfhsn ljleGg k|sf/sf
/+ux?df kfO{G5g\ . o;sf] ljsf;sf] qmd rLgaf6 ;qf} ztflAb lt/af6 ;'gf}nf;'Gtnf /+u
ePsf] sfk{ df5faf6 z'?cft ePsf] kfO{G5 . of] df5fdf Ps k'R5/sf] hftx? sdg Uff]N8lkm;,
z'aglsg, sd]6 alnof] vfnsf x'g eg] b'O{ k'R5/ ePsf Uff]N8lkm;x?df kmg6]n, e]n6]n,
nfogx]8, cf]/08f, l;n]li6on, kn{:s]n, kdkg, jjn cfO{, ANofs d'/ cflb k|rngdf cfPsf]
5 . / logLx? a9L g/d sdnf] vfnsf] x'G5g . o;sf] hLjg rqm !@ aif{;Dd afRg ;Sg] /
/fd|f] jftfj/0f ldn]df @) aif{;Dd klg afRg ;Sg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 .
pTkltM P;Lofsf] blIf0f rLg .
clwstd ;fO{hM o;sf] zf/Ll/s nDjfO{ hft cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 tfklg !%–@)
;]=dL=;Ddsf] kf]v/Ldf x'G5 .
tfks|dM kfgLsf] tfks|d !)) ;]lN;o; b]vL @*) ;]lN;o;;Dd ;xg ;Sb5 tfklg @)–@!)
;]lN;o;;Dd pko'{Qm dflgG5 . kfgLsf] lk=Pr=&=) pko'Qm x'G5 . of] df5f lr;f] kfgLdf eGbf
Gofgf] kfgLdf a9L kfNg] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . cfSjfl/oddf df5f kfng ubf{ Gofgf] kfgL g}
pko'Qm dflgG5 .
x]/rfxM uf]N8lkm; df5f ;/n :jefj ePsf] cfSjfl/odsf] nflu pko{'Qm hftsf] df5f xf] .
cfSjfl/od tyf au}rf kf]v/Ldf of] df5f kfng ug]{ xf] eg] xfjf kDk, lkmN6/ kDd jf kfgL
alu /xg] / s'g} efudf hlno lj?jf Jofj:ykg ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . cfSjfl/odsf] kfgL kmf]x/
ePdf xKtfdf ! k^s @%Ü kfgL x6fP/ gof kfgL yk ug{' kb{5 .
cfxf/fM uf]N8lkm; df5fn] lhjhGo / k|f0fLhGo j:t'x? vfG5g . df5fnfO{ dl;gf] s'8\sf
bfgfx? klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ahf/df kfO{g] ;'Svf bfgfx?df 6«f]kLsn df5f cfxf/f, 6f]So'
j]jL Kofn]6, dl;gf bfgfx? v'jfpg ;lsG5 ;fy} cGo dl;gf ls/fx?, dfO{qmf] bfgf, k]n]6 bfgf
klg cfxf/fsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|hggM uf]N8lkm; df5fsf] kl/kSssf] pd]/ ! b]lv @ aif{ ;Dddf x'G5 . kl/kSs dfpx?df
efn]sf] lun se/df l6o'j/lSnhsf luvf{x? cfPsf] b]lvG5 / k]6 lyRbf ljo{ cfpF5 eg]
kf]yLsf] k]6 efn]sf] eGbf 7'nf] j]nL cfsf/sf] / k]6 lyRbf c08f lg:sG5 . of] df5fnfO{
cfSjf/Lod, v'Nnf d'v ePsf] 6}+s tyf ;fgf] au}rf kf]v/L cflbdf k|hgg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
k|hgg u/fpg] :yfgdf g/Ljnsf] h6f, gfO{ngsf]] wfuf]af6 sfsfjfg agfP/ lk+w tyf rf/}lt/
c08f 6fl;g ;Sg] u/L kfgLsf] ;tx eGbf tn ldnfP/ /fVg' kb{5 . kl/kSs ePsf] dfpx?nfO{
! kf]yLnfO{ @ uf]6f efn] Ps};fy Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 . of] df5fnfO{ k|fs[lts jf s[ltd

xdf]{g k|of]u u/L b'j} y/L t/Lsfn] k|hgg u/fpg ;lsG5 . tfklg sdg sfk{ df5fnfO{ h:t}
u/L cf]eflk|d xd|f]g lbP/ ;lhnf] ;+u k|hgg u/fpg ;lsG5 . c08f lbPkl5 dfpx?n] vfg
klg ;Sg] ePsf]n] dfpx? k|hgg u/fPsf] :yfgaf6 x6fpg' kb{5 . Psrf]6Ldf ao:s kf]yLn]
%)) uf]6f eGbf a9L c08f lbg ;S5 .
hftx?M sdg uf]N8lkm;, sf]d]6, d'/, ;'a'glsg, kn{:s]n, /fo'lsg, nfogx]8, /]8Sofk cf]/08ff,
/Gr', e]n6]n, kmg6]n, a6/km\nfO{, ;]n]l:6on, aan cfO{, 6]n]:sf]k cfO{, kdkg cfbL hftsf
k|rngdf cfPsf 5g\ .

s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -dT:o_, kf]v/f .
kmf]gM )^!–$^@))$, )^!–%^))*(
ôfS; g+=M )^!–%^)*@%
E-mail: frcpokhara@gmail.com

@=!% af]/ afv|fkfngM afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G›, alGbk'/sf] cg'ej
af]/ afv|f df;'sf] nflu kflng] afv|fsf] hft dWo] clt pQd hftsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . blIf0f
clk|msfdf pTklt ePsf] dflgg] o; hftsf] afv|fsf] pTkfbg blIf0f ck|mLsf, c:6«]lnof /
cd]l/sfdf Jofks ?kdf ePsf] kfloG5 . c? hftsf] t'ngfdf o; hftsf] kf7fkf7Lsf] hGd
tf}n, x's{g] Ifdtf / ao:s afv|fsf] tf}n klg al9 x'G5 . df;'df af];f] / sf]n]:6]/f]nsf] dfqf
sd x'g] x'Fbf :j:ysf] nflu klg o; hftsf] afv|fsf] df;' /fd|f] dflgG5 . log} u'0fx?n] ub{f
afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G›, aGbLk'/n] s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff sfo{qmd (AFSP) cGtu{t af]/ hftsf]
afv|fdf cf= a= @)&!÷&@ b]lv cg';Gwfg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf]
;xof]udf o; s]G›df c:6«]lnofaf6 !) z'4 af]/ hftsf] af]sf / $) z'4 af]/ hftsf] dfp
afv|f NofO{ ltgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s tf}n, vfGsL / oxfF /x]sf :yfgLo v/L hftsf] dfp afv|fx?;Fu
qm; u/fO{ ltgLx?sf] pTkfbsTjsf] dfg lnO{ o; s]G›df cg';Gwfg e}/x]sf] 5 .
af]/ afv|f o; s]G›df dfq} geO{ g]kfnsf] nflu klg gf}nf] hft ePsf]n] o; hftsf] afv|f
kfngsf] nflu o; s]G›n] ljleGg cg';Gwfg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu afv|fnfO{
cfxf/fsf] ?kdf zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] @ k|ltztsf] b/n] bfgf ;+u} k|;:t dfqfdf ;dofg';f/sf]
xl/of] 8fn] 3fF; tyf e'OF 3fF; lbO{Psf] 5 . To;} ul/ s]G›sf] lgoldt sfo{qmd cg';f/ aif{sf]
b'O{ k6s c;f]h / r}qdf afXok/hLaL la?4 l8lk+u / jif{sf] tLg k6s a}zfv, ebf} / k';
dlxgfdf cfGtl/s k/hLaL la?Wb cf}ifwL v'jfpb} cfOPsf] 5 . To;sf ;fy} kL= kL= cf/= /
vf]/]tsf] vf]k klg lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . s]G›s} lgoldt afv|f Joj:yfkgdf /fv]/ ;'4 af]/sf]
k|hgg / ;'4 af]/sf] dfpaf6 hGd]sf kf7fkf7Lx?sf] zf/Ll/s j[l4b/ dfkg ul/Psf]df
kf7fkf7Lsf] hGd tf}n ;fnfvfnf @=(^ s]=hL= kfOPsf] 5 eg] dfpsf] b'waf6 -$ dlxgfdf_
5'6fpFbfsf] a]nf ;/bf/ tf}n !*=$^ s]= hL= kfO{Psf] 5 . To;}ul/ cf7f}+ dlxgfdf kf7fsf] tf}n
#) b]lv #% s]=hL= / kf7Lsf] tf}n @* b]lv #) s]=hL= x'G5 . Ps aif{sf] kf7fsf] tf}n eg] %)
b]lv &) s]=hL= / kf7Lsf] tf}n $% b]lv ^% s]=hL ;Dd x'G5 . jo:s af]sfsf] tf}n () b]lv
!#) s]=hL= / dfpsf] tf}n *) b]lv !)) s]=hL= ;Dd x'G5 . k|ltlbgsf] a[l4b/nfO{ x]g{] xf] eg]
afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G›, aGbLk'/df z'?sf] $ dlxgfdf cf};t !#@ u|fd ;Dd kfOPsf] 5 eg]
;/b/df klxnf] !@ dlxgf;Dd cf};t a[l4b/ !%) u|fd k|ltlbg;Dd x'G5 .
af]/ hftsf] k|hgg Ifdtf cGo cfofltt hftx? eGbf /fd|f] kfOPsf] 5 . h;df (%=%^% ;Dd
afln hfg] u/]sf] kfOof] . hDdf JofPsf afv|f dWo] @&=() k|ltztn] Pp6f, ^%=!@ k|ltztn]
h'Dn\ofxf tyf ^=(* k|ltztn] ltDn\ofxf kf7fkf7L kfPsf] kfOof] . o; hftsf] qm; kf7Lx? !@
dlxgfsf] ePkl5 klxnf] k6s afnL hfg] u/]sf] / Ps j]tb]lv csf]{ j]tsf] cGt/ ( dlxgfsf]
5 . af]sfsf] xsdf eg] !% dlxgf k'u]kl5 k|hggsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

xfn ;Ddsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 af]/ qm; afv|fsf] kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/ cGo ljb]zaf6 cfoft
ul/Psf hftx?sf] t'ngfdf sd kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf o; hftsf] afv|f w]/} lr;f]df Tolt
gkm:6fpg] b]lvPsf]n] a9L hf8f] / a9L kfgL kg{] ;do 5n]/ Jofpg] u/L Joa:yfkg ug{ ;s]
kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To'b/nfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 . oBlk o; If]qdf cg';Gwfgsf] qmd hf/L g} 5 . cGo
/f]ux? / afXo tyf cfGtl/s k/hLljsf] xsdf eg] c? ljb]zL hftsf] t'ngfdf o;df sd}
k|sf]k b]lvG5 .

afv|f cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, alGbk'/, tgx'F
;Dks{ g+= M (*%^)^#%&%

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s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – %

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\

k|sfzg jif{ M @)&$

;jf{lwsf/ M g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\

8f= jfO{= cf/= kf08]

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 1

xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns If]q

aLpsf] dfqf, pkrf/ / Aof8 Aoj:yfkg

a]gf{sf] pd]/ / b"/L

2 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

oL hftx?df nfUg] k|d'v /f]u tyf sL/fx? / /f]syfd

d?jf /f]u (Blast)

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 3

89'jf /f]u (Bacterial leaf blight)

kftsf] km]b 89'jf /f]u (Sheath blight)

sfnf] kf]s] (False smut)

4 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

9'+ª\u|] sL/f (Gall midge)

v}/f] km8\s] sL/f (Brown plant hopper)

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 5

Kft]/f] (Gundhi bug)

Kfft a]?jf (Leaf folder)

s6fO{, r'6fO{ tyf e08f/0f

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

6 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

o;sf] hflto ljz]iftfx?M

kf}li6s tyf k|zf]wg u'0fx?

cGo ljlzi6 u'0fx?

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 7

j]gf{sf] pd]/ / b'/L

8 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

jfnL sf6\g], ;'sfpg], e08f/0f / pTkfbg

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 9

10 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 11

12 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 13

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

14 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 15

16 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 17

PsLs[t afnL Joj:yfkg k4ltdf v]tL

18 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 19

20 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

-v_ aLp b/ tyf 5g]{ tl/sf

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 21

22 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 23

24 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %

-v_ 5g]{ ;do

-3_ uxF' 5g]{ t/Lsf

s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x – % 25

-5_ emf/kft Joj:yfkg

rf}8f kft] emf/ Joj:yfkg

;fF3'/f] kft] emf/ Joj:yfkg

26 s[lif k|ljlw ;+u|x– %