Nn. Dabdet-Cmut Tue a aT : ms [eee RE ae ae one ae ae sec Hi a a t ii a homeo tet 1)PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY WITH YOUR CALCULATOR Peter Duffett-Smith University Demonstrator Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, and Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge Second edition Cambridge University Press ‘Cambridge London New York New Rochell Melbourne Sydney Nl. Dabet-Cmut ~ TPAKTVMECKAA AGTPOHOMMA CKANDKYIIATOPOM Mepesog c auraniicxoro J.A. Wrnnema vu H. E. Nuckynosa nog pemakuneit Kany. (u3.-MaT. Hayk I. A. Jleitxnna ee 5 eee Mocksa «, 1981). VUcxoguple aHkibie, MOMHMO NpHBOZMMBIX B KHH2XKKe, YHTA Temb MoxeT HalitH B nepemeHHol yactH ActponomHyecKoro Kaslenfapx (BbilyckaeTca exkeromHO M3faTenbeTBom «Ha- yka»), «Cnpapounnke si06nTena actponomuu» I. T. Kyau- KOBCKOTO (mocnenHee H3MaHHe BbINYLLeHO H3aTeAbCTBOM «Hayka» B 1971 r.) w B «AcTpoHomHyecKom exkeronHH- ke CCCP» (BpimyckaeTcn ekeromHo H pacnpocrpansnerca uepes MarasHHbl «AKaeMKHHTH>) . Kak mpaBuao, B KHHre He MpuBOsUTCA BbIBOL thopmya ero MOKHO HaiiTH B yKe yNomHHaBuelica KHure B. K. A6a- dlaKHHa H B YHHBepCcHTeTCKHX Kypcax ciepwyeckoli acTpono- MHH H HeGecHol mexaHuKH. B neKoropbix cny¥aax TepMHHOMOTHA aBTOpa HeCKOABKO OTAMUAeTCA OT NPHHATOH B OTeYecTBeHHOH aHTepatype. Tak, HanpHMep, B OTeyecTBeHHOH AHTepaType NaaueTEI, pacnona- raiouHeca 61nxKe K Conny, Yem Semin, OGbINHO Ha3bIBaloT HWKHHMH, a Jasbue — BepxHumu. ABTOp BMeCTO 3TOTO TOBO- PHT O BHYTPeHHHX H BHEWIHHX NlaneTax. BMecTo no3HiHOHHO- ro yria cBeTsoro auM6a (§ 55) B oreyecTBeHHOH HTepaType OOLINHO TOBOPST O MOSHIHOHHOM yruie SkKBATOpa HHTeHCHBHO- cTH HT. 2. OmHako BO BCex Cnyyasix aBTOp MaeT ONpemenenue HCNONLSYeMEIX TEPMUHOB, TAK YTO HeMOpasyMeHHA HCK.10- YeHBI. CnenyeT Takxe HMeTb B BUY, YTO Ha TeppHTopuH Coser- cxoro Coosa nocraHopnenuem Cospera Munuctpos CCCP «O nopsaKe HCuHCeHHA BpemeHH Ha TeppHTopHu CCCP», NpHHATHIM B KOHUe 1980 F., ycTaHOBJeHbI HOBbIe rpaHHilbl YaCOBbIX NOHCOB. THM 2%e NOcTaHOBeHHeEM NpexycmoTpeHo BBefleHHe Ha TeppHTopHh CCCP setnero Bpemenu: erke- ronuo c O 4acop nepporo anpena Bce Yacbl nepeBogsiTcs Ha ofHH Yac Blepex, a B O YacoB nepBoro oKTAGpA — Ha O2HH Yac Hasan. Takum O6pasom, c oKTAGpsa mo MapT «MOCKOBCKO€ BP€MA> COOTBETCTBYeT BpeMeHH TpeTbero 4yaco- Boro Mosca, a C allpenw no cenTAGpb — YeTBepToro H onepe- %aeT BCeEMHpHoe BpemA coorBercrBeno Ha 3 Hu 4 aca. a 3aMeTiM B 3akmI0YeHHe, YTO NocKONBKy B Opurnnane KHWKKa Npelvashavanach Jn acTpOHOMoOB-O6NTENeli, %*«H- BYLAMX B aHrAOASbIYHbIX CTpaHax, rye Hepabouwe AHH 4YacTO NPHXOAATCH Ha PeHTHOSHbIe NpasqHUKH, B pALe cnyyaes YCOBHA BHAMMOCTH CBETHA paCC4HTbIBalOTCH Ha STH arbi. Tr. JleticunIlpeaucnosue KO BTOpOMy H3aHHI0 «[IpakTHueckan aCTpOHOMHA C KasbKysiTOopom» Hanucana ii TeX, KTO B MpakTHYeCKUX WeAAX HH pany yROBOMBCTBUA XOUET BBINHCIHTb NOMOKEHHA H yCAOBHA HaGMOZeHHA HeGec HbIX Te/| M MpHMeyaTeNbHLIX ABIeHHI, TAKHX KaK 3aTMeHHA A crapanca coKpaTHTb NyTb Yepes cNOmRKHOCTH H TpyqHOCTH CTporo MaTeMaTHKH, YYHTbIBAA TOADKO Te PaKTbI, KOTOpbie CyLeCTBeHHBI AA akvoro pacuera, H HrHOpupys NonpaBKh, HEOGXOMHMBIE AA OYE TOUHBIX NpeAcKasanui actpoHomH- yeCKHX sBleHHH. [Ipenaaraembiii MHOH MeTON OGLIUHO OKa3bI- BaeTCAH MOCTATOYHO TOYHBIM ANA mMOGUTeNel acTpoHoMHu, €CAH HE TOBOPHTb O CaMbIX TPeEOOBATEAbHLIX H3 HHX, OLHAKO 9TOT M€TOM He cNefyeT HCNoMb30BaTb QA HaBHraiHH. Ha- TIpHMep, BpeMHA Bocxofa u 3axoma Connua onpereasetca € TOYHOCTBIO MO OfMOl MHHYyTBI, a nonOmKeHHe JlynE — AO OLHOH NATO rpanyca. Orpeyas Ha NCbMa H NpocbG6bi yHTAaTeJeH, A BKMIOUHS BO BTOPOe H3aHHE MOBONBHO GSoNbUIOH MONONHKUTeENbHBI MaTe- pHan. Ucnpapsenst Takxe 3amMeyenuble owH6kH (xOTH HeT COMHeHHH, YTO B STOM H3aHHH OOHapyXKaTca HoBble) Hu, Kpome TOro, JaHHble 111 OpGuTaNbHbIX pacueTOB OTHECeHbI kK anoxe 1980 snBapb 0,0. Sl BecbMa IipH3HaTeseH BCeM, KTO B3AA Ha CeO TpyA Co- O6ULHTh MHe CBOH NpeANoxwKenvA, 3aMeYaHHA KH NoNpaBKH, B uacrHoctu C. Xary, E. P. Byny u C. Tapseio (Koropniit CocTaBHul HOMOrpaMMy Ji peulenuaA ypaBHenna Kennepa). A xoten 6bi TaKx%Ke BbIPasHTb GAarosapHOcTb H NpH3sHaTenb- HOCTb aBTOpaM, UbH KHHTH A Mpoven H Yb HEH 3aHMCTBO- Bavl, B ocoGeHHOcTH )Kany Meycy («Actpoomuyeckue op- Myvibl JIM KanbKynstopop») B. Ulpenepy («lpaxruue- Ka aCTpOHOMHS>). 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Ho A TOMospeBaio, YTO BaM He IpHAET B FOMOBY CeCTb H paccuHTaTb Bce 3TO CaMOMY, XOTA B Halll BEK KapMaHHO MHKPOMHHHa- TIOPH30BaHHOH HHTerpanbHoll 9MeKTPOHHKH BHINONHHTD Ta- ke pacueTbi Mon cHuly Kar momy. JLarke ecH Bbl He CAMLIKOM cBeAyuiy B MaTeMaTHKe, BbI CMOxKeTe HalirH OTBeT MOUTH m060% 3anHiTepecoBaBluel Bac acTpoHOMHuecKOl 3amaun. Hy2kHbi BCero AMI» 3Ta KHHTa, KanbKyssiTop, MCT Gymarn, KapaHdaul W npocras aMHelika, Cnenya war 3a marom He- cnOKHOH HHCTpyKWHH 43 Naparpada, NocsslwenHoro Bae 3ajlaye, Bbl NONYYHTE OTBET. Bau KanbkyAATOP HE 1O2%KEH GbITh CNHLIKOM COX%KHDIM H AOPOTHM, HO, C Apyrol cTOpOHbI, OH Dom*KeH BLINONHATE HE TONLKO YeTHIpe apHdmerwyeckux selicrBua. Kak MHHUMYyM, KaIbKyJSITOp JOs2KeH WaBaTb CHHYC, KOCHHyC, TaHreuc (u o6parune uM yHKuHH) 21H MI0Goro yraa, BbIpPaxKennoro B rpamycax HsIH pafvanax (He nomb3ylirecb KanbkyssTOpa-~ MH, pa6oTalolHMH B OrpakuYeHHoM ZHana3oue yraos!). Bau KaJbKYIATOP MODKEH TaKKe aBaTb KBaspaTHble KOpHH H sorapHMpl uncen. [pyre BO3MOXKHOCTH He OY€Hb BarXKHbl, XOTH, KOHEYHO, OHH OGvler¥aioT BbiNHCMeHHA. Hanpumep, O4eHb TONeSHO HAMHYHE HECKOADKUX PerHCTpoB TaMsiTH, B KO- TOPbIX MOXKHO XpaHHTb NpoMexyTouHble pesysbTatel. Ecan y Bac NporpamMupyembili KanbKy/IATOp, TO BbI MOxKeTe CocTa- BHTb MporpamMMy H BBINOMHATh Gombulyio YacTb pacyeToB aABTOMATHYECKH, CGeperad BpeMsA H CHJIbI, — C MOM KaJIbKy- AIATOPOM # TaK H NocTynato. Ceiiyac B mponarxke HMeeTCH MHOXKecTBO pasNHYHbIX! Ka bKYJATOPOB, H LeHbI Ha HHX, 10-BALUMOMY, NpososKaloT cuHxKaTbcn. Pasymeerca, ¢ Gonee «ymesbiM> ycTpoiicTBOM Bam G6yner pa6oratb ropa3yo nerue. BuiGupas KanbkynsTOp, He OYeHb IpHcsyumHBalitech K apryMeHTaM oO NpeHmyuecT- Bax TOH HH HHO AorHyecKOi CxeMbI, 3a0%KeHHOH B ero yerpolicrso. Kaxkqaa umeeT CBOH JocTOHHCTBA, H 1106as T0- SBOAeET MpOBOAHTb BbINHCCHHA omHHaKosoit CJ1O%K HOCTH. Bako TUlaTeIbHO MpovecTh HHCTpyKUHIO H MOCKOHAaNbHO H3YYHTb Balll HOBbI KalbKyasTOp, YTOOLI GbicTpo H TOUHO BecTH pacueTbl. YGenHTecb, YTO BhI KaBHaTypy H YTO OMHOKPaTHOe HaxXaTHe KlaBHWIH MPHBOAHT K NoABse- HHIO Ha HHDHKaTope ofHOh udp, a He HECKOMDKHX, KaK ObipaeT, Korfa KaJIbKyAATOP OT3bIBAeTCH Ha ApomKatlee HH cna6oe Hamatue. Hakonen, o6patute BHHMaHHe Ha fonon- HHTEBHLIE BOSMOXHOCTH, KOTOPbIe MOTYT OKa3aTbCHA Momes- HDIMH — HaNpHMep Ha KJaBunly Npeo6pasopanus BpemeHH HIM yraa, BbIpaxKeHHOrO B Yacax, MHHYTAX H CeKyHMax, B Je- CATHYHbIC MOH 4Yaca; KAaBUUTY, NOcpemcTBOM KOTOpOH m060h yrom (nolOKUTeNbHDI HAH OTpHuaTenbubIli) nepeponuTca B uHTeppan O—360°, H KaBHLIy Npeo6pa3soBannaA mpxAMo- YFONDHBIX KOOPAHHAT B NoMApHbIe (€e MOX%KHO HCHOML3OBAaTb AJA HCKIIOYCHHA MHOrO3HAYHOCTH TipH BbINHCJICHHAX C Kpy- roBbiMH (byHKUHAMH) . Tlopropaa BbiuHcneHHaA B pa6ouHx NpHMepax, NpuBemen- HbIX B KHHPe, H€ TPeBOXbTECh, CCAM NOCNeLHAA 3Hayautan Whdpa B Bax pacueTax He copnamaeT c Moe. To o6ni4HO ObiIBaeT CBASAHO C pa3IHYHEM BHYTpeHHeh TOUHOCTH HaLIHXx KabKYAATOPOB (T. €. YHCMOM 3HaYaLIHX WNP, C KOTOpLIMH onepupyeT KanbkyssTop). Ecnu BHYTpeHHAA TOUHOCTb Ba- wero KaJbKyAsiTopa CeMb HH BOCEMb 3HaNALLHX wHCpp, oun6Ka KOHedHOTO pe3symbTaTa GymeT MocTaTouHO mana. 3yecb YMeECTHO CKa3aTb HECKOBKO CHOB O MHKponpowecco- Pax; 3TH ycTpoficTBa, NOMOGHO BCeM BHIYHCAHTENDHBIM CHCTE- MaM, Tpe6yior HCHOMb3OBaHHA ASbIKAa NPOrpPaMMHpoBaHHsA. MuorHe S3bIKH J OTHOCHTENBHO MaJOMOLLHDIX BLINHCIH- TE/IbHLIX CHcTeM (HanpuMep, Beficuk) ucnonbsyoT 218 Npe- BpauleHHA DecsiTHYHOrO YHCNa B ABOHYHYIO chopmy ueTbIpe Galita, 4TO LaeT TOUHOCTE BCerO JHLIb B WECT HH B AyNUIeM cnyuae CeMb 3Hayamux udp. MpHxogquTcs npHHHMaTb cne- l\HaJIbHbIe MepBl, YTOGbI OLIHOKH OKpyrleHHA He OKa3asHCb CyLeCTBEHHbIMH.Uro xe Hy2XHO JenaTb, HMeA B pyKkax MHCbMeHHbIe MpH- Hafe*KHOCTH, KabKyAATOp H ITY KHHry? PasGepem B Kaue- cTBe Mpmepa 3afayy 06 onpezenenHH BpemeHH Bocxona Jlynpl. O6patumcs K OriaBseHHiO; OHO CTOUINeT Hac K § 66, rye BbI HafimeTe KpaTKHe NosCHeHHA H HHCTpyKUHIO Cc ze- TanbHo pas06panHbim mpumepom. Uro6ni BLinomHHTb pacuer, Rake He OGA3aTENBHO UHTATb Bce NoscHeHHe. Bo BcAKOM cay- uae, | CTPeMHNICH CieaTb ONHCAHHA NO BOSMOXKHOCTH KpaT- KHMH H HE MbITaNCsH BLIBOLUTb dbopmysbi. Ecnu Bac 3aHHTepe- cyeT, KaK 3TH (OpMysbI Nonyyenbl, cuelyeT OOpaTHTEcH K yue6uHKaM no chepHyecko acTpOHOMHH, TaKHM, HalipHMep, Kak NpeBocxosKblit Kype ctbepHyecKoli acrponomun Y. Cmapta (Cambridge University Press, 1977). Mocne sumonnenua cOOTBETCTBYlOULeH HHCTpyKUWH 3anuuiMTe ee HOMEp H TOsy- YeHHbI pesybTaT, Kak 3TO OGLINHO ZenaeTcA. ITO NOMOXeT BaM C€QHTb 3a XOM0M paGoTbI, a 3aTeM H pH NpoBepKe pesynbtata. Ecnu sbi GyfeTe HefocTaTOuHO MeTO_HUHLI, BepHoe peulieHHe 3afa4H MOMKeT OKAasaTLCA HEMOCTHKUMEIM, Bo MHorux enyyaax B Xome BLUHCNeHH BaM NpHzeTcA o6paujaTben K ApyruM pasnenam. Hanpumep, BTopoii war onepamun «Bocxog Jlynbi» otomser Bac K § 62. Buinonnnte MHCTpyKWHIO sTOrO Naparpada H BepHuTech O6paTHo, YTO6bI BLINOHHTb CNeAyIoulyio onepayuio —3. Yoo6uo uMmetb He- CKONBKO NonocoK GyMarH H HCNOAb3OBaTh HX B KayecTBe 3aKsaQoK. Sra Kura, pasyMeetcn, He NpemHasHayeHa A 3aMeHbL Acrpotiomu4eckoro exeronnnka. Bpaa au KoMy-1H60 ynactca KOHKYPHPOBaTb CO CNOXKHbIMH BLINHCAHTEABHBIMH MalIHHaMH, HCNONbSyeMbIMH AA ero cocTaBneHHn. OgHaKO TOYHOCTb OMHCaHHbIX B KHHTe€ METOMOB ocTaTouWa B GONbULHHCTBE cny¥aeB, Kora mpoctota BaxkHee TOYHOrO onpesenenus n-TO 3Haka pes3yabtata. Ecau B Ballem pacnopsmkKeHHH uMe- eTCH BbINHCIHTeMbHaA MaLIHHa, MOXKHO BOCNOMb3OBaTLCA KHHrOH H COCTaBHTb TporpaMMbl, NO3BOsAlOUWHe BOCTIPOK3- BOAHTh Ha akpaHe AHCNen cobLiTHA, pasBepTHIBaloulHecA B CoaHenoli cucreme, c TOYHOCTHIO, NpeBocxoxsmel paspe- uleHHe akpaHa. Ho muorve u3 Hac momyYaT ocraTouHO Gonbuloe YAOBNeTBOpeHHe, pacCdHTLIBaH XO CBeTHA K Mpen- CKa3bIBad ACTPOHOMHYECKHE ABACHHA MOUTH CO cKas0uHOH TOYHOCTLIO C HOMOWLbIO OGHIUHOFO KapMaHHOro Kas bKyATOpa. AcTpoHombl BCerya MMelOT Nemo CO BpeMeHeM H eTO H3Mepe- fivem. Ecau Bbi 4HTanH KaKoii-nu60 yue6uuK NO acTpoHomHH, OTHOCALHiicsH K STO NpoGreMe, BLI HaBepHsAKa Opin o3apa- ucHbl O€CKOHEUHbIM Ha NepBblii Baas pashooOpasnem BHLOB BpeMeHH H HX onpexenenHii. CymectByeT BCemHpHOe H Cpen- nee rpHHBHYCKOe BpeMA, HCTHHHOe 3Be3HOe BpeMA H cpenHee SBe32HOe BpeMs, ScbeMepHAHOe BPeMsH, MECTHOE Bpems H cpen- fice COHEYHOe BpeMsA, NPHYeM 3fecb YNOMAHYTa JHUIb He- Gonbuiaa OA pasnHUHbIX cHcTeM cyeTa BpemMeHH. Kpome Toro, CyULeCTBYeT 3Be31HbI Ton, TponuuecKHi ron, GeccereB ron H aHoMasucTHyecknii ron. A ectb aH y Bac 4eTKoe mpen- cTaBsleHHe © pa3H4HH 1ONHaHCKOrO H rpHropHaHcKoro Ka- wenjapeii?! (Onpemenenna Bcex STHX NOHATHH MpHBeZeHbI i cnOBape TepMHHOB, B KONE KHHTH.) Karkqan 43 NepeyHCeHHbIX (HHH H3MepeHHsA BpeMeHH neo6xonuMa. VM sce on uMelor TOUHbIe onpenenenus. K cya- CTbIO, OMHAKO, OGBMHO NPHXOMHTCA HMETb Teo AULIb C He- GonbulHM YHCNOM CHCTeM CHeTa BpeMeHH, MOCKOMbKy pac- XOKMEHHA MEKLY HHMH MpOmBAAIOTCA TOABKO TOrma, Kora ueo6xofHMa O4eHb Gonbulan TONHOCTD. § 1. Kanendaps Kasenfapb aeT HaM BO3MOXKHOCTb BeCTH oTcueT TedeHHA BpeMenH NpH NOMOWH NospassenenWA ropa wa Mecslbl, uenzenHu H HH. Ppy6o roBops, Mecsil — STO BpeMs, 3a KOTOpoe JlyHa coBepmiaeT OfHH NosKEI OGopoT no op6uTe BOKpyr 3em.n, MpHueM B TeyeHHe STOrO NepHosa MpowcxomuT cmena uctbipex (a3, Hau 4eTBepteii, JlyHbl, KaxKLaa W3 KOTOpbIX aJuTcH Hexemo. A rox_— sto Bpems, 3a KOTOpoe 3eman coBepwaeT OAM NonKEIH OGopot no op6uTe BoKpyr Connua. Ilo o6uenpHusToMy cormauieHHio cuHTaeTes, YTO HenenA14 Bpema coxepxXHT cemb AHeii, mec — or 28 no 31 nan (Ta6n. 1) 4 ron — 12 mecaues. Uncno u Mecal ofHosHa4yHo onpeszensioT mo6ol AeHb roma. Tpyauocts Takoro cueTa 1Heli B rofy 3aKmiO¥aeTCA B TOM, uTO PpaxkancKhi (KaneHapHbl) ron Bcerna comepxKUT LE J10e HHCAO CYTOK, B TO BpeMs KaK Semana CopepuaeT OHH Non- HbIfi OGopor mo op6uTe BoKpyr Connua 3a 365,2422 cyTok. (Sta BeHYHHA Ha3bipaeTCH TponunecKum 2000M; onpejese- HHe CM. B CoBape TepmHHoB). Ecnu 6p Mbt He yYHTbIBanH STOrO *akTa H CHHTaNH, 4YTO Kar Abii TOA COCTOHT poBHO H3 365 anel, TO Hamia cucTema cyeTa BpeMeHH BCe Goree Hu Gonee oTCTaBaNa Gbl OT peabHOrO ABHKeHHA 3emM.1H, NpHuem own6Ka HaKansMBaacb GbI co cKOpocTbio 0,2422 cyTOK B ron. Cnycrs 100 ser pacxoxkmenue coctaBuno 6p 24 qHs, a cnycTA 1500 ner BpemeHa roma NOMeHAHCb Gbl MECTaMH, TaK 4TO B ceBepHOM NosyulapHu eTO GEO Obl B WeKaGpe. Acho, To Taka cHcTema cyeTa 6pina Gel Kpaiine Heyno6na. JOnui Lle3apb npeanpuusn nonvitky ycrpanHTb yKasaH- Hibtit HefOcTaTOK NyTeM NpHHATHA MeKpeTa, COracHo KOTOpO- My TpH MOCsleqOBaTeMbHBIX roma ConepxaT 365 Heli, a cne~ AYU 34 HUMH BucoKOCHEU 200 — 366 aHeli, TaK 4TO BCH- KHii pa3, KaK TONbKO HOMep rofa AenuTcH Ha 4, K cbeBpaa. oGapaseTcA MWHHH feHb. B cpemtiem ero rpaxksancKkn roy, comep»kuT 365,25 cyTOK, 4TO y2Ke JOBONbHO 61H3KO Benu4HHe TpomMyecKoro roga (365,2422 cyTok). B camo: gene, no mpowectauH 100 net owHG6Ka He npeBbimaet | AHA Taka cHCTeMa CYeTa BpeMeHH, Ha3bIBaeMax 10AUGKCKI kKanenOapem, YCNEWHO MIpHMeHANach Ha MpOTAKeHHH MHOTH cronernii no 1582 r., KOrga ONSTh BCHbINO 3HAYHTebHO! pacxoxeHMe Me@%KMy aTaMH H COOTBETCTBYIOLNLHMH BpeMe- Tabauya 1 Anpapp 31 Vom 31 espans 28 (ann 29» pH. — Apryct 31 coKoctiom rosy) Mapr 31 Cent a6pe 30 Anpem 30 OxraGps 31 Mail 31 Hos6pp 30 Vironn 30 Tlexa6pp 31 Bpena 15 amu roga. Torga nana Fpuropui XIII noznpasun cymect- WIOLMi KaeHLapb, HCKMIOUKB M3 HeTO JHH Cc 5 no 14 (BKaIO- TeMbHO) OKTHGpH 1582 r., YTOGhI BOCCTAHOBUTbh COOTBeT- BHe M@XKAY rparkaiCKHM H TpONHYeCKHM TOMOM, H BBeLA PaBHO NponycKa tTpex AHel Kaxgbie 400 ner. Cormacno ro yAyulleHHOMy KasleHJapio, roma, cofepxkaulwe menoe 4ucnO coTeH (Hanpumep, 1700, 1800 u T. mn.) cHHTaloTCH BUCOKOCHbIMH TOJbKO B TOM Ciy4ae, ECM OHH BemsTCH Ha 400. Sta encTema cueTa BpeMeHH, Ha3biBaeMan PpHrOpHaHCKHM Kalen apem, ABAAeTCA Cerogin HanGomee pacnpocTpabeHHon. 400 rpaxktancKux eT rpHropHalcKoro KaneHaaps conepxKarT 400 - 365 + 100 —3 = 146097 qnei. Takum o6pa3om, cpen- NAA NPOLOMKUTEAbHOCT TparxAahcKoro rofa cocTaBAseT 146 097/400 = 365,2425 cyroK, 4To o4eHb 6.1H3KO K Npomon- *HTEBHOCTH TponmhyecKOoroO roma. § 2. Mpedevtuucaenue nacxu ACXAMbHOe BOCKpeceHbe — jleHb, NO KOTOPOMy ycTaHaBJH- WOTCH TaKKe TakHe NepexoAAUHe WepKOBHble MpasqHHKH, ‘4K TpOHLa H AYXOB Lerb, — OGbINHO GEIBaeT B NepBoe BoC- peceHbe cnyctA Be Hexen Nocne Nepporo nomKonyHHs, acrynuBuero nocne 21 Mapta. (Bonee TouHoe onpenesenne (ook HO Halitu B Kure «The Explanatory Supplement to the stronomical Ephemeris and American Ephemeris and autical Almanac».) Jlary nacxasbHoro BocKpeceHbA MOK HO M4HCIHTb C MOMOLLbIO TaGnH H ONHCaHHA K HHM, TpHBe- HHBIX, HampuMep, B «Book of Common Prayer» (1662), HH MOMb3YACb OMHHM H3 HECKOADKHX MeTOLOB, NpHAyMan- IX Ha NPOTHKCHHH MHOFHX BeKOB pa31HUHbIMH MaTeMaTH- amu. 3yecb GyneT onvcaH cosqaHHbii B 1876 r. meTog, oTOpbli BHepBbIe Gb ony6HKoBaH B «Butcher’s Ecclesias- ical Calendar» n mpumenum ya8 s106oro rofa rpHropHar- Koro Kaslenjapsa (T. e€. HayHHan c 1583 r. nH manee). On OCHOBaH Ha MHOPOKpaTHOM HCIO.Ib3OBaHHH Pe3yJIbTaTOB e1e- Hus OMHOTO 4HCAa Ha Apyroe, NpHyem paccmaTpHBaloTca wena YacTb YacTHoro Hu ocraToK. B pe3yabtaTe neneHuA fla MHKPOKasbKyAATOpe BbICBeYHMBaeTCA PH UMp, passe- ACHHBIX LECATHYHOH TOYKOH. Llndpbl, pacnonoxKeHnHbIe neper WeCCATHYHOH TOUKOH, OGpasyioT WenylO YacTb, WHppbl 3a AecATHYHOH TOUKOH OGpasyloT Apobuyi0 yactb. OcraToK MOx-16 Bpena Bpena 7 HO HaliTH nO ppo6Hoh uacTH, YMHOKAaA ee Ha AeNHTeAb nasa 0,2631579. YmHoxkuB nociesHee YHCIO na 19, nony4HM (7. €, Ha TO HHCIO, HA KOTOPOE TONBKO HTO qenHn) 4 OKpyraa 000000100, orkyza ocraToK papen 5. pesyibTaT 1O 6nwxKaimuero menoro. Hanpumep, 2000/19 = Mporasnocrpupyem ynomsAlyTbit MeTOm Ha NpHMepe 2 Bbi- = 105,2631579. Llenan vactb papna 105, mpo6uas "act WicNeHHA aTbI MacxanbHoro BocKpeceHbA 8 2000 r. Mpusep 2 § 3. Mepecuer dare 6 nopadKossui nomep OHnA 2004 MncrpyEuns he vente Bo mHOrHxX acTpOHOMHYeCKHX pacdeTax HeoOxOfHMO ObipaeT 4ulaTb YHCMO CYTOK, HCTEKWIAX C Havana Toda LO onpemeseH- 2 oii Math. 3a Hayano orcyera mpuMmem O 4 HyseBoro AKBaps, Uenas Ocra- Apyrimn copamH ToOmHOUb Mexny 30 1 31 neka6ps mpeabi- We: EbtPS nyutero roza. Ha nepBbiii B3T1A1 9TO MOKET BLITAATETh 1O- 1, Pasnenwrs Homep roma x a 2000 _ 195 2631579 BONbHO CTPaHHbIM, OAHaKO MbI GyeM MpHep%KHBATKCA B Heid oe nanbuelimem Takoro BbIGopa Havasia oTCUeTa, NOCKONPKy OH 2. Pasnenmrb HoMep rona b € 2000 _ 6.000000 Ham yMpOcTHT BbINHCIeHHA- Tlongenb 3 sHBapA 3amHCcbIBa- Ha 100 woo eres! B BHZe AHBapb 3,5, MOCKONbKY C MONCHTA SIHBapb 0,0 weap. =O NPOUO TPH C NOAOBHHOH AHA, KAK STO HArAATHO MOKASEI- 3, Pasnemiry 6 Ha 4 d e d=5 Bae puc. 1. ite see 4 Takum o6pa30M, HaxoxKzeHnHe NopaaKkoporo HOMepa AHA oP SAR OT t i i no mate He cocTaBlseT Tpyna. Sto menaeTcA cHemyiouluM 5, Pasnenire bf +1 Ha 3 g aa g=6 06pa3om: 6 Pasnenurb® 19a+b—d—-g+ 9 — h 19+ b—d—g + 15=119 1. Cymmupyerca 4Hcn0 aHeli TO BCeM MecAIlaM, mpen- +15 na W h=29 wiecTByIOUlM4M HHTepecylolleMy Hac MeCsILYy (uncno quel B 7 Pasnenurs ¢ Ha 4 oe k i=0 k=0 Kaoxkmom Mecsie cm. B Ta6s. 1). Take cyMMbI IipHBeseHbl 8 Pasnemry 32 +2e + 2i— a 1 3242e+2—h—k=3, 8 Ta6a. 2B. —h—k na 7 12é 2. [ipn6apasetcn uHcn0, T. €. HOMep AHA B JaHHOM 9. Pasnenur» a + 11h +22! mm — a+ 10h +221 = 390, — wa 451 m=0 10, Pasnenur h+/—Tm+ 114 n Pp h41—Tm—114 = 146, -- 1979 1960 ——_——>- 31 =4, p=22 * ae n n n n n n 11. Unicno, Ra KOTOpoe TIpHKO- p+i=2B ATCA MacxambHoe BOCKPe bo 30 my 1 a 3 cenze, paso p+ Genabpa | Gexatps \ denatps \sHeaps \ #HeapR | ANORDT Tlopanxospiit HomMep Mecalia pabeli n (n =3 coorperct- pyet Mapty, n=4— anpemo) SF tua Wirax, macxasibHoe BO0C- Kpeceue 8 2000 r. mpi Hy- myer Mander 5 9HEaps xomHIca Ha 23 anpena I nonnow # Sannice 198 cxenyer noHMMaTs KoK 19, yutlowellHoe Ha a (@ naliHIOM enyvae Puc. 1. Onpenenenue 30x.Bpema 19 Ta6auya 2A ss " Tipumep 3A. Bumiucauts, KaKkoit TopstKoBbIli HOMep B Yucao cymox, npoweduux om anoxu 1980 snaps 0,0 rony uMeeT neHb 17 espana (rox HeBucoKocHbtii). 00 Haya2a coomeememeyroyezo 200a Orser: 31417=48. 1980* 0 1990 3653 Ecau y pac HMeeTcA MporpaMMupyembili MHKpOKaabKy- 1981 366 1991 4018 JATOP, TO Bbl MOMKeTE BBECTH B NAaMSITb MUKPOKAJILKyATOpa 1982 71 1992* 4383 uporpammy RI, nosBonsioulyio MpOBOAHTh BHIYHCTeEHHA 1983 1096 1993 4749 &BTOMATHYECKH. 1984* 1461 1994 5114 Jlanee no sceii KHHTe B KayeCcTBe HYb-NYHKTA, HAH STOXH, 1985 1827 1995, 5479 OTHOCHTeCNbHO KOTOpOH GYAYT BbINHCMATLCH MONOKEHHA 1986 2192 1996* 5845 We6eCHbIX Tel, MbI IpHMem snoxy 1980 AnBapp 0,0. Uucso 1987 2587 1997 6210 CYyTOK, HCTeKIIHX € STOrO MOMeHTa JO Havana 1060r0 roma 1988* 2922 1998 6575 pnaotb no 1999r., mpHBeneno B Ta6s. 2A. Uro6n naittn 1989 3288 1999 6940 nomHOe YHCNO CYTOK, HCTEKUINX OT OTOpHOH sNOxH, Halo mpocTo K COOTBeTCTBYIOWIEMy 3HaYeHHIO H3 tTa61. 2A mpuG6a- BUTb MOPAAKOBbI HOMeP AHA B TOMY, BbINHC/eHHbIH TOMbKO "TO ONnHCaHHbim cnoco6om. Bomevanue oesRONKOHl OTMeNeHE BUCOKOEMEIE rO.%a ; Tpumep 3B. Uncno Heli, HcTeKWHX OT ONOpHOH sTOxH « 17 despans 1985 r., cocrapanet 48 + 1827 = 1875. ) Ta6auya 2B Dry BeHYHHY MOXHO GblwO0 Gb NOACUHTATh TaKxKe Np Yucno dneti 200a, ucmextuux x Havaay OanKoz0 necrya NOMOUAH CHCTEMBI }NHAHCKUX DHE (cm. § 4). OGuamR rom Bucorocnui® ron Ipoepanma R1, epecuer farbi B NOpAAKOBLIH HOMep AHA rona. Spapp 0 1. Bsecru nopsakosbiii Homep Mecnya (Hanpumep, 11 B eppane 31 31 cnyyae HoA6ps). Mapr 59 60 2. Mposepurb Bbinomnenne ycnosus: «BBefenian BennunHa Anpens 90 1 6onbuie 2». Mai 120 PAT — -Ecau «ga», To nepeiiru K wary (8). Vroun, 151 152 — Ecaw «ner», To nepefirn K cnenyiouremy wary (3). Vion 181 182 3. Bprectb | 3 HOMepa Mecslta. Asrycr 212 213 4. YmunoxutTb na 63 (unu 62 B cnyyae BHCOKOCHOrO roma). Cenrs6pe 243 44 5. PasyenuTb na 2. Oxrs6p 273 24 6. BrizenuTb wesyl0 YacTb. Hos6pr 304 305 7. Tiepefirn x wary 12. Texa6pr 334 335 8. [ipuGasutb | K HOMepy mecsila. 9. YMHoxuTb Ha 30,6. 10. BuimenuTb Wenyio YacTb.20 Bpeua Bpema a 11, Beivectb 63 (uu 62 B cnyyae BuCOKOCHOrO roma) powenwux ¢ 9TOrO MOMeHTa, Ha3biBaeTcA fOuIMaHCKO Ma- 12. Tipu6asuTb uncno, coorpercrByiouee AanHomMy 1HI0 ‘oii*. CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, UTO KaxKAaA HOBAA lOMMAHCKaA Rata Tlonyuaem B pesynetate nopazkosbiii HoMep nua B ro”y auuuaercn B 12 4 00 mun GMT (UT), uTo Ha moacyToK ACXOMUTCA C HaYaJIOM rpar%KLaucKux CyTOK. TOnuatcKyio gaty, CcoorsercrByioulyio Kakomy-HHOyAb W10 IOMMaHCKOrO HIM PpHropHalcKoro KaleHapA, MO%KUO § 4. IOauancxue duu iT onvcaHHbIM Hw>Ke cnoco6om. Ecin Bbl uMeeTe Ze10 rofamu «Qo Halleli 9pbim, oTCuUTHIBAliTe HX ECTECTBEHHbIM Vuoraa Gpipaer neo6xogumo Bbipasutb Moment HaGsogennii pa3om, T. e. ron, npezuecrsyloulni 1 r.u. 9., ABIAeTCA uepes 4MeO Ave WH AOIO ANA, npowenwHx oT ganHoi yieBbiM, a mpenbilyulwi ron aBanetca —1. ucxoQHol snoxu. B KayecTBe Takoii Hcxog_Hoii snoxu acTpo- Zina npuimepa BbiuicaiM lomMancKylo ZaTy, coorperct- HoMbI BbIOpann cpexkuii rpunBuuckui nongenb | snBapa yiomyio anoxe 1985 despanb 17,25 (7. e. 6 4 17 espana) 4713 r. no H. 3., 4TO CooTBeTCTByeT CepeauHe gua 1 ANBapA upumep 4 Ha npeabinyuleli crpanuue). TOuuauckan gata, ua Tpwusauckom Mepuquane B 4713 r. no un. 3. Uncno quell, TBETCTBYIOWaA snoxe 1980 satBapb 0,0, paBua 2444238,5. NCJ10 CYTOK, NPOWleAWHX OT STO! STOXH, erKO MOX%KHO HaliTH, Tpumep 4 WUTA H3 IOMMAHCKOH MaTbI NpHBeLeHHOe UHCJO. pop Pesyarar TIpumep. Uucno cyTOK, npowenmux oT NPUnATOH snOXxH DO ox 1985 roga despanb 17,0, cocrapnaer 2 446 113,5— 1, OGoaHauum: »y —HoMep rona, m—nomep y = 1985 2 444 238,5=1875, yro cormacyeTca co 3HaueHHeM, Mony- Mecstia; d—snes10 - WHbIM B Mpebiqyulem naparpade. Eco m=1 unm 2, nonoxure y' =y—1 0 5. Mepecuer wnuancxoi dare 6 Kanendapnyw dar: y=y m =m+12 Ecam m>2, nonoxure y' =y um! =m worga BOSHHKaeT HeOOxosKMocTh MepecueTa tonHancKoi Ae? ames: 1a aTbI B CooTBeTCTBYIOMLYIO eli AaTy rpuropHalicKoro KavleHna- a ae. “ in. Tipupegennbiii 3necb MeTOX MpHMeHHM fA BCex AHel ae feo ll ee 1 supapsa 4713 r. no u. 9. [na npumepa Haiinem rpuro- e ’ i wancKy!0 AaTy, cooTsercTByiomyio GD =2 446 113,75 (npu- a) A=nenas uacts or y'/100; A =[1984/100] = 19 ep 5 Ha cnenyiouleH cTpannue) 6) B=2—A+uenas wacte or 4/4. B=2—19 +[19/4) =—13 B npormerom cayyae nonoxuts B= 0 Takum o6pa3oM, MCKOMbIi MoMeHT BpeMeHH mo rpuro- . Borvucmr, C=nenaa uacts or 365,25y" C= [365,25-1984] = 724656 I PHalcKOMy KasleHZapio — 1985 despany 17,25. . Beruicaurs D=uenas vacre oT D = [30,6001 - 15] = 459 30,6001 (m' +1) , Hatin ID=B+C+ D+d+1 7209945, * Vinorna rosopst o moaubHunposalHoit tonnancKoi zate MID. Oua Sro M Gyzer romancKoH narow JD = 2446 113,75 pre, ID — 2 400000.5. Taxim oGpatom, orever MID uaumiaercn B 4 17 noa6pa r. =2 Bpena Tipumep 5 Muerpyeuna 1. Tpu6asnre 0,5 x JD. Nonoxwry J = uenas wacrb WF = apo6ias yacrs 2 Ecnn I Compute 2 299 160, perincamre: a) A=Wemad YacTh OT BeNMYHHDI 1—1 867 216,25 ~"36524.25 6) B=1+14 A4uenas wacre or 4/4). B mpornatiom cnyyae nonoxure A =I BuuncsuTs C= B+ 1524 Busnes D=uenas tacrn or C~—122,1 365.25 5 Borucmits E = uenaa sacte or 365,25: D 6. Buruvcmm G=uenas vacts or >. 7 Bowwcmr d= C—E+Fa(uenaa sacte or 30,6001 6). Tloaysaem uitex0 (sxmouan npo6iyto yacte cytox) 8 Boruncaurs m= G—1, ecm G mexeute 13,5, nam m= G—13, conw m Gonsine 13,5. Tloaysaem Homep mecana 9. BoruucsmTs y= D—A4716, ecan m Gomsute 25, wan y= D—4715, ecstt m Mensure 2,5. Tlomyyaem ron. Pesysnrex ID=2 446 113, 75 +0,5 = 2446 114,25 1=24 466 114 F =0,25 A= 15,0 B=2446 127,0 C=2447 651,0 G = 6700,0 E =2 447 175,0 G=15,0 y = 1985 § 6. Onpedenenue dna nedeau Muorga 6vipaert nonesno 3natb, Ha Kakoil eHub Henenu GyneT MPUHXOAUTLCA oNpegenenwan AaTa. STO oveHb erkO onpene- JKTb, CCH. TOMbKO BbIUHCeHa lOMaHCKaA Data. Huxe MbI onpexenuM eHb Henenv, coorsercTBywoulwi 17 espana 1985 r. Bpema 23 Lpusep 6 incepyenis Pesyznrar Haiiru 1ommanckyto nary, coorsercrayromyto 0.4 1985 despaste 17,0 UT wrrepecyrouret Hac marti (cM. § 4) JD= 2446 1135 Boomers A=(ID+ 1,57 A = 349 445,000 Baars npo6Hyto acre A, yMHoxuTE ee Ha 7m ApoGuan vacrs = 0,0 oxpyrmrs 20 Ominkatiuiero uesioro. Ito Gyner n=0 noMep nH Henenn n. [let Menem npn 9TOM onpenesserca Tax: n= 0 — socxpecettee; n= 1 — noneaenbHMK; n =2— BropHux; n= 3 —cpena, n=4—uersepr; n= 5 — marina; n= 6 —cyo- Gora Bockpecettbe § 7. Mepeesod aco, munyT u cexynd 6 sac u decaTusnoie doau 4aca GonbulMHcTBe cAyYaeB BpeMsA BbIPARKAaeTCA B YACAaX H MH- Trax WIM B Yacax, MHNYTaX H CekyHMax. Hanpumep, «<6e3 wanuaTH ueTHIpe DHA» MOKHO 3amncaTb Kak 3.40 ans, uu 3 4 40 Mui gua, HK B 24-yacopoi mkate B BHTE 15 u 40 mun. Onnako pu npopeneniu pacueToB BpeMs ONKHO ObITh BLIPAKeHO B YacaX H NECATHUHEIX HONAX Vaca mo 24-vaconofi wkane. Huxe maetca cnoco6 mnepecuera ppeMellH, 3anucalHoro B BLE YaCOB, MULT H CeKYHA, B Wackt i mecATHYHIe Noun vaca. Hekoropble THI MHKPOKa/IbKyd1A- TOPOB HMEIOT CHEUMAVIbHbIe KsABHILM, C MOMOLLbIO KOTOPEIX Takoi MepeBog BLINOMHAeTCH aBTOMAaTHYCCKH. Hpumep 7 Mucrpyxiuis Peayasrar 64 31 Mun 27 ¢ OHH 27/60 =0,45000 31,45/60 = 0,52417 1. Pasgemirs ncmo cexyHA Ha 60 2. K nonyyeatiomy 3Havernio npHOasHTb HCO MH vyr H passennTh Ha 60 3, Ip6asire x pesymbTaTy 4HcsI0 acon 6,52417 4. Eon apems 66100 ykasaHo w [2-vaconolt mane +12,0 i HMen0cb ® BHY BpeMsi MOE TOAyAKS, MpH- Gauure 12 18,52417 44 Bpena § 8. Hepeeod 4acoe u decaTusneix done sxaca 6 41acHl, MunYTo u ceKYyHdo Korja 8 pesyaptate kakoro-1H60 pacueta nojyyaerca Bpema, TO OHO OOLINHO ObiBaeT BbIPAKeHO B YaCaX VM WeCATHUHIX 10- WAX Yaca, WH erO HYKHO NepeBOANTS B Yacbl, MAHYTbI HW CeKYH- abl. Huxke npuBenen cnoco6 TaKkoro nepepoza. OrmeTuM, TO HEKOTOPLIe MUKPOKAJLKYAATOPhI HMEIOT cheuMasbuble Ka- BHIUK DJIA aABTOMATHYeECKOFO BbINOJIHCHHA 3STHX nelictauiit Mpunep & Maxerpyenas Peaynurar 18,52417 4 1 {[po6ryro vacth yMHoxuT» Ha 60. Llemas yactb 0.52417-60 = 31,4502 nomyyeHHoro peaymstara npencrasnaer co6oii HCHO MHHYT 2. DpoGuyio vacte pesymrara yMuoxurh Ha 60. 0,4502: 60 = 27,012 Dro maet Ham neNO ceKyHin 18-4 31 Mun 27 ¢ § 9. Mepeeod mecrnozo noncnozo epemenu 6 2puneuxcKoe cpeduee spema (GMT, UT) Cpeanee rpunpuuckoe Bpema (GMT) HH, Kak ero eme Ha3bi- Bal0T, BCeMApHoe Bpema (UT) cassatio c aBHxKeHHeM ComHua, kKoTOpoe perucTpupyerca Ha6mo,aTesem Ha Ppunsuuckom me- Punane c gonrotol 0°. Sto Bpema ucnompsyerca B Besnnko- 6puTaHuu B KayecTBe MecTHOrO NOsCHOrO BpeMeHH B 3HMHHE mecaubl. B weTHHe %Ke MecAIbl BBOMHTCA GpHtalicKoe seTHee BpeMA, KOTOPoe NosyuaeTcn ysenuuentem GMT Ha oun ac, uem pocTHraeTcn Gosee yoGHoe copnagenne paGouero 2HA co cBeTOBbIM 2Hem. Bo MHorux apyrux crpaax Tak>Ke NpHHA- Ta mogqo6van cucrema nepeBona acon. Crpanbi, pacnonoxkennbe Ha ApyrhX MepuAKaHax kK BOCTO- ky 4 3anany ot puusuuckoro Mepuauana, He ynoTpebnwT B KauecTBe MecTHoro BpemenH GMT. 3To Gpino Gel Henpak- THUHO, MOCKO/JbKY MeCTHEI MomgeHb, T.e. MOMeHT, Korga Connue ocTHraeT MaKCHMasbHOH BbICOTH Ha rOpH30HTOM, HacTynaeT Np ABHAKCHHH Ha BOCTOK HJIK 3aMay COOTBETCTBEH- HO PaHbille HJM [03%Ke 0 OTHOIEHHMIO K MECTHOMY Nosy AHO Ha 4344 45 46 47 +8 +9 +10 411 #2 * Z & Ecax nonpaska 3a noscHoe BpeMa HenSBecTHa, TO BbI MOXKeTe onpeneTHTs ee NO panno Puc. 2, Kapta wacosuix noscos. Ha mpseneHnoa Kapre n3-3a MeaKoro MacuITaGa BHAHO THUIb OGuIee pacnpeneseHHe ua chrHanam BpeMeHH, 3Haa nloacHoe BpeMa nepenarouleh pagocranunn COBBIX MOACOB Ha 3eMHOM wape.6 Bpena Tpunpuuckom Mepuauane. Urobi u36exaTb nyTaHHybl, Becb 3eMHOit Wap pasyesen Ha YacoBple NoAca, Tak NTO B Ka>KOM ’aCcOBOM Hosce BpeMA Ha We/10e YHCIO YacoB OMepexkaet GMT HH 3ana3AbIBaeT OTHOCHTEJIbHO Hero. Tipu 3TOM HeOompuine rocylaperBa H OTAeNbUbIe TeppHTOpUK GonLUMX rocynapcTs, PpacnosowKeHHble B NpesesiaxX OMHOFO YaCoBOrO Mosca, B Ka- uecTBe MeCTHOrO BpeMeHH MpHHHMaloT MosicHoe Bpems (puc. 2). Iipx nposenenuu acrponommueckux pacuetos uacTto 6biBaeT y206HO ncnomb30BaTh GMT. Mectuoe noschoe Bpema mMoxkHO nmepesecra 8B GMT cnoco6om, npueeqeHHbiM Hue. Z.na npumepa nepesenem 8 GMT setuee spema 3 4 37 MH Ha BocTrouHol onrore 64° (npuxonsleica Ha uacoBoii none +4 4) Hpumep 9 Huerpy eaux Peaynsrar 1. Ec jaHo serHee Bpems, nepenectn 3437 mun ero 6 oscHoe spema. Iepeiiru x 4a- —1 4 00 Musi CaM W eCATHMHBIM jlosIIM Yaca (CM. =25 37 Mm $7) Tlosctioe spems = 2. Beiects nonpasky 3a Yacopoii nose 3, Boum pesynstar Gomme 24, pstiects 24. Ecant pesyysrar orpunaresbibiii, mpi Gapiers 24 Tlepeirn o6paTo x uacaM, Munyram M cexyHzam (cm. § 8) GMT =22 4 37 mun § 10. Hepesod epuneuscxozo cpednezo epemenu (GMT) 6 MeCTHOe nOACKOe BpemMA Tlyerb 3agaho spemsi UT nau GMT. Kakoe mectuoe mosc- Hoe Bpemsil emMy coorsetctByer? Hanpumep, Kakopo mectTHoe: NoscHoe BpeMA Ha BOCTOUHOM nomroTe 64° (pacnonomeHHol B YaCOBOM nosice +44) B nepHox gelicTBHA meTHErO Bpe- menu, Korga GMT papuo 22 u 37 mun? Bpenn 2 Tipusep 10 yeux Pesynsrar Hepcnectn GMT x ¥acbl H AocaTHUHBIe fom aca 22 4 37 mm fers. § 7) = 22,616667 4 [pr6anntb pasty YacoBbIX NoscoB. + 4,00 Fea peaymsrar Gomime 24, periecrn 24. = 26,616667 4 You pesyssrar orpunatensustii, nprGaswrs 24 —24,00 2,616667 Nepeitrn x vacam, Munyram ui cexyHimam (cM. § 8) H =24 37 Mut +15 00 Mun poccrl, ecatt HeoGxoUMO, TlompasKy 3a NeTHee BpeMa =3.4 37 Mun § 11. 3eesdnoe epema (ST) yiHee FPUHBHUCKCe BPeMsA, KaK HK MeCTHOe BpeMs B JOGO Ke 3eMHOrO Wapa, onpenennetca gBHxKenHem Covsnua. yo TOBOps, 3a COMMEUHbIe CYTKH MOXKHO MIpHHsTh BpeMA 2K LY ABYMA MOCMeLOBAaTeAbHLIMH Mpoxoxzenusmu Comnna pes MepHAHaH NpH HaGsOLeHHH B ZaHHOM NyHKTe. Oanako PoHOMOB HHTepecyeT pBHKeHHe 3Bean. B uacTHocTu, KM ‘OOXOMUMO HMETb «, KOTOpEle tH Gti ¢ Takoli CKOpo- so, ITO HeKOTOpan 3Be32a BEpHysacb Obl Ha TO 2Ke CaMoOe MEC- Ha HeOe poBHo uepes 24 4 MO 9THM «NaCcaM>». Takne uacpi SbIBAIOTCH 3BE30HLIMH YaCaMH, a BPeMA, KOTOPOe OHH OT- WITLIBAIOT H KOTOPOe oMpeneAeTCA BUAHMbIM JLBKKeHHEM e320, HasbiBaeTCA 3Be3QHLIM Bpemenem (ST). Cosneunoe ema (HanpHmep, Bpema GMT) He coBnagaeT Co 3Be3qHbIM eMeHEM, MOCKOMbKy B TeveHHe OMHHX CONHEUHbIX CyTOK MJ MPOABHPaeTcA MpHMepHoO Ha OAH rpagyc no cBoeii Gute Bokpyr Comnua. Cnegosatesbio, np na6sogeHHH Cc main ComHue cMellaeTcA OoTHOCHTenbHO (bona sBe3q. Ogun rod, T. e. Bpems, Yepes KoTOpoe Connue BosBpaula- CA Ha MpeKHee NOMOREHHE OTHOCHTENbHO 3Be3L, COMePAUT pumepHo 365 '/, cytox. B Teuenue storo nepHoga 3emna BepulaeT NpuMepHo 366'], oGopota BoKpyr cBoeli ocH; cule- OBATEJIbHO, CTOMbKO KE 3BE3LHbIX CYTOK COMEPRUTCA B TOY akHM O6pa30M, 3Be3AUbIe CyTKH HECKOJbKO KOPOYe COMHEY- wx: 24 4 3Be3qHOrO BpeMeHH COOTBETCTBYIOT NMpHMepHO uy 56 MHH cComneuHoro Bpemenu. Cpequee rpaiewucKoe peMA H FPHHBHUCKOe 3Be31HOe BPeMA CoBNapaioT B TeueHHeBpena 28 Bpema TOMa JIM OMMH pas — B MOMeHT oceHHero paBHogencTBuA (oKos1o0 22 cenraG6ps). Hauunan c storo MomenTa, pacxowse- HHe Me%KAY HUMH pacrTeT, Tak uTO ST o6rouser GMT. Uepes' nosrofa 3TO pacxowenve nocTHraer 12 u,.a enyers roy 06a BpeMeHH ONATb COBNayT. opmasbuio 3Be3aqHOe BPeMA MOXKHO ONpeAeTb Kak 4aco-~ Boi yrosl TOUKH BeceHHero paBHonencrBHA (cM. § 18). Hpumep 12A 29 MeCTb MO/yueHHoe 3Hayenue u3 24. B pesytate Bb Nony- re nocrosHnyto B. 3navenue B moxkuo TakxKe paccuntaTD TOLOM, MpHBeACHHLIM B KOHUe STOrO Naparpaha. umep. Kaxoso 6ui10 GST B14 4 36 mau 51,67 c 22 anpean 2 eryxuns, Peay awrar § 12. Hepesod zpunsuxcxozo cpednezo epemenu (GMT) epuneuscKoe 3ee30n0e epema (GST) Hue onvcana npocrasl npowenypa nepesoga cpeanero rpun BHYCKOrO BpeMeHH B CpesHee TPHHBHYCKOe 3Be32HOe BPeM (GST). Oua gaet tounoctb Bbiue 0,1 c. Vicnoap3yembie npu pacuete nocrosnnpie A u C ne saBncn ot roga (cm. Ta61. 3). Ognako 3anauenne nocTonHHoit MeHAeTCH OT rofa K romy. Ee sHayenua nan romos c 1975 ne 2000 npuBenenti B Tab. 3. Uto6bi onpenenuTb TouHioe 3Haye: nue B Aa m1060ro Apyroro rosa, HeoOxoLuMo Haiitu B Actpo:! HOMHYCCKOM e@%KerOMHuKe Cpemvee PpuHBMYCKOe 3Be3qH Bpema BO 4 UT nynesoro AHA AHBapA AanHOro roga, nepe BecTH CrO B Yacbl H MeCATMUHBIE BoM 4aca (cM. § 7) Tab.snya 3 H sagannoit aaroii (cm. § 3) Yeinoxurs Ha noctosiHyto A Bisiecrs noctosunyro B peymbrare nonyyaem Ty jepenecrt GMT Yacet H necsrHs wie OH waca (CM. § 7) Venioxurs ua nocrosunyro C Hpu6asurs Ty. Ecan nonyunres Hc 40, Gonsuee 24, Bsyecrs 24. Bonu nonyuwrca orpunaresbioe “nc HO, npuGasure 24, flonyiaem GST p vacax 002738 D =0,997270 A = 0,0657098 c= Hepesecri pesysrar p ¥acbi, Muty- “bi H cexyHapi (cm. § 8) Watirn wucno auet Mexay susaps 0,0 Yucso uci =113,0 x 0,0657098 = 7425207 —17,411472 T, = —9,986265 GMT = 14,614353 x 1,002738 = 14,654367 +(—9,986265) GST = 4,668102 GST =4 4 40 mm 5,17 ¢ 17,397610 17,407368 Boriucsenue nocmonnnoit B(npumep npueeden dan 1979 2.) 1987 17391453 2000 17,401211 1976 17413525 1989 19,357573 ae ge 1977 17,363730 1990 17,373487 i posites 1978 17,379643 1991 17,389402 1979 17,395558 1992 17,405316 Binet rosmMalicKyto faty, cooTReTcrayromyto JD = 2443873,50 1980 17,411472 1993 17,355521 suOxe stipaps 0,0 naHHoro rona (cM. § 4) 1981 17,361677 1994 17371435 Busneamre S = JD —2415020,0 5 =28853,50 1982 17,377592 1995 17,387349 Busucnurs T= $/36525,0 T = 0,789965777 1983 17,393506 1996 17,403263 d Bu: = - 2 sa ea i= ere Seeiwscnns, 8 Ff:6460656 + 2400,051262-7 + R= 1902,604442 1985 17,359625 1998 17,369382 i Hurscsmre U = R—24-(ron— 1900) U= 1986 17,375539 1999 17,385297 a 2 ee Buvecrs U ws 24. Tonyyaem B B=17,39555830 Bpena § 13. Mepesod zpuneuscroco seesdnozo epemenu (GST) @ epuneuxcKoe MecTHOe BpemA (GMT) B stom naparpate Mbi Gyem MMeTb NeN0 C sanaueli, o6paTHoli Tol, KOTOPOM Mbl 3aHHMAJHCb B mipembi ay weM naparpage, a HMeHHO c MepeBomom saganHoro cpenHero FpHuBHucKoro gpe3/1HOro BpeMeHH B COOTBETCTBYIOULE CPeAHEe TPHUBHYCKOE spema (UT). OghaKo ne10 OCMOKHACTCA TEM, UTO 3BE3AHbIC CYTKH HEMHOFO KOpO¥e COMHEYHEIX CYTOK, HB pesysbTaTe B TeueHHe WaHHOl aT HeOOsUaA YACTb SBE3qHBIX CyTOK nopropsetcs 28ark abi. Ilo npogoskHTeNbHOCTH nloBTopsAloula- fics UacTb cocTaBaseT OKONO 4 MH, Tak UTO HHTEPBal! 3BE3- Horo BpeMeHh, coorpercTByloulMii HHTepBavly BpeMeHH GMT or 0.u 20 0 4 04 mun, MoBTOpHeTCA CHOBa B uxiteppasie GMT or 23 4 56 mun 20 nonyHouH (puc. 3). Tipeawaraembiii anecb MeTOg MepeBoga TpHMeHHM SHLD Au MOMCHTOB 3BesiH0ro BpeMellH, KOTOpble pacnouorxKenbl B N€PBOM uuTepBase KasleH- wapHbIX CyTOK. Tocronnutie A» B npusenenti B § 12. Mocrosnnaa Due 3aBHcuT OT rosa; Ola ykasana B Tabu. 3. Tounoctb npuBezeH- Horo MeTOMa Taka %e, Kak B § 12, a umenHo ayume 0,1 ¢. T]pumep. Kaxoe 61110 GMT 8 Moment GST =4 4 40 Mun 5,17 c 22 anpena 1980 r.? ehh ee 2g ignpere I ov Ov O3san 56c 230 56mun O40 \ Ov 1 Y 1 tou Domun4Ie Thy O4mun ado I4u OOmun $9e { S4u Ohman 450 Puc, 3. Coornercrane GMT u GST ans 22 anpens 1980 r. SawTpHxoBanHte Inrreppanu GST nopropstorcs aBaknei BTevenve onioro H Tore Ke Aum. Bpema 31 Mpumep 13 Hucepyanus Hathrn weno suet Mexay si- Pesyswrat Uvcno nueit = 113.0 Bape 0,0 H 3anamtoit aaroli (cM. § 3) 2. Yeuioxur tia riocromnyso A x 0,0657098 =7,425207 3. Burecrs nocrosmnyto B. Eon pe- W7411472 sysurar orpunarembubili, npuba- = —9,986265 sith 24, +24,0 Tlosyyaem T, 4,013735 4, Buipaanrs GST 8 wacax m pecerus ubix Ousx aca (eM. § 7) 5. Borsecrs T,, Ecru pesynbtar orpit —14,013735 tarenbHbii, npxGasuTs 24 = —9,345633 +240 = 14,654367 6 YMnoxurb Ha noctosHHyIo D. To- x 0,997270 nysaem GMT 6 wacax = 14,614361 7, Mlepevcers pesysmsrar » acer, Mu nyrbi i cexysast (em. § 8) GMT =14 4 36 mum 51,70 ¢ § 14. Mecrnoe see3dn0 spema TpHuBnuckoe 3Be3nHoe BpeMs, KOTOpoe paccMaTpHBaoce B NpebUyWMX Maparpatax, mpexctapaseT cool seeaqHoe BpeMsA JIA HaOwNOnaTens Ha TpuieuucKom Mepuanate (1. e. Ha Qonrote 0°). Sto — mectHoe 3BesaHoe Bpems Tpun- BHUCKOrO MepHaKaHa. OnHako Mp CMeleHHH K 3anagy HAM K BoCcTOKy OT LoroTbI O° MecTHOe 3Be3qHOe BpeMs CooTEeT- CTBEHHO OTCTA€T OT TpHHBMYCKOrO BPeMeHH HH ONepexaeT ero, NOcKONbky YacoBol yrOl TOUKH BeceHHerO PaBHOAeHcTBHA, onpefesAiouit MecTHOe 3Be3qHOe Bpems, H3MeHseTCA. Ecan H3BECTHO PPHHBHYCKOe 3Be31HOe BPeMA, OYEHb JeErKO BbINHC- JIMTb M@CTHOE 3BE31H0e BPEMA JaHHOrO NYHKTa, Tak Kak pa3- HHWa Me2KAY ITHMM ABYMs BpeMeliamu paBHa MpocTo reorpa- quyeckoit nonrore B rpanycax, menennoi na 15. [laa 3anan- HbIX LO/POT MecTHOe 3Be3qHOe BpemsA OTCTaeT oT GST, a ana BOCTOUHBIX ONepexkaeT ero, PaccmoTpuM mpuMep: 4eMy paBHO32 Bpema mecTHOe 3Be3qHOe BpeMA Ha 3anaguHoi gonrore 64°, kornaa PPHHBHYCKOe 3BE3HOe BPeMs PaBHO 4 u 40 mun 5,17 c? Tpunep 14 Muerpyxuna Peaymerat 1. Borpagurs GST 6 uacax m necarwmmix zonsx GST =4,668103 aca (cm. § 7) 2. Mlepenect# paswocth gosiror B rpanycax B pasHocr BpeMeH myTeM neseHus ec Ha 15 3. Ecnu onrora sanazHas, pbiiecth nozy'el- nyro semmunny. Ec poarora pocroulias — npnGasurs. Ecau peaymsrar Combine 24, BBI- weors 24, Ecnm pesyssrar orpataressistii, mpnOasHT, 24. Tlonyyaem LST » 4acax 4, Tepenecrt LST 8 uacst, MHnyTEI Ht coxyHZet (cm. § 8) LsT 64° = 4,266667 4 LST =0,401436 4 4y 24 mun 5,17 ¢ § 15. Mepexod or mecrnozo seesdnozo spemenu (LST) K epuneuicKomy 36es0nomy Bpemenu (GST) 93ra 3alaua aBsnetca OOpaTHo No OTHOUWeHHIO K 3anaue, pacemorpenuoli B § 14, a HMeHHO: vemy paBHo rpHHBuYCKoe 3pe3uHOe BpeMA, COOTBETCTBYIOMee 3aqaHoMy MeCTHOMY Mpunep 15 Bpema 33 }O3LHOMY BpeMeHH B ZaHHOM nyHKTe? B KayecTBe npiMepa sucnum GST B moment, korga LST na 3anaquoli nonrote ° paso 0 4 24 mun 5,17 c (cm. npumep 15). § 16. Ipemepudnoe spema eMHPHOe BPeMA H 3BE3NHOe BPeMA HeTlocpezCcTBeEHHO CBsA- bl C MepHOOM Bpallenua Seman BOKpyr NOAApHOH ocH. o cyTH, 3emMA uCnonD3yeTcA B KaveCTBe MasTHKKa WIA MHNECKHX YACOB, XOL KOTOPbIX OTCUHTLIBAeT HH. OLHAakO MOABNCHHEM OUEHb TOUNLIX ATOMHBIX UaCOB CTAJIO ACHO, YTO alWeHhe Semsu He ABAeTCA cTporo paBHOMepHbiM, a HCIbI- paeT HeOonbulve cayuaiinpie bayKTyauuH, MpHpoga KoTO- X eule 40 KoHua He NonsTa. Kak spema UT, tak 4 Bpema T He siBMIOTCA CTPoro PaBHOMEPHBIMH, NOCKOJIbKy OHH onpe- AIOTCA TaKHMH HeperysAPHLIMH KOcMHNeCKHMH “acaMH eM He MeHee acTpOHOMaM HyxKHa CHcTeMa H3aMepeHHA Bpe- cH, KOTOPas AaBalla Obl paBHOMepHOe BPeMsH, TAK KaK B eOecHol MexaHHKe mpegnonaraetcn, uTO Takan BeIMUHHA “icTBUTeIbHO CyuectByeT. Hanpumep, ANA AByX TBeEpAbIX 90 80] 20 ~ vs. Minerpyruna Pesyasrat 1. Bupasmrs LST » vacax u necertumix ponsx LST = 0401436 4 aca 2, Mlepesecrm pasHocrb gonrot 8 rpamycax 8 pasHOcT speMeH myrem xeneHus Ha 15 3, Een nonrora 3anamuas, npaGasure. Een pOsroTa wOcrOuHas, BbIvecTE. Ecsm pesysib- tar Gonsie 24, sutvects 24. Eon peaymbtar orpuuaremuntii, npuGapute 24. Tlonyiaem GST » wacax 4, Tlepenecrt GST 5 Yachi, MulyreI HM ceKyHIbI (cm. § 8) 64° = 4,266667 4 GST =4,668103 4 GST =4 4 40 mun 5,17 ¢ &0 / a fw 40) ® 30 20 10 1850 10 Puc. 4. Hamenenne AT=ET—UT c 1800 r, ao 2000 rBpema 34 im TOUHO rea, ABUXKYILUXCH Mo Op6uTe BOKPy! APyr apyra ae aleKO OT KaKHX-/1H60 BOSMYWLAIOIMHX TEs, on Ee ead op6uTanbubit mepHon, ST pres, a b1 HOW . B cpa3n c STHM @CTPOHOM! en erate (ET), Koropoe BEINHCAAETCA HS ABHKeHHA ee qe mionarsercn cTporo paBHOMEPHBIM- Oxo Ce ne aa o6pa3om, ¥TOObI ObIvIH kak MOXKHO ae Py Se Hua C BCCMHPHBIM BpeMeHeM (GMT) 8 ie ae Neen! MaslOBEpOATHO, YTOOLI pasHOCTh STHX Bpeme 2 ecKOIbKO MHHYT. & Witpresen ton enunuue acemepHanoro ig rane na NpOLOKUTEMUOCTS Cee roa oe Seema 3 5 0,5 ET. On conepxuT ae aah Tlo cymecrsy, Ham He mpuneTca ee an f fi KHWKKE HE eM, MOCKONbKy B 9TO! ae Tiare a 6oanpuo TounocTH. TlouTH BO BCeX Set aagek NpHHsATb ET=UT=GMT, ue genaa me Be BpemelHaMi pasiHuHA. Janu as Se aeaiered a ni Ham H npencKasanin 3aTMeH ae aerial aoe ET u UT. B aupape 1980 r. si ee pe Pen oKkono 51 ¢, mpHyem UT oe oO et.. 80 r.). _UT=AT=51 ¢ (anpape 19) ‘a Bre ToKa3blBaeT, KaK MeCHAJIOCb pL ee ES me s : asta Th mpegnoloxKeHnHe, TO Of Be ocraniin +70 ¢, OLHaKO TOADKO HeMocpeacTBeH! weGmonena B 2000 r. cmoryT 9TO NOATBepAHTh. CuctTembl Koopannat Flan onpezenenua nonoxenua Ha He6e s1060ro0 acTPOHOMH- ueckoro o6beKTa HeEOOXOZHMO HMeTb CHcTeMy oTCUeTa, HH cHcTeMy KOOpAHHaT, KOTOpaA Kam AO TOUKe Ha HebecHoii ccepe cTaBHT B cooTBeTcTBHe onpemenenHyio napy uncen. Zlpa uvcna, 41M 1Be KOOpAMHATHI, OObINHO yKa3bIBalOT, «Kak AaneKO B CTOPOHYy» H «Kak BbICOKO» PacnosiokKena TouKa, aHaJlOrMuHO TOMY Kak MOsroTa H WMpoTa ONpenensioT noso- 2keHHe OObEKTA Ha 3eMHOH MoBepxHocTH. Bbi MoxkeTe BcTpe- THTbCA C HECKONLKHMH CHCTeMaMH KOOpAMHaT; 3necb Mb ONMLIEM YETbIPe H3 HX: FOPH3OHTAaNbHy, SKBATOPHaJbHYIO, SKIMNTHUeCKyIO H ranakTHyecKyio cucTeMbl. Kaman cuctema KOOPAHHAaT NojyuaeT CBOe Ha3sBale 0 HMeHH OCHOBHOT MNOCKOCTH, KOTOpan ucnoAbayeTcA ANA OTcUeTa. Hanpumep, B SKJMMTHYECKOH CHCTeMe KOOPAMHaT H3MepeHHA BeAyTCA TiO OTHOLICHHIO K IWIOCKOCTH SKAHNTHKH, T. e. NOCKOCTH 3eMHO! op6uTbi BoKpyr Connua. B cneaytomux naparpacax mbi yeu- AMM, Kak, 3HaA NoNOKenne OGbeKTa B OLHOH cucTeme, HaiiTu ero KOOpAKHAaTbI B Apyroi cucreme. Mbi TakxKe y3Haem, Kak ONvcbIBaTb NoNO*KeHnWe TOUKH Ha NoBepxHocTH Connya, Kak PewHTh 3aqayy BbINNCHeEHUA BpeMeHH BOCXOsa H 3axona, KaK YUHTHIBATh BIIMANHE 3eMHOM mpeneccuu, aTMocdepHoli pe- pakuuu W napannakca Ha BAAHMOe NOOxKeHHE HeGecKoro o6bekTa. § 17. Topusonranensie xoopdunarer lopu30HTasbHbie KOOpAMNaTbI O6beKTa Ha HeE6e — a@3MMYT Ht bbICOTa — H3MePHIOTCH OTHOCHTEJbHO NOcKOcTH ropu3oHta waOmogatens (pe. 5). [Mpeanonokum, uto Ha6ntonatenp ila xXOHTCH B TOUKe O; Torna ero ropusoHnT — ato Kpyr NESW, fue OyKBbI O3Ha4yaloT CooTBeTCTBeHHO ceBep (NV), BocToK (E£), wor (S), 3anan (W). Sametum, sto nanpasseune na cepep 236 ‘Cucmemet Koopounam oghauaeT HanpaBsenne He Ha MarHHTHHI ceBepHbiii momtoc, a Ha CepepHbiii moutoc, onpenesaemulli ocbio Bpallenun 3emau. Tpeactappte ce6e, uTO 3Be3AbI pacnonoxKeHlt Ha nopepxhoctH monychepbl, B WeHTpe KoTopo HaxogHuTcA Ha6slofaTesb, Kak moka3zaHo Ha pue. 5. Coepa, vacTbio KOTOpOH sBuAeTCA 9TA nomyciepa, HasbiBaeTcA neGecrou. Touka mpamo Had romoBol HaGmogaTenn HasbIBaeTCA SeHu- rom, NatipaBsenne OZ onpemenseTca orpecuoii mune B TOY- ke na6sionenua. PaccmoTpiM Tenepb apesny X H MbICeHHO nposezem Gonbuioli Kpyr (7. e. Kpyr Ha mopepxHocTh ccpepti, neHTp KoToporo copnagaeT C UEHTPOM etheput) vepes TOUKH Z u X, oH mepeceueT rOpH3OHT B TOUKE B. Bowcora 3Be3abl Had ropu30HToM a — 3To yron C BePLIHHOH B TOUKE O, omupato- waite na ayry XB. Asunyr A — ro yron ¢ Bepunnol O, onupaloumiica Ha AyTy NB. Takum o6pa3om, BbIcoTa ompene- aAeT B rpanycax «HaCKOIbKO BbLICOKO» (spicora nog, rOpH3OH- Tom CuHTaeTCA OTPHUATeILHOH), a asHMyT — «Kak WaseKo B cropoly» OT Hanpapjenin Ha ceBep pacnonoxweHa 3Be31a; a3HMyT TOwKe H3MepHeTCA B rpadycax. Yron A pospactaeT OT 0 n0 360° mo Mepe MoBopoTa B HampaBsenh ceBep—BOCTOK— jor—sanan, B Touke cesepa a3uMyT paBeH 0°, B ToukKe lora 180° 4 T. A. Buicora asumyT Bcex HeGecHbIx Te, 32 ucksalouenHem cTalMOHapHLIX CHYTHHKOB, MOcTeTeHHO u3MeHsIOTCA MO Mepe ppamenua Sema. Tlostomy onucaHHan cucTeMa KOopsHHaT MpeBocxogHO cAy2KHT MPH lapeneHHH Baurero TelecKoNa, HO okasbipaeTcA He CTONb Xopoweli IpH onpenenenuk nomoxKeniit Zz Puc. 5. Fopnsonransisie Koopaunarel. Cucments Koopounam 37 3B “ e3n. J]ia aToroveo6xoyuMa ~ApyraA cHcTema KOopgunar, He 3aBUCALaA OT BpallenHa 3 oO - emu. O1 y! Ha OnWCaha B Cienyto: § 18. Dxearopuansnoe xoopdunarn Kay maecagagecr Ha3Balhe, IKBATOPHabHbIe KOOPAMHaTH me ne pero OTHOCHTENbHO MNOCKOCTH 3€MHOrO SKBaTOpa puc. 6, a). Ha6mogatenb naxogurca B TouKe O, nuockocTE, EOIN LAS USL Topusonm Puc 6. Sknaropnanpnple KoopanHatsl: @ na neGecHoi chepe; 6 apa naGsnonennn ¢ Semin. i °38 Cucmemi Koopounam conepxKauiad Kpyr NESW, ak o6biuHo, ABsANeETCA TOPH3OH- tom, a Touka Z — senurom. Tipeactapete ce6e, YTO Hal pucy- nox Ha06paxKaeT BUA Ha Semalo C OUCHb 6onpuloro paccToAn- nua. Ilnanera BMecre c pacnonorKeHHLIM Ha Heli HaOmonaTe- vem ripeppauiaeTca B TOUKy B UeHTpe PHCYHKA, a TlocKOCTb 9KBATOPa MOXET OLITh MpoAOsxKeHa 2O NepeceyeHuA C He6ec- Holt ccepoit mo Gompulomy Kpyry ETRW. Sta mockocrb HagbiBaeTcA S9keQTOpUaAbHOM, OHA HakKMOHEHa K MVIOCKOCTH ropusoHta nog yrsiom 90° — $ @— reorpaduyeckan wiMpoTa Ha6monateis. Hanpumep, ana wa6sionatena Ha ceBepHoit mupote 52° stoT yron paBell 38°. TlepnenaukysiAplo 3kBaTO- PHambHOl MNOCKOCTH BAO nipamoli OP npoxoguT Ocb Bpale- ua Bema, KoTopan mepeceKaet HeGecHylo cihepy B TOUKE P — cesepHom noatoce mupa, WK Mpocto Cesepnom noawce. TlockonbKy HM€HHO BOKpyr 3Toii NpamMoii BpauaeTcA 3emaa, Ham KaxKeTCA, UTO BCe 3Be3LbI OMMCLIBAIOT KPyrH 10 ue6y Bo- xpyr Touku P. Puc. 6, 6 noKkaabipaeT, YTO BHANT HaOsona- reap O, raagsuni Ha He6o. Ilomamo Touku lora S ua ropi- gonte Ha pucyHKe nokasawa Take BooOpaxkaeman TUNA skpatopa CRD. Jlyra, wayuaa kHv3y Hepes rouxn Ru S, sBsneTcA YacTbiIo Gonbworo Kpyra NPZRS, noka3annoro Ha puc. 6, a. Hyra XC — 9ro vactb apyroro 6onpuroro Kpyra, He oTMeueHHOrO Ha puc. 6, a, Mpoxonaulero sepes TOUKH P,X nC. PaccmoTpuM 3peszy, HaxomAllyloca B TONKe X. lyra XC vai yroa c WenTpom B O, onupaiolmiica Ha aTy Ayry, HasbiBa- erca ckaonenuem & Touku X u onpenemset, «HaCKObKO BBICOKO» HH pacnonoxwena TOuKa (cM. puce. 6, 6). Jaa 3pe3qni Y sta BeiuuHHa H3MepseTCH yrvioM C wexTpom B O, ondpatoummesn Ha ayry RD, nu onpexenser, Kak BaneKo 3Be3fa yllJla BLOAb 9KBaTOpa oT TONKH R Ha lore; apyrumu ciopamu, H — mepa ppemenu, mporeKatoujero c MoMeHTa mepeceyenun speanoH mepgnana. Beauuuna H paBlomepHo Bo3spactaer co BpeMeHem H O6paulaeTca B Hyub, Korma 3Be3ya nepecekaet Gonbutol Kpyr NPZRS (cm. puc. 6, a). Stor Kpyr Ha3sbiBaeTcA mepuduatom, a nepecevenue ero 3Be3loli — ee KyAomuNaYUed UNM NpoxowOenUem uepes mepuduax. Beicota He6ecuoro Tea B 3TOT MOMeHT MakCH- MajibHa, a a3uMyT* (§ 17) paper 180° (npu ycnosuu, yTO CKNOHeHHe 3Be3nbI MeHbUIe reorpatpHyeckoH WIHpoTHl). Ckonenve uamepsercs B rpakycax H CUHTaeTCA NONOKU- TeNbHBIM K CeBepy H OTPHYATeNbHLIM K lory OT 9kBaTOpa. Yacosoli yron H npaMoe BOCXOMKZeHHe TOKE MoryT ObITb u3MepeHbI B rpagycax, OuM H3MeHsIOTCA OT O no 360°. Yron a HaMepseTcA Tak, YTO yBeMHYHBAeTCA Ha BOCTOK OT TOUKH ae a B camoi Touxe ‘T npwiumaer snayenne 0. (OTmetuM, 470 aTO HalpaBJleHHe NpoTUeONOAOICHO TOMY, B KOTOPOM OTCUHTEI- paetcn BemwunHa H). Oguako 6onee pacnpoctpaHeHHbimM AIBJIIETCA H3MEPCHHe THX BEMUHH B YaCaX, MUHyTAaX H CeKyH- nax oT O no 24 4. Ogun nonHplii o6opot (360°) coorserctByeT 24 u 3neaquoro Bpemeuy, T. e. 1 4 coorserctpyet 15°. YtBep- *MeHHA 180°, 70 yacoBoil yron HaxOQHTCA mexny Ou 12 4 (H HaoGopor); ec.1H Ke y 3Be3/bl BOCTOYHBIA agumyt, tT. e. A<180°*, To yacoBoli yros 3aKI0ueH MEK LY 12 4 24 4. § 19. Skaunruxeckue xoopdunaret Tnockocrb, 8 KoTopol pacnonoxeHa op6uTa 3emnn BOKpyT Connua, HaspiBaetcn aKaUNTUKOL, OCTAMbHbIe TWlaHeTbL Con- HeYHOM CHCTeMbI ABHDKyTCH NO op6uTam, 61H3KuM K 3ToH N10- cKoctu. [Ipu pacuetax, CBASaHHBIX C o6pektamu ConHeunokt CHCTeMBI, YACTO YOOHO ONpemesATh HX NOMOKEHHA OTHOCH- TebHO 9KAWNTHKH, T- e. HCNONb30BaTb SKIHNTHYECKYIO cucremy Koopannat. Kak u B SKBaTOpHaIbHOH cHcTeMe, onucannoi B § 18, B sto cucTeme 3a Hayano OTCHeTa MPHHH” MaeTCA TOUKA BECeHHErO PABHOMeHCTBHA T. Puc. 7, noxoKHit na pic. 6, 6, noKasbipaet, Kak 9TO JenaeTcH. Ha pucyHke H306paxkenbl NONOKeHHA Ha HeG6e JIHHHH = 9K- JIUNTHKH H SKBaTOpa; TONKA HX MepeceyeHHs — STO TONKA BeceHHero paBHOseHCTBHA ‘Y QtH pape NMNOCKOCTH HakNOHeHbI apyr K Apyry npHmepHo Tog yriom 23°26’, KoTOpbIit HasbiBa- eres HOKNOHOM aKAUNTUKU K aKeaTOpy H OGOsHAauaeTCA Hepes €. DTOT YFON COOTBETCTBYeT OTKMOHEHHIO OCH Bpamenns 3em- JH OT TeplleHAHKyNApa K MOCKOCTH SKAMNTHKH. Ha puc. 7 TakoxKe OTMeYeHO TOMOXKeHHe TulaKeTb! V. Tyra Gonbuoro Kpyra HeGecnok cipepbi, Hayuian oT Nomoca 9KMTITHKA (7. e. TOUKH, B KoTOPOH NepnenANKy.1Ap K NMOCKOCTH SKIHNTH- KH, NpoBemeHHol yepes Connie, mepecekaeT neGecHyto cchepy) BHH3, Yepes TOUKy V , MepeceKaeT SKHNTHKY B touxe F. Torna akaunTHuecKan jonrota 4 ToukH V onpesemsetca Kak yroul, onupatouniica Ha Ayry F®., a oksuntHyeckan wMpota B — Kax yrou, uamepsiembit nyroli FV. Kak 4 B cny4ae 9KBaTOpH- + VE nepnoe propoe yraepaketiiA CTHOcATEH K SBEIRAM, CkAOHEHHE KoTopeix Nerbue, Mem reorpadpHueckan wHpoTa Meca NaGmoneHtA. Cucmemei koopdunam 4a gununmuna — Socmon. Ss Janad Jopusoni Puc. 7 Skauntnveckne KoopaunaTe! np HaGaoneHHH ¢ 3emnH asbHBIX KOOPAHHAT, B NPHHHMaeT NOnOmHTeENbHEIe 3HayeHHA ecu MlaHeTa HaXOMHTCH Hay SKNHNTHKOH (7. e. ceBeEy , H OTpHUaTenbHBIe, ecmH non Heit. : '; A u3MepHeTCH Tak, YTO OHA YBEAMYHBaeTCH MPH ABHOKeEHHN BAO SKHNTHKH Ha BOCTOK. Yrabi A HB OGbIUHO HaMepsIoTCA B rpanycax. B tevenve rona Connue aBHxKeTcsH Ha BOCTOK BAO aKIUNTHKH. Ilo onpenenentio ero skauNTHYeCKaA WH: pota Bcerfa papHa nyo. 21 mapta Connue Haxonutcs B TOU Ke BECeHHErO PaBHOMeHCTBHA, TaK UTO ero TIpaMoe BOCKODKe- HHe H CKOHEHHE paBHbl Hy.N0. DKAMNTHYeECKaA MONTOTA TOKE Papua nya. C sroro MomeHTa B TeyeHHe Tpex MecsIeB 9KMN- THYecKan WONroTa ConHta Bospactaer H depe3s Tp Mecana Rocturaer 90°, uro coorsercTayer cepenune sleTa B ceBe| ait nonywapuu. lo ucreyenun rona Connue ate afte cy B HCXOAHY!O TOUKy, Npoitan Bce 360° skaHNTHYeCKOM ZONFOTH, § 20. Tanaxruseckue xoopdunares Huorna nepeg actponomamn BctaioT 3ana4uH oncanis coBo- pe ee HH Apyrux HeGecuuix o6vekTos Hamel Ta- nee . STOrFO yao6HO HCNnOMb30BaTb rasakTHyeckylo icfemy Koopannart. Ha stor pas ocHOBHOi NAOCKOCTHIO ABI erea nulockocts Tanaktuku, a ocHOBHbIM HanpaBjennem ma npsmasx, Coequusiouaa Connye ¢ uentpom TanaKtnKn, ea nokasaHo na pue. 8. Touka S o6o3Hayaer Connue, ie = uentp Tanaxruxn, a X — apeana, Haxonsulascs Bre noc o em Tanaxtuku. Monokenve uentpa Panaxtuku G B 9KB: = PHasbHbIX KOOpAMHaTax: a= 12"49", ¢=+ 27,4°. OGe n mae SG u SX’ nexart B naockoctn PanaKxtuKn (rouKa Xooa Cucmeme! koopounam Puc. 8. Fanaxruyeckwe Koopaunaret TIpoekyHA sBesabl Ha ranaxrudeckyio nocKocts). Paaaxru- ueckan OonzoTa onpenersietcs yrioM 1, HaMepseMbIM B MIOC- xocta TasaKraku, a 2anaxruueckan uupora — yriom b, HaMepseMbIM TlepneHAMKy/1APHO edi, Lupora Bospacraer oT 0 no 90° Ha CeBep OT MOcKOcTH nu or 0 20 —90° Ha tor OT Hee. Jlonrora OTCUHTbIBaeTCA BLOMb jwiockocTH TanakrHkH B TOM 3ke HanpaBsleHHH, YTO H TpsMoe pocxongeune. IipHHuMaeTca, yTo LONroTa BOCXOAALLETO y31a nuockoctH PanaktHkH 1=33°. $21. Mepeaod apadycos u OecaTu4Helx Ooneti z2padyca 6 epadyct, MuryTol, cexyndot Yravi, w3Mepsemble B rpasycax, O6bNHO BLIparxkaorTca B rpa- mycax, MHHYTAX H CeKYHMAaX, Tpuyem MHHYTBI H CeKYHMbI Ha- gbipaloTcs MHHYTAMH H CeKyHZaMH AYTH B oranuve OT MAHYT n cekyHa spemenu. Merkay Tem BHIMHCIeEHHS ynoOHee NPOH3- BOATS C RECATHUHDIMH LOMAMH rpamyca, H cnoco6 nepexona v3 OHO PopMbI B Apyry!o aGcosiOTHO Tako 2%e, Kak HW TPH nepexone Mexjy YacaMi, MunyTami, ceKyHaMH BpeMeHH H AecaATHUMbIMH OusIMH Haca. CneqosaTesbHo, mpollenyPpbl, onucannbie B § 7H 8, moryT 6biTb HCnOMb30BaHEI H B aHHOM cnyuae, ecsH BMECTO C/OBa «4acbl> YHTaTb COBO «rpaycbl»- Vucrpykuns 4 43 mpumepa 7 (§ 7), ONeEBHAHO, HenpHMeHHMa. Tipusenem mpumep: yrout 182°31’ papen 182,5242° Cucmemei xoopdunam 43, § 22. Mepexod or zpadycnoti mepet yznoe K «acosoii B actponomu uecKOH MpakTHKe 1 HHATO H3Me Lf ip AT Ya oe BOCXOXK MEHHE 3BE3/1bl He B pene a << ae caRca MHHYyTAaX H ceKyHaax. Mbt MmokeM nepeiitH on Oa ais K DpyruM, Hcnonbsys TOT cpaKT, YTO NOBOpOT MPOWCXOAHT 3a ©; r ee AHH CYTKH, T.e. 3a 24 0, 360° cooTBer: , 5 ‘ a eTByioT 24 4, win 15° — 4: Hoe ae Goee NonHOe NpencTaBienne 06 cia OO ener ra i TepeXOMa OT 3HAYEHHA yrvia, BbIPAarKeHHOrO paca se AOAAX Yaca HAM B RECATHUHLIX NONAX rpanyca, ee Se oa WJIH YMHOwKHTh ee Ha 15. Hanpumep, cXO*KNEHHE B YAaCOBOli : ‘ a Mepe = 10,2 ¢, To B rpanycHo a= 144°02'33”. Cpe Se TaGauya 4 Hanepenue yz1oe @ zpadycnoil u @ yacoeol mepe Maconas mi cepa Coorsercrayioues penuunia 2 rpaayeuol Mepe 1 cyrKw (cyt) 360° 1 yac (4) 15° ‘ Munyta (mH) 15 munyr pyrn (15) cexyHia (c) 15 cexyHa ayru (15) Hono} a. a Sem wa Coorserctsyioumi yHO ERMMMLY apemenn oe 1 pamran (pam) 1 rpaaye (1°) 1 munyra ayre (1) 1 cexyuna ayru (1) 3,819719 waca (4) 4 munyter (mun) 4 cexyumt (c) , 0,066667 cexyumst (c) § 23. Hepexod or odxoii cucreme xoopdunar x Opyzoi Ou One ee MpHXOLHTCA TepexoMHTb oT KOOpAHHaT HeGec- a ee B OMHOl CHcTeMe, K KOOpAMHaTaM, M B upyrok. Tak nponcxonut, Hanpumep, ceca44 Cucmemi koopounam 2B = == cucmema cacmema a 25) \26 2a 30 TopusoumanoHar UGMITUIYECR AR cuctneMa cucmena Pac. 9: Flepexea or onHOf encTeMbs KoOPANHAT K APYTOH: bi HallH NOMOKeHHE TaHETB! B 9KAHTITHYeCKHX KOOPAKHa- Tax H XOTHTe 3aTeM nepeHtH K TOpH3OHTabHOH cucTeme, urTo6bl y3HaTb, B KakOM HanpapsleHun caeqyeT HanpaBuTb wHcTpyMeHT Ha HeOO. opmysibi Wii Mepexona OT SKBaTOpH anbHoli CHCTeMBI KOOpAHHaT .K joGol H3 Tpex OCTAIbHbIX (okauntH4eckolt, ropH30HTambHowt w raslakTHyecKolt) OTHO- cutenbHo npoctel. Tlostomy npeo6pasosaniia yAoouee m1po- HaBOLHTb Yepes KBATOPHAbHY!O cueTemy, Kak NoKasaHo Ha puc. 9. Crpeakn 0603HaualoT nepexosbl, ONHCAHHDIC B stoi KHHre, UHdppbl O3HayaloT coornercrByiomMe maparpadbl. Hanpumep, yto6p nepelitH OT raslakTH¥eCKHX KOOpAHHaT K TOPH3OHTAbHBIM, CHeNYeT cHauasia nepelitH K 9KBaTOpHallb- no cucteme (§ 30), a 3aTeM K ropH3oHTasbHoli (§ 25) § 24. Tlepexod or npamozo eocxomdenun K acoGoMy Y2ry Uacosoit yron H Hu mpsimoe BOCXOKMeHHE O CBASAHDE mpoctoit copmys10ii: H=LST—a, rae LST o3Hauaet mecTHoe gpeannoe Bpems. Tenepb paccmor- pum sanauy Haxoxk2eHHs acoporo yruia 3Be3AbI, MpAMOE BOC- xO Me HHe KoTOpOl a= 18 4 32 mux 21 c, Ann TOUKH HaGs10- nenua na 64° ganaano gonrotht 22 anpens 1980 r. B 14-4 36 Man 51,67 ¢ GMT. Cucmembt xoopodunam 4s Tipumep 244 Ge ————————————eEe Vnerpyeuna pyE Pesymerar 1. Mpeo6pasyem GMT n GST (§ 12) GST =4,66 E Tlpeo6pasyem GST n LST (§ 14) Re aac ‘ Burpaxkaem a B necaTiMutbIx fonsx vaca (§ 7) a= 18,539167 4, Burunraem a u3 LST. Ecsm pesyswrar OKa- F 4 abipaeres OTpiuatenbubIM, NpHOapsasem 24. Tonyzaem yaconoli a yrou p Yacax # ‘HbIX JONAX 4aca some H=53 5 Mepenoaum H p aconyto mepy (§ 8) ee H=05 451 mm 44 ¢ Mepexon of uacoporo yraa K MpsaMOMY BOCXO?K 2eHHIO iuecTBaseTcH ananoru4uHbim nytem. HanpHmep, 4em Ghitc paBHO Mpsimoe BOCXO*KJeHHe 3BesAbI, 4uacoBoit yroa reel coctapnan O05 4 51 mun 44 c 22 anpenn 1980 ae 144 36 mun 51,67 c G nagHoh omrotEI? MT" a TOuRE Yaa Oma nee Pee Rs Lipumep 245 Mat pyxuna Pe xy nurat 1. TMpeo6pasyem GMT » GST (§ 12) 2. Flpeo6pasyem GST » LST (§ 14) 3. ee AI wacax W JecaTHYHEIX NOSIAX H =5,86226 4, Beruuraem H v3 LST. Ecnu pesynerat oT- - puuareninii, To p0Gapiatem 24. Monyyaem MpaMoe BOCX@AKeHMe B YacOBO! Mepe, B 4a GST =4,668104 4 LST = 0.401436 + cax u AecaTHMaIEIX TON vaca = 5. Repair ive cexytimit oxen a= 18 « 32 sm 21 ¢ § 25. Hepexod or sxearopuansxeix Koopdunat « ZOpusOnTaAoHOm @opmyibl, CBAsBI a BalouHe “acoso yron H, ¢ 2 F m asumyt A, Bbicoty a, HMeIOT BHA ¥ Ca EE oh sin a=siné sing + cosécos¢cosH,a Cucmeves xoopounam _sind—sing sina cosA = cos$cosa rne ¢ — reorpaduyeckan uMpota HaGmonaTenA. (Uacosoit yron MoxeT ObiTb BbIBeAeH H3 NpAMOrO BOCXOMKDEKHA MeTO- jlom, onucannbim B§ 24.) Hcnospsopanne stHx cpopmya MorK- HO TIpOMeMOHCTPHpOBaTh Ha Clenyioulem NpHMepe: YeMy PaB- Hb. BBICOTa H a3HMyT 3Be3/bl, YacoBol yrou KoTOpOii 05 4 51 mun 44 c, a cKnOHEHHE 23°13/10”? Ha6sonaten, Haxopitcs Ha ceBepHoil uMpote 52° Mpunep 25 vecepyewe ner 1, Buipaxaem Yaconoli yron B Yacax H Secs H = 5,862269 4 usin nom vaca (§ 7) 2. Veutionaem H uta 15 mia nepenona x rpa- H = 87,934035° aycuyto Mepy (§ 22) 3. Tlepesogum § 8 rpanycbl H necaTHuHEIe LOH § = 23,219444° rpaayca (§ 21) 4, Buen sina = sind sing +cosScos pcos H sina = 0,331073 5, Haxonum aresin nonyyae a a= 19,333925° een iae naan cos A = 0,229567 cos@cosa 7 Haxonun arecos nonysaem A’ At = 16,728442° 8 Onpenensem sin #7, Ecnu 970 venuuma ox- sin = 0.999350 pularemias, 10 wcramusii aumyr A=’ (ronoxuresiasi) Ecnu nonoxmremHas, TO WeTHHHBIH asBMyT A = 283,271558° pase A =360°—A’ 9, Tlepesonum au Ap rpanyctyio mepy (§ 21) a= 19°20'02" A= 283°16 18" Lar 8 HeoOxofHM, NOCKObKy KabKyIATOPbI BEPHO BbI- yncasiot OOpaTHbie TpHrOHOMeTpHyecKHe byHKUHH {aresin, arccos, arctg) AMUIb 111 NONOBHHDI HHTepBana OT 0 no 360°. Hanpumep, cocuntaiire cos 147°. Orser, pasnpiii —0,8387, naet 147° nocse sbiducnenua arccos. Oanako nonpo6yiite tenepb cos 213°. Tonyyaetca ToT 2e OTBeT: — 0,8387, Ko- Topbiii NpH HCNOAb3;OBaHHH OOpatHol TpuroHomeTpHuecKkoli cbynkunn naet 147°. Takum 06pa3om, Kak TONBKO BBOAUTCA oOpatnan TpHroHOMeTpHYecKas yHKLMsA, BOSHUKAeT Heompe- Cucmemes koopdunam 4 AeNneHHOCTh, KoTopasi NOKHA OpiTb yetpaHen. a nyTem weed AONOAHHTENBHEIX cocgpaxtettha: y tits 2Me€THM, YTO OTPHLaTeNbHble yrabl Mor’ yt 6bItb npeo6pa 30BaHbI K HHTepBany ot 0 no 360° GG AEneune 300° Het —87,23° — 570 To xe camoe, uto 360° —87,23° = § 26. Mepexod or zopusonraneneix xoopdunar K sKeaTopuansnem Ora sanaua aBasetes O6patHoli PaccmoTpeHHOH B npenbiny ulem naparpade, a HMeHHO: NO 3anaHHLIM BEICoTe a H asi ty A spesnbl HaliTH ee cKnoneHHe 6 1 YacoBoii yron H, coor BeTCTByIOWHe chopmybl HMeIoT BUA ‘ sind =sin a sinf+cosa cos¢ cosA, cos Haye ae sine sins cospcoss* tae d — reorpacuyeckan umMpota Ha6nionatens Sametum 4TO (hOpMy.1bI B TOUHOCTH TakHe xe, KaK HBG 25, aa HeK/tIO- ueHHem Toro, uto 6 h H nomensnuch Mectamu c a u A. Stor Tipumep 264 Mncrpyxuna Pesynerar 1. Bespaxaem asHmyt B rpanycax m necmrny MbIX nOnSX rpanyca (§ 21) 2 Betpaxaem pbicory 8 rpanycax ‘MBIX HOMAX rpanyca (§ 21) wee A = 283,271667°" a = 19,333889° 3. ae sind = sina sing’ +cosacosdcosA _sind = 0,394255 4. Cromomsio dynenum arcsin waxonum & 8 =23,219492° ‘. Hae = Sina—sing sind , OE cos H = 0,036048 é C nomomtio bys arceos waxomum H’ H’ =87,934155° Buriwensem sin A. Ecnu pesynsrar orpuna- sin A =—0,973293 TenbHeIli, TO YacopOll yron H= H’, Eom (orpan monoxtremitst, ro uacovoll yron = ES ed = 360°— H=87,934155° 8, Tlepenonum H ‘ na tenes B YaCOBy1O Mepy, passienve H =5,862277 4 9. Bripaxaem Hp sacax, Mus! IyTax HW ceKyttzax H=05 451 Bupa 451 smu 44 ¢ Gana MaTEYTIX H Cenyuaan pyre 8 = 23°13' 10”48 Cucmenti koopounam (baxt moet GbiTh NOseseH MPH HanucaHHH MporpaMMbl As TIporpaMMupyemoro KasIbKyJ1sTOpa, nlocKoNbky OHa H Ta KE nporpaMMa MOKET HCHOMH3OBAaTLCA AA HepeBona (a, H) & (A, a) u (a, A) 8 (84). Tenepp paccmorpHM mpHMep: nycTb apeafa, Habmomaeman Ha ceBepHo mHpote 52°, HMeeT BbICOTY 19°20’02” u asHmyT 283°16/18”. Kakopbl ee sacosoli yron H cKonenne? Ecnu Ha6anionaTenb waxomutca Ha Tpuneuckom mepHaHane, a GST pasro 04 24 wait 05 c, To Yemy paBHO NpAMOe BOCKOXK- neve? (CM. npumep 26 Ha crp. 47.) Bross war 7 norpe6osancaA nan ycrparenus Heompene- gleHHocTH, BOSHHKUeH mph ucnonb3opanun arccos. Bropolt BoNpoc © Mepesoge YacoBorO yrua B MpAMoe BOCXODKeHHe petuaercs ¢ MOMOLLbIO CopMys1bI . a=LST—-H, rae LST — mectHoe sBe3aHoe BpeMA (B Haulem mpHmepe LST =GST), Kak Gbinlo NoKa3aHO B § 24 Takum o6pa30m: Tpumep 265 ‘uct pyxaus Pesyanrat 1. Bupaxaem H » vacax W necaTHSHBIX ONS H =5,862277 4 aca (§ 7) 2, Bupaxaem LST 8 wacax 4 DeECHTHYHBIX TOJULX LST =0,401389 ¥ uaca (§ 7) 3, Bustraem H m3 LST. Ecru pesyabrar OTpu- a =18,539112 4 narenew, HoGasnsem 24. Tlonytaem a B Yacax HW MeCATHAHBIX NOAX 1ACa 4. aa a B Hace, MullyrbI 1 CeKyHAB G8 _ oes TipocmatpuBan gpeaqnbii ataac, MbI Halijem 3Be3/y 6-4 penwauust B cosBesaun Tepkyseca B6nM3H BLIYHCeHHOrO NOJIO2%KeHHA. a=18 4 32 nmin 21 c Cucmenti koopdunam § 27. Mepexod or axaunruseexux xoopdunar x skeaTopuanoHem Mowus ne OT SKHNTHYeCKHX KOOpAHHAaT — ponrotHl A |HPOTbI K TIpAMOMY BOCXOPKJEHHIO a H CKJIOHE! cpopmysiam: ee sinkcos ¢—tgP sine rets( cos 2 ); a 5=arcsin{sinB cose+ cosf sine sin A}, re € — HaKJIOH SKIHNTHKH, T.e. yro MeKy -NOCKOCTAMH sKBaTOpa H 9KAMNTHKH. Stor yron MenneHHO H3MeHseTCH CO BpeMeHeM, H MpH HEOOXOMHMOCTH MOCTHXKeHHA BbICOKOH TOU: HOCTH C/lenyeT BHIGHPaTb cooTBeTCTByIOULee 3HayeHHe stoht pen NOB Ecce as au 6 ornocates K crannaptHoh A 9 »TOHE coorsercTByWwulee snoxe 1950,0. B npimepe a ceshuntod HWDKe, HB MocnenyioulHx naparpacbax mpi Tpunumaem snoxu 1980,0 3Ha4ueHne e = 23,441884°. Cnoco6 hameicand mo6yl Apyrylo snoxy MpuBezen B KOHUe Naparpata. = (= 180°) 180° 270° (-90°) Puc. 10. Yerpanenue neon; 10. PENENEHHOCTH NPH BLIUHCNEHHH HAXOKA (eH no dysKunn arctg. umPr Cucmenes Koopounam 2 oe ep: KaKOBBI MpsiM' renep cnenyloulnil TipH! ee bee | Pnoreiaa miaHetbl, uHpota KOTOP! OCXO: el 1°52'31”, a nonrota 139) 417107? Tpumep 27A Pesyaerar Wxerpyxuns 2. = 139,686111° B=4,875278° sin = 0,334420 1. Burpaxaem 4m B B rpamyeax W MecaTHsmbix * jyonax rpaayca (§ 21) — £ ae sind = sinBeose +-cosB sine sink (aonarar c= 4418) cncow 8 1H arcs! 3. C nowonme Geom ZOTAR TpAIVEA § = 19,537269° : = 0,559644 4, Bowwucnaem y= Sndcose—teBsine y= 0,762512 5, Buwicnsem x=C0s@ y)x = —0,733948 6. Haxommm a’ =arcteQ/4) 36,276732° “1HO- waapHTEcH OT Heompenete 7. Ham Soquel pn weno ms0nAN QYEK rum arctg. Mipasano TaKoB0: a eee aeaTb w KBAMpaHTe, OMPeNeNAeMOM SHARE x uy Ha pac. 10. Creayer Baar 180 vam 360° x a’, "TO Gane taza n nya EBOADRNT (CO TOT we ne Haxonirca TaM). B 9TOM cnyaae a= Tlepesomma a 8 waconylo Mepy semeIHeM “na IS (§ 22) ; 9. Butpaxkaem a 4 6 B NaCaX, MBHyTax H CeKyH- 143,723268° = 9,581551 4 a =09 4 34 nm 53 ¢ § = 19°32' 14,2” Re ee 3nauenve cpenHero HaKsOHa 9kIHTITHKH K 9KBATOpy AaeT~ noi F 4 err 26” —46. 845”T —0,0059’T? + 0,001 Bll’T, e= 5 F ¢ 9n0xH aHcKHX BeKOB, MpowenuwHx | 08 sanwapa 1900 So Henpuneo, Kakos Obi CpeaHH HaKOH 9KHNTHKH B 1980,0? ‘Cucmemb: Koopounam 51 Mipunep 276 Hucrpynuns Pesynurar 1. Buruucnsiem ronuanckyto nary (§ 4) 1980 r, 0,0 snaps ID= 2.444 238,50 2 Boruraem 2415 0200 (=JD gaa 0,5 sunapa 2.415 020,0 1900 r.) = 29 218,50 cyt 3 Hesum wa 36525,0 1 nonyuaem T T =0,799959 nexa 4 Busucnsem Ac = 46,8457 + 0,00597?—0,001811°7? Ac = 37,476925" 5 Demm wa 3600 aaa nepenona 8 rpanycst ‘Ac =0,010410° 6. Buruuraem Ae 12 23,452294 4 naxomm © = 23,441884" 7 Ecnu tpeGyeres, nepesonum © 8 rpanycui, Munya! == © = 23°26"30,8"” m cexynat (§ 21) § 28. Mepexod or sxearopuaacnex Koopdunar « akaunTusecKum Sanaua, o6patHan paccmorpenuoli B npeabiayuiem pasnene COCTOHT B HaxXO%KACHHH HeGecHoH Nonrotei A HB Mo 3anaHHomMy NIpsMOMY BOCXO*KACHHIO G H CKOHEHHIO 6 PopMyabl FaKOBEI retg ( omen agen), B=arcsin{sin’ cose—cos6 sine sina}, re € — HaKJOH SKIKNTHKH K 9KBaTOpy (cm. § 27). StH cop- Myvlbl OY€Hb NOXOKH Ha PopMysHl npenbinyulero paszena, eciH BMecTO 4H B noncTaBHTb a H GH HaOGOpoT; CHMMeTpHA, OlHako, He AB/seTCH NOHO H3-3a H3MeHEHHsA 3HaKoB. PaccmorpuM NpuMep: Kakospl 9KMNTHYeCKHe KOOpAHHatpl NaHeTbi, MpsMOe BOCXOr%KAeHHe KoTOpo a=09 4 34 mun 53,6 c, cknoHenHe o =19°32’14,2”? (Mp BHOBL npHHumaem snauenne & ams snoxn 1980,0.) Mpunep 28 Vnerpyruun Pesymarar 1. Butpaxaem suayenus a u 8 5 sume necmTHuHLK b= pobeli (§ 21, 7) 2 Ymuoxaem suavenue a ua 15 pas nepesona B rpa- Aycuyro Mepy (§ 22) 19,537278° a =9,581556 4 @ = 143,723333°52 Cucmemei Koopouxam 3 Haxogum sinB = sindcose—cos6 sinesina (c= sinB = 0,084988, = 23,441884°) : . 4 C nomomsio $yHKuMM arcsin waxonuM B B TpAany- B= 4,874306 cax HW secaTHNHBIX ONS rpanyca 7 a Burincnsem y = sinacose + tgsine y= 0,6840 —0,806 169 Bursucnsaem x =cosa ae ss Burincnsem 4° =arctg (/>) eae ae F VT HEONpe esc . tote pr icRosbaosauuan yumi arct. TIpAni- 0 TaKOBO: & omKHO Oust B KBANpAHTe, KOTO” psi onpeensetca sHaxamH x Hy (CM. pusc. 10). Tlo6asnsem wan sentaem 180 mH 360° aa mp penlenna 2 8 uyxubiit Knanpant. Ecau A ye se KUT B HYXKHOM KBanpaute, TO X =) 9 Berpagaem Xm BB rpagycax, Munytax H ceKyH sax ayrn (§ 21) Pray 139,686167° 2 = 139°41' 10" p=452'31" § 29. Hepexod or sxearopuansieix Koopdunar K zanaxrusveckum Wuorna HYKHO 3HaTb NosoxKeHHe 3Be31bI NO Tae ie octanbHbim 3neanam B Hamel PanakruKe. Alaa EO BeHS BOCTIOASOBATHCA raaKTHYECKOM cHeTeMOl KOOpAHHaT. Pop MysIbI NpeoOpasopaHva HMeiOT BHI b=arcsin [cos 6 cos (27,4 ° cos (e— 192,25) °+ 4+sin 6 sin (27,4)°), sind —sinb sin (27,4°)° 433°, (Sante Soa er xara Uncaa orpaxkalor Cienyioune jane O nauet Tanaxtuke: KOOPAHHATHI rasakTHYeCKOrO noniwca a = 192°15, 6= + 27) oa jonrora Bocxonsuero yaa 1=33°. Bee 3TH KOopaHH x anioxe 1950,0. (em. § 33). ee OGhaTte K MIpHMepy: KaKOBbI TavlakTHYeCKHe KOOPAH- Apumep 29 Vincrpyxuna Pesyanrar 1. Hpencrapaaem ou 5 8 Bune necarHy- bess ios ee ae a = 155,250000° 2. Tepenonunt-a B rpaaycuy!o Mepy, YMHO- xan ua 15 (§ 22) Cucmens: xoopdunam 53 3. Haxonum sinb= sin b= 0,778487 = cosbcos(27,4)° cos(a— 192,25)? + + sind sin(27,4)" 4, Vicnomaya dynxumo arcsin, naxonumb b =51,122268° B rpanycax 5 Bustucnsem y = sin8—sinbsin(27,4)° u y =~—0,183700 (<0) 3AnOMHHaeM ero 3HaK 6 Busuense x = x =—0,526097 <0) =cos6 sin(a— 192,25)" cos(27,4)° u 3a MOMuHaeM ero 3Hax 7 Mesum y wa x lx =0,349174 8 Haxomm arctg. arctgU/x) = 19,247874° Tenepb nyxHo u36anuTEeA oT neonpe- B coorrercraun ReaeHHOCTH, BOSHUKUIGH npH Bree ¢ pac. 10 nobas- uuu. [na 3Toro oGpatumca K puc. 10 sem + 180,0° xu, BbIYHTAR HIM nO6apnaK 180 umn 360°, CABHHEM Yron B HYDKHBIH KBaxpaHT, ecm ou TaM He oKasanca cpasy 9. NoSapasem 33° aaa nonysenua / + 33,0 t= 232247874" 10 Mepesoaum ub B rpanycel, MunyTEs, T= 232 14°53” cexyumt (§ 21) an 6=51°07'20” NaTbl 3Be3Abl, MPAMOe BOCXO*AeHHe KOTOpOii a=!04 21 MHA 00 c, a cKoneHHe 6 = 10°03/117? § 30. Hepexod or zanaxruxecxux xoopdunar x SKeaTOpUaAbHOIM Ilycts nanbl ranaxruyeckue KoopaunaTE OGbekta / ub; KaKOBbI COOTBETCTBYIOIIHe SKBATOPHasbHbIe KOOPAHHATH a 8? Yro6i orsetuTb Ha stot Bonpoc, Ham HYKHDI Clenywue opMysbl npeo6pasosanna: 6=aresin [cosb cos (27,4°) sin( {— 33°)+ +sinb sin (27,4°)}, a =aret pee ]+192,25°, inbco s(27,4°) —cos b sin(27,4°) sin(/—33°) rae au 6 Bbipaxkenbi B rpamycax. Zlia mpumepa Halinem npsimoe BocxoxkpeHHe Hu cKOHeHHE SBe3bl, TaakTH4uecKanA MONnroTa KOTOpol /=232°14/53” a raslakruueckan wnpota 6 =51°07/20".54 Cucmemt koopounam Lpumep 30 nS Mucrpyxuse Pesynvrer 1 Mepesonum | u b B rpanycer H mecaTHN b=51,122227" | nue non Tpanyea (§ 21) 1 = 232,248056 2, Buwucasem sind =cosbcos(27,4") x sind = 0,174558 x sin(/— 33°) + sind sin(27,4°) 3. C nomouwio dyaxunn arcsin Haxonum & = 10,052940° B rpanycax 4, Buuucnaem y =cosbcos(/—33°) 4 3ano- y =—0,592575 (<0) Munaem 3uaK 9TOH BesUMEHL! $. Haxonum x = sinbcos(27,4°) u 3anomu- waem ero 3HaK 6. lem y a x 7 Buruucnsem arctg. Ham HyxHo u3GapHrsca oT Heonpene- x =0,786374 (>0) yfx = —0,753554 arctg(y/x) = 36,999998 = (ye B HYXHOM TICHHOCTH, NOABYBUICHCA OT HCNOME3OBa- = KBaipante) uma arctg. Jia 9toro o6parumca K puc. 10 H suivrem HTH noGaBuM 180 ym 360°, aTo6sr pexymbrar nonaa B hpapanbubifi KeampaHt, ecnM On He OKa 3anca TaM cpa3y : & Mo6annaem 192,25° w HaxonHM a B rpa- + 192,25) x oom a = 155,250002° a = 10,350000 4 2 lemm wa 15 1 nonyyaem a B uacopoii Mepe (§ 22) 10, Mepesonum a u 8 » rpagyeut, MHHyTEE ut cexynm (§ 21 8) a=10 4 21 mm 0 ¢ 8 =10°03' 11" § 31. Yzon mexcdy Oeyma nebecnimu o6vexramu Vuorna Guipaet HHTepecHo 3HaTb yrioBoe paccTOAHHe MexKAY apyMaA OObEKTAMH Ha He6e. Ero 1erko BbISHCJINTb, 3HaA SKBa~ TopHanpuble (a, 6) HAM SKNUNTHUeCKHE (A, B) KoopaHHaTsl o60ux OGbeKTOB. PopMyibl HMeIoT BHA cosd = sind, sind, +cos6, cos5, cos (a,—G2), cos d=sin B, sinB.+cosB, cosB, Cos(A,—Az), rae d —yron mexay oO6bektamu C KOOpAHHaTaMH GQ, 6, (Ais Br) H Ga» 52 (Age Bo)- SrH chopmysil ABAAIOTCA CTPOrHMH H Malot BepHbiit pesybTaT 1A MOOLIX SHAYEHHH G, 6 win A, B. Onnako ana mMatbix d wa AA d, 6nvaKux K 180°, TOUHOCTS pallero KaIbKyATOpa MOMKeET OKASATHCA HEAOCTATOYHOM 11H Cucment koopounam 55 NonyueHs! MpaBuAbHOrO OTBeTa; B STOM ciyyae NUE HCNOb30BaTb BLIPAKeHuA d=(cos « Aa?+A8?) /? una d=(cos’p Aa? + Ap?) 2, tne Aa, Ad (un AA, AB) — pasHoctu mexay AByMsA cooTBeT- CTBYIOWWMMH KOOpAHHatamH (tT. e. Aa=a,—a, H T. A). StH copmy.ibi MOXKHO HcHoOMb30BaTb, ECM 3HayeHuA d oranuawrtcs oT 0 WH OT 180° He Gonee yem Ha 10’. HW Aa(AA), 4 A6(AB) nOmKHEI GEITh BEIPAKeHb! B OMMNAKOBHIX EMHHHWAX (11anpumep, B cekyHmax pyrn); 3Hauenne d nonyyaertcs B STHX Ke eAMHHMaX. Onpenenum, HanpHMep, KaKoBO yrioBoe paccrosHHe Mex- ay 6 Opuona (c=05 4 13 mun 31,7 c, 6=8°13/30") ua B.Mea (a=06 4 44 mun 13,4 c, 8=—16°41' 11” p> Epumep 31 Wrerpyrnna Pesynerar 1. Mpeo6pasyem oGe naps! KoopauuaT B necaTHN- =5,225472 4 uy1o opmy (§ 7, 21) ~8,225000° —16,686389° ig = —1,511584 4 = —22,673760° cosd = 0.915846 2, Haxogum pa3HocTb a,—0, 4 nepesomuM ce B rpamycuyro Mepy, YMHowKas Ha 15 (§ 22) 3. Buruncasem cosd = sin6, sind, + +086, cos6,cos(a, —a) 4. C nomommo dywxum arccos waxomm d. Ecan uyxkHo, npeoOpasyem pesynbrar w Tpaaycul, Mu nytel 4 Cekynsut ayru (§ 21) d =23,673859° = 2340/26" § 32. Bocxod u 3saxod TipenctaBanertcs, ¥To B TeyeHHe CuepHYeCKHX CYTOK 3Be3/b1 H APyrHe XHocTH, No KOTOpOH ABHxKeTCH 3Be3fa, KOHEYHO, 3aBHCHT OT yrvlOBOro paccroniusa (nonsAp- Horo paccTosii) Merxkay 3Be3i0i WH nomlocom. Te 3Be3 bl, y KOTOPIX MOMSIPHOe PACcTOAHHE OCTATONHO mand, mpl cpoem OOpaueHuH lo HeGocBony HHKOrAa He 3aXxonAT 3a ropusoHt. Takne 3Be3ibl HasbiBaloTca OKONONOARPHOIML. Onnako Mo Mepe yBesIHYeHHs TOAAPHOTO PACCTOAHHA BOS" MHKaeT ToMOKeHHe, KorMa 3Be3na B OMpeneeHHoe BpeMs cyToK KacaeTcs POpH3OHTAa. 3pesab c ee GONbLINM NOnAp- HBIM paccTOSHHeM YacTh BpeMeHH HaxonsiTcH TOA TOpH30H- Tom, BHE Noa speHHa HaGmonaters. Korma speana nepece- KaeT TOPHZOHT MPH ABWKEHHH BHH3, TOBOPSIT, YTO OHA 3avo- Our, a KOrsla NosBAAeTCA BHOBb, FOBOPAT, YTO OHA eocxodur. Moments pocxona # 3axona, a Takxke a3HMyTbl TONeCK TOpH3OHTA, THE 3TO MPOHCXOAHT, MOKHO BEIMHCAHTH no cne- Ayoulmm opmysam: ES i.e = arccos(— tggtgd) +, LST, = qgarecos (— tg@tgd) +a, AL ce arccos (sind/cos¢), A, = arccos (sin6/cos¢), rae HuneKch! FH S OGO3HAYAINT BOCXOA H 3aXON COOTBETCT- Benno, A — a3umyt, LST — MectHoe 3Be3 Hoe Bpemsl B yacax, a — MpsMoe BOcxoxeHHe, 6 — CKOHEHHE, a o— reorpagu- ueckasd WiMpoTa HaGmMonaTens. ITH topmystb 1aloT MOMEHTHL BpeMeHH, KOrla BbICOTa 3BE3AbI PaBHa 0°. Ecan Ha ropu30HTe HaGmlopatensA BHAHBI TOpbl HH ec CaM HaGsmopatedb pac- fojaraetcd Ha rope, TO ero MeCTHOe BUAHMOe BpeMst BOCXOAA W 3axona MOxeT HemHOrO oTsAHYaTCA. PasymeeTcs, OT LST MoxkKHO nepelitH K GMT, a 3aTem HK MecTHOMY rparkqaHcKOMy BpeMeHH MPH NOMOLLH MeTOROB, ONHCAHHDIX B§ 15, 13 4 10. Takum o6pa30m, MOKHO paccdutaTb Bce COCTOATEILCTBA pocxoma Hu 3axofa 3Be3gab. [Ina npumepa BbINHCLHM CMT BocXOfa H 3aX0fa 3Be3abI Ha 24 aprycTa 1980 r. ¢ KoopaH- Hatamu 0=23 4 39 mH 20 c H 6=21° 42’ 00" u Haiifem Co- orpeTcrByiouive 3Ha4enna asHMyToB. Hawa wHpoTa 30° ¢. uw, monrota 64° B. a. (Cm. mpumep 32 A.) Cucmemei Koopounam 57 Tpumep 324 Maerpyxtin Peayasrar 5 = 21,700000° a = 23,655556 4 . Tlepesonwm 3navenua a v8 B necaTH4H no bopmy (§ 7 4 21) . 2. Haxomm cos, = sindjcosp 3. C nomoupro KUM * C soniounio dyna arecos* wexom 4. Borurraem A, u3 360° Ww nomyyaem A A, = 295,273951° 5. Tlepexonum & rpagycam, MunyTam #4 ce- A = 64°43" 34" xynnam @ 21) ‘4, = 295° 16'26" Teneps aiinem Momenni: spemenu 6. Burncmmm Beni H = 6,885512 =6 “ H= Larceos(—tg¢ tg’) 7. Haxonum LST, =24-+a—H. Eom Gomme 24 weverraci24;) em 8. Haxonum LST, =a + H. Ecau orset Consume 24, porumtaem 24 9. Mepexonum oT Mectuoro a En Spe3qHOro Bpe- 10. Nepexomim or GST x GMT (13) LST, = 16,770044 4 LST, = 6,541068 4 GST, = 12,503377 4 GST, = 2,274401 4 GMT, = 14 4 18 mun 09 ¢ GMT,= 04 4 06 mam 05 ¢ * Ecam exnonenne 3pe3; 01 1a MHKOTAa He BOCXORNT Haq ropusoHTOM HM cca I Tax0vO, 70 ona HEX: a 4 IGMAR RBNACTER OKOTONONEPHOR, BL OGHAPYxNTe, TO TpeGyeTcR BMIACHUTE ACCOs BERMAN, suck! mom Meusuel—I. Ito c, ee fO CACHATS NEROIMOXMO, M BALI KANDRYRATOP BusACT COOGUIENNE J Sometiiae TO BbINHC/IEHHbIe HAMH MOMeHTHI 10 ComHedHO- me? MeHH OTHOCSTCH K OnpememeHHOH mate. Kak H B pac- PeHHOM MpHMepe, Bpemx 3axoga MOXeT HacTynaTb we BpeMeHH Bocxona. oe my B Hallux pacueTax MbI npeynosaranu, 4To BEIUHC- a HbIe KOOPAMHATEI AalOT HAM BHAWMOe NoNOKeHHe HeGec- = tena. Onwako HMeloTcA HecKOMBKO apdeKToB, B TOM i © aTMochepuas pedpakuna (cm. § 34) nu napannaxc P A Tel, CpaBHHTeNbHO GNH3KHX K 3emse; cm. § 35) ae K CM€LLCHHIO BHAHMOrO Nono*KeHHA, a 3To MEHHTb HaGniogaemple MOM 3 eHTbI BOCXOMa H 3aXxo; ta HecKOMbKO MHHYT. Stor a— aa 5 eKT JIA BOC: nso6paxen Ha pue. Lt. sap pee pee ees , ee FOpH30HTa HeGecHbIM TeNoM Ha6monaetcn € DB, XOTH «Ha CaMOM slesie», Kak naeT pacueT c Henc-58 Cucmenti Koopounam Budureont nyo — Hemunmstd ame 7 Zopusonm Puc 11 Merantioe n pimitoe noaoxenis neGecnoro Testa npy Bocxone axon. MpapieHHbIMH KOOPHHaTaMH, 3TO MpoHCXOnHT B TONKe A (sHH3y). Ecaw HaM H3BeCTHO BepTHKaJIbHOe CMellleHHe x, MbI NerKO MOKeM BEINHCIHTS BeAHunHb! AA un y, 4TOGb! BHECTH no- MpaBKH B BRNHCeHHbIe A3HMYTbI H MOMEHTbI BpeMeHH. Pop- MYyJIbl HMC1OT BHA y=arcsin (sinx/simp) (rpanycn) AA =arcsin (tgx/tgp) (rpanyce), rae ap = arccos (sing/cosd) (rpaycei) Tlonpaska, Koropylo HyKHO MoOaBnTb K BpeMeHH 3axona Ha BbINeCTb H3 BPCMCHH BOCXOMa, RaeTcA CPopmynok At = 240y/cos6 (cexyHatt). re y Bpipaxkeno B rpanycax. " ‘ Bennanna x, onpenensiemas atuociepHioit pedpakuneit, B YCAOBUAX BOCKOMa H 3axoAa AOCTHTAeT ~ 34’. Paccuntaem Tenepb accekTbl pecpakunH As ycnosuii 3axofa HW BOCXona, ONHCaHHEIX B Tpesbinyulem naparpace (npHmep 32 B). Jipyroii meron seuucnenua At Gynet onucaH B § 34. 59 Cucmestes koopounam Lpumep 326 Wnerpyxune, Peaynerar 1 Burincnaem Y= arccos(sing/coss) (@ # 8 W=57,443139° BbIPakeHb! B LecaTHuHO! dopme) 2. Mepesomum suayenue x 8 necatunyro x = 0,566667° opmy (§ 21) 3. Beruncnaem AA =arcsin(tgx/tgy) BA =0,361812° 4, Burincnsem Ay =A,—AA u Al =Ay+AA— A; = 64,364237° BHAHMBI€ A3KMYTEI BOCKXOJa HM 3axoO;a. A$ = 295,635763° 4p W Ay ROmKAES GoIT BIIpaKeHE! B necs HHH opme 5. Mepesoaum Ay # AJ 8 rpanycsi, MunyTu 64° 21/51” M CeKyHmet (§ 21) 295° 38/109” 6. Burnicnaem y = arcsin(sinx/sinp) 0,672321° 7. Beriucnaem At = 240y/cos6 (8 sutpaxenon 173,664100 © Tpaaycax) 8& Mepexommm x nonsm 4aca, nena _noayyen- ‘At =0,048240 4 weit 8 (7) pesynerat na 3600 9. Haxoaum LST, =LST,—At u LST; = LST, 16,721804 4 =LSTs + At— suzumnie Momentsr Boc- XOHa H 3aXofa 110 MecTHOMY 3Be3qHOMy ppemenn 10. Nepesogwm nomyseanpie Moments! speme- GMT/=14 4 15 wm 16 4M cuavaza B GST (§ 15), a saren » GMT @& 13) LST; = 6.589308 § 33. Mpeyeccua B § 18 mbt y6equnucn, uo SKBATOPHaNbHble KOOpAUHATHI HAeanbubl ANA ONMCaHHA NonorkeHHi 3Be3n, Tak KaK OHH He 3aBHCAT OT ABY>KeHHA 3emaH H NosTOMy AAA paHHOii SBe3NbI OKASbIBAIOTCA NOCTOAHHbIMH. Ito cnpaBensHBo C o- CTATONHO BBICOKOH TOUHOCTHIO, OHAKO Ha CaMOM Ene KOOp- AUHATb MEWNEHHO U3MeHsIOTCH CO BpeMeHeM. Sto npoucxo- AUT BeNencTBHe chewHduueckoro ABIKEHHA 3eMHOT OCH. Togo6Ho tomy Kak ocb GvicTpo Bpallatouerocs, BonuKa MeMNeHHO CMEeLaeTCA OTHOCHTeNbHO BepTHKanbHO ANH, 3€MHaA OCb MeWIeHHO. NOBOPaNHBaeTCA OTHOCHTeNbHO: onpe- AeNeHHOFO HanpaBlenhaA B MpoctpanHctse. 3to ABH Keune WasbiBaeTCA AYHHO-COAHeXHOL NpeYyeccued H BbIsBAKO NpUTA- xeHHem 3eman Jlynot u Connuem. Mui ne 6yaem BaapatbcaA60 Cucmene Koopounam uro stppext Mam, a CeBepxbiit Hb OGopot 3a 25 800 ueT b H STO NlepeMe- B feTanH; MOCTATOUHO CKa3aTb, nomoc 3emin copepuiaeT nom OMHAKO JIA TONHOCTH HAM HY*KHO yUHTEIBaT! ujeHne. Koopawnatst a wv 6 3peaa Hi raslakTHK, yKasaHHble B Ka- ramorax, MPHBeneHEI K ompesleweHHoMy MOMeCHTY BpemeHH, uau anoxe. Te KOOpAMHATH, C KOTOPbIMM BAM npunetca ec jeno, CKOpee BCeTO, OKAKYTCA MPHBEEHHBIMH K amroxe 1950, (rT. e. OrHECeHHEIMH K Hayauly 1950 r.), H BEI MoxweTe petri 3HaueHHA, KOTOPbI€ OHH 6ynyT HMeTb B Kakoii-1H60 Apyrol MOMCHT BP€MeHH, HCHQIb3 yA opMyvibl a, = Gp + (3,07327 c+ 1,33617sina,tgdp cex) N, 8, = 8+ (20,0426” cos ae) N, omenunx ¢ 1950,0; dy H 9 — Koop- uHAaTbI BIA SNOXK 1950,0, a, 5;— HOBbIe KOOpAHHATEI- Tipn mepexone oT KOopaunaT, orHecenHBIxX K 9T10xaM, ormmunbim ot 1950,0, Hcromb3yloT caenyrousne ¢popMy.ibl”: a, =A + (M+ nsinagtg&o) N. 8, = 50+ (n’cosay) N. 3nauenun m, n,n’ panbl B Tabs. 5. rae N —yneno vet, mp Tabauya 5 om a . 5 ‘Snona, cerynay ceryuas cexyumt apr 1900,0 3,07234 1,33646 20,0468 1950,0 3,07327 1,33617 20,0426 1975,0 3,07374 1,33603 20,0405 2000,0 3,07420 1,33589 20,0383 Jian Hawero npHMepa MbI paccunTaem Ha 310xy 1979,5, KOOPHHATHI 3BeSAbI, KOOpAHHATH! KoTopoit aan snoxu 1950,0 6bIsIH Go = 09 4 10 MBH 43 c, 89 = 14°23/25”. * 91H hopuyse exon saA sResA BOSH CenepHOTO M YorKHOrO nomocos, rae anauenna ig 6 Heorpanmuento Bospactator Cucmeme: Koopounam 61 Mipumep 33 Herpyenma Pesymsrar 1. Hepenenem snaente do, 8 B mecaTHHYIO dopmy (§ 21 « 7) 2. Mlepesonum cy B rpanycuy!0 Mepy, yMHoxax a, = 137,679165° xa 15 (§ 22) 3. Berincasem S, =(3,07327 + 1,33617sinatg5,)N — S, = 97,470657 © (rae N= 1979,5—1950,0 = 29,5) 4. [lem nonysenuoe sxavesue xa 3600 4 nepe- S, =0,027075 4 BOHM B YaCeT 5. TipuGannsem S, (p vacax) x Go (B vacax) Ha = nonyyaem @ (Towe 8 vacax) 6. Tlepexommm x 4acaM, MHHYTaM H CeKyHAaM ), 205686 4 a, =09 4 12 Mun 20 ¢ 6 8) 7. Buriucanem S =(20,0426cosa,)N S, =—437, 167111" & flenum wa 3600 1 nonyiaem rpapycsi S_ =—0,121435° 9. To6annsem S, x 8) H nonysaem 8, 8, = 14,268843° 10 Tepexonmm x npanycam, Munyram u cekyn- 8, = 14° 1608” mam (§ 21) § 34. Pe@paxyun Ilo cux nop Bo Bcex HaWwMXx pacueTax mpexnonaranocb, yTO CBeT OT OTMaNeHHEIX OOBEKTOB (HeGecHBIX Te) NpPHXOANT K HaM KpaTuaiimum myrem — no npsMoii. Ha camom pene sto He Tak (3a HCK/OVeHHeM Ha6sIOLeHHii B 3eHHTe), MOTOMy ¥TO 3eMHaA aTMOCtepa HECKONBKO MeHseT HanpaBnenHe nyuelt, 3acTaBIAA HX MafaTb Ha nNoBepxHocTb 3eman nom yriom, OTMMUAIOULMMCA OT TOrO, NOM KOTOPLIM Ay Mpnuien Obl B orcyteTBHe aTMocdepsl (prc. 12). Ito spnenve HasbiBaeTca armocwepxoi pedpaxyued; ee stptpekt cocTowT B TOM, YTO spe3ya KaxkeTcA GnvxKe K 3eHHTY, YeM B LelicTBHTebHOCTH Benuunna pecppakinn 3aBKCHT OT 3eNUTHOZO Yena, HM 3eHUT- Hozo paccroanun (90° — BbicoTa cBeTHJIa), H OT COCTOAHHA aTmocdepbi, B UaCTHOCTH TemnepaTypsI H AaBreHHA. OnnaKo TIA HAWWAX Weel MOXKHO He YUHTHIBATb OTHOCHTENbHO Masbie W3MeHeHHA pecppakHH OTO AHA KO AHIO H NpHHATh cTaH- WaptHoe sHaueHHe NoKasaTenA npenoMenHA aTMocdeppl Takum o6pa3om, ecaH MbI Ha6s0faem C HoBepxnocTH Semanea Cucmena oopounam Puc. 12. Atmochepran pedpaxius. 3Be3iy Ha 3€HHTHOM paccTOAHMH {, To ee HCTHHHOe SeHHTHOe paccTonnue BBIMHCAIAeTCA NO cpopmysie A z=C+R=C+ 58,16” tg¢ — 0,067” tg*¢, KoTopas ocTaeTCA LOCTATOYHO TOUHOH UNH 3CHATHEIX ee: MeHbUIMX MPHOJINSHTesbHO 75°, T. €. QUA BbICOT CBETHI, os pbiuatomnx 15°. Pe@pakuns 218 Gonee 6NH3KHX K FOpH3oH’ y Ha6nionenHii O6bINHO HE MOKET 6biTb paccunTaHa H onmpene: mepeHHit. Fuimrrsidiate ‘Pet rauiuvil Ha Npsmoe BOcKOKMeHHe H es HeHHe MOXKHO JePKO PaccuHTATh JH SCHHTHEIX YTTOB MeHbLI : ‘~ 45°, Ec. KCTHHHBIC KOOpLHHATH! SBESABI GH 6, TO BHA MbIe€ _KOOPAHHATHI a’ 4 8 BEuncaniorcaA mo cbopmy1aM 8 =5+58,16”tg € cos , a’ =a+3,877 c+ + tg (sinn/cos 8), re) onpenenserca H3 cooTHOWeHHs sin p—sindcos= n=arceos(Pccseanz 3nech ~— reorpaduyeckan WaMpoTa Hal PaccunTaem Temepb petppakunio AW pHanbHbIMH KOOpuKHaTaMH a=05 4 OmionaTesA. 12 mun 32 c, 8= i 3Be3b1 C 3KBATO- Cucmenes koopounam 3 = 45°59’20” nna MecTa, B KOTOpoM HaGAwWAaemoe 3eHHTHOe paccronnne Gpiio0 9°54’16”. Lupotra na6monatenn 52° c. w. Tipumep 344 Mvicrpyxme Pesynsrar Tepesomum suaenne ( p necatunyro dopmy ¢ = 9,904" § 21) Buriucnsem R= 58,16 tel —0,067t pf R= 10,14" Tlepenosum suaseaue Rp rpanycer, neni xa —-R = 0,0028" 3600 . Haxomum z= C4+R 2=9,9072 ear eae 8 p necatmyso dopmy 8 = 45,9889° & 21) mg s Boriucasem m= arccos(“"@ sz I bs cosisinz aca |. Beruucnsem A, = 58,16 tgcosn A, =6,76" |. Tlepesowum sHauenue A, 8 rpanycel, meis xa A, = 0,0019° 3600 . Tipn6asnsem A, x 6 w Haxomum 5! 5! =45,9908° |. Tepesomum 8 B rpanycut, Munytel uw cexyH- 8’ = 45°59/27" ast (§ 21) . Bormmcnsem A, = 3,877tgl- (sinn/cosd’) A; =0,727" AoGannsem A, x aH HaXo”HM a! a’ =054 12 mun 33c 3uauenne R nenocpenctBeHHo Ha ypoBHe ropu3oHTa Cco- crapaset oxono 34’. Tockonbky pespakuna ysennunpaer BHIMMY!O BbICOTY CBeTHMIa, BOCXO, (3aXOX) MpoHncxonHT panpue (no3x*Ke), YeM 9TO NPOKCXoAHAO Obl B OTCyTCTBHE armocdepbi. CnenopatenbHo, stpcpeKkTHBHaA HHA WHA yBeIH- uHBaeTCA 3a CueT aTMOCtepHOH pedpakunn. MoxHo paccunTbipaTh BAMAKHe pecpaKUHH Ha a3HMyTbl H MOMEHTHI BOCXOsla H 3axOjla No MeTOy, ONHCaHHOMy B § 32. C ppyrofi cropornl, MOKHO BLIVHCAMTh BIMAHME pecpakiHH Ha yacopoi yron HB MOMeHT Bocxoua H 3axona NO d@opmyne oz 34 a 1Scos¢ cos 5 sinH rae AH — pennunna, Ha Koropyio yMeHbulaeTcA ncTHHHBIi yacopoit yron. IipHmMenum 9Ty dopmysly K npuMepy, Hcnomb- 30BaHHOMy B § 32. (Muuyrbl Bpemexn),64 Cucmenei koopdunam Mpumep 34B Mucrpyxwin = Pesyserat H = 6,885512 4 1. BuruucaseM aHa4eHHe YACOBOFO yriia TOUCK BOCKO- 103,282680° ma u saxona (H 8 § 32). TipeoGpasyem ero ® rp myc, yMnoxwaa wa 15 a 1 — H = 2,894381 mutt 15cos$cosbsinH ae (g=30° cm, 6=21,7°) 3, Yeroxaem Ha 60 six nepexona x cexynaam; cpa. AH = 173,66 ¢ uuTe pesysIbTat cO 3HaYeEHHEM Af, NOAYeHHLIM B§ 32 2 Burucnsem AH = § 35. Feoyenrpureckui napanaaxe u uzypa Semau B nocnenyroumx maparpadax KHHTH MbI GyeM BbINHCIATb Koopaunats Cosnua, Jlynbl w pyrux Ten ComHeuHoli cncTe- MBL. OTH KOOPAMHATH ABI AIOTCA PEOUeHTPHYECKHMA, T. €. OT- HecenHbiMn K WeHTpy Semin Kak Hayany KoopuHHat. Ecan He6ecHoe TeO OVeCHb ylasecHo OT Hac, TO reoweHTpPHyeCcKHe KOOpAMHAaTH NpakTHYeCKH CoBNamaloT C KOOpAMHATaMH, H3- MepeHHBIMH H3 JOGO! TOUKH Ha S€MHOH MOBEpXHOCTH. Oauaxo Np H3YYEHHH OTHOCHTeNbHO GAHSKHX OObCKTOB, TAKUX, KaK Conuue u oco6enno Jlyna, Hx NOAOKEHHA OKa3bIBaloTCA He- CKOADKO Pa3/IMYHLIMH B 3aBKCHMOCTH OT TOUKH HaG.m0LeHHA. Dro nokazano Ha puc. 13; apa Ha6monatena O, u Oz cmorpst na Jlyny M c nopepxnoctn 3eman. Kaxkapii n3Meps- er yrom Mexuy Hanpassenuamn Ha Jlyy H Ha OveHb Lane- Kyo apesay S. MockorpKy 97a 3Be31a OUeHb WaneKa OT Hac, ayun O,S u OS napannenbHbl upyr apyry, Tak 4TO 06a HaOMIOMaTeENA BHAT 3BesLy B OMHOM H TO %Xe TOUKE He6a FO OTHOUIEHHIO K ApyruM 3Beazam. OnHako H3aMepsemble HMH Yraibl Q, H Gy HE OLMHAKOBHI, H, CHELOBATEMHO, BHAHMBIC nonoKenua JlyHbl JIA 9TAX HaGmonateneii Towe G6ynyT pasHBIMH. Eciw a9 — NpxamMoe BocxoxKmeHHe Jlynpi, spuncnenHoe aA weHtpa Seman, To KaxKAbli HB naGsmozateneli Mom %KeH BBeCTH CBO MONPaBKy K Go, YTOGLI MOMYYNTh BAAHMOE = NpA- Moe BOCXOKLeHHeE G, WI G, LK CBoeH TOUKH Ha6m10neHHA. Cucmemst koopounam 65 K ovens Ganenol 306300 —<———_— Puc. 13. Peouenrpuyecknii napannaxe. Stor BHLUMbII CHBHr NonoxKeHuA HeGecHoro Tena Ha He6o- CBole Ha3bIBaeTcH eeoyenTpudecKum nNapanaakcom, H HaM acto MpHeTCA YUNTEIBaTb ero — HaNpuMep, eH MBI XOTHM paccuntaTh o6cTontembcTpa 3aTMeHHA. 3afaya HecKonDKO yesoxKHAeTCA TEM, YTO 3eMsIA HMeeT He TONHO cchepHuecKyio opmy, a Gonbuwe Noxoxa Ha cchepouz spauienus, ines = Tui BLOM’ MpsMoii, coenuusmomei Cesepnplii = TOmsusl nomioca Seman. Ceuenue 3emnoii nopepxnocru no MHHH TO- CTOAHHOH NONTOTbI NPHOAMKeHHO OKAa3bIBAeTCA 3zNNCOM B TO BPeMA Kak CeyYeHHe 0 AHHH ToCTORHHOH wMpoTH LONKHO GbITS OKpyXHocrblo. Ec Ham HY2KHO BHECTH Foun 10 nonpaBky 3a napasnnaKc, Hagqo yuuTbIBaTh durypy Bean T. €, €€ OTKNOHEHHE OT KNeaIbHOH cep. CuTyauuA BT e. YBEHYCHHOM Bue H306parxKena na pune. 14, roe ue emul o6osHayeH wenTp 3emnu, uepes N un S —3ee iaasieqncl H 1x neti Nomoca coorserctsenno. Ha6mopzarenb, Haxons- tunica B TOUKe O, onpenenset c NoMOUIbIO OTBECA Hanpas- senne B 3eHHT OZ (nynKtup). Yron, Koropstit o6pa3yer 9TO HaNnpaBNeHHe c NNOCKOCTHIO SKBaTOpa, paBeH zeoe; a ecko, UNM acTpoHOmu4ecKol, uupore $ Co ete 3-1045,6 Cucmembi Koopounxam Puc, 14. Yaer nectpepwanocr Seman. Mockonpxy dopma 3eman ornnuaetca OT TOUHOH Ccceprl, reoueHnTpiueckanh BeptHkalb EZ’, 7. e. npamas, COeAHHAIO- was weHtp Seman E u touxy na6monenns O, Kak 4 reoueHt- puueckas wupora $’, GyneT HMeTb HECKOMbKO oTMHUHbIC snauenus. Jima pacuera BIHAHMA NapasinaKca HaM Hy2KHO 3naTp BelHunHbI psing’ wu pcosd’, rue P— paccromHue oT na6mlofatenn fo uertpa 3eman. [Ina TouKu, vMeIoulel BbI- cory Hat ypopHem Mops fA Metpos, Mbi nomyyaem ae, , h 4 psing’ =0,996647 sinu + o x<0 + 180,0 A = 144,785265 M' = 649 283,6879 —360 x 1803 203,687 9° 156,312 1° re a 6,= arctg (—cosiotge), 6, = arctg [—cos ( Q—Ag) tel], & 7 HaKNOH aknMNTHKH (cM. § 27). Kakoso snauenue P 1 man 1979 cm74 Cucmemi koopduxam Tpumep 375 Pesymsrar Mncrpyxtiix ot = 556° Buinnceipaem sHateHus BemHIHH Ao, 6%, I ws mpembt- ASE HQOSSS yulero mpaMepa ere e 5° 1, Bormucasem 8, = arctg(—coshotge) (rae © = 23,441°) a di ieuies 2. Beraucnsem @, = arctg[—cos(S4—Ao)tgl} -- = eee is 3. Haxomim P=0, +8, ° HOMHUeCKHH exeromnHk waet P= —24,28°. Tebapk HakOHel, Mbl MOXEM BbIYHCIHTb feapotn shoe ckve Koopuunate! conneyHoro natna X, nosHugke Ri 2 KoToporo @ (cM. pHc. 16), a yroa, non ozone Has wentpa Seman oTpe3sok XE, papeH P, Popmy. B = arcsin [sinB, cosp + cosBp sin pcos (P—4)], i (P—0) L=arcesin aa ) ]+ Ly : i OTH. =arcsin S)— p;, S — yraosol paanyc a es Ha aiken cues HorpadpHyecKkHe Kop are ae Es HOrO NATHA C MO3HILHOHHBIM YTJlOM 6 =220' AS B 1979 r. Yrnopot pannyc Connua paper 15' 5 Tipumep 37B Pesymrer Muerpysums L , =301,097° B, = 4,196" —24,281° 1. Borucnszem Ly, By 4 P (cm. mpembinyuine npumepsi) . Haxonum arcsin(p,/S) (He sa6yasre BBIpa- ; SUE B CCATUNHbIX HONAX MHHYTSI AyrH) 3, Mlepenomum p, B necsTuymbie 20K Tpanyca (§ 21), psiautaem p, H Tlonyyaem p 4, Bsraucnaem r B=arcsin[sinBycosp +cosB,sinpcos(P—6)] 5. Buuncnsem S=15,9' aresin(p,/S) = 41,328659° p, =0,175000° p =41,153659° (P—6) = —244,281° 13,280690 inpsin(P—®) cosB 6, TIpuGapnsem Ly w naxomum L; comm L Gombe 360°, pormrraem 360° A =37,530005° L=338,627005° A =arcsin Cucmem: Koopounam ‘5 § 38. Homep oGopora no Ksppunzrony Yncao o6oporos Connua orcuuteiBaetcn NpH NoMoulH Tak Ha3biBaemoro HoMepa OGopora no Kappunrtony (CRN), nep- BLIi H3 KOTOPBIX Hadancn 9 Hom6pA 1853 r. Onnn o6opor — 9TO NepHon, B TeveHHe KOToporo BenHYyHHa Ly (cM. §37) H3- MensieTcn Ha 360°; ero cpenuan snutenbiocth pasna 27,2753 cyt. Mbl MorkeM oyenb ToUHO BHUNCAHTH CRN, 3ameTHB B Actponomnueckom exkeronHuke, YTO Hayao O60- porta 1690 npuxonntcn Ha snoxy 27,84 Beka6pn 1979 r. Takum o6pa3om, a ID—2 444 235,34 CRN = 1690 +0 tae JD —onnanckan gata. Monyuennoe snauenne HY2KHO. OKPyrHTb BO GnuxKaiiwero uenoro yncna. Jan MOMeHTa, Kora HoMep O60pora H3MeHseTCA, bopMyma MorxKeT LaBaTD own6xy +1. Tipumep: emy pasusanocs CRN 27 snpapa 1975 r.? Tpunep 38 Hcrpyrues ee 1. Bstuicnsem ronnaxcnyto nary (§ 4) JD =2442 439,50 aH, CRN= ID —2 444 235,34 2. Haxonum CRN = 1690 + 372783 H pesyilbtaT Oxpyriaem no 6nuxaiimero yenoro sues, CNR = 1624 § 39. Armociepnoe ocaabaenue ceera Cuer or HeGecbix Ten, KOTOpbIii MOXOLHT 20 noBepxHocTH Seman, 2om%KeH npoiitH vepes atmocdepy, rae uacrb ero PacceHBaeTcH MbibIO, 9NeKTPoHaMH, MOeKyaMH KHCROpona 4 asoTa HW pasHbIMM Apyrumu Yactuuamu. Beauguna pacces- Hus 3aBHCHT oT dusHyeCKHX ycNoBHii B aTMoctepe (oHa MO- 2%eT BO3PaCTH, HaNpuMep, u3-3a yBenuueHUA KOAMUeCTBA TiblIH, CO3,aBaeMoro ByKAHHYeCKHM H3BepxKeHHeM) H OT AUIMHbI BONHbI cBeta. O6uigHo 6onee Kopotkue cBeToBbie BolubI (CHHAH GacTh cheKTpa) paccenBaioTcH 3HaUHTeEBHO6 Cucmenes xoopdunam cuuibHee Gonee WIMHHEIX (KpacHas YacTb CheKkTpa); BcnencT- Bue 9TOrO HeE6O uMeeT TrOnyOOK UBeT (NOCKOLKY MbI BHLUM paccefHHblli cBeT), a BUMMBI UneT 3Be3, NpH HaOmOLeHHH ¢ noBepxHocrH 3emH Kpacuee, uemM Ha CaMoM sene..Ecan Mbt PacCMOTPHM Becb BHAMMBIi 1HaNa3OH LIHH BOTH B WesOM, TO MOKHO rpy6o OleHHTh OKHAAeMyIO BeNMYHHY NorsouenuA AAA URCTOH aTMocdhepsl no copmyze Am =0,2/cosz 3Be3HOH BeHUHHEI, rye Am —ollpapKa, KoTOpylo clenyeT n0GaBHTb Kk aBesa- Holi BeHUHHe, a Z2— 3€HHTHOe paccTonHne (z= 90 — BbIe cora). Hanpumep, naaneta, HMeroulan Bpicoty 15°, MookeT BLITIAeTb claGee Ha 0,8 3B. Bes. MpH XOpOwInxX yCNOBHAX H 4ncTOH aTMochepe; B OGuleM cnyuae 9Ta nonpapKa 6yner Gonbure. Popmya nepecraeT GviTb cnpasennMBO! nA 3e- HUTHEIX paccToAHHli, npeBHiuaouux 85°. Banxaiimei x 3emze spespoii apnaerca Connue, nanmenpulee PaccTonve 10 KoToporo (mpH HanOonbwem cOnWxKeHHH Seman u Conia) nocturaet npumepno 146 man. KM. Tloxo- AMUN LO Hac COMHeYHBI CBeT MEL BHHM «e, mepeiitH kK 3. Ecan b\KeHHEIM B § 42 van § 43, MOXHO JerKO BbINHCANTb PaCCTOHHHe OT Zeman no Connua r # yraopbie pasmepsi Comnua (T. e. ero muametp) 0. CoorsercTsyloulne dopmyabl HMeloT caenyto- uIHH BHD: __ Toll =e?) 1 +ecosr » = 0) eee, ; rae ry — Sombuiaa Monyocb, Oy — yriopol HameTp Song mipa r= To, ae — SKCIEHTPHCHTET op6uTbl. Orn peor aa npuBenenbl 8 Taba. 6. Bosppatjatch K lipumepy, Bagoths é Homy B § 42, Haiigem ru 0 ana Coanua 27 nioan IS . Tipusep 44 Hucrpyxuna Pe _ 1. Haiinem nerminyio anomanmo v (§ 42 ni 43) v = 201,512425 = 1+ ecosp vis tan. 6) f= 0,984722 2. Bursmemum f=!F£°0S? (e Geperen Ws tal 4 [=n a 3, Tenepp uaiinem r="olf (ro Geperca wa faGs. aoe 4, Haiinem raxxe @=/0, (0, Gepercs v3 Ta6x. 6) i ae p57 5, Tlepenenem 8 » Mutts # cexyHam (§ 21) AcTpoHommuecknis exkerogHHK 1aeT 0 =0°31/33”. Banging TOBOPA, OTKNOHEHHE OT TOUHOTO 3HANEHHA LIA gure panier HW 1OKHO OLITh B Mpesenax HeCkoMbKHX CeKyHA. HTepe sg oTMeTHTb cnenyloulee. ConHeuHEit eee Ss npomexxyToK Bpemexn re, rue C—3 km/C. a cayyae BpeMa paciipocTpaneHHA CBeTa COCcTaBAeT a Connie 38 9TO Bpems MepemeuiaeTca TIpHONN3SHTebHO Ma 4 Crporo rosops, YTO6b MONyYHTb BHANMOe NoORKeHHeE Con ua, cneqoBano Obi BLINECTh aTY BeENHUNHY HS BEIUHCMeHHOTO 3HaYeHHA JONTOTEI. § 45. Bocxod u 3axod Coanya B § 32 mpi noncunan, Kak paCCHHTATb MOMENT BOCKOMA H 3aX0- fla Kakoro-H60 HeGecnoro OObEKTAa, IKBATOPHANbUbIE KOOP- Connye - AMHaTbI KOTOpOro u3BecTHEI. Mbl BRIUHCAHAH NpAMoe BOCKOx- Jenne H CKnoHenHe Comnua (§ 42 1 43) n Tellepb MOrKeM TIpH- M€HHTb TOT Ke croco6 LAA ONpeLeneHHA MOMEHTOB BocxOa H 3axoga Connua. Onnako 3afaya ycenoxKusercn TeM, 4TO Connue Bce BpemM# Nepemeuaerca BOA SKIMNTHKH, H, cae- AOBATCAbHO, CO SKBATOPHAbHbIe KOOPANHATH MeHsIOTCA. Te 3uauenna aH 6, KOTOpbie MbI pacCuHTaaH, BEpHbI TONbKO 1A 3aaHHOro MOMeHTa Bpemenn. (B npumepe 42 sto 6vin MomenT HlonyHour Mexny 26 H 27 Hiona. K MomexTy Bocxoga cnenyio- WuM yTpom Conuue cmectHiocb mpumepHo Ha ueTBepTb rpanyCa OT NONO*KEeHUA, KOTOPOe OHO 3aHHMa/O B MOAHOYB, a K MOMEHTY 3axo2a — npHMepHo Ha °/, rpamyca.) Ecru ne Tpe- GyeTcA BbICOKaA TOUHOCTS, TO B pacueTax MO*KHO mpeHe6peup AproKeHHeM CoaHila H CUHTaTb, YTO B MOMEHTbI BOCXORa H saxona KoopAHHaTbL ConHila HMeIT Te 2%Ke Cambie 3Ha4yeHHa, uTO H B NonHOUb. B sTOM cnyyae pacxoxxAeHHA C TOUHbIM 3HAYeHHEM MOTYT AOCTHTATS HECKOABKHX MHHYT. Onnako pesyaprat Gyner BepHee, ecnv Mb BbIUHCnHM KoopAHHaTb Connya B NosHOUb, TpenMectByromyi Bocxony, HB TNOHOUb, HacTynatwoiy nocie 3axolla, a 3aTeM nmpopeyem HHTepMomMpoBaHKe MExAY HuMM (aHanOrHuRbim OGpazom Mbl cleaaem pacuer aun Jlynbl B § 66). Coorsetcrsytoulaa opmyna uMeeT BHA Ss = ag sti—sTz— (2008), roe T— HCTHHHOE 3Be3HOe BPeMA 3axofa HK Bocxoyla, ST] — spe3qnoe spema Bocxona Hak 3ax0na, BLINHCHERHOE 110 a, H 6,, CooTBeTcTByIONLHM MpeAMecTByIoMel nonyHOUH, a ST2 — apesnHoe Bpema Bocxona HAH 3axofla, BbIUnCTeHHOe lO dy H do, COOTBETCTBYIONHM NocHenyioMel nonyHoun. Ha caMoM ene HeT HeO6OxozHMOcTH Bax Lp TIPOBOAHTb BCE spluncnenna § 42 n 43, uTo6eI HaiiTH ABa HaGopa KOOpAMHaT. Jloctatouko paccuntats a, v 6, ana npenmectByiomei NlOnyHOUH, a 3aTeM yuecTb, 4yTo 3a 24 4 sKNHITHUeECKaH Aonrora Connua ypennunpaercs na 0,985647°. Sra sennanna upHOapasetcA K Ag, H TaKHM MyTeM HaxomaTCA a, Hu 5. Jlanpueiimue yroukenna 3aKmouawwrtes B yuete pedpak- UHH, O6yCNOBNEHHOH HaMuKeM 3eMHOH aTmoctephi (em. § 34) H reoWeHTpHyecKoro MapannaKkca (cm. § 35). He cnenyer Take 3a6bIBaTb, UTO CONHEYHBI AHCK HMeeT KOHeUHBIE pas- mepbl: Kora rOBOpAT O MOMeHTe BoCXoga H 3axOa, O6bINHO