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Me423 - Chapter 4.pps
Me423 - Chapter 4.pps
Me423 - Chapter 4.pps
Chapter 4
Centrifugal Compressors
4. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
Attention was focused on the simple turbojet unit
during the Second World War.
It was recognized that development time was critical
and much experience had been gained on the design
of small high – speed centrifugal compressors for
supercharging reciprocating engines.
As power requirements grew for aircrafts, it became
clear that the axial flow compressor was more suitable
large engines.
By the late fifties, it became clear that smaller gas
turbines would have to use centrifugal compressors.
Centrifugal Compressors
Advantages;
Primarily, suitable for handling small volume flows,
Shorter length than an equivalent axial compressor,
Better resistance to “Foreign Object Damage” (FOD),
Less susceptibility to loss of performance by build – up
of deposits on blade surface,
Ability to operate over a wider range of mass flows at a
particular rotational speed.
Centrifugal Compressors
90° Bend
taking air to
Vaneless Diffuser combustion
Space Throat chambers
Impeller
Mean
Eye
Radius of
Diffuser
Throat
Centrifugal Compressors
r2
ω (rad /s)
Eye Tip
Eye Root r1
Centrifugal Compressors
Slip Factor ; V 2
U
an emprical relation; 0.63
1
n
Centrifugal Compressors
After leaving the diffuser vanes, the air may be passed into
a Volute and hence to a single Combustion Chamber
"CC". For aircraft GT, each (or few) diffuser passage can
be connected to a seperate "CC", or the stream could be
fed into an "annular CC" surrounding the shaft connecting
the Turbine compressor.
Aθ
θ C.G.
_
r
Centrifugal Compressors
Breakaway commencing at
rear shockwave
W1
Centrifugal Compressors
U1
W1 V1
V1 Va1
W1’
W1 Angle of
prewhirl
The air now has an initial whirl component V1 so that, the
rate of change of angular momentum per unit mass flow is
:
H = V2r2 - V1r1 if V1 is constant over the impeller eye.
But the Mach number is only high at the tip of the eye. It is
clearly preferable to vary the prewhirl, gradually reducing
it from a maximum value at the tip, to zero at the root of
the eye. This may be done if the IGV are suitably twisted.
Centrifugal Compressors
4 Surge 1.0
Line
3 0.9
Locus of Points of
Maximum N/√To1
Efficiency 0.8
Relative to
2 Design Value
0.7
0.6
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
m√To1/po1
Centrifugal Compressors
0.9 1.0
0.6 0.7 0.8
N√To1/po1 (relative to
2
design value)
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
m√To1/po1 (relative to
design value)
Centrifugal Compressors
Pressure ratio
B
D
Constant
speed curve
A E
1 Mass flow C
0
Centrifugal Compressors
T02 P02
f ( ,c )
T01 P01
m T01
From P02/P01 and T02/T01 one can plot c vs
P01
Centrifugal Compressors
TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS
Similar to compressor ¢ Turbine performance is
expressed in terms of similar dimensionless (or
dimensional) groups
P03 m T03 N
, , ,
P04 P03 T03
Turbine performance is plots are given by plotting
m T03 P03 N
&
P03 vs P
04
for various T03
Centrifugal Compressors
TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS
The efficiency plot is constant over a wide range of N and
RT. This is because of the accelerating flow through the
turbine blades permit an operation over a wide range of
incidence without much loss.
The maximum m T03 / P03 corresponds to a
choking condition at the existing pressure ratio. This
choking might occur in the NGV nozzle (or sometimes at the
outlet of the turbine depending on the design).
TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS
Centrifugal Compressors
Ambient conditions
Pa : 0.3565 bar
Ta : 236 K
Forward speed of the aircraft : 240 m/s
Inlet prewhirl(constant for all radii) : 300
At the impeller exit blades are straight β2v= 900
FIND:
a) Maximum Mach No at the impeller inlet
b) Maximum Mach No at the impeller inlet for no prewhirl.
For both a and b sketch velocity triangles
c) The diameter of the impeller
Centrifugal Compressors
e) If the diffuser inlet radius r3= 1.2r2 and the width of the
vaneless space at the diffuser inlet is 2mm in excess of
impeller exit width, find the diffuser inlet Mach No.
Centrifugal Compressors
Solution :
3 b3
2
b2
r2
1
r1t
r1h
Vac 2 2402
a) T01 Ta 236 265K
2c p 2010
k / k 1 3.5
P01 T01 265
1.5
Pa Ta 236
Centrifugal Compressors
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