Internship rapport

Republic of Djibouti
Ministry of Higher Education and Research

University of Djibouti
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering

Internship subject : Study the penetration rate of the future wind farm that generate 60 MW at
region of Goubhet in the national network of production and transportation of electricity of
Djibouti (EDD), and the ways of compensation for having a better regulation.

Wind farm production site and Interconnection site.

Realized by: ABDOULRAHMAN ADEN MOUSSA.

Academic internship tutor: Dr. ABDOULKADER IBRAHIM IDRISS.

Teacher of internship: Ing. ALI MOHAMED FARADA.

Internship period: July, 2018 / January, 2019.

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OUTLINES.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT. ........................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION. ..................................................................................................................... 6
I. General presentation of the electricity of Djibouti (EDD). ................................................. 7
1. History. ............................................................................................................................ 7
2. Identity record. ................................................................................................................... 7
3. Organization chart of the company (EDD). ....................................................................... 8
II. Technical study................................................................................................................... 9
1. Presentation of interconnections service. ........................................................................ 9
2. Organization chart of Interconnection service. ................................................................ 9
3. Daily activities. .............................................................................................................. 10
III. Principal task ................................................................................................................. 12
1. Introduction. ........................................................................................................... 12
2. Overview of wind energy .............................................................................................. 13
2.1. Principles and components of wind turbine. ................................................................. 13
2.1.1. Definition of wind turbine...................................................................................... 13
2.1.2. Main components of wind turbines........................................................................ 14
2.1.3. The principles operation of wind turbine. .............................................................. 15
2.1.4. The key factors of energy production from the wind............................................. 16
2.2. The differents types of wind turbines. ........................................................................... 17
2.2.1. Vertical axis wind turbines. ................................................................................... 17
2.2.2. Horizontal axis wind turbines. ............................................................................... 18
2.2.3. Onshore and Offshore wind turbine. ...................................................................... 18
2.2.3.1. Offshore wind turbine. ....................................................................................... 18
2.2.3.2. Onshore wind turbine. ........................................................................................ 19
3. The sizing of windfarm at GHOUBET-ALKHARAB. .................................................... 20
3.1. The map of wind speed at windfarm area. .................................................................... 20
3.1.1. The choice of site. .................................................................................................. 20
3.1.2. The choice of wind turbine types. .......................................................................... 21
3.2. The simulation of wind resource data. ....................................................................... 22
3.2.1. Weibull distribution function. ................................................................................ 22
3.2.2. Wind direction. ...................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3. Monthly of wind speed at wind farm zone. ........................................................... 24
3.2.4. Power curves of wind turbine. ............................................................................... 25
3.2.5. Monthly power versus wind speed. ....................................................................... 26

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 3.2.6. Power production of wind farm during the time (hr). ............................................ 26
3.3. Capacity factor method. ................................................................................................ 27
3.3.1. Definition of wind farm capacity factor................................................................. 27
3.3.2. The gross of annual energy production. ................................................................. 28
4. Integration of wind energy to the grid. .......................................................................... 29
4.1. Difference between variable and fixed speed wind turbine. ......................................... 29
4.2. The constraints of connecting the wind turbines to the network. .................................. 30
4.2.1. The adjustment of voltage. ..................................................................................... 31
4.2.2. The adjustment of frequency.................................................................................. 31
4.2.3. Coupling and disturbance....................................................................................... 31
4.3. 230 KV Transmission Line. .......................................................................................... 32
4.3.1. Types of transmission line. .................................................................................... 32
4.3.2. Classification of overhead transmission lines. ....................................................... 32
4.3.2.1. Medium line model. ........................................................................................... 33
4.3.2.1.1. Characteristic of the transmission line............................................................ 34
4.3.2.1.2. Calculation of receiving end quantities. ......................................................... 34
4.3.2.1.2.1. Voltage regulation percentage. ................................................................... 37
4.3.2.1.2.2. Efficiency of transmission line. .................................................................. 37
4.4. Regulation devices for the voltage and frequency. ....................................................... 38
4.4.1. Voltage regulation. ................................................................................................. 38
4.4.1.1. Shunt reactor for voltage regulation. .................................................................. 38
4.4.1.2. Tap transformer for voltage regulation. ............................................................. 39
4.4.2. Frequency regulation basics. .................................................................................. 40
4.4.2.1. Inertial response. ................................................................................................ 41
4.4.2.2. Governor frequency response............................................................................. 42
4.4.2.3. Secondary frequency response (AGC). .............................................................. 42
5. Wind Power Penetration rate to the national network. ..................................................... 43
5.1. Monthly load versus power of wind farm. ................................................................ 43
5.2. The variation of loads and wind power during the time. ........................................... 44
5.3. Definition of wind power penetration rate. ............................................................... 44
5.3.1. Simulation of wind power capacity penetration to the grid. .................................. 45
IV. CONCLUSIONS. .......................................................................................................... 46
V. RECOMMENDATIONS. ................................................................................................ 47
VI. APPENDIX. .................................................................................................................. 51

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FIGURES.
Figure 1: Organization Chart of Electricity of Djibouti. ............................................................ 8
Figure 2: Organization Chart of Interconnection service. .......................................................... 9
Figure 3: The zone of windfarm. .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 4: Wind turbine configurations. .................................................................................... 21
Figure 5: Weibull distribution. ................................................................................................. 22
Figure 6: The direction of the wind speeds. ............................................................................. 23
Figure 7: Monthly profile of wind speed (blue) vs temperature (red) at 83 m. ....................... 24
Figure 8: Power vs Wind speeds. ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 9: Monthly profile of power (blue) vs wind speeds (green) at 83 m. ........................... 26
Figure 10: The power production of wind farm during the time. ............................................ 26
Figure 11: Layout of wind power plant. ................................................................................... 29
Figure 12: Length of transmission line. ................................................................................... 33
Figure 13: The data of the conductor. ...................................................................................... 34
Figure 14: Nominal π for medium line..................................................................................... 34
Figure 15: Capacitive effects in the transmission line. ............................................................ 38
Figure 16: Inertial, primary and secondary frequency response (AGC). ................................. 41
Figure 17: Monthly profile of the wind power (green) and overall loads (blue) in 2017. ....... 43
Figure 18: Variation of the overall loads (red) and wind power (pink). .................................. 44
Figure 19: Monthly percentage of injection the wind power to the network. .......................... 45
Figure 20: Wind turbine components. ...................................................................................... 51
Figure 21: Comparison between VAWT and HAWT. ............................................................. 51
Figure 22: Offshore wind turbines. .......................................................................................... 52
Figure 23: Onshore wind turbines. ........................................................................................... 52
Figure 24: Variable speed of wind turbine. .............................................................................. 52
Figure 25: Wind power penetration rate to the network in January without compensation. ... 52
Figure 26: Wind power penetration rate to the network in January with compensation. ........ 52
Figure 27: Wind power penetration rate to the network in February without compensation. . 52
Figure 28: Wind power penetration rate to the network in February with compensation. ...... 52
Figure 29: Wind power penetration rate to the network in March without compensation. ..... 52
Figure 30: Wind power penetration rate to the network in March with compensation............ 52
Figure 31: Wind power penetration rate to the network in April without compensation. ....... 52
Figure 32: Wind power penetration rate to the network in April with compensation.............. 52
Figure 33: Wind power penetration rate to the network in May without compensation. ........ 52
Figure 34: Wind power penetration rate to the network in May with compensation............... 52
Figure 35: Wind power penetration rate to the network in June without compensation. ........ 52
Figure 36: Wind power penetration rate to the network in June with compensation. .............. 52
Figure 37: Wind power penetration rate to the network in July without compensation. ......... 52
Figure 38: Wind power penetration rate to the network in July with compensation. .............. 52
Figure 39: Wind power penetration rate to the network in August without compensation. .... 52
Figure 40: Wind power penetration rate to the network in August with compensation. ......... 52
Figure 41: Wind power penetration rate to the network in September without compensation. 52
Figure 42: Wind power penetration rate to the network in September with compensation. .... 52
Figure 43: Wind power penetration rate to the network in October without compensation. ... 52
Figure 44: Wind power penetration rate to the network in October with compensation. ........ 52
Figure 45: Wind power penetration rate to the network in November without compensation.52
Figure 46: Wind power penetration rate to the network in November with compensation. .... 52

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Figure 47: Wind power penetration rate to the network in December without compensation. 52
Figure 48: Wind power penetration rate to the network in December with compensation...... 52

ABBREVIATIONS.

A.D: Anno Domini

AGC: Automatic Generation Control
AEP: Annual Energy Production
EDD: Electricity of Djibouti
HAWT: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
HV: High Voltage
OLTC: On load Tap Changing
TCUL: Tap Changing Under Loads
TE: Tractebel Engineering
VAWT: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
VR: Voltage Regulation
WECS: Wind Energy Conversion Systems
WFCF: Wind Farm Capacity Factor
WF: Wind Farm
WPP: Wind Power Production
WT: Wind Turbine

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT.

First of all, praise to God who made me very easy the good proceeding of my internship for a
period of six month and also provided me an opportunity to go further in a professional
context. Secondly, i must thank Dr. AWALEH, manager of exploitation and conduct of
interconnection service who allowed me to do internship during six month to his service.
Then, i would also like to thank to Eng. ALI FARADA, my supervisor who welcomed me in
his department of exploitation and also offered me the subject of my internship. Even, he gave
my some advices and knowledge which accorded me the long time of my internship. In
addition, without forgetting, i had an opportunity to work the operators of Djaban’as
substation such as Mr. KADLAYAEH, Mr. AYANLEH, Mr. MAHADI and as well as the
team of maintenance. So, i would particularly like to thank those employees and others for
their warm welcome, experiences, knowledge, gratitude and availability during my internship.
Finally, I would like to express a special thanks to the dean of Faculty Engineering, Dr.
ABDOULKADER IDRISS and the director of steady, Dr. SADAT who took a charge to find
me an internship for my graduation study.

INTRODUCTION.

For six month, i completed my internship within electricity of Djibouti (EDD) specifically in
the operation and conduct of interconnection service. This internship was an opportunity for
me in order to understand the transport of electricity through transmission line of high voltage
between Ethiopia-Djibouti. Then, it allowed me to get more knowledge about the professional
area and especially to know how to adapt it. In addition, i had an opportunity to evaluate my
theoretically study acquired and practically context during the long time of my internship.
Finally, this internship had a lot of advantage for me as well as working as an engineer,
discovering a professional environmental, working with a team, being patient at work,
developing my knowledge, having a good behavior in the professional context, and etc…. .
In summary, my report will be divided into three main parts. Firstly, the rapport will present
the overview of the electricity of Djibouti (EDD). Secondly, it will be discussed the

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 presentation of operation and transport of interconnection service. Finally, it will include the
subject of my internship and a conclusion will be at end of my report.

I. General presentation of the electricity of Djibouti (EDD).

1. History.

The electricity of Djibouti was founded in 1960. It had a big responsibility for producing and
distributing the electricity to the country. In others ways, it allowed to supply the electricity to
Djibouti. Then, the needs of electricity for the consumers increased rapidly year after year.
Even, the country was developed in the last century. After that, Djibouti decided to sign a
cooperation agreement of electrical interconnection to Ethiopia in order to increase the
electricity or satisfy the consumer. The two company which signed this agreement, call
electricity of Djibouti (EDD) and Ethipian electric power cooperation (EEPCO). Finally, the
interconnection was completed in May 2011 and it allowed us to pay electricity which
originated a hydropower in Ethipian.

2. Identity record.

Logo:

General Director: Mr. Djama Ali Guelleh.

Social reason: Electricity of Djibouti.
Head office: Boulevard of the republic.
Legal Status: Public Company.
Legal Form: S.A.R.L
Activity Area: Production and Marketing of electricity.
Market: Production Monopoly, Transport, Distribution and Commercialization.
Adress: South industrial zone.
Phone numbers: 21 35 28 51. PB: 175.
Website: http//www.edd.dj.

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Date of establishment : 1960.

3. Organization chart of the company (EDD).

Chairman of the board of director

General Manager

Secretariat

General Menager

Training center

Informatic service

Interconnection service

South Subdivision

Production service

Transport and
distribution service

General service

North subdivision

Customer service

Administrative service

Figure 1: Organization Chart of Electricity of Djibouti.

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II. Technical study.

1. Presentation of interconnections service.

The electricity of Djibouti (EDD) composes five big services which are namely Marabout,
Central boulaos, Operation and Transport interconnection, Palmarai and Dispatching. But i
will complete my internship of six month at service of Operation and Transport
interconnection. This service actually consist three department as well as department of
exploitation, maintenance and telecom. Each department has own functionality. In addition, it
was established on June 18 in 2011. Then, it is located to PK 13 and calls DJABAN’AS
substation. His own functionality is to supply the electricity to the city of Djibouti and
southern region through the coming lines of 230 KV. Furthermore, Ethiopia supplies the
electricity to Djibouti through a transmission line of voltage which carries a voltage of 230
KV. There are two lines voltages which come to Djaban’as substation. And, they are namely
HORSA and ADIGALA lines. Both are from Ethiopia and they operate and also maintain a
voltage of 230 KV. Once at arrived to Djaban’as substation, they are connected to bus bar and
synchronized both of them in order to increase or stabilize the voltage of the national network.
Next, there are two power transformers of 230/63 KV which call TR1 and TR2. The inside of
Djaban’as substation, there is a building of 63 KV. This building, there are some departure of
63 KV such as Marabout, Dispatching, Central boulaos, Ali-Sabieh and Palmarai. In addition,
there is a power of transformer which contains three winding of 63/20/11 KV. The departure
of 20 KV feed some area like inside of substation, ARTA, WEA, VOA, and near section of
substation. Lastly, the departure of 11 KV only supplies at the inside of Djaban’as substation.

2. Organization chart of Interconnection service.

Figure 2: Organization Chart of Interconnection service.

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 3. Daily activities.

During my training i worked the differents places which were located to the service of
interconnection. So, my supervisor gave me a time table or plan to work for the different
department that exist in this service, and the differents departments are namely Operation,
Maintenance and Telecom. Each department has own work or functionality. In addition, this
plan ensured me to understand very well everything in the interconnection service. Here, it is
the plan of my internship:
• Department of operation from 17/07/2018 to 05/08/2018.
• Department of maintenance from 06/08/2018 to 25/08/2108.
• Department of telecom (optic) from 26/08/2018 to 14/09/2018.
• Department of dispatching from 15/09/2018 to 15/01/2019.

❖ Assessment of first period from 17/07/2018 to 05/08/2018.

The first period of my internship, i really learnt the different equipments of Djaban’as
substation which exist such as two transformers of 230 KV/63 KV and one transformer of
63KV/20KV/11KV, current transformer, voltage transformer, shunt reactor, bus bar, circuit
breaker and disconnector. Once i got the meaning of equipments, the operator of substation
started to explain me the plan of transport network. Ethiopian country supply us the hydraulic
electricity with a very high voltage transmission line (THT) which carry a voltage of 230KV.
Furthermore, this high voltage composed two bay of 230 KV. One of them comes directly a
region which locates Ethiopia and name’s HORSA. The other one passes through from
ADIGALA. They operated a voltage of 230 KV. Once they arrived at Djaban’as substation,
they are connected with a shunt reactor which reduces or increases this high voltage, a current
transformer which measures the current of high voltage, a voltage transformer which
measures the voltage incoming and lastly the two bas bur. Then, there is a power down-
transformer that reduces the voltage from 230KV to 63 KV. Inside of Djaban’as substation,
there is a building of 63 KV that feed some big substation as well as Boulaos, Marabout,
Palmarai and Disthpaching. Even, a transformer of 63KV/20KV exists in the substation. The
departures of 20 KV feed VOA, WEA, DASBIYO and some neighbor section of the
substation. Finally, i participated some activities such as visualizing the equipment by using
SCADA, taking every hour the energy imported by the energy counter, calling the Ethiopian

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operator in order to increase or decrease the voltage, solving some faults by using the method
of acquittal, performing some maneuvers during the black out, and …..etc.

❖ Assessment of the second period from 06/08/2018 to 25/08/2108.

The objective’s period was to understand the maintenance. So, i had a meeting with the boss
of department’s maintenance. Then, he explained me very well the different maintenance
which have done during the failure of the equipments. They accomplish two types of
maintenance which are namely preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance. They
defined as:
✓ Preventive maintenance designates the replacement, revision or reflection a material
element before its cause damage. In other ways, it is like the diagnostic equipment.
For instance, the team of maintenance checks in every six month the condition of the
equipment.
✓ Corrective maintenance ensures to give the lost equipments for its usage. For instance,
they replace the failure equipment to new equipment.

❖ Assessment of third period from 26/08/2018 to 14/09/2018.

This period’s objective was to understand the transmission network between the services by
using a cable of optical fiber. In fact, there are three technologies which are considered for the
transmission such as PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), SDH (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy) and D-WDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). First, the transmission
network of electricity of Djibouti consist two equipments as well as SDH and PDH. So, SDH
is a new technical system for the telephonic communication and detecting a fault. In fact, for
all service are connected each other by SDH. Then, SDH has a rule to receive and transmit the
data between the internal service, and PDH also use to compress all data. In addition, there is
a device in department of telecom which is namely OTDR (Optical Time Domain and
Reflectometer). It is an optical instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. So, it allows
to qualify the light reflected on the fiber in term of level and distance. For instance, the
distance between Marabout and dispatching service is 4 Km. However, when we use this
instrument for implanting a signal between this two service, and it display a distance of 3 Km.

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 It mean that there is a fault of telecommunication between the two service. Finally, 10 debits
are limited for having a good signal. If it exceed, the signal will not be good.

❖ Assessment of fourth period from 15/09/2018 to 15/01/2019.

Although, dispatching service was established in 2015. The functionality of this service is to
control or manage the national network by using SCADA. First, there are two airlines of 63
KV in the service. Both of them are coming to Djaban’as substation. Once at arrived, they are
connected to two bas bur. Then, one of them goes directly to Central boulaos. And, the other
one also goes to Marabout service. Furthermore, a power transformer of 63/20 KV exists in
the dispatching service. And, the departure of 20 KV feed some section in the inside of city.
Lastly, there are also the capacitors of 2.1 MVAR at inside of the service. They ensure to
provide or produce the reactive power in order to implant to the national network.

III. Principal task: Study the penetration rate of the future wind farm that generate 60
MW at region of Goubhet in the national network of production and transportation of
electricity of Djibouti (EDD), and the ways of compensation for having a better
regulation.

1. Introduction.

In the recent innovation of technology, the wind energy become very needs for usage of
electricity. It is mainly used to generate electricity like the others generation [1]. And, it
belong the renewable energy source. In the previous years, the ancient people didn’t have the
aware to use wind energy for generating electricity. They have been used windmills for
sailing ships, for pumping water, for cutting wood, for cooling, for grinding grain and ….etc
[2]. However, the people improved the basic design of windmill in order to produce the
electricity for last century. For instance, the Denmark was the first country who started to
hardness the wind energy by using the electricity and it was invented by Poul La Cour in 1891
[3]. In addition, Djibouti city used the thermal and hydraulic energy to generate electricity and
satisfy the consumers in the last ten years. But, it launched a new project of wind farm that

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generate a capacity of 60 MW at region of GHOUBET-ALKHARAB in the next year coming
[4]. Because, Djibouti is developing country which there will be a new buildings,
infrastructures, consumers and investments. Furthermore, this new building of wind farm of
is a part of the national network to achieve an energy independence based on clean,
permanent, low-cost and accessible energy for all Djibouti’s territory. Therefore, the
connection between the wind farms and Djaban’as substation should be a transmission line of
230 KV in order to avoid the more losses [5]. The big benefit of this project is to integrate the
wind power in the national network.

In the rest of report, we will discuss how to install the wind farm of 60 MW at Goubet.
Then, we will study how to produce and transport the wind power. Finally, we will
examine the wind power penetration rate to the electrical network. This paper is
organized as a follow:
• Overview of wind energy.
• Study the wind resource and analysis.
• Production and Transportation of wind farm.
• Integration of wind energy to the grid.
• Wind Power Penetration rate and simulation of load flow.

2. Overview of wind energy.

2.1. Principles and components of wind turbine.

2.1.1. Definition of wind turbine.

Basically, wind turbine is device which allows converting the kinetic energy into a
mechanical energy. After that, there is electrical generator that integrates in the wind turbine,
and it has functionality of transferring the mechanical energy into electrical energy. So, this is
what we call the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) [6]. The wind energy is used to
generate electricity. And, it is defined as a renewable energy and is one of the fastest-growing
renewable energy technologies in the recent years. Because, this energy is very clean, free and
available. The energy that can be harnessed by wind turbines is highly depending on the local

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average wind speed. In addition, a wind farm is an area with several wind turbines producing
electricity. It is located a site which there is a strong wind speeds or regular. Then, windfarm
consists as following [7]:
➢ A number of wind turbines,
➢ Access track,
➢ A connection to the local electrical network,
➢ Measurement systems, control systems, technical room and ….etc.

For a windfarm consisting several wind turbines, it is important to position the wind turbines
in a distance of 7 time diameter of rotor( major axis) and 3 time the diameter of rotor( minor
axis) of wake ellipse the horizontal axis wind turbine [8]. The reason of this distance is to
maintain between them spacing sufficient to the flow of disturbed air after passing through a
wind turbine (new fluid of the second wind turbine). Even, it also allows avoiding the
interference for reducing the efficiency of wind turbine. Furthermore, the wind turbine must
build a minimum distance of 500 m from homes in order to avoid the noise of wind turbine
[9]. Lastly, it is necessary to apply these spacing during the construction of wind farm.

2.1.2. Main components of wind turbines.

The major components of modern wind turbine systems typically consist of the following [10]
(see fig 20 in appendix):
❖ Rotor composes three blades and hub that convert wind energy to mechanical energy
onto the rotor shaft. Because, three blades are highest number to produce electricity.
However, one or two blades can create more vibration than three blades, and for more
blades is used to create a torque in order to pump. In addition, the blades are made by
composition of materials. They are rigid blades. Finally, their lengths actually reach
between 33 to 55 meters, or rotor’s diameters are usually about 6 to 110 meters.
Because, the power of wind turbine is proportional to the area of rotor.
❖ Nacelle is located at the head of the wind turbine. And, it necessary composes
mechanical, electronic and electrical systems for operation of the machinery. Inside of
tower, the electrical cables ensure to transport the electricity which product in the
nacelle until to the ground. Lastly, the differents composition of the nacelle are:

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 • Gearbox which allow to match the slowly turning rotor shaft to the electric
generator;
• Control systems charges to start the wind turbine during the cut-in wind speed
(4m/s), and to stop during the cut-out wind speed (25m/s) by using a brake
system. Even, it monitors proper operation of the machinery;
• High-speed shaft is a shaft driving the generator;
• Low-speed shaft is a shaft driving the turbine hub with blades;
• Yaw drive is a component of wind turbine. It allows the rotor to rotate in the
direction of wind at any given time;
• Generator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy;

❖ Measurement systems which are namely anemometer and wind vane. Both of them
always allow to measure the wind speed and wind direction;
❖ Tall tower which supports the rotor high above the ground to capture the higher wind
speed, and it is made of tubular steel;
❖ Solid foundation to support the heavy wind turbine and to prevent it from blowing
over in high wind;
❖ Power transformer to increase the voltage of the wind energy in order to inject the
national network.

2.1.3. The principles operation of wind turbine.

Nowadays, the modest wind turbines have developed in the recent years. The technology
ensures to operate automatically the wind turbines. They operate in a basic ways. Under the
effect of wind speed, the rotor starts to rotate. The main shaft can cause the generator for
producing the electricity. And, this electric generator is called an alternator. It is a machine
that converts the mechanical energy supplied to rotor into electrical energy. In addition, the
wind turbine needs necessary a minimal wind speed in order to rotate the blades. Then, when
the wind speed seems high enough to overcome friction in the wind turbine, the control
system allow rotating the rotor for starting way. After that, it starts to produce a very small
amount of power which is not sufficient to the consumers. This small power is related to the
cut-in wind speed which is limited about 3 or 4 m/s [10]. However, when the output reaches

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the maximum power, it is concerned the rated power. And, the wind speed at which rated
power is reached, it is called the rated wind speed of the turbine. This wind speed is usually a
strong wind that is limited from 15 m/s to 20 m/s [10]. Eventually, if the wind speed increases
more and more, the control systems should stop the wind turbine automatically in order to
avoid the damage of the equipments, and this cut-out wind speed is almost up to 25 m/s.
lastly, the voltage of electricity produced by the alternator of the WT, is usually about 600 to
1000 volts [10]. It is then raised by a power transformer in order to inject to the national
network and can be distributed to the consumers.

2.1.4. The key factors of energy production from the wind.

The production of wind turbines really depends on some factors for enhancing the output
power, and they consist as the following [11]:
❖ The diameter of area swept by rotor blades: for increasing the rotor diameter ensure
to increase greatly the power output according to the theoretical formulas (P=Cp∗
0.5 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉^3), where Cp: betz limit (0.59), A: area swept (m^2),
𝜌: 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑘𝑔/𝑚^3) and V: the average of wind speed (m/s). For instance,
doubling the rotor diameter quadruples power output. According to the wind power
formula, it is proportional the output power of wind turbine.
❖ The speed of wind: The wind speed is one of the factors which allow enhancing the
output power of the WT. For instance, a 10 percent of increasing the wind speed can
be raised the power output of about 30 percent.
❖ The variability of wind speed over time at the site: The total energy produced by a
wind turbine system over a period of time depends on the distribution and variability
of wind speed over time.
❖ The density of the air: Wind power is proportional to the air density according to
theoretical formulas of wind power.
❖ The Betz limit: The most energy that an ideal wind turbine system can harness is
approximately 59 percent.

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 2.2.The differents types of wind turbines.

2.2.1. Vertical axis wind turbines.

The vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) stay the ancient wind turbine as compared to the
horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Because, they were developed in Persia about 500 to
900 A.D [12]. Generally, there are two kinds of VAWT. And, they are called as well as the
Savnoius and the Darrieus [13]. The Savnoius is suitable for pumping water or graining but
the other one is suitable for electricity generation. Therefore, both of them typically belong
the type of wind turbine which have axis of rotation perpendicular to the ground. The main
components as well as generator and gearbox are located to close the ground [13]. This
location allows facilitating the service maintenance and repair. Finally, the vertical axis wind
turbine have a big difference to the horizontal axis wind turbine in terms of number of blades
working at time, working wind direction, efficiency at a given wind speed and location (see
fig21 in appendix).

❖ The main advantage of the VAWT are the following [13]:

• They can produce electricity in any wind direction;
• They don’t need a strong supporting tower because all component are placed to
the ground;
• They are very easy to install and transport from one place to another;
• They have low maintenance;
• They can be installed in urban area;
• They have low risk for human and animals (birds);
• They are also quiet and ….etc.

❖ The main disadvantage of the VAWT are also following:

• They have less efficient as compared to the horizontal axis wind turbine;
• They don’t sometimes operate under winds that are gusty;
• They generate low starting torque;
• They are less reliable.

17
 2.2.2. Horizontal axis wind turbines.

The horizantal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are the modern wind turbine that exist nowadays.
They have been developped from the tradional windmills desogn that have been existed for
many centuries [13]. Furthermore, the HAWT have an axis of rotation parallel to the ground.
And, their main components are placed to the top of wind turbine. As compared to vertical
axis wind turbine, the horizontalaxis wind turbine work automatically. There are some specfic
of controller systems which take a charge for the direction of wind speed and keeping it
safety. In addition, the three blades of HAWT stay the most common about WT design [14].
The reason is that they have high effeciency than one or two blades and less weight than multi
rotors. Lastly, these points show us that HAWT are innovated during the new century.Thus,
their propeller blade are the most option one by using electricity generation, since its
effeciency is about 60% [13] (see fig21 in appendix).

❖ The main advantage of the HAWT consist of the following [13]:

• They are high efficiency while the blades move perpendicular to the wind;
• They have tall tower which support the heavy equipments;
• They work automatically by using the control systems;
• They have a variable pitch of blade that allow to collect the maximum wind
energy.
• They are suitable for using of hybrid systems.

❖ The disadvantage of the HAWT are following:

• Diffucult installation and transportation as compared to VAWT;
• High risk for birds;
• High maintenance cost;
• High noise;

2.2.3. Onshore and Offshore wind turbine.

2.2.3.1.Offshore wind turbine.

18
Offshore wind power is a new modern type of turbine. It almost use to the wind farm in order
to feed some energy into the grid and usually construct in the ocean. Because, higher wind
speed are more available in the ocean compared to the land. So, these kinds of wind turbine
also allow generating electricity. Nevertheless, the offshore wind turbines are not used
commonly for the reasons of expensive (see fig22 in appendix).

❖ The advantage of offshore wind turbine are following [15]:

• Offshore wind are usually stronger and steadier;
• The wind speed of offshore is very high;
• Less turbulence for offshore wind turbine;
• They are more environmental;
• They can be built much larger and harness more energy;
• More efficient than onshore WT.

❖ The main disadvantage of offshore wind turbine consist:

• They are very expensive;
• They are very difficult to built;
• They increase maintenance cost:
• The long cables result in the voltage drop off meaning that a loss of power
occurs in the cable.

2.2.3.2.Onshore wind turbine.

Although, the onshore wind turbines are very different to the offshore wind turbine in terms
of construction, location, financial, and…etc. But, they have same functionality which is to
generate the electricity. In addition, the countries usually use the onshore wind for the wind
farm, because they are relatively cheap than the offshore wind (see fig23 in appendix).
❖ The importance points of onshore wind turbine are [15] :
• The cost of onshore WT is very cheap than offshore wind;
• Easy to install and repair rather than offshore wind;
• The distance between the wind farm and consumer is short and allow less
voltage drop off cabling as comparing offshore WT;

19
 ❖ The disadvantage of onshore wind turbine are also following:

• The onshore wind turbine are optimized at specific speed in order to harness the
energy;
• They can cause noise pollution;
• They have less efficiency than offshore WT;

3. The sizing of windfarm at GHOUBET-ALKHARAB.

These subparts represent the result of the global feasibility study of 60 MW wind farm zone in
Djibouti. The purpose of feasibility study was done by the company of Tractebel from 2012 to
2016 [5]. First, they started to determine or study for a long term wind resource at this site by
measuring the wind at exact location of interest. And, these measurements included the wind
speed, wind direction, turbulence intensity, temperature and pressures. Then, they analyzed
the wind data by using some software such as wind atlas, Windpro and excel. Finally, they put
place three differents types of wind turbines as well as 13N133/4.8 MW, 14S120/4.3 MW and
15V117/4 MW. They have compared all of them in order to choose the suitable one of
windfarm installation and to present a productivity analysis based on the resulting wind
climate.

3.1. The map of wind speed at windfarm area.

3.1.1. The choice of site.

Figure 3: The zone of windfarm. source: http://www.tractebel-engie.com

20
The figure above indicates us the map of windfarm site which is namely the region of
GHOUBET-ALKHARAB at Djibouti. It is a complex terrain which there is a volcanic [5].
But it stays the best suitable zone to install a wind farm in Djibouti after recorded the wind
speed data in others zones. Because, the center of study research in Djibouti (CERD) have
done some research about the measurements of annual mean wind speed at height of 40 m at
several location in Djibouti such as Ghoubet-Alkharab (8.9 m/s), Daba Reyadleh (5.9 m/s),
Ga’ali Maba (9.2 m/s) and Bada Wein (6.7 m/s) from 2003 to 2004 [16]. But, the annual mean
wind speed of Ghoubet site is rapidly increasing and reached 9.85 m/s at height of 59 m in the
teen years later [5]. Finally, that’s why the company of Tractebel took the charge to build a 60
MW wind farm in the zone of Ghoubet. Because, it stay the suitable site in terms of high wind
speed, environmental and superficial.

3.1.2. The choice of wind turbine types.

Once it is chosen the site of wind farm, the engineering of the company tractebel started the
calculation of wind energy by using some software as well as wind pro. They calculated it in
order to select the best of wind turbines which correspond to the result. After that, they chose
the Nordex-133 models (N133/4.8 MW) as a wind turbine in terms of cost, capacity, lifetime
and uncertainty [5]. Because, these are large wind turbine that adapt to the strong winds. And,
the total capacity of these turbine models can be generated 62.4 MW. Furthermore, they have
a height hub of 83 m and rotor diameter of 133 m. Finally, these kinds of wind turbine stay
the new generation or new models of wind turbines.
Turbine type N133/4.8
And numbers 13
Manufacturer Nordex
Rated power [MW] 4.8
Rotor diameter [m] 133
Hub height [m] 83
IEC Class Annual average wind speed (9.0 m/s)

Operating temperature -20 to 40 ᵒC

Cut-in speed [m/s] 3
Cut-out speed [m/s] 22.5
Power curve air density [Kg/m^3] 1.15

Figure 4: Wind turbine configurations. (Source: http://www.tractebel-)engie.com )

21
 3.2. The simulation of wind resource data.

The simulation part allows simulating all data of wind resource in order to analysis or
interpreting these results. Then, all data are used to put in the software such as Windpro, excel
and matlab application. So, these softwares allowed me to perform some simulations
including the monthly wind speed versus month and time (hrs), monthly power versus wind
speed, month and time (hrs), and monthly wind speed versus the temperature. Unfortunately,
the simulation of weibull distribution function and wind direction was done by the company
of Tractebel Engineering (TE). Because, i couldn’t found the data of wind speed by time (hrs)
and days for a years in order to simulate the weibull distribution and wind direction

3.2.1. Weibull distribution function.

Figure 5: Weibull distribution. (source: http://www.tractebel-engie.com )

This figure5 indicates us the weibull distribution of measured data of the wind speed from
2012 to 2016. So, it allows determining the annual average of wind speed on the zone of WF.

22
And, the weibull parameters are characterized by two parameters as well as the shape
parameter (k) and scale parameter (C is noted m/s). But, TE stay that the weibull distributions
don’t fit well with the measured data. So, it is suitable to use the measurement distribution
instead of weibull distribution. Therefore, the annual mean wind speed of the wind farm at
height of 80 m is approximately 10.18 m/s and the parameters are (A=11.36 m/s, k=3.2) [5] .
𝐻₂ 𝛼
In addition, by using Hellman’s approximation which is defined as ( 𝑉₂ = 𝑉₁ (𝐻₁) ) [11], the

annual mean wind speed at elevation of 83 m is around 10.21 m/s with a Hellman exponent (𝛼
) of 0.1 [11]. Finally, the site of this annual mean speed is very appropriately to construct a
wind farm.

3.2.2. Wind direction.

Figure 6: The direction of the wind speeds. (source: http://www.tractebel-engie.com )

The figure above shows the main prevailing of the wind direction in the zone of wind farm.
According to the figure 6, the wind directions are almost from East South East (45.1%) to
East (35.3%). It means that the wind turbine could harness the largest amount of the wind
energy from ESE to E in order to feed the grid connection very well or satisfy the consumers.
In contrary, the other sectors of wind directions cannot provide a large amount of wind power
because of missing the wind speed.

23
 3.2.3. Monthly of wind speed at wind farm zone.

16.00 The variations of wind speed during the temperature. 40.0

14.00 35.0
12.00 30.0
Wind speeds (m/s)

10.00 25.0
8.00 20.0 Wind speed (m/s)
6.00 15.0 Temperature(°C)
4.00 10.0
2.00 5.0
0.00 0.0

Month

Figure 7: Monthly profile of wind speed (blue) vs temperature (red) at 83 m.

According to the figure 7, it shows us the typically seasonal pattern of the wind speed with a
height of 83 m in the site of wind farm area. According to the figure above, the wind speed
increased the month of winter from January to April in the wind farm zone. However, it
decreased the month of summer from May to September. And, then it again increased from
October to December. So, it seemed that the wind speed is inversely proportional the
temperature. Because of, the hottest month of this zone could reach a very low of wind speed.
In contrary, the coldest month of Djibouti could reach a very high wind speed. Finally, the
average of wind speed was 9.9 m/s in the year of 2015. So, this average of wind speed can be
produced a good energy production. And it also can be able to satisfy the needs of the
consumers.

24
 3.2.4. Power curves of the wind turbine.

6000
Power curve of N133/4.8 MW wind turbine
5000

4000
Power (Kw)

3000
Cut-in speed: 3 m/s
2000

1000 Cut-out speed: 23 m/s

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind speed (m/s)

Figure 8: Power vs Wind speeds. (source: http://www.tractebel-engie.com )

As refer as the figure 8 indicates the relationship between the power curve and steady wind
speed which reflects the regulated power achievable from the wind turbine. At very low wind
speed from 0 to 2 m/s, the wind turbine generated a very low power which couldn’t satisfy the
consumers or not utilized. In addition, typical designs the wind turbine are started when the
wind speed exceeds 3 m/s, what is called the cut-in wind speed. So, the wind turbine is
automatically started at the cut-in wind speed and its power increased rapidly until the rated
wind speed (14m/s) is reached. Furthermore, at wind speeds range from 14 m/s to 23 m/s, the
power is limited to the rated power of the wind turbine. Finally, when the wind speeds is
higher than 22 m/s, the wind turbine are normally brought to standstill in order to avoid high
mechanical loads on the turbine or to make safety the equipments of turbine. This wind speed
is namely the cut-out wind speed.

25
 3.2.5. Monthly power versus wind speed.

70 16
Power VS wind speed 14
60
12
50
Power (MW)

10
40
8
30 Power (MW)
6
20
4
Wind speed
10 2 (m/s)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Figure 9: Monthly profile of power (blue) vs wind speeds (green) at 83 m.

According to this figure, it indicates that the variation of the wind farm power and wind speed
during the month in 2015. Simultaneously, the powers of wind farm and wind speed rapidly
rise the winter season. In contrary, they decrease the summer season. So, it means that the
power and wind speed are proportional. And also, the wind farm could produce more energy
during the winter season than summer season.

3.2.6. Power production of wind farm during the time (hr).

60
Power during the time
50

40
Power (MW)

30
Power (MW)
20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hr)
Figure 10: The power production of wind farm during the time.

26
As refer as the figure 10, it shows us the variation of the power produced by the wind farm
during the time in hours. According to this bar chart, the production of power increases from
afternoon to midnight (15 hr to 1 hr). In contrary, it tends to decrease from midnight to noon
(2 hr to 14 hr). Therefore, it means that the wind speed is too low at morning rather than at
night. So, the power of wind power plant can be highly at night. Because, power and wind
speed are proportional each others according to the wind power formulas. Finally, it is
suitable at night to inject the wind power into the grid. Because, the WF generate a large
amount of energy during the night.

3.3. Capacity factor method.

3.3.1. Definition of wind farm capacity factor.

The wind farm capacity factor (WFCF) represents the ratio of the average power output to the
rated output power of wind farm [7]. Otherwise, for calculating the WFCF can be the total
amount of energy the plant produced during a period of time and divided by the amount of
WF energy would have produced at full capacity. So, it depends on same parameters as well
as the cut-in speed, rated speed, cut-out speed, turbine rated power, shape parameter and scale
parameters. By mathematically expression, it is defined as a follow:

𝑃𝑒, 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑊𝐹𝐶𝐹 % = (1)
𝑃𝑒, 𝑟
Where:
Pe,ave: it is the average electrical power of the wind farm.
Pe,r: it is the rated electrical power of the wind turbine of the wind farm which is 62.4 MW.

Furthermore, the average electrical power of the wind farm is the defined by following
equation:

𝑉𝑐 𝐾 𝑉𝑓 𝐾
𝑒 −( 𝐶 ) − 𝑒 −( 𝐶 ) 𝑉𝑓 𝐾
−( )
𝑃𝑒, 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒, 𝑟 ∗ ( −𝑒 𝐶 ) (2)
𝑉𝑟 𝐾 𝑉𝑐 𝐾
(𝐶 ) −(𝐶)

Where:

27
Vc: Cut-in speed of WT (3m/s);
Vr: Rated speed of WT (14m/s);
Vf: Cut-out speed of WT (22.5 m/s).

So, by numerically expression and using Eq. (2):

𝑃𝑒, 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 31.74 𝑀𝑊

Finally, by using Eq. (1):

31.7 𝑀𝑊
𝑊𝐹𝐶𝐹 = ∗ 100 = 50.8 %
62.4 𝑀𝑊

3.3.2. The gross of annual energy production.

The gross of annual energy production (AEP) is considered here without net losses and wake
losses [5]. It is just available 100% of production energy in a wind turbine of N133/4.8 MW.
Therefore, the annual energy productions of the wind farm are proportional or depend to the
capacity factor of the wind farm, the rated of electrical power in a year [7]. So, AEP can be
defined as the product of WFCF, Pe,r and the number hours in a year. By mathematically
expression is given as follow:

𝐴𝐸𝑃 = 𝑊𝐹𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝑃𝑒, 𝑟 ∗ 8760 (3)

Where:
AEP: is the annual energy production of the wind farm in MWh;
Pe,r: is the rated power of the wind farm in MW;
WFCF: is the wind farm capacity factor.

Finally, by using Eq. (3):

𝐴𝐸𝑃 = 𝑊𝐹𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝑃𝑒, 𝑟 ∗ 8760 = 0.508 ∗ 62.4 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 8760 ℎ = 277,685 𝑀𝑊ℎ (4)

28
 4. Integration of wind energy to the grid.

The one of biggest challenge in wind energy is to integrate the very variable power production
from wind turbines into the grid systems. It is what we call the connection between electrical
power systems and the network. So, the electricity of Djibouti (EDD) is developing a grid
code which will define the conditions for which the wind farm must remain connected to the
EDD networks [5]. This connection of wind farm to the network allows stabilizing or
increasing the electricity of Djibouti. Or in other ways, it allows us to be independent the
importation of electricity from Ethiopia. Then, the figure below typically shows the layout of
wind power plant. There is a power collection system in the wind power plant which is
collecting the power of all wind turbines in series. And, it is connecting them to the point of
connection (POC) which is lower voltage about 20 KV [5]. After that, a step up power
transformer which has a functionality of converting the lower voltage of 20 KV to high
voltage of 230 KV in order to connect to the grid network. Finally, the development of high
voltage 230 KV of transmission line is going on from wind park zone (GHOUBET-
ALKHARAB) to Djaban’as substation.

Figure 11: Layout of wind power plant.

4.1.Difference between variable and fixed speed wind turbine.

Generally, the electrical systems in wind turbine systems mainly consists two differents kind
wind turbine as well as fixed speed and variable speed [10]. Both of them are used to integrate
the wind energy in the grid, but they used it in different ways. To begin with, the generators

29
are connected directly to the grid for the fixed speed wind turbines. They have low price, but
they cannot be able to extract a maximum power. Even, they equipped an induction generator
which consumes more reactive power. And that’s why they are not used in nowadays [10]. In
contrary, the variable speeds of wind turbines aren’t equipped with a generator directly related
to the grid. In other way, there is a power converter between the generator and the grid.
Today, the variable speed wind turbines are almost used for integration of electrical systems
to the network in some reasons. First, to optimize the wind-driven power, it is desirable to
adjust the rotation speed of wind turbine. So, the suitable idea is to make a generator with
fixed frequency and variable speed. Then, the generator of variable speed makes it possible to
operate for a wide range of wind and also to recover a maximum of power [17]. This is called
the Maximum Power Point tracking (MPPT). Secondly, the frequency and amplitude of the
voltage at the output of generator are variable because of the variable-speed of wind turbine.
Furthermore, a power converter is used to regulate the frequency in order to response the grid
frequency. Finally, the power transformer management between the rectifier and inverter is
done by continuous bus regulation [17]. This bus consists in particular of a capacitor
smoothing and filtering the waveform. And, this filter allows eliminating the harmonic current
which the power converter produces it [10]. Thus, the variable speed of WT gives an
increasing power quality, and stays the best wind turbine of grid connection in nowadays. .
(see fig25 in appendix).

4.2.The constraints of connecting the wind turbines to the network.

Normally, the technical requirement for connecting the wind farm to the network system is
specified by a final decision. This decision can be consisted some general consideration on
these constraints of connection [18]:
• According to the type of wind turbines installation, their power generated and their
voltage of implementation to the electrical network, so this installation of wind
production should be able to contribute such as for duration limited and supporting the
electrical systems when there is a the situation of the fault. In other ways, the wind
turbines stay to connect the network. Even if there is a high variation of voltage and
frequency in order to avoid the blackout.

30
 • The wind farm must be equipped a capacitive service which provide a suitable
operation of the electrical system. And this service include such as adjusting primary
and secondary of voltage, adjusting primary and secondary of frequency and
separation network operation.
• The installation of wind turbine must be equipped with a device which allows
synchronizing the wind farm to the network. Even, they must have the equipment of
voltage and frequency regulation which are able to respond the grid desired.

4.2.1. The adjustment of voltage.

In fact, there are a several reason why adjusting the voltage is very crucial point for the
stability of electrical systems [18]. First, adjusting the voltage on the electrical network can be
optimized the flow of electricity. Second, if it cannot be adjusted, it should damage the
equipment electrical systems. For instance, over and undervoltage can cause the problems of
the equipment connected to the network. Last, it minimizes the losses of the network. Thus,
when voltage variations occur, three successive adjustments are made as well as the
adjustment of primary, secondary and tertiary. And those are done by a small limited duration.

4.2.2. The adjustment of frequency.

The regulation of the frequency of interconnected to the network is also essential in order to
stabilize the network. Generally, it can be regulated in acceptable zone. If it exceeds this
limitation, it should cause a blackout. So, the reason for controlling the frequency allow to
stabilize the network and the flow of alternating electric current supplied by several
generators across the network. Finally, when there is a problem of frequency or variation,
three adjustments can occur automatically such as the primary, secondary and tertiary
regulation of frequency [18].

4.2.3. Coupling and disturbance.

The coupling or synchronization of the wind farm to the network systems normally should
respect the constraints on the frequency, amplitude and phase voltage [18]. Even, it shouldn’t
almost affect the stability of the network. Last, the disturbance created by the wind turbine at

31
point of connection must be limited such as flicker and harmonics. Or, they must have some
equipment which allows reducing this disturbance.

4.3.230 KV Transmission Line.

4.3.1. Types of transmission line.

In fact, there are two types of transmission line in electrical systems such as overhead and
underground transmission lines [19]. To begin with, the overhead transmission lines are
electrical powers which carry by a long towers or poles. Since most of the insulation is
provided by air, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost of method of transmission
line for large quantities of electrical power. Then, the supporting materials of overhead power
is composed as well as wood, steel, aluminum, concrete, occasionally reinforced plastic. In
contrast, the underground power line is another types modern of cable which allow to carry a
small voltage as compared to the overhead power. In addition, the underground is more
expensive than overhead systems. Even, it cannot be operated above for the high voltage
because of insulation difficulties. Furthermore, the overhead system is more flexible than
underground systems. The reason of flexibility is for new conductors can be laid along the
existing one for loads expansion in overhead systems. But, in the case of underground
systems new conductors are laid in new channel. Finally, the electricity of Djibouti took as a
consideration the overhead systems of transmission line from Lac assal to Djaban’as
substation in terms of high voltage and lowest-cost of transmission line [5].

4.3.2. Classification of overhead transmission lines.

Generally, overhead transmission lines are classified into three parts which are short, medium
and long transmission line for electrical systems [19]. First, short transmission lines are
having the lower length about less than 80 Km (50 miles) when it is compared to the two
other transmission lines [19]. And, they can able to operate the low voltage which is less than
20 KV. Due to smaller distance and lower line voltage, the capacitance may often be ignored

32
because of it is small effect. Hence, the performances of short transmission lines depend upon
the resistance and inductance of line. In contrary, the medium line of transmission line length
is between 80 to 250 Km [19]. Then, they can be operated a voltage between 20 to 100 KV.
As the length of line increases, the line charging current becomes appreciable and shunt
capacitance must be considered. For medium length lines, half of the shunt admittance may be
considered to be lumped at each end of the line. Lastly, the long transmission line is
considered the long length above 250 Km. It can be operated a high voltage which is above
100 KV. The long line constant (resistance, inductance, admittance and capacitance) of a
transmission line are uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line. Thus, the
electricity of Djibouti (EDD) chose the medium line model because of the interconnection of
two substations from Lac assal to Djaban’as substation has a distance higher than 80 Km and
lower than 250 Km [5].

4.3.2.1.Medium line model.

Figure 12: Length of transmission line. (source: google map)

The blue line of this figure above indicates where the pylon of power system should be
putting for the transmission line between the production and distribution side. Even, it also
shows the length between the two substations from Lac assal to Djaban’as. So, the pylon
allows supporting the conductors of HV transmission line and it made of tower steel.

33
 4.3.2.1.1. Characteristic of the transmission line.

Figure 13: The data of the conductor.

This figure shows us the parameter of the conductors which are the resistance, reactance and
capacitance per phase per kilometers with the three sequences of the transmission line [20].
However, for inserting the parameter of receiving end quantities of the transmission line, it is
suitable to use the resistance, reactance and capacitance of the positive sequences. Because,
the two others sequences are concerned for the protection systems.

4.3.2.1.2. Calculation of receiving end quantities.

Figure 14: Nominal π for medium line.

In generally, the sending end quantities can be expressed in term of receiving end quantities in
form matrix as following [21]:

𝑉𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑟
[ ]=[ ]×[ ] (5)
𝐼𝑠 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑟

34
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟 (6)

𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟 (7)

Where:
Vr: The receiving end voltage (KV);
Ir: The receiving end current (A);
Vs: The sending end voltage (KV);
Is: The sending end current (A);

But the value of A, B, C and D are constants and can be calculated as a following:

𝑍𝑌
𝐴= +1 (8)
2

𝐵=𝑍 (9)

𝑍𝑌
𝐶 = 𝑌 ( + 1) (10)
4

𝐷=𝐴 (11)

Where:

Z: Series impedance of the line which is denoted ohm;

Y: The shunt admittance of the line which is denoted Siemens per km;

A 230 KV, three phase transmission line is 106 Km long from production site to distribution
site. The series impedance of transmission line is z= 0.093 + 𝑗 0.3168 Ω 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚
[20], and the shunt admittance is 𝑦 = 𝑗 3.64 × 10−6 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 [20]. So, the sending
end power active at wind farm area is 𝑃𝑠 = 62.4 𝑀𝑊 [5], the sending end voltage is 𝑉𝑠 =
230 𝐾𝑉 [5] and the sending end current is 𝐼𝑠 = 169.15 𝐴 at 0.926 power factor lagging [5].

35
Finally, it should be used the medium line model to find the receiving end parameters such as
the voltage, current, the powers, efficiency of transmission line and the voltage regulation.

At numerical expression:

The series impedance per phase is

𝑍 = (𝑟 + 𝑗𝑤𝑙) × 𝐿 = (0.093 + 𝑗0.3168) × 106 = 9.87 + 𝑗33.58 Ω (12)

The sending end voltage per phase is

230𝐾𝑉
𝑉𝑠 = = 132.79∠0° 𝐾𝑉 (13)
√3
The sending end reactive power is given by
𝑄𝑠 = √3 × 𝑉𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = √3 × 230𝐾𝑉 × 169.2 𝐴 × sin(22.18°) = 25.44 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟 (14)

The sending end apparent power is

𝑆𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠 + 𝑄𝑠 = 62.4 𝑀𝑊 + 𝑗25.44 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟 = 67.39 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (15)

From the receiving end parameters is giving by matrix:

𝑉𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 −1 𝑉𝑠
[ ]=[ ] ×[ ] (16)
𝐼𝑟 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑠

Then, ABCD parameter can be found by using equation above from Eq.8 to Eq.11:

0.994 + 𝑗 1.9064 × 10−3 9.87 + 𝑗 33.58

ABCD=[ ]
−3.682 × 10−7 + 𝑗 3.863 × 10−4 0.994 + 𝑗 1.9064 × 10−4

Finally, the receiving end voltage and current are used by Eq.16:

𝑉𝑟 224.7 − 𝑗 4.18 𝐾𝑉 224.7∠ − 1.06 𝐾𝑉

[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
𝐼𝑟 155.74 − 𝑗 151.87 𝐴 217.53∠ − 44.3 𝐴

36
The power factor of the receiving end is

𝑃𝑓 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠( 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑉𝑟) − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝐼𝑟) ) = 0.73 (17)

The active power of receiving end is

𝑃𝑟 = √3 × 𝑉𝑟 × 𝐼𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = √3 × 224.7 × 103 × 217.53 × 0.73 = 61.7 𝑀𝑊 (18)

The reactive power of receiving end is

𝑄𝑟 = √3 × 𝑉𝑟 × 𝐼𝑟 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = √3 × 224.7 𝐾𝑉 × 217.53 × sin(43.11°) = 57.8 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟 (19)

The apparent power is

𝑆𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑗 𝑄𝑟 = 61.7 𝑀𝑊 + 𝑗 57.8 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟 = 84.5 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (20)

4.3.2.1.2.1.Voltage regulation percentage.

The voltage regulation of the transmission line can be defined as the percentage change in
voltage at receiving end of the line in going from no load to full load:

|𝑉𝑟(𝑛𝑙) − |𝑉𝑟(𝑓𝑙)||
𝑉𝑅% = × 100 (21)
|𝑉𝑟(𝑓𝑙)|
At no load, 𝐼𝑟 = 0 and by using Eq.4, the receiving voltage at no loads is given
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑟(𝑛𝑙) = (22)
𝐴
By numerical expression, the voltage regulation is using by Eq.21:

231.4 𝐾𝑉 − 224.7 𝐾𝑉
𝑉𝑅% = × 100 = 2.9% ≈ 3%
224.7 𝐾𝑉

4.3.2.1.2.2.Efficiency of transmission line.

37
The efficiency of transmission line is the ratio of the active power sending end to active
power receiving end and can be expressed in term of mathematically as following:

𝑃𝑟 61.7 𝑀𝑊
𝜂= × 100 = × 100 = 98.8% (23)
𝑃𝑠 62.4 𝑀𝑊

4.4.Regulation devices for the voltage and frequency.

4.4.1. Voltage regulation.

4.4.1.1.Shunt reactor for voltage regulation.

Figure 15: Capacitive effects in the transmission line.

Figure 15 was simulated by PSpice software. It indicates us the ways to determine the
capacitive (capacitor) effects. So, if it considers the pi model when the output courant (Ir) is
zero. It notices that the output capacitor is in series with the resistance and inductance of the
line. By mathematically expression, the current of the capacitors can be defined as following:

38
 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1
𝐼𝑐 = = = (24)
𝑍𝑐 𝑍𝑐 + 𝑍𝑟 + 𝑍𝑙 1
𝑗 𝑤𝑐

Where;
V1: the sending end voltage (230𝐾𝑉)
V2: the receiving end voltage (230 𝐾𝑉)
𝐼𝑐: Current capacitor (A)
Zc: impedance of the capacitors (1.23 × 10−6 𝐹)

By numerical application, the current of capacitor is found by using Eq. 24:

230 𝐾𝑉
𝐼𝑐 = = 𝑗 88.9 𝐴 = 88.9∠90° 𝐴
1
𝑗 2𝜋 × 50 × 1.23 × 10−6

Then, the reactive power produced by the transmission line :

𝑄 = √3 × 𝑉𝜄𝜄 × 𝐼𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = √3 × 230 𝐾𝑉 × 88.9 × sin(22.18°) = 35.3 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟 (25)

Finally, a shunt reactor plays a key role in order to stabilize the network system or to limit the
overvoltage [26]. Because, it allows to consume the reactive power produced by the
transmission line. For instance, while the shunt reactor consumes the increasing the reactive
power in the transmission line, the voltage of the line decreases rapidly. So, it stays the most
devices commonly used for reactive power compensation in order to regulate the voltage.
Therefore, a shunt reactor should be selected which is near to this value like 30 Mvar.
Because, there is no a shunt reactor which is equal tis value in the market. So, this shunt
reactor of 30 Mvar could ensure to decrease the level of voltage in the transmission line when
it is very high (overvoltage) and can be directly connected to the power line in parallel.

4.4.1.2.Tap transformer for voltage regulation.

In the recent innovation technology, the transformers have evolved during the time. The most
of transformers have equipped with taps on the winding to regulate the voltage [22]. And, this

39
kind of transformers are called either on loads tap changing (OLTC) transformers or tap
changing under loads (TCUL) transformers [22]. In addition, they have a mechanism of tap
changer which allows for variable turn ratios of the winding to be selected in suitable
position. For instance, when the secondary voltage of a transformer is undervoltage or
overvoltage, it is just only to increase or decrease the OLTC transformer by automatically. It
mean’s that these switches can be selected the physical tap position on transformer winding.
And, this mechanism is done without interrupting the power systems. Finally, for usage of
OLTC is suitable for the voltage regulation in the network and it is based on changing the
number of winding of the transformers. It only appropriates to vary the voltage of the
secondary side of transformers [22].

4.4.2. Frequency regulation basics.

In the recent years of technology, the modern wind plants allow to control the regulation of
frequency in response to grid frequency in a ways which are very suitable to the grid
performance [23]. It means that it is necessary that the total of power generation should be
equal to power consumed by systems load in order to maintain a desired frequency. Because,
if supply exceeds demand, then the level of grid frequency would increase, but if the total
loads exceeds the total generation, the grid frequency would drop [23]. Furthermore, the
modest wind turbine use three conventional methods for frequency regulation in a large
disturbance [23]. These three control regimes are composed as well as inertial, primary
frequency response and secondary frequency response or automatic generation control (AGC)
[23]. Finally, all of them are based on the methods for providing each service with
conventional generators: synchronous generator inertia for inertial response, govern generator
for primary response and finally output control responding to system load for AGC response
[23].

40
 Figure 16: Inertial, primary and secondary frequency response (AGC).

The figure16 indicates us how the grid frequency is controlled by using the three different
conventional methods such as inertial, primary and secondary frequency response [23]. So,
theses classifications follow step by step in order to control the large disturbance of grid
frequency.

4.4.2.1.Inertial response.

The conventional of the inertial response is the one of the method which acts to overcome the
immediate imbalance between systems generation and loads for electrical power systems [24].
It is determined by the physical inertia of large synchronous generators. And, it immediately
occurs the frequency events within timeframe less than 20 seconds [23]. Furthermore, the
inertial frequency decline of the system is dominated by the inertial response of operating
generation. Finally, the wind farm can be programmed to increase or decrease the blades

41
angles in order to reduce or decrease the captured wind power through pitch control during
the frequency event.

4.4.2.2.Governor frequency response.

System governor response (primary response) stays the second methods to maintain the grid a
desired frequency. And, the timeframe of primary response is usually about 20 to 30 seconds
[23]. In other ways, it takes over or role after inertial response for stabilizing the electrical
power systems. Therefore, it automatically ensures to control by generator governors
responding properly in order to balance the generation side and loads [23]. It means that it can
be able to respond in significant disturbance in grid frequency for increasing or decreasing
power output in response to the deviation of grid frequency events. Then, for increasing the
active power generated by wind farm in response to under-frequency conditions, it must be
keeping in reserve for some active power production in order to maintain a suitable condition
in grid frequency. Lastly, this controller allows measuring and simultaneously regulating the
speed of generator in order to balance the power supply and loads.

4.4.2.3.Secondary frequency response (AGC).

Secondary frequency response stays the final response in which the frequency is restored to
nominal conditions [23]. And, it is called AGC. In addition, the specified period of time in
which usually occurs the secondary frequency response, it is about 5 to 10 minutes in order to
regulate the grid frequency [23]. In general, AGC is used to adjust the mechanical power
generator in response to loads change through the deviation of the frequency. So, this control
regime takes over after the primary frequency response. For this reason, it also matches
generation and load within the control area.

42
 5. Wind Power Penetration rate to the national network.

5.1.Monthly load versus power of wind farm.

90 Variation of the load and wind power.

80
70
60
50
40
30 Load(MW)
20 Power (MW)
10
0

Month

Figure 17: Monthly profile of the wind power (green) and overall loads (blue) in 2017.

Figure 17 show that the variation of the load in Djibouti and the power generated by the wind
farm during the month. To begin with, the overall load in Djibouti declines the winter season
(from November to April). The reason is that the winter season is the coolest day in Djibouti,
and the people consume small electricity. Then, it enhances the summer season or sometimes
reaches at peak load (from May to October). Because of the warmer weather in the summer,
the overall energy usage rises. That means more people are suing more electricity in order to
expand and keep themselves cool. So, that’s why electricity rates rise in the summer. Despite,
the wind farm can be produced more energy in the winter season because of the highest wind
speed occur during the coolest days. Nevertheless, the wind energy decreases during the
summer time according to the lowest wind speed at the hottest days. Brief, the variation of the
overall loads and the power generated by the wind turbine are inversely proportional or
independent each others.

43
 5.2.The variation of loads and wind power during the time.

Loads versus wind power in time.

90
Loads(MW)
80 Wind power (MW)

70
Loads and power of wind (MW)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Hours

Figure 18: Variation of the overall loads (red) and wind power (pink).

Figure 18 was simulated by matlab application in order to see the fluctuation of the overall
load and the power generated by the wind farm in time. So, the overall loads are very high
than what the wind farm could produce in time according to this figure.

5.3.Definition of wind power penetration rate.

The penetration rate of wind turbine can be defined as the ratio of the power generated by the
wind turbines over the overall loads consumed [25]. To put another way, it is the percentage
of injection the wind energy to the network. Then, it must be limited in order to guarantee the
stability of the networks under acceptable conditions. Finally, the mathematically ways of
penetration rate is:

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 (𝑀𝑊)

𝑊𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%) = ∗ 100 (26)
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑀𝑊)

44
 160
Monthly penetration rate of wind power to the grid.
145.4%
131.8%
Loads (MW) & Penetration rate(%)

140 130.1%

120
103.2%
100 87.5%
84.1%
76.4%
80

60 50.9% Load(MW)
Penetration rate(%)
40 20% 21.7%
16.3%
20 14.4%

Month

Figure 19: Monthly percentage of injection the wind power to the network.

This bar chart represents the monthly penetration rate of wind turbines to the national
networks. As refer the figure above, the penetration rate of wind turbines vary during the
month. According to the bar chart, the overall loads decline but the penetration rates of wind
turbine rapidly increase from November to April. Because, the wind farm could be produced
more energy in the winter season. In contrary, the loads enhance in spite of the penetration
rate of wind turbines decrease from May to October. And the reason is that the wind farm
could be produced less energy in the summer season. Thus, the injection of wind turbines to
grid is inversely proportional to the loads.

5.3.1. Simulation of wind power capacity penetration to the grid.

These figures from 25 to 37 (see from appendix) were simulated by software which is namely
Eurostag. It allows simulating the load flow of power systems steady state and dynamics. So,
the wind power penetration (WPP) figures were simulated in steady state of loads flow such
as voltage, active power, reactive power and the current, but for the dynamic simulation is
concern the variation of the frequency which is regulated by Ethipian country. So, it shows
when there is an undervoltage condition, normal condition voltage and overvoltage condition
during the penetration with different colors. For instance, undervoltage condition is specified
with a blue or green color, normal condition is black color and overvoltage is orange or red

45
 color in the software. According to these figures, the WPP vary during the month from
January to December in 2017. Furthermore, high penetration rate can be specified in the
winter season from November to April. And, it doesn’t affect the national network whether
compensation or no compensation. It means that there is no undervoltage and overvoltage at
those months. Because, the electrical network of the software stay a black color which
represent a suitable condition in the network systems. Otherwise, the voltages of 230 KV and
63 KV are maintained within their normal range (-/+ 5% KV) in the software. In contrary, the
level of penetration in the summer season from May to October is too low, and it directly
affects the electrical network. Because, the demand is peak and is higher than the wind
production. So, it causes an undervoltage in the network and that’s why the blue color appears
in the electrical network whether compensation and no compensation. The reason is, the
voltages are exceeded within their normal range in the software. So, the best ways isn’t used
the compensation of shunt reactor which is still to reduce the voltage. It is perfectly to use the
compensation of OLTC in order to raise the voltage.

IV. CONCLUSIONS.

To sum up, the new building of wind farm of 60 MW in the zone of GHOUBET-
ALKHARAB is probably the main solution for our increasing energy demand during the
years coming. Otherwise, wind energy stays the energy solution which has been looking for a
long time. Because, this region has great high potential of wind speed according to the wind
data recorded by the company of tractebel. Therefore, this wind energy could allow stabilizing
the national electrical network systems after injecting the wind power to the grid. And, for
integrating the WPP in the national network is necessarily to use the devices of compensation
which allow regulating the voltage and frequency. Though, WPP consist two ways as well as
high and low level penetration. The high level of penetration concern when the wind turbines
generate more than the loads during the winter season. But, the low level of penetration is
when the demand is higher than the supply during the summer season. As, the wind energy
still continues to reach higher penetration levels, the main goal of wind turbines and wind
farm in grid frequency regulation have a good impact in which the voltage and frequency
regulation are maintained the normal condition. In this case, the minimum wind power
penetration can be estimated 51% superior to the one obtained by simulation of Eurostag

46
 application and to guarantee a safety interconnection. Because, this limitation of WPP is
working on when the grid frequency is regulated by Ethiopia country. So, the WPP
necessarily depend the loads, the weather condition and production. Thus, the integration of
wind energy could reduce favorable costs and losses, especially when renewable energy
source as well as solar, geothermal and wind power are together used in the next coming years
to Djibouti. Even, it will be independent the electric power which is coming to Ethiopia. And,
this is a great result which shows us the developing of Djibouti.

V. RECOMMENDATIONS.

The recommendations are classified with respect to some point as follow:

➢ EDD should introduce in the software some devices of frequency regulation as well as
AGC in the wind production. Because, it ensures to regulate the grid frequency during
the penetration level without connecting the interconnection.
➢ EDD should practically take charge or manage the frequency regulation of renewable
energy such as wind, geothermal and solar energy in the next years coming, and to be
independent the hydropower electricity which is coming from Ethiopia. Even, it
allows us our country to be used a free energy and clean in that times.
➢ EDD should inject the wind power in the network at winter season. According to the
simulation, the national network was stable after injecting high level of wind power in
winter season.
➢ If EDD want to inject the wind power in the network during the summer season, they
should put a bank capacitor where the loads are near such as Palmarai substation,
Central boulaos and Marabout. And, this is very expensive.

47
VI. References.

[1]. Reinemann,D and Heinzen,J (2014) , How Do Wind Turbines Generate Electricity?,
University of Wisconsin-Extension: Midwest Rural Energy Council(MREC).

[2].Wind energy. (n.d). Retrieved: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/wind-

power/tech.html.

[3] B. Buratçu.” Overview of wind turbines”. Wind energy and conversion technology. Lesson
(2017).

[4]. Projet eolien.(2017).Retrieved from: http://www.edd.dj

[5]. TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING S.A. (2018) Global Feasibility Study: Final Report –
60MW WIND FARM PROJECT. GHOUBET 60MW UPDATE FS [Online]. Available
at: http://www.tractebel-engie.com (Accessed: 7th December 2018).

[6]. N. Ramesh Babu and P. Arulmozhivarman (2013) 'Wind energy conversion systems - A
technical review', Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol.8 (4), pp. 493 - 507.

[7]. Mohamed, F. N. , Maged, A. A. , Said, S. E. and Abd elmonem, S. A. (n.d). “

Comparison of wind turbine energy calculation methods”, Department of electrical machine
and power engineering, SAUDIA and EGYPT.

[8]. Buratçu, B. “Wind turbine sitting, systems design and integration”. Wind energy and
conversion technology. Lesson (2017).

[9]. E. Fournot, M. Lajoinie, A. Leblond, N. Liu and Y. Wang, « Dimensionnement d’une

installation éolienne et modélisation d’une pale d’éolienne » Projet physique, INSTITUT
NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE ROUEN, 2009.

[10]. Wind energy conversion systems grid connection. (n.d). Retrieved from:
http://zet10.ipee.pwr.wroc.pl/record/376/files/Masters_Thesis_Szafron.pdf

[11]. Buratçu, B. “Wind resources and characteristics”, lessons (2017).

[12]. Wind turbine “the type and history” Retrieved from: https://www.vertogen.eu/wind-
turbine-history/

[13]. Magedi Moh. M. S. and Norzelawati, A. (2014)”Comparison of Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbines and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines”, International organization of Scientific Research
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), vol.04, Issue 08, pp. 27-30.

48
[14]. Milborrow, D. (2011) “Are three blades really better than two blades?” Retrieved from:
https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1083653/three-blades-really-better-two

[15]. Benedette Cuffary, M. Sc. (2018) “Offshore vs. Onshore Wind Farms”, Retrieved
from: https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=704

[16]. G. Pahin,G. Fabre,G. M. Ahmed and A. C. Saleh (2005) « ETUDE D’IMPACT

ENVIRONNEMENTAL ET SOCIAL DU PROJET ENERGIE ET EAU DE DJIBOUTI Rapport
final », Djibouti: Banque Mondiale.

[17]. Labrique, S. (n.d). « Eolienne à vitesse variable »,Retrieved from : http://sites-

final.uclouvain.be/e-
lee/FR/realisations/EnergiesRenouvelables/FiliereEolienne/Generalites/DifferentesTechnologi
es/DifferentesTechnologiesEolien2.htm

[18]. Robyns, B. , Davigny,A. , Saudemont, C. , Ansel, A. , Courtecuisse, V. , François,B. ,

Plumel, S. and Deuse,J. (2014) 'Impact de l’éolien sur le réseau de transport et la qualité de
l’énergie', Centre National de Recherche Technologique (CNRT FUTURELEC), 02 June, p. 8.
Retrieved from : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41707300

[19]. ZarKyi Win, « Design and Analysis of Three-phase 230 kV Transmission Line in the
North-East of Myanmar” Electrical Power Engineering Department Technological University
(Lashio), 2009.

[20]. ETHIOPIA-DJIBOUTI POWER INTERCONNECTION (2010), « NOTE DE

REGLAGES DESPROTECTIONS ELETTRIQUES »

[21]. The McGraw-Hill Companies. (1999). “Power Systems Analysis”. In W. Stephen (Ed.).
New York: Kevin Kane.

[22]. Bizjak, G. and Rexha, G. (2018). “Use of capacitor to regulate the voltage in the
network”. Ljubljana.

[23]. Aho, J., Buckspan, A. , Lacks, J. , Fleming, P. , Jeang, P. , Dunne, F. , Churchfiled, M. ,

Pao, L. and Johnson, K. (2012). “Tutorial of Wind Turbine Control for Supporting Grid
Frequency through Active Power Control”, Montreal, Canada: U.S. Department of Energy.

[24]. Miller, N. W. , Clark, K. , Shao, G. (2010). “Impact of frequency responsive wind plant
control on grid performance”.

[25]. Hulle, F. V. and Gardener, P. (n.d.). “ Part II: Grid integration-Wind Energy-The fact”
Retrieved from: https://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/images/chapter2.pdf

49
[26]. Areejsidhik.(2018) “Difference between shunt and series Reactors”, Retrieved from:
https://automationforum.in/t/difference-between-shunt-and-series-reactors/4082

50
VII. APPENDIX.

Figure 20: Wind turbine components.

Figure 21: Comparison between VAWT and HAWT.

51
 Figure 22: Offshore wind turbines.

Figure 23: Onshore wind turbines.

Figure 24: Variable speed of wind turbine.

52
 ➢ Legends of the voltages in the national network.

Very undervoltage Undervoltage Normal voltage Overvoltage Very overvoltage

(0.9 p.u>V) (0.9<V<0.95 p.u) (0.95<V<1.05 p.u) (1.05<V<1.1 p.u) (1.1 p.u<V)

Placeholder

0.000/0 .000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0 .000
0.000/0 .000
0.000/0 .000

0/0/2/00.000/0 .000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0 .000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
8/2

0/0
M1-M6
20.24/1.012 20.35/ 1.018 19.97/ 0.999

6/2/1/16

8/2/1/24

4/2/2/11
4/2/2/11
40 MVA 36 MVA
7/3 Boulaos
0.7/-3/8
62.30/0.989
Marabout 62.32/ 0.989

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
15/0.8/21
7/3/12
62.34/ 0.990 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
15/0. 1/21
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

62.37/0 .990

10/-5/ 3/28
0.000/ 0.000 62.40/ 0.990
0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 20.31/ 1.015
Doraleh

0/6

10/1
15/0.2/21
TS Nagad

17/-1/24
0/0/0 231.9/ 1.008
0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
52/22

19.65/ 0.982
7/3/0/19

0/0/-1/0

0.000/0.000
27.80/ 1.011
0/0/0/0

20.38/ 1.019
53/21 /3/45

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 62.61/ 0.994 4/-5/3
20/2/ 3/32

0/0/-3/0
20/2/ 3/32

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

240.9/1.047
0/-16
0/0

0/0

53/18/27
230kV 230kV
238.1/1.035
240.6/ 1.046 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11
0/0/0
26/10/17
231.9/ 1.008 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/-0.3/5
26/10/17 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/3

7/3

62.11/ 0.986
2/0.5/ 0/15

TS Ali Sabieh
19/-46/25

19.65/0.982 231.6/1.007
30/-21/24

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
233.4/1 .015

0/-10
233.4/ 1.015 33.11/ 1.003
60/0.9/1/33 231.3/ 1.006 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/2
3./2.

60/0.9/1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.6/ 1.003 TS Ayisha
101/33/54

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.5/0.998
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.7/0.999
3./2.

Adigala 48/-33/15
230.3/ 1.001 TS Milo
3./2.
44/-27/13

38/-26/16
230.8/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
41/-21/11

231.0/1.004 231.0/1.004
37/-16/10
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 25: Wind power penetration rate to the network in January without compensation.

53
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0/0/0 0/0

0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
8/2

0/0
M1-M6
19.82/ 0.991 19.94/ 0.997 19.56/ 0.978

6/2/1/16

8/2/1/24

4/2/2/12
4/2/2/12
40 MVA 36 MVA
7/3 Boulaos
0.7/-3/8
61.05/ 0.969
Marabout 61.06/ 0.969

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
15/1.0/21
7/3/12
61.09/ 0.970 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
15/0. 3/21
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

61.12/0.970

10/-4/3/29
0.000/ 0.000 61.15/ 0.971

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.89/ 0.995
Doraleh

0/6

10/1
15/0.4/21
TS Nagad

17/-0.8/24
0/0/0 231.1/ 1.005

0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
52/22
19.25/ 0.962

7/3/0/20

20/2/3/33 0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.71/ 1.008

0/0/0/0
19.95/ 0.998

53/21/3/46
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.37/ 0.974 4/-4/3

0/0/-3/0
20/2/3/33
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
235.6/ 1.024

0/-16
0/-15

0/-15
53/18/27
230kV 230kV
233.6/ 1.016
235.3/ 1.023 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
26/2/15
231.1/ 1.005 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/-0.2/5
26/2/15 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/3

7/3
60.86/ 0.966

2/0.5/0/16
TS Ali Sabieh

18/-25/15
19.25/ 0.962 230.8/ 1.004

30/-31/21

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
232.3/1.010
0/-10
232.3/ 1.010 33.11/ 1.003
60/8/ 1/33 230.6/ 1.002 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/15

3./2.
60/8/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.9/ 0.999 TS Ayisha

102/25/53

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.7/ 0.995
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.0/ 0.996

3./2.
Adigala 48/-3 7/15
229.8/ 0.999 TS Milo

3./2.
45/-31/14
38/-3 0/17
230.6/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
41/-25/12
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
37/-2 0/10
Hurso TS Hurso

0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Us ers \us er\Des ktop\s im ulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\s tagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 26: Wind power penetration rate to the network in January with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
9/2

0/0

M1-M6
20.24/ 1.012 20.36/ 1.018 19.97/ 0.999
6/2/1/17

9/2/1/25

4/2/2/12
4/2/2/12

40 MVA 36 MVA
8/4 Boulaos
0.7/-3/8
62.35/ 0.990
Marabout 62.36/ 0.990
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
16/1/22

7/3/12
62.39/ 0.990 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
16/0. 4/22
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

62.42/0.991

11/-4/ 3/29

0.000/ 0.000 62.45/ 0.991

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 20.31/ 1.016

Doraleh
0/6

11/1
16/0.5/22

TS Nagad
18/-0.8/25

0/0/0 232.0/ 1.009

0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
62/26

19.66/ 0.983
7/3/0/20

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.81/ 1.011
0/0/0/0

20.52/ 1.026
62/25/3/52

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 62.68/ 0.995 4/-5/3
21/2/ 3/34

0/0/-3/0
21/2/ 3/34

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

241.7/ 1.051
0/-16
0/0

0/0

62/21/31
230kV 230kV
238.6/ 1.038
241.4/ 1.050 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11

0/0/0
31/11/20
231.9/ 1.008 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
2/-0.2/5
31/11/20 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
8/4

8/4

62.15/ 0.987
2/0.5/ 0/16

TS Ali Sabieh
15/-48/25

19.66/ 0.983 231.6/ 1.007

33/-20/25

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
233.6/1.015

0/-10
233.6/ 1.015 33.11/ 1.003
60/0.2/1/33 231.4/ 1.006 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/0.5
3./2.

60/0.2/1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.7/ 1.003 TS Ayisha
105/33/56

0/-120

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.5/ 0.998
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.8/ 0.999
3./2.

Adigala 50/-33/15
230.3/ 1.001 TS Milo
3./2.
47/-28/13

39/-27/16
230.8/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
43/-22/12

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

39/-17/11
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 27: Wind power penetration rate to the network in February without compensation.

54
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
9/2

0/0
M1-M6
19.82/ 0.991 19.95/ 0.997 19.56/ 0.978

6/2/1/17

9/2/1/26

4/2/2/12
4/2/2/12
40 MVA 36 MVA
8/4 Boulaos
0.7/-3/7
61.09/ 0.970
Marabout 61.10/ 0.970

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
16/1/22
7/3/12
61.13/ 0.970 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
16/0. 6/22
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

61.16/0.971

11/-4/3/30
0.000/ 0.000 61.19/ 0.971

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.90/ 0.995
Doraleh

0/6

11/1
16/0.7/22
TS Nagad

18/-0.5/25
0/0/0 231.2/ 1.005

0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
62/26
19.26/ 0.963

7/3/0/21

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.72/ 1.008

0/0/0/0
20.09/ 1.005

62/25/3/54
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.44/ 0.975 4/-4/3

21/3/3/35

0/0/-3/0
21/3/3/35
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
236.4/ 1.028
0/-16

0/-16

0/-16
62/21/32
230kV 230kV
234.1/ 1.018
236.1/ 1.026 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-10
0/0/0
31/3/17
231.2/ 1.005 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/-0.2/5
31/3/17 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

8/4

8/4
60.89/ 0.967

2/0.5/0/16
TS Ali Sabieh

14/-26/15
19.25/ 0.963 230.9/ 1.004

33/-31/22

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
232.4/1.010
0/-10
232.4/ 1.010 33.11/ 1.003
60/7/ 1/33 230.6/ 1.003 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/14

3./2.
60/7/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.9/ 1.000 TS Ayisha

106/25/55

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.8/ 0.995
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.0/ 0.996

3./2.
Adigala 51/-37/16
229.8/ 0.999 TS Milo

3./2.
47/-32/14
40/-30/17
230.6/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
43/-26/12
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
39/-21/11
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 28: Wind power penetration rate to the network in February with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/2

0/0

0/0/2/0
7/2

0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
20.08/ 1.004 20.22/ 1.011 19.82/ 0.991
7/3/1/19

10/3/1/28

4/2/2/13
4/2/2/13

40 MVA 36 MVA
9/4 Boulaos
0.8/-3/8
61.95/ 0.983
Marabout 61.97/ 0.984
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
17/2/25

8/4/14
62.01/ 0.984 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
17/1/25
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

62.04/0.985

12/-4/3/32

0.000/ 0.000 62.06/ 0.985

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 20.16/ 1.008

Doraleh
0/6

12/2
17/1/25

TS Nagad
20/0.1/28

0/0/0 231.9/ 1.008

0/0
8/4
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
62/26

19.53/ 0.976
8/4/0/23

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.80/ 1.011
0/0/0/0

20.48/ 1.024
62/25/3/53

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 62.37/ 0.990 4/-5/3
24/4/3/38

0/0/-3/0
24/4/3/38

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

241.1/ 1.048
0/-16
0/0

0/0

62/21/32
230kV 230kV
238.1/ 1.035
240.8/ 1.047 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11

0/0/0
31/11/20
231.9/ 1.008 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
2/-0.1/5
31/11/20 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
8/4

8/4

61.75/ 0.980
2/0.6/0/18

TS Ali Sabieh
17/-46/24

19.52/ 0.976 231.6/ 1.007

31/-21/24

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.6

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
233.4/1.015

0/-10
233.4/ 1.015 33.11/ 1.003
60/1/ 1/33 231.3/ 1.006 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/2
3./2.

60/1/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.6/ 1.003 TS Ayisha
103/32/54

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.5/ 0.998
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.7/ 0.999
3./2.

Adigala 49/-3 3/15

230.3/ 1.001 TS Milo
3./2.
45/-28/13

38/-2 7/16
230.8/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
41/-22/12

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

38/-1 7/10
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 29: Wind power penetration rate to the network in March without compensation.

55
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/2

0/0

0/0/2/0
7/2

0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
19.66/ 0.983 19.80/ 0.990 19.40/ 0.970

7/3/1/19

10/3/1/29

4/2/2/14
4/2/2/14
40 MVA 36 MVA
9/4 Boulaos
0.8/-2/7
60.68/ 0.963
Marabout 60.70/ 0.963

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
17/2/25
8/4/14
60.74/ 0.964 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
17/1/25
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

60.77/0.965

12/-4/3/33
0.000/ 0.000 60.79/ 0.965

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.73/ 0.987
Doraleh

0/6

12/2
17/1/25
TS Nagad

20/0.4/28
0/0/0 231.1/ 1.005

0/0
8/4
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
62/26
19.13/ 0.956

8/4/0/23

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.71/ 1.007

0/0/0/0
20.05/ 1.002

62/25/3/54
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.12/ 0.970 4/-4/3

24/4/3/39

0/0/-3/0
24/4/3/39
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
235.8/ 1.025
0/-16
0/-15

0/-15
62/21/32
230kV 230kV
233.6/ 1.015
235.5/ 1.024 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
31/3/18
231.1/ 1.005 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/-0.1/5
31/3/18 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

8/4

8/4
60.48/ 0.960

2/0.6/0/18
TS Ali Sabieh

17/-25/15
19.12/ 0.956 230.8/ 1.004

31/-31/22

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.6
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
232.2/1.010
0/-10
232.2/ 1.010 33.11/ 1.003
60/8/ 1/34 230.5/ 1.002 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/16

3./2.
60/8/ 1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.9/ 0.999 TS Ayisha

103/25/54

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.7/ 0.994
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.0/ 0.995

3./2.
Adigala 49/-37/15
229.8/ 0.999 TS Milo

3./2.
45/-32/14
39/-30/17
230.5/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
42/-26/12
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
38/-21/11
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 30: Wind power penetration rate to the network in March with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
8/3

0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
19.67/ 0.983 19.83/ 0.992 19.41/ 0.971
8/3/1/23

11/3/ 1/34

5/3/2/16
5/3/2/16

40 MVA 36 MVA
10/5 Boulaos
1/-2/7
60.86/ 0.966
Marabout 60.87/ 0.966
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
21/3/30

9/5/16
60.93/ 0.967 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
21/3/30
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

60.98/0.968

14/-3/ 3/38

0.000/ 0.000 60.98/ 0.968

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 19.74/ 0.987

Doraleh
0/6

14/2
21/3/30

TS Nagad
24/2/34

0/0/0 231.5/ 1.007

10/4
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
48/20

19.18/ 0.959
10/5/ 0/28

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.76/ 1.009
0/0/0/0

20.14/ 1.007
47/19/3/41

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.44/ 0.975 4/-5/3
28/6/ 3/47

0/0/-3/0
28/6/ 3/47

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

238.4/ 1.036
0/-16
0/0

0/0

47/17/24
230kV 230kV
235.8/ 1.025
238.2/ 1.036 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11

0/0/0
24/9/16
231.5/ 1.007 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
2/0.0/6
24/9/16 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
8/4

8/4

60.65/ 0.963
2/0.7/ 0/22

TS Ali Sabieh
30/-39/24

19.15/ 0.958 231.2/ 1.005

20/-24/20

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.7

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
232.8/1.012

0/-10
232.8/ 1.012 33.11/ 1.003
60/4/ 1/33 231.0/ 1.004 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/9
3./2.

60/4/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.3/ 1.001 TS Ayisha
90/32/48

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.1/ 0.996
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.4/ 0.997
3./2.

Adigala 42/-33/13
230.1/ 1.000 TS Milo
3./2.
38/-27/12

33/-27/15
230.7/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
34/-21/10

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

31/-16/9
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 31: Wind power penetration rate to the network in April without compensation.

56
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
8/3

0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
19.24/ 0.962 19.41/ 0.970 18.99/ 0.950

8/3/1/23

11/3/1/35

5/3/2/17
5/3/2/17
40 MVA 36 MVA
10/5 Boulaos
1/-2/7
59.58/ 0.946
Marabout 59.59/ 0.946

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
21/3/31
9/5/16
59.65/ 0.947 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
21/3/31
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

59.70/0.948

14/-3/3/38
0.000/ 0.000 59.70/ 0.948

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.31/ 0.966
Doraleh

0/6

14/2
21/3/31
TS Nagad

24/2/34
0/0/0 230.8/ 1.003

10/4
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
48/20
18.77/ 0.939

10/5/0/28

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.66/ 1.006

0/0/0/0
19.71/ 0.986

47/19/3/41
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 60.19/ 0.955 4/-4/3

28/7/3/48

0/0/-3/0
28/7/3/48
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
233.1/ 1.013

0/-15
0/-15

0/-15
47/17/25
230kV 230kV
231.3/ 1.006
232.9/ 1.013 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
24/1/14
230.8/ 1.003 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/0.0/7
24/1/14 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

8/4

8/4
59.37/ 0.942

2/0.7/0/22
TS Ali Sabieh

30/-18/17
18.74/ 0.937 230.5/ 1.002

20/-34/19

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.7
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
231.7/1.007
0/-10
231.7/ 1.007 33.11/ 1.003
60/11 /1/34 230.2/ 1.001 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/22

3./2.
60/11 /1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.5/ 0.998 TS Ayisha

90/24/47

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.4/ 0.993
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.6/ 0.994

3./2.
Adigala 42/-37/14
229.6/ 0.998 TS Milo

3./2.
38/-31/12
33/-30/15
230.5/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
35/-25/11
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
31/-20/9
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 32: Wind power penetration rate to the network in April with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/4

14/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
19.00/ 0.950 19.21/ 0.961 18.77/ 0.938
10/4/ 1/30

14/4/ 1/44

6/3/2/21
6/3/2/21

40 MVA 36 MVA
13/6 Boulaos
1/-2/7
59.14/ 0.939
Marabout 59.14/ 0.939
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
26/6/40

12/6/20
59.24/ 0.940 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
26/5/39
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

59.31/0.941

18/-2/ 3/48

0.000/ 0.000 59.29/ 0.941

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 19.07/ 0.954

Doraleh
0/6

18/2
26/6/39

TS Nagad
30/5/44

0/0/0 231.1/ 1.005

12/5
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
36/14

18.62/ 0.931
12/6/ 0/36

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.70/ 1.007
0/0/0/0

19.78/ 0.989
37/15/3/32

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 60.03/ 0.953 4/-4/3
36/12/3/61

0/0/-3/0
36/12/3/61

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

235.0/ 1.022
0/-15
0/0

0/0

37/13/19
230kV 230kV
232.8/ 1.012
234.8/ 1.021 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10

0/0/0
18/7/14
231.0/ 1.005 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
3/0.3/8
18/7/14 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
8/4

8/4

58.93/ 0.935
3/0.9/ 0/28

TS Ali Sabieh
45/-28/26

18.57/ 0.929 230.7/ 1.003

9/-27/16

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.9

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
232.1/1.009

0/-10
232.1/ 1.009 33.11/ 1.003
60/9/ 1/34 230.5/ 1.002 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/18
3./2.

60/9/ 1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.8/ 0.999 TS Ayisha
75/30/42

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

228.7/ 0.994
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 228.9/ 0.995
3./2.

Adigala 34/-33/12
229.8/ 0.999 TS Milo
3./2.
30/-27/10

26/-27/13
230.6/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
27/-21/8

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

23/-15/7
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 33: Wind power penetration rate to the network in May without compensation.

57
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/4

14/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
18.55/ 0.927 18.77/ 0.939 18.33/ 0.916

10/4/1/31

14/4/1/45

6/3/2/22
6/3/2/22
40 MVA 36 MVA
13/6 Boulaos
1/-2/7
57.81/ 0.918
Marabout 57.82/ 0.918

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
26/6/41
12/6/21
57.92/ 0.919 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
26/5/40
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

57.99/0.920

18/-1/3/49
0.000/ 0.000 57.96/ 0.920

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 18.62/ 0.931
Doraleh

0/5

18/2
26/6/40
TS Nagad

30/5/45
0/0/0 230.3/ 1.001

12/5
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
36/14
18.20/ 0.910

12/6/0/37

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.61/ 1.004

0/0/0/0
19.35/ 0.967

37/15/3/33
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.74/ 0.932 4/-4/3

36/12/3/63

0/0/-3/0
36/12/3/63
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
229.7/ 0.999

0/-15
0/-15

0/-15
37/13/20
230kV 230kV
228.3/ 0.993
229.5/ 0.998 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
18/-0. 4/11
230.3/ 1.001 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
3/0.3/9
18/-0. 4/11 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

8/4

8/4
57.61/ 0.914

3/0.9/0/29
18.15/ 0.907 230.0/ 1.000 TS Ali Sabieh

44/-7/23
8/-37/19

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.9
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
230.9/1.004
0/-10
230.9/ 1.004 33.11/ 1.003
60/16 /1/34 229.7/ 0.999 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/31

3./2.
60/16 /1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.0/ 0.996 TS Ayisha

76/23/41

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
227.9/ 0.991
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.2/ 0.992

3./2.
Adigala 34/-37/13
229.3/ 0.997 TS Milo

3./2.
30/-31/11
26/-30/14
230.3/ 1.001
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
27/-25/9
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
23/-19/8
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 34: Wind power penetration rate to the network in May with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
12/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
18.32/ 0.916 18.58/ 0.929 18.11/ 0.905
12/5/ 1/35

16/5/ 1/52

7/4/2/25
7/4/2/25

40 MVA 36 MVA
15/7 Boulaos
2/-2/7
57.33/ 0.910
Marabout 57.33/ 0.910
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
30/8/47

13/7/24
57.46/ 0.912 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
30/7/47
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

57.54/0.913

57.49/ 0.913
21/ -0.2/3/ 56

0.000/ 0.000
0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 18.39/ 0.919

Doraleh
0/5

20/3
30/8/47

TS Nagad
34/8/52

0/0/0 230.4/ 1.002

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
14/6

18.05/ 0.902
14/7/ 0/42

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.62/ 1.004
0/0/0/0

19.19/ 0.959
13/5/ 3/12

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.46/ 0.928 4/-4/3
41/16/3/73

0/0/-3/0
41/16/3/73

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

230.2/ 1.001
0/-15
0/0

0/0

13/5/7
230kV 230kV
228.9/ 0.995
230.2/ 1.001 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10

0/0/0
7/3/9
230.4/ 1.002 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
4/0.5/10
7/3/9 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/3

7/3

57.12/ 0.907
3/1/0/33

TS Ali Sabieh
63/-15/32

17.98/ 0.899 230.1/ 1.000

6/-26/16

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./1.0

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
231.0/1.005

0/-10
231.0/ 1.005 33.11/ 1.003
60/15/1/34 229.8/ 0.999 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/29
3./2.

60/15/1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.2/ 0.996 TS Ayisha
57/29/34

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

228.0/ 0.991
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.3/ 0.992
3./2.

Adigala 24/-33/10
229.4/ 0.997 TS Milo
3./2.
20/-27/8

18/-28/11
230.4/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
17/-21/7

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

13/-15/5
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 35: Wind power penetration rate to the network in June without compensation.

58
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0/0/0 0/0

0/0
12/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
17.85/ 0.893 18.12/ 0.906 17.65/ 0.883

12/5/1/36

16/5/1/54

7/4/2/26
7/4/2/26
40 MVA 36 MVA
15/7 Boulaos
2/-1/6
55.96/ 0.888
Marabout 55.96/ 0.888

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
30/8/48
13/7/24
56.10/ 0.890 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
30/7/48
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

56.18/0.892
56.13/ 0.891

21/0.2/3/58
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 17.92/ 0.896
Doraleh

0/5

20/3
30/8/48
TS Nagad

34/8/54
0/0/0 229.7/ 0.999

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
14/6
17.61/ 0.881

14/7/0/43

41/16/3/75 0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.53/ 1.001

0/0/0/0
18.75/ 0.938

13/5/3/12
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 57.14/ 0.907 4/-4/3

0/0/-3/0
41/16/3/75
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
224.9/ 0.978

0/-14
0/-14

0/-14
13/5/7
230kV 230kV
224.4/ 0.975
224.9/ 0.978 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-14 0/-10
0/0/0
7/-4/6
229.7/ 0.998 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
4/0.5/10
7/-4/6 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/3

7/3
55.76/ 0.885

3/1/0/34
17.54/ 0.877 229.4/ 0.997 TS Ali Sabieh

63/6/34
7/-14/21

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./1.0
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
229.9/0.999
0/-10
229.9/ 0.999 33.11/ 1.003
60/21 /1/35 229.1/ 0.996 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/43

3./2.
60/21 /1/35
AYSHA WIND 2016
228.4/ 0.993 TS Ayisha

57/21/32

0/-117

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
227.3/ 0.988
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 227.5/ 0.989

3./2.
Adigala 24/-3 7/11
228.9/ 0.995 TS Milo

3./2.
20/-31/9
18/-3 1/12
230.1/ 1.001
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
17/-25/7
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
13/-19/6
Hurso TS Hurso

0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Us ers \us er\Des ktop\s im ulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\s tagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 36: Wind power penetration rate to the network in June with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
12/4

17/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
18.21/ 0.910 18.48/ 0.924 18.00/ 0.900
12/5/ 1/36

17/5/ 1/54

7/4/2/26
7/4/2/26

40 MVA 36 MVA
15/7 Boulaos
2/-1/7
57.04/ 0.905
Marabout 57.04/ 0.905
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
31/8/49

13/7/24
57.18/ 0.908 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
31/7/48
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

57.27/0.909

57.21/ 0.908
21/0.1/3/58

0.000/ 0.000
0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 18.27/ 0.914

Doraleh
0/5

21/3
31/8/48

TS Nagad
35/8/54

0/0/0 230.3/ 1.001

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
12/4

17.96/ 0.898
14/7/ 0/44

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.61/ 1.004
0/0/0/0

19.13/ 0.957
12/5/ 3/11

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.22/ 0.924 4/-4/3
42/17/3/75

0/0/-3/0
42/17/3/75

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

229.7/ 0.999
0/-15
0/0

0/0

12/5/7
230kV 230kV
228.4/ 0.993
229.6/ 0.998 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10

0/0/0
6/3/9
230.3/ 1.001 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
4/0.5/10
6/3/9 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/3

7/3

56.84/ 0.902
4/1/0/34

TS Ali Sabieh
65/-13/33

17.88/ 0.894 230.0/ 1.000

8/-25/17

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
4./1.

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
230.9/1.004

0/-10
230.9/ 1.004 33.11/ 1.003
60/15/1/34 229.8/ 0.999 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/31
3./2.

60/15/1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.1/ 0.996 TS Ayisha
55/28/33

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

228.0/ 0.991
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.2/ 0.992
3./2.

Adigala 23/-33/10
229.3/ 0.997 TS Milo
3./2.
19/-27/8

17/-28/11
230.3/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
16/-21/6

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

12/-15/5
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 37: Wind power penetration rate to the network in July without compensation.

59
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
12/4

17/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
17.74/ 0.887 18.02/ 0.901 17.54/ 0.877

12/5/ 1/37

17/5/ 1/55

7/4/2/27
7/4/2/27
40 MVA 36 MVA
15/7 Boulaos
2/-1/6
55.67/ 0.884
Marabout 55.67/ 0.884

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
31/8/50
13/7/25
55.81/ 0.886 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
31/8/50
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

55.90/0.887
55.84/ 0.886

21/0.5/3/59
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 17.80/ 0.890
Doraleh

0/5

21/3
31/9/49
TS Nagad

35/9/55
0/0/0 229.6/ 0.998

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
12/4
17.52/ 0.876

14/7/ 0/45

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.52/ 1.001

0/0/0/0
18.70/ 0.935

12/5/ 3/11
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 56.90/ 0.903 4/-4/3

42/17/3/77

0/0/-3/0
42/17/3/77
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
224.4/ 0.976

0/-14
0/-14

0/-14
12/5/7
230kV 230kV
223.9/ 0.973
224.3/ 0.975 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-14 0/-9
0/0/0
6/-4/6
229.6/ 0.998 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
4/0.6/11
6/-4/6 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/3

7/3
55.47/ 0.881

4/1/0/35
17.44/ 0.872 229.3/ 0.997 TS Ali Sabieh

65/7/35
8/-14/22

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
229.7/0.999
0/-10
229.7/ 0.999 33.11/ 1.003
60/22/1/35 229.0/ 0.996 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/44

3./2.
60/22/1/35
AYSHA WIND 2016
228.3/ 0.993 TS Ayisha

55/21/31

0/-117

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
227.2/ 0.988
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 227.5/ 0.989

3./2.
Adigala 23/-37/11
228.9/ 0.995 TS Milo

3./2.
19/-31/9
17/-31/12
230.1/ 1.001
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
16/-25/7
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
12/-19/6
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 38: Wind power penetration rate to the network in July with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
12/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
18.43/ 0.921 18.68/ 0.934 18.21/ 0.911
12/5/ 1/34

16/5/ 1/51

7/4/2/25
7/4/2/25

40 MVA 36 MVA
14/7 Boulaos
1/-2/7
57.62/ 0.915
Marabout 57.62/ 0.915
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
29/7/46

13/7/23
57.75/ 0.917 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
29/7/46
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

57.83/0.918

57.78/ 0.917
20/-0.4/3/55

0.000/ 0.000
0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 18.50/ 0.925

Doraleh
0/5

20/3
29/7/45

TS Nagad
33/7/51

0/0/0 230.5/ 1.002

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
16/6

18.14/ 0.907
14/7/ 0/41

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.63/ 1.005
0/0/0/0

19.27/ 0.964
16/7/ 3/14

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.71/ 0.932 4/-4/3
40/15/3/71

0/0/-3/0
40/15/3/71

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

230.9/ 1.004
0/-15
0/0

0/0

16/6/9
230kV 230kV
229.5/ 0.998
230.8/ 1.004 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10

0/0/0
8/4/10
230.5/ 1.002 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
3/0.5/10
8/4/10 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/4

7/4

57.41/ 0.911
3/1/0/32

TS Ali Sabieh
61/-17/31

18.07/ 0.904 230.2/ 1.001

4/-26/16

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./1.0

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
231.2/1.005

0/-10
231.2/ 1.005 33.11/ 1.003
60/14/1/34 229.9/ 1.000 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/28
3./2.

60/14/1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.3/ 0.997 TS Ayisha
59/29/35

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

228.1/ 0.992
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.4/ 0.993
3./2.

Adigala 25/-33/10
229.4/ 0.998 TS Milo
3./2.
22/-27/9

19/-27/12
230.4/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
18/-21/7

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

15/-15/5
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 39: Wind power penetration rate to the network in August without compensation.

60
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
12/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
17.97/ 0.898 18.23/ 0.912 17.76/ 0.888

12/5/1/35

16/5/1/52

7/4/2/25
7/4/2/25
40 MVA 36 MVA
14/7 Boulaos
1/-1/6
56.27/ 0.893
Marabout 56.27/ 0.893

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
29/7/47
13/7/24
56.40/ 0.895 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
29/7/47
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

56.48/0.897
56.43/ 0.896

20/0.0/3/56
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 18.04/ 0.902
Doraleh

0/5

20/3
29/8/47
TS Nagad

33/8/52
0/0/0 229.8/ 0.999

14/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
16/6
17.71/ 0.886

14/7/0/42

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.54/ 1.001

0/0/0/0
18.84/ 0.942

16/7/3/15
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 57.40/ 0.911 4/-4/3

40/16/3/73

0/0/-3/0
40/16/3/73
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
225.6/ 0.981

0/-14
0/-14

0/-14
16/6/9
230kV 230kV
224.9/ 0.978
225.5/ 0.981 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-14 0/-10
0/0/0
8/-4/7
229.7/ 0.999 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
3/0.5/10
8/-4/7 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/4

7/4
56.07/ 0.890

3/1/0/33
17.64/ 0.882 229.5/ 0.998 TS Ali Sabieh

61/4/33
5/-15/21

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./1.0
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
230.0/1.000
0/-10
230.0/ 1.000 33.11/ 1.003
60/21 /1/35 229.2/ 0.997 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/41

3./2.
60/21 /1/35
AYSHA WIND 2016
228.5/ 0.994 TS Ayisha

59/22/33

0/-117

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
227.4/ 0.989
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 227.6/ 0.990

3./2.
Adigala 25/-37/11
229.0/ 0.995 TS Milo

3./2.
22/-31/9
19/-31/13
230.2/ 1.001
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
18/-25/8
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
15/-19/6
Hurso TS Hurso

0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 40: Wind power penetration rate to the network in August with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
18.55/ 0.927 18.79/ 0.940 18.33/ 0.916
11/5/ 1/33

16/5/ 1/49

7/4/2/24
7/4/2/24

40 MVA 36 MVA
14/6 Boulaos
1/-2/7
57.92/ 0.919
Marabout 57.93/ 0.919
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
28/7/44

12/6/22
58.04/ 0.921 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
28/6/44
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

58.12/0.923

58.08/ 0.922
20/ -0.7/3/ 53

0.000/ 0.000
0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 18.62/ 0.931

Doraleh
0/5

20/3
29/7/44

TS Nagad
32/7/49

0/0/0 230.6/ 1.003

13/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
16/6

18.24/ 0.912
13/7/ 0/40

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.64/ 1.005
0/0/0/0

19.32/ 0.966
17/7/ 3/15

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.96/ 0.936 4/-4/3
39/14/3/68

0/0/-3/0
39/14/3/68

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

231.4/ 1.006
0/-15
0/0

0/0

17/7/9
230kV 230kV
230.0/ 1.000
231.4/ 1.006 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10

0/0/0
8/4/10
230.6/ 1.003 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
3/0.4/9
8/4/10 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/3

7/3

57.72/ 0.916
3/1/0/31

TS Ali Sabieh
59/-19/31

18.17/ 0.909 230.3/ 1.001

3/-27/15

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.9

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
231.3/1.006

0/-10
231.3/ 1.006 33.11/ 1.003
60/13/1/34 230.0/ 1.000 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/26
3./2.

60/13/1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.3/ 0.997 TS Ayisha
61/29/36

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

228.2/ 0.992
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.4/ 0.993
3./2.

Adigala 26/-33/11
229.5/ 0.998 TS Milo
3./2.
23/-27/9

20/-27/12
230.4/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
19/-20/7

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

16/-15/5
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 41: Wind power penetration rate to the network in September without compensation.

61
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/4

16/4

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
18.55/ 0.927 18.79/ 0.940 18.33/ 0.916

11/5/1/33

16/5/1/49

7/4/2/24
7/4/2/24
40 MVA 36 MVA
14/6 Boulaos
1/-2/7
57.92/ 0.919
Marabout 57.93/ 0.919

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
28/7/44
12/6/22
58.04/ 0.921 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
28/6/44
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

58.12/0.923
58.08/ 0.922

20/-0.7/3/53
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 18.62/ 0.931
Doraleh

0/5

20/3
29/7/44
TS Nagad

32/7/49
0/0/0 230.6/ 1.003

13/6
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
16/6
18.24/ 0.912

13/7/0/40

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.64/ 1.005

0/0/0/0
19.32/ 0.966

17/7/3/15
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 58.96/ 0.936 4/-4/3

39/14/3/68

0/0/-3/0
39/14/3/68
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
231.4/ 1.006
0/-15
0/0

0/0
17/7/9
230kV 230kV
230.0/ 1.000
231.4/ 1.006 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
8/4/10
230.6/ 1.003 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
3/0.4/9
8/4/10 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/3

7/3
57.72/ 0.916

3/1/0/31
TS Ali Sabieh

59/-19/31
18.17/ 0.909 230.3/ 1.001

3/-27/15

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.9
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
231.3/1.006
0/-10
231.3/ 1.006 33.11/ 1.003
60/13 /1/34 230.0/ 1.000 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/26

3./2.
60/13 /1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.3/ 0.997 TS Ayisha

61/29/36

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.2/ 0.992
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.4/ 0.993

3./2.
Adigala 26/-33/11
229.5/ 0.998 TS Milo

3./2.
23/-27/9
20/-27/12
230.4/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
19/-20/7
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
16/-15/5
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 42: Wind power penetration rate to the network in September with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/3

13/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
19.41/ 0.971 19.61/ 0.980 19.17/ 0.959
10/4/ 1/27

13/4/ 1/40

6/3/2/19
6/3/2/19

40 MVA 36 MVA
12/5 Boulaos
1/-2/7
60.27/ 0.957
Marabout 60.28/ 0.957
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
24/5/36

11/5/19
60.36/ 0.958 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
24/4/35
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

60.41/0.959

17/-2/ 3/44

0.000/ 0.000 60.41/ 0.959

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 19.49/ 0.975

Doraleh
0/6

16/2
24/4/35

TS Nagad
27/4/40

0/0/0 231.5/ 1.006

11/5
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
58/24

18.98/ 0.949
11/6/ 0/32

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.75/ 1.009
0/0/0/0

20.22/ 1.011
58/24/3/50

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.02/ 0.969 4/-5/3
33/9/ 3/55

0/0/-3/0
33/9/ 3/55

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

238.4/ 1.036
0/-16
0/0

0/0

58/20/30
230kV 230kV
235.5/ 1.024
238.1/ 1.035 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-10

0/0/0
29/10/19
231.5/ 1.006 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
3/0.2/8
29/10/19 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
7/3

7/3

60.06/ 0.953
3/0.9/ 0/25

TS Ali Sabieh
29/-37/23

18.95/ 0.947 231.2/ 1.005

21/-25/20

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.8

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
232.8/1.012

0/-10
232.8/ 1.012 33.11/ 1.003
60/5/ 1/33 230.9/ 1.004 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/10
3./2.

60/5/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.2/ 1.001 TS Ayisha
90/31/49

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.1/ 0.996
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.3/ 0.997
3./2.

Adigala 42/-33/13
230.0/ 1.000 TS Milo
3./2.
39/-27/12

33/-27/15
230.7/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
35/-21/10

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

31/-16/9
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 43: Wind power penetration rate to the network in October without compensation.

62
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
10/3

13/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
18.97/ 0.949 19.17/ 0.959 18.74/ 0.937

10/4/1/27

13/4/1/41

6/3/2/20
6/3/2/20
40 MVA 36 MVA
12/5 Boulaos
1/-2/7
58.96/ 0.936
Marabout 58.96/ 0.936

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
24/5/36
11/5/19
59.05/ 0.937 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
24/4/36
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

59.11/0.938

17/-2/3/44
0.000/ 0.000 59.09/ 0.938

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.05/ 0.952
Doraleh

0/6

16/2
24/5/36
TS Nagad

27/4/41
0/0/0 230.7/ 1.003

11/5
0/0
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
58/24
18.57/ 0.928

11/6/0/33

33/10/3/56 0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.66/ 1.006

0/0/0/0
19.79/ 0.990

58/24/3/51
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 59.74/ 0.948 4/-4/3

0/0/-3/0
33/10/3/56
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
233.1/ 1.013

0/-15
0/-15

0/-15
58/20/30
230kV 230kV
230.9/ 1.004
232.8/ 1.012 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
29/3/17
230.7/ 1.003 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
3/0.2/8
29/3/17 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

7/3

7/3
58.75/ 0.932

3/0.9/0/26
TS Ali Sabieh

29/-16/16
18.53/ 0.926 230.4/ 1.002

21/-35/20

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
3./0.8
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
231.6/1.007
0/-10
231.6/ 1.007 33.11/ 1.003
60/12 /1/34 230.1/ 1.001 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/23

3./2.
60/12 /1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.5/ 0.998 TS Ayisha

91/23/48

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.3/ 0.993
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.6/ 0.994

3./2.
Adigala 42/-3 7/14
229.5/ 0.998 TS Milo

3./2.
39/-31/12
33/-3 0/16
230.4/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
35/-26/11
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
31/-20/9
Hurso TS Hurso

0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Us ers \us er\Des ktop\s im ulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\s tagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 44: Wind power penetration rate to the network in October with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
8/3

0/0/0/0
0/0

M1-M6
19.83/ 0.992 19.98/ 0.999 19.57/ 0.979
8/3/1/21

11/3/ 1/32

5/2/2/15
5/2/2/15

40 MVA 36 MVA
10/4 Boulaos
1.0/-2/7
61.30/ 0.973
Marabout 61.31/ 0.973
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
20/3/28

9/4/15
61.36/ 0.974 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
20/2/28
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

61.40/0.975

14/-3/ 3/36

0.000/ 0.000 61.42/ 0.975

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 19.91/ 0.995

Doraleh
0/6

14/2
20/2/28

TS Nagad
22/1/32

0/0/0 231.7/ 1.007

0/0
9/4
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
56/22

19.32/ 0.966
9/4/0/26

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.77/ 1.010
0/0/0/0

20.30/ 1.015
55/22/3/47

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.82/ 0.981 4/-5/3
27/5/ 3/44

0/0/-3/0
27/5/ 3/44

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

239.6/ 1.042
0/-16
0/0

0/0

55/19/28
230kV 230kV
236.8/ 1.030
239.4/ 1.041 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11

0/0/0
28/10/18
231.7/ 1.007 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
2/0.0/6
28/10/18 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
6/3

6/3

61.09/ 0.970
2/0.7/ 0/20

TS Ali Sabieh
24/-42/24

19.30/ 0.965 231.4/ 1.006

25/-23/22

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.6

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
233.1/1.013

0/-10
233.1/ 1.013 33.11/ 1.003
60/3/ 1/33 231.1/ 1.005 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/6
3./2.

60/3/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.4/ 1.002 TS Ayisha
96/32/51

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.3/ 0.997
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.5/ 0.998
3./2.

Adigala 45/-33/14
230.2/ 1.001 TS Milo
3./2.
41/-27/12

35/-27/15
230.7/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
38/-21/11

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

34/-16/9
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 45: Wind power penetration rate to the network in November without compensation.

63
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
11/3

0/0

0/0/2/0
8/3

0/0/0/0
0/0
M1-M6
19.40/ 0.970 19.56/ 0.978 19.15/ 0.958

8/3/1/22

11/3/1/33

5/2/2/16
5/2/2/16
40 MVA 36 MVA
10/4 Boulaos
1.0/-2/7
60.02/ 0.953
Marabout 60.03/ 0.953

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
20/3/29
9/4/15
60.09/ 0.954 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
20/2/29
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

60.13/0.954

14/-3/3/36
0.000/ 0.000 60.14/ 0.955

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.48/ 0.974
Doraleh

0/6

14/2
20/2/29
TS Nagad

22/2/32
0/0/0 230.9/ 1.004

0/0
9/4
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
56/22
18.91/ 0.946

9/4/0/27

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.68/ 1.007

0/0/0/0
19.87/ 0.993

55/22/3/48
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 60.57/ 0.961 4/-4/3

27/6/3/45

0/0/-3/0
27/6/3/45
Jaban'as

0/0/-1/0
234.3/ 1.019

0/-16
0/-15

0/-15
55/19/29
230kV 230kV
232.3/ 1.010
234.1/ 1.018 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
28/2/16
230.9/ 1.004 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/0.0/6
28/2/16 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder

6/3

6/3
59.81/ 0.949

2/0.7/0/21
TS Ali Sabieh

24/-21/16
18.89/ 0.945 230.6/ 1.003

25/-33/20

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.6
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
231.9/1.008
0/-10
231.9/ 1.008 33.11/ 1.003
60/10 /1/34 230.4/ 1.002 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/19

3./2.
60/10 /1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.7/ 0.999 TS Ayisha

96/24/50

0/-118

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.5/ 0.994
TS Adigala
14/-21/6 228.8/ 0.995

3./2.
Adigala 45/-3 7/15
229.7/ 0.999 TS Milo

3./2.
41/-31/13
35/-3 0/16
230.5/ 1.002
TS Lonnis

0/-15

3./2.
38/-25/11
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
34/-2 0/10
Hurso TS Hurso

0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 46: Wind power penetration rate to the network in November with compensation.

Placeholder
0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000

G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0

G31-G32
0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
9/2

0/0

M1-M6
20.17/ 1.009 20.29/ 1.015 19.90/ 0.995
6/2/1/17

9/2/1/26

4/2/2/12
4/2/2/12

40 MVA 36 MVA
8/4 Boulaos
0.8/-3/8
62.15/ 0.986
Marabout 62.16/ 0.987
0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
16/1/23

7/4/13
62.19/ 0.987 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
16/0. 5/22
Palmeraie
0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0

G22B & G25

62.22/0.988

11/-4/ 3/30

0.000/ 0.000 62.25/ 0.988

0/0/1/0

0.000/ 0.000
0./0.

0.000/ 0.000 20.24/ 1.012

Doraleh
0/6

11/1
16/0.6/22

TS Nagad
18/-0.6/25

0/0/0 231.9/ 1.008

0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24

0/0/0
2/0.7/-1/24
56/22

19.59/ 0.980
7/4/0/21

0/0/-1/0

0.000/ 0.000
27.80/ 1.011
0/0/0/0

20.42/ 1.021
56/23/3/48

63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 62.50/ 0.992 4/-5/3
22/3/ 3/35

0/0/-3/0
22/3/ 3/35

Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0

240.9/ 1.048
0/-16
0/0

0/0

56/19/29
230kV 230kV
238.1/ 1.035
240.7/ 1.046 0/0 0/0
0/0/0
Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-16 0/-11

0/0/0
28/10/18
231.9/ 1.008 TS Holhol
0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0

0/0/0
2/-0.2/5
28/10/18 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000
0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0

Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.

4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

placeholder placeholder
6/3

6/3

61.95/ 0.983
2/0.6/ 0/16

TS Ali Sabieh
18/-46/24

19.59/ 0.980 231.6/ 1.007

30/-21/24

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5

0.000/ 0.000
4./1.
4/-14/7
233.4/1.015

0/-10
233.4/ 1.015 33.11/ 1.003
60/1/ 1/33 231.3/ 1.006 TS SU
7/-14/4

120/2
3./2.

60/1/ 1/33
AYSHA WIND 2016
230.6/ 1.003 TS Ayisha
102/33/54

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.

229.5/ 0.998
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.7/ 0.999
3./2.

Adigala 48/-33/15
230.3/ 1.001 TS Milo
3./2.
45/-27/13

38/-27/16
230.8/ 1.003
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
41/-21/11

231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004

37/-16/10
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.

231.0/ 1.004

placeholder
C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 47: Wind power penetration rate to the network in December without compensation.

64
 Placeholder

0.000/0.000
0/0/2/0 0.000/0.000
0.000/0.000
0/0/0/00.000/0.000

0/0/2/00.000/0.000
G12 G17 - G18 G23B

0.000/0.000

0/0
0/0
G31-G32

0/0
0/0
0/0

0/0
0/0/0/0
0/0

0/0/2/0
6/2

0/0/0/0
9/2

0/0
M1-M6
19.75/ 0.988 19.88/ 0.994 19.49/ 0.975

6/2/1/18

9/2/1/26

4/2/2/13
4/2/2/13
40 MVA 36 MVA
8/4 Boulaos
0.8/-2/7
60.89/ 0.966
Marabout 60.90/ 0.967

0/0/0/0

0/0/0/0
16/1/23
7/4/13
60.94/ 0.967 0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

Al-Bawadi
16/0. 7/23
Palmeraie

0/0

0/0
0/0/-1/0
0./0.
0/0

0/0/-1/0
G22B & G25

60.96/0.968

11/-4/ 3/30
0.000/ 0.000 60.99/ 0.968

0/0/1/0
0.000/ 0.000

0./0.
0.000/ 0.000 19.82/ 0.991
Doraleh

0/6

11/1
16/0.9/23
TS Nagad

18/-0.3/26
0/0/0 231.1/ 1.005

0/0
7/3
0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
0/0/0

2/0.7/-1/24
56/22
19.20/ 0.960

7/4/0/21

0/0/-1/0
0.000/ 0.000
27.71/ 1.007

0/0/0/0
19.99/ 0.999

56/23/3/49
63kV
4./1.
0.000/ 0.000 61.26/ 0.972 4/-4/3

22/3/ 3/36

0/0/-3/0
22/3/ 3/36
Jaban'as
0/0/-1/0
235.6/ 1.024
0/-16

0/-15

0/-15
56/19/29
230kV 230kV
233.6/ 1.016
235.4/ 1.023 0/0 0/0
0/0/0

Chemin de fer Sud

0/0 0/0 0/-15 0/-10
0/0/0
28/2/16
231.1/ 1.005 TS Holhol

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
0/0/0
2/-0.2/5
28/2/16 0.000/ 0.000
0.000/ 0.000

0/0/3/0
0/0/3/0
Lac Assal (Goubet) PV 4./1.
4/-11/6
0.000/ 0.000 0.000/ 0.000

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6/3

6/3
60.69/ 0.963

2/0.6/ 0/17
TS Ali Sabieh

18/-25/15
19.19/ 0.959 230.8/ 1.004

30/-31/21

0/0/-1/0

0/0/-1/0
2./0.5
0.000/ 0.000
4./1.

4/-14/7
232.2/1.010
0/-10
232.2/ 1.010 33.11/ 1.003
60/8/ 1/34 230.5/ 1.002 TS SU

7/-14/4
120/16

3./2.
60/8/ 1/34
AYSHA WIND 2016
229.9/ 0.999 TS Ayisha

102/25/53

0/-119

3./2.
11/-21/6
0./0.
228.7/ 0.994
TS Adigala
14/-22/6 229.0/ 0.995

3./2.
Adigala 49/-37/15
229.8/ 0.999 TS Milo

3./2.
45/-31/14
38/-30/17
230.6/ 1.002
TS Lonnis
0/-15

3./2.
41/-26/12
231.0/ 1.004 231.0/ 1.004
37/-20/11
Hurso TS Hurso
0/0

3./2.
231.0/ 1.004

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C:\Users\user\Desktop\simulation tractebel\SMARTFLOW-EUROSTAG\stagiaires PV et WIND\2018DJ-Prev2020ETH.nek

Figure 48: Wind power penetration rate to the network in December with compensation.

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