Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stereoisomerism1 120824060050 Phpapp01
Stereoisomerism1 120824060050 Phpapp01
Stereoisomerism1 120824060050 Phpapp01
CHAIN ISOMERISM
GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
CIS TRANS
Groups/atoms are on the Groups/atoms are on OPPOSITE
SAME SIDE of the double bond SIDES across the double bond
RESTRICTED ROTATION OF C=C BONDS
Single covalent bonds can easily rotate. What appears to be a different structure is
not. It looks like it but, due to the way structures are written out, they are the same.
ALL THESE STRUCTURES ARE THE SAME BECAUSE C-C BONDS HAVE ‘FREE’ ROTATION
RESTRICTED ROTATION OF C=C BONDS
C=C bonds have restricted rotation so the groups on either end of the bond are
‘frozen’ in one position; it isn’t easy to flip between the two.
This produces two possibilities. The two structures cannot interchange easily
so the atoms in the two molecules occupy different positions in space.
cis trans cis trans
Isomerism
hexane 3-methylpentane
cyclohexane
Reflect!
The mirror plane still relates the two structures. Notice that we can
characterize or name the molecules by putting the blue in the back, drawing
a circle from purple, to red, to green. Clockwise on the right and
counterclockwise on the left. Arbitrarily call them R and S.Notice how the reflection
is done, straight through
the mirror!
Arrange both
structures with the
light blue atoms
towards the rear….
These are mirror objects. Are they the same thing just viewed
differently ?? Can we superimpose them?
We can
superimpose two
atoms. but not all
S R
four atoms.
Recap: Tetrahedral Carbon with four
Different Substituents. Enantiomers
Mirror objects.
Different, not
superimposable.
Simple Simple
Rotation, Sa Enantiomers Rotation, Sa
me me
But the reflection might have been done
differently. Position the mirror differently….
Reflection can give
any of the following…
According to the van’t Hoff theory, such an effect on the plane polarized light
is due to the presence of one or more chiral carbon atoms.
Fischer projection
convert to
CHO a Fischer CHO
projection
H C OH H OH
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
Glyceraldehyde
(an aldotriose)
H H O
O
C C
H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH CH2 OH
D (+) L (-)