àH$aU -3

XmZ g§H$ënZm
^maVr` Y_© d g§ñH¥$VrV "XmZ' g§H$ënZobm {deof _hÎd Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o qhXy Y_m©er
g§~§{YV {d{dY J«W§ m§Zr XmZmMo _hÎd {deofÎdmZo _m§S>bobo {XgVo. VWm{n `m àH$aUmV Aä`mgnyaH$
{ZdS>H$ g§X^mªMmM Ho$bobm Amho.
XmZmMr àmMrZ na§nam g§{hVm§nmgyZ AmT>iyZ `oV.o
3.1) F$½doXmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm -
F$½doXm_Ü`o F$ftZr XmZñVwVrgyºo$ aMyZ XmZmMo _hÎd _m§S>bo Amho. VËH$mbrZ amOm§Zr F$ftZm Oo
XmZ {Xbo Ë`mMm C„oI F$½doXmVrb XmZñVwVr gyº$m§_Ü`o {XgyZ `oVmo. Á`m amOm§Zr XmZ {Xbo Amho Ë`m§Mo
H$ë`mU ìhmdo Aer àmW©Zmhr F$ftZr Ho$bobr {XgVo.
AZñdÝVm gËn{V_r_ho _o Jmdm Mo{Vð>mo Agwamo _KmoZ…Ÿ&
Ì¡d¥îUmo A¾o Xe{^… ghó¡d£ídmZa Í`éU{üHo$V Ÿ&& F$½doX - 5.27.1
ho d¡ídmZa A¾o, g‚mZajH$, kmZg§nÞ, YZdmZ Am{U ~bdmZ Í`éU Ì¡d¥îU amOmZo _bm XmoZ
~¡b, AZoH$ JmB© Am{U Xhm ghó {haÊ` (ZmUr) {Xbr.
`mo _o eVm M qde{V M Jmo Zm§ har M `wº$m gwYwam XXm{VŸ&
d¡œmZa gwï>w Vmo dmd¥YmZmo@¾o`ÀN> Í`éUm` e_©Ÿ&& F$½doX - 5.27.2
ho ^º$àÁd{bV A¾o, eoH$S>mo gwdU© (ZmUr), drg YoZy Am{U XmoZ b``wº$ aWmœ XoUmè`m Í`éU
amOmbm Vy gwIr H$a.
`ñ` _m néfm… eV_wÕf©`ÝË`wjU…Ÿ&
Aœ_oYñ` XmZm… gmo_m Bd Í`m{ea…Ÿ&& F$½doX - 5.27.5
d¥f ^ Aœ_o Y amOmZo "Í`m{ea' gmo _ gÑe AmZ§ X Xm`r Ago e§^ a d¥ f^ Xo D $Z _bm
AmZ§{ XV Ho$ bo .
`mo _o YoZyZm§ eV§ d¡XX{œ`©Wm XXV² Ÿ& VaÝV Bd _§hZm Ÿ&& F$½doX - 5.61.10
(49)
 draloð> Va§V amOmZo _bm Aœ , eVmdYr YoZy XmZ {Xbo.
F$½doXH$mimnmgyZ F$ftZm `kàg§Jr XmZ XoÊ`mMr nÕVr ê$T> Agë`mMo `m g§X^mªdê$Z {XgyZ
`oVo. Ë`mH$mimV F$fr `kmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$arV AgV. Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§Zm hr XmZo {Xbr OmV.
F$½doXH$mimV newYZmMo _hÎd {deof hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`m§IoarO _moR>çm à_mUmV Jm`,
~¡b, ~H$ao, KmoS>o Aem Cn`wº$ àmÊ`m§Mo XmZhr {deofËdmZo Ho$bo OmV Ago.
àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr XmZ KoÊ`mg gËnmÌ ì`º$s {ZdS>Ê`mH$S>o XmZ XoUmè`mMm H$b Agmdm
Ago AmdOy©Z gm§{JVbo Amho.
3.2) Cn{ZfXmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm -
V¡{Îmar` Cn{ZfXmV {ejUmoÎma CnXoemV Jwé {eî`mbm gm§JV AmhoV -
lÓ`m Xo`_²Ÿ&AlÕ`m @Xo`_²Ÿ& {l`m Xo`_²Ÿ& pèh`m Xo`_²Ÿ& {^`m Xo`_²Ÿ& g§{dXm Xo`_²Ÿ&&
11.7-12
åhUOoM lÕoZo XmZ H$a. AlÕoZo XmZ H$é ZH$mog. Amnë`m Eoíd`m©à_mUo XmZ H$a. Z_«VoZo XmZ
H$a. nabmoH$mÀ`m ^rVrZo XmZ H$a. nyU© {dMma H$ê$Z XmZ H$a.
Diana L. Eck Amnë`m The Religious Gift : Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain perspectives on
Dana (summer 2013), Social research, Vol 80, No. 20, P. 359-379 `m {Z~§YmV åhUVmV -
"As Maria Heim puts it," Dan cultivates the interpersonal Values of respect and

admiration for others, of Shraddha and devotion to superiors "Shraddha here is an attitude or

disposition of the heart that combines delight and devotion." (P. 366)

3.3) _hm^maVmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm -

AmÁ`m{Z `O_mZoä`… VWmÞm{Z M ^maVŸ&
AœdpÝV M `mZm{Z doí_m{Z e`Zm{Z M Ÿ&& _hm^maV, AZwemgZ nd© 61.13
g_¥Õ _mZdm§Zr `O_mZm§Zm Vyn, AÞ, KmoS>o, OmoS>bobo aW, Kao Am{U eæ`m Oéa ÚmdoV.
EVo Xo`m ì`w{ï>__ÝVmo bKynm`mü ^maV Ÿ&& _hm^maV, AZwemgZ nd© 61.13-14Ÿ
(50)
 `k H$aUmè`m ~«m÷Um§Zm Vyn, AÞ, KmoS>çm§Mo aW, Ka, eæ`m Am{X XoUo ho amOmMo H$V©ì` hmo`.
AOwJwßgm§ü{dkm` ~«m÷UmZ² d¥{ÎmH${e©VmZ²Ÿ&
CnÀN>Þ§ àH$me§ dm d¥Ë`m VmZ² à{Vnmb`oVŸ² && _hm^maV, AZwemgZ nd© 61.14
_Ëgaa{hV Am{U {Zdm©heyÝ` Aem ~«m÷Um§Mo kmZ H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm JwánUo AWdm CKS>nUo
CnOr{dH$m nwadyZ Vy Ë`m§Mm gm§^mi H$amdmg.
EVofw XÎm_jæ`_oVo d¡ n{L²>º$nmdZm…Ÿ&
B_o nao _hm^mJm {dko`m… n{L²>º$nmdZm…Ÿ&& _hm^maV, H$U©nd© 8.23.35.32
{dÛmZ² Am{U n§º$sbm nmdZ H$aUmè`m ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbobo XmZ Aj` AgVo.
Xoeo Xoeo Vw Xo`m{Z XmZm{Z {d{dYm{Z M Ÿ& _hm^maV, eë`nd© 9.27.4
H¥${fíM nmewnmë`§ M {dem§XmZ§ M gd©e…Ÿ& _hm^maV, H$U©nd© 8.23.35
{d{dY Xoem§_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maMr XmZo ÚmdrV. eoVr, newnmbZ `mg§X^m©V XmZo (_mÌ) gd©M
{R>H$mUr ÚmdrV.
_mVm{nÌmo@`©üdí`… lmo{Ì`mo Xenyéf…Ÿ&& _hm^maV, H$U©nd© 8.23.27
AWd©@{eagmo@Ü`oVm ~«÷Mmar `Vd«V…Ÿ&
gË`dmXr Y_©erb… ñdH$_©{ZaVíM g… Ÿ&& _hm^maV, H$U©nd© 8.23.29
gË`dMZr, Y_©nam`U, ñdV…À`m H$m_m_Ü`o _¾ Agbobm, pñWa{MÎm, AÜ``Z H$aUmam,
~«÷Mmar Aem (ì`º$sbm XmZ Úmdo.)
XmVì`{_{V `ÔmZ§ Xr`Vo@ ZwnH$m[aUoŸ&
Xoeo H$mbo M nmÌo M VÔmZ§ gmpÎdH§$ ñ_¥V_²Ÿ&&
`Îmw àË`wnH$mamWª \$b_w{Ôí` dm nwZ…Ÿ&
Xr`Vo M n[apŠbï>§ VÔmZ§ amOg§ ñ_¥V_²Ÿ&&
AXoeH$mbo `ÔmZ§ AnmÌoä`íM Xr`VoŸ&
AgËH¥$V_dkmV§ VV² Vm_g_wXmöV_²Ÿ&& ^JdX²JrVm - 17.20-22

(51)
 `mo½` XoemV, `mo½` doir (Zo_Ho$ Cn`moJr nS>ob Voìhm) Am{U XmZ`mo½` _Zwî`mbm H$V©ì` ~wÕrZo
{Xbobo XmZ gmpÎdH$ hmo`. CnH$mamMm _mo~Xbm åhUyZ, \$bmÀ`m CÔoemZo XmË`mZo Šboenyd©H$ {Xbobo XmZ
amOg hmo`. A`mo½` XoemV, Amdí`H$Vm ZgVmZm, XmZ KoÊ`mg AnmÌ ì`º$sbm AZmXamZo {Xbobo XmZ
Vm_g hmo`.
3.4) ñ_¥{VJ«§WmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm -
~w{Õ_mZ ì`º$sZo erbdmZ, doXm§Zm OmUUmè`m, Hw$brZ d n{dÌ ~«m÷Umbm hì` d H$ì` XoD$Z V¥á
H$amdo Ago ñ_¥{VH$ma AmdO©yZ gm§JVmV -
Amhy` erbg§nÞ§ lwVoZm{^OZoZ M Ÿ&
ew{M {dৠ_hmàmk§ hì`H$ì`¡… gwnyO`oV²Ÿ&& g§dV© ñ_¥Vr 10.50
erbdmZ, ewÕ, {dÛmZ, doXm§Mo kmVo Aem ~«m÷Um§Zm hì`-H$ì` XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo Mm§Jbo (`Wmo{MV)
nyOZ H$amdo. (Ago ~«m÷U nyOZr` AgVmV.)
lmo{Ì`m` Hw$bZr`mä`{W©Zo {h {deofV…Ÿ&
`ÔmZ§ Xr`Vo ^ŠË`m VX²^doV² gw_hË\$b_²Ÿ&& g§dV© ñ_¥Vr 10.49
{deofH$ê$Z lmo{Ì`, Hw$brZ `m§Zm {Xboë`m XmZmMo \$i _moR>o AgVo.
XmZ g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm XoUmè`mZo A{YH$m{YH$ XmZ Úmdo `mgmR>r Ë`mbm {d{dY
\$bm§Mo _hÎdhr gm§JÊ`mV Ambo Amho. nwamUH$mam§Zr {deofËdmZo hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>VmZm åhQ>bo Amho -
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM ^maVr` {deofV… qhXy Y_© d g§ñH¥$VrV gXmMaUr, AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ
H$aUmè`m ~«m÷Umbm XmZ XoÊ`mg dma§dma gwM{dbo Amho.
`mkdëŠ` åhUVmo "Á`mbm Oo Cn`wº$ Ë`mMo XmZ H$amdo' Ë`mMo nwÊ` A{YH$ AgVo -
lmÝVgådmhZ§ amo{J n[aMdm© gwamM©Z_²Ÿ&
nmXem¡M§ {ÛOmopÀN>ï>_mOZ§ Jmo àXmZZV²Ÿ&&
^yXrnmœmÞ dóm{^… {Vbg{n©… à{Vl`mZ²Ÿ&
Z¡do{eH§$ ñdU©Ywæ`ª XÎdm ñdJ©o _hr`VoŸ&& `mkdëŠ` ñ_¥Vr- 209-210
(52)
 WH$boë`mbm AmgZ, eæ`m Am{X XoU,o amo½`m§Mr Am¡fYo XoD$Z gwlwfm, Xodm§Mo nyOZ, ~«m÷Um§Mo nm`
YwUo, CpÀN>ï> CMbUo `m§Mo JmoXmZmg_mZ \$i {_iVo. \$iUmar O_rZ, Xodmb`mV Xrn bmdUo, àdmem§Zm
Aml` XoUo, AÞ-dó-Ob-Vri, Vyn XoUo, gmoZo, ^madmhH$ `m§Mo XmZ H$aUmar ì`º$s ñdJm©V
_hÎd àmá H$aVo.
3.5) nwamUmVrb XmZ g§H$ënZm -
nwamUJ«§Wm§Zrhr XmZmMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo _m§S>bobo {XgVo -
Ü`mZ§ na§ H¥$V`wJo ÌoVm`m§ kmZ_wÀ`VoŸ&
Ûmnao `k_odmhþ… XmZ_od H$bm¡ `wJoŸ&& Hy$_© nwamU - 27.17
H¥$V`wJmV Ü`mZ, ÌoVm`wJmV kmZ, Ûmna`wJmV `k Am{U H${b`wJmV XmZ ho gd©loð> Amho.
H¥$V`wJmV Ü`mZ, ÌoVm`wJmV kmZ, Ûmna `wJmV `k VgoM H${b`wJmV XmZ ho EH$_mÌ gmYZ Hy$_©
nwamUmV gm§{JVbo Jobo Amho.
qhXy Y_© g§ñH¥$VrVrb XmZ g§H$ënZobm AmXamMo A{Yð>mZ Amho. H$moUVohr XmZ XoVmZm Vo CnH$mamÀ`m
dm X`oÀ`m ^mdZoZo XoUo Ano{jV Zmhr. XmZ ñdrH$maUmè`m ì`º$sMm `Wmo{MV AmXa _ZmV R>odyZM XmZ XoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho `m~m~V Copeman Jacab `m§Zr Amnë`m The Gift and its forms in Life in
Contemporary India, Modern Asian Studies /Vol 45/ issue o5/ Sep. 2011, P.1051-1094 `m

{Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho -" In her study theories of the gift in the Dharmashastra, Hein presents an
argument which appears to underscore the variance in respect of the status of recipients,

nothing that altruistic gifts given out of pity rather than esteem, while not prohibited, do not

result in great quantities of merit, and frequently do not rate as dan. "

^maVaËZ S>m°. H$mUo nm§. dm. ("Y_©emó H$m B{Vhmg' qhXr I§S> 4 n¥. 442) `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho,
"" àmMrZ H$mir doX d doXm§JmMo AÜ``Z ~«m÷UdUu` H$arV AgV. {nT>çmZ² {nT>çm ho H$m`© H$ê$Zhr
Ë`mVyZ CnOr{dHo$gmR>r H$mhr {deof bm^ `m ~«m÷Um§Zm hmoV Zgo. CnOr{dH$m åhUyZ `k dm Ym{_©H$
H¥$Ë`m§Mo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUo d Ë`m àg§Jr XmZ ñdrH$maUo ~«m÷Um§gmR>r Ano{jV hmoVo. Ë`mVyZhr H$emMr JaO
(53)
^mgë`mg amOm dm YZmT>ç ì`º$sH$S>o OmD$Z Ë`mgmR>r `mMZm H$amdr Ago Jm¡ V_mZo
`moJjo__mW©_rída_{YJÀN>oVŸ² & Jm¡V_ ñ_¥Vr 9.63 gm§JyZ R>odbo Amho.'' `mMmM AW© AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ
`mgmaIo CXmÎm H$m`© H$aUmè`m ~«m÷Um§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mm {dMmahr Y_©emóH$mam§Zr Ho$bobm {XgVmo.
XmZ g§H$ënZoV à{V^oQ> / à{VXmZ ho Ano{jV Zmhr.
Gift and Return Gift, Greeting and Return Greeting, Numen, Vol 44, No. 3, Sep.

1997, P. 242-269 `m {Z~§YmV Axel Michaels Am{U Philip Pierce Zm|X{dVmV -

"........... Thus parry points out that the Danadharma, i. e. the dharma of dana, danani,

contradicts a universal norm of reciprocity as proposed by mauss, precisely because it requires

no return gift." (P.244)

*****

lmÕàg§Jr XmZ
àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr {d{dY àg§Jr ~«m÷Umbm {d{dY XmZo XoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. Ho$di
lmÕmVM Zìho Va J«hU, A_mdmñ`m, nm¡{U©_m `m àg§Jrhr àmMrZ H$mir ~«m÷Um§Zm XmZo {Xbr OmV AgV.
VWm{n gXa à~§YmMm Aä`mg{df` lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm Agm Agë`mZo Ë`m{df`mMr _m§S>Ur `oWo
H$arV Amho.
gXa à~§Ym_Ü`o lmÕ{dYrVrb XmZg§H$ënZm Ago åhUV AgVmZm - "{nVam§À`m g§VmofmgmR>r
~«m÷Umbm CÔoeyZ {Xboë`m {d{dY dñVy' hmM AW© A{^àoV Yabm Amho -
_hm^maVm_Ü`ohr lmÕ^moOZ d lmÕàg§Jr XmZ KoÊ`mg nmÌ ~«m÷Um§Mr bjUo gm§{JVbr AmhoV-
nmL²>ºo$`m§ñVw àdú`m{_ ko`mñVo n{L²>º$nmdZm…Ÿ&
{ÌUm{MHo$V… n#mm{¾{ógwnU©… fS>L²>{dV²Ÿ&& _hm^maV AZwemgZ nd© - 90.26
{ÌUm{MHo$V _§ÌmMo AÜ``Z Ho$bobo, n§Mm{¾gmYZm H$aUmao, ÌgwnUm©Mo kmZ Agbobo, ghm doXm§Jo OmUUmao
~«m÷U n§º$sbm nmdZ H$aUmao AgVmV.
{deofV… lmÕàg§Jr Á`m ~«m÷Um§Zm ~mobmdyZ Ë`m§Zm ^moOZ Úmd`mMo, {nVam§À`m g§VmofmgmR>r
Á`m§Zm XmZ Úmd`mMo Vo ~«m÷U nmaIyZ ¿`mdoV Ago gd©M Y_©emóH$ma AmdOy©Z gm§JVmV -
(54)
 AH«$moYmZmÝgwàgmXmÝdXÝË`oVmZ² nwamVZm…Ÿ&
bmoH$ñ`mß`m`Zo `wº$mZ² lmÕo XodmZ² {ÛOmoÎm_mZ²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr - 2.213
H«$moYa{hV, gwàgÞ, bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r VËna Ago Oo ~«m÷U Ë`m§Zm àmMrZ bmoH$ lmÕàg§Jr
XodmgmaIo _mZVmV -
lmo{Ì`m`¡d Xo`m{Z hì`H$ì`m{Z XmV¥{^…Ÿ&
Ah©Îm_m` {dàm` Vñ_¡ XÎm§ _hm\$b_²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 3. 128
Omo H$moUr Mm§Jbm OmUH$ma Am{U doXm§Mm VÁk Amho. Ë`mbmM XmË`m J¥hñWmZo hì`-H$ì` Úmdo.
~«m÷UmMr `mo½`Vm OodT>r A{YH$ VodT>o Ë`mbm XmZ Ho$ë`mMohr \$i _moR>o hmoV.o
ho_mÐrgyatÀ`m "MVwd©J©qMVm_{U' J«W§ mV lmÕH$ën d XmZH$ën `m_Ü`o lmÕ d XmZmMm {dMma
àm_w»`mZo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho -
`m{Z nwZaÝ`m{Z Jmo^y{haÊ`H¥$îUm{OZà^¥Vr{Z lmÕH$mbo ñd{nV¥Um§ lo`… {gX²>Ü`Wª
XmZIÊS>moº$àH$maoU ~«m÷Uoä`… àXo`m{ZŸ& Vm{Z M¡d§ àXÎmm{Z {nV¥Um_mË_Zü
{d{eï>ñdJm©{X\$bàmßË`Wª ^dÝVr{VŸ& MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
ñ_¥VrJ«§Wm§_Yrb lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm
qhXy Y_©emómMm {dMma H$aVm ñ_¥VrJ§«WmVrb lmÕmg§~Y§ rÀ`m XmZ{dMmamMm C„oI `mg§X^m©V
Amdí`H$ R>aob.
Y_©emómVrb _hÎdmMm J«§Wg_yh Agboë`m ñ_¥Vt~Ôb - H$moH$Oo aKwZmWemór, 1933, Y_©-
ñdê$n-{ZU©`, H¡$dë`Ym_, bmoUmdio `m nwñVH$mV åhQ>bo Amho -
""doXmV lm¡V `k`mJm§Mo {ddoMZ Agë`m_wio ñ_mV©Y_m©V ~hþYm doXdMZm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.
`mM H$maUm_wio Y_©emó åhUOo ñ_¥Vr. Y_©emó§ Vw d¡ ñ_¥{V…Ÿ& Ago àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ à{VnmXÊ`mV
`oVo. d¡{XH$ na§nao~Ôb A{^_mZ ~miJUmao {eï> bmoH$ Á`m nwéf{Z{_©V J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoV AgVmV Vo J«W§
"ñ_¥Vr' `m g§kog nmÌ AmhoV.''
A{n dm H$V©¥gm_mÝ`mV² à_mU_² AZw_mZ§ ñ`mV² Ÿ& O¡{_Zr gyÌ 1.3.1
d¡{XH$ H$_m©Mo Oo A{YH$mar VoM ñ_¥VrV gm§{JVboë`m H$_mªMohr A{YH$mar AmhoV.
(55)
{damoYoËdZnoj§ ñ`mXg{V øZw_mZ_²Ÿ& O¡{_Zr gyÌ 1.3.3 - Ë`m_wio doX{déÕ ñ_¥Vr Aà_mU hmo` Ago
_mZbo OmVo.
_Zwñ_¥Vr_Ü`o lmÕ{dYr d Ë`màg§Jr XmZmMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo _m§S>bobo {XgVo.
AH«$moYZmZ² gwàgmXmZ² dXÝË`oVmZ² nwamVZm…Ÿ&
bmoH$ñ`mß`m`Zo `wº$mZ² lmÕo XodmZ² {ÛOmoÎm_mZ²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 2.213
H«$moYa{hV, gwàgÞ, bmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r Váa Ago Oo ~«m÷U Ë`m§Zm àmMrZ bmoH$ lmÕmMo doir
XodmgmaIo g_Omdo Ago åhUVmV.
ñdm_r daXmZ§X ^maVr-(g§nmXH$), eHo$ 1923, lr_Zwñ_¥Vr (gmW©-g^mî`), àW_md¥Îmr, lr
amYm Xm_moXa à{Vð>mZ, nwUo 30. `mZwgma ""~«m÷UmMo ho {deofU Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ H$V©ì`mMo {ZXe©H$
åhUyZ Zm|X{dbobo Amho'' Ago daXmZ§X ^maVr `m§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho.
~«m÷Umbm XmZ XoÊ`mZo H$m` bm^ `O_mZmbm hmoVmo hohr _ZyZo AmdO©yZ gm§{JVë`mMo {XgVo -
dm[aXñV¥{á_mßZmo{V gwI_jæ`_ÞX…Ÿ&
{VbàX… àOm{_îQ>m§ XrnXüjwéÎm__²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.229
nmUr XoUmè`mbm V¥ár {_iVo. AÞ XoUmè`mbm Ajæ` gwI, {VimÀ`m XmZmZo Bï> àOm {_iVo,
XrnXmZmZo Ñ{ï> gwYmaVo.
^y{_Xmo ^y{__mßZmo{V XrK©_m`w{h©aÊ`X…Ÿ&
J¥hXmo@ ½`«m{U doí_m{Z ê$ß`Xmo ê$n_wÎm__²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.230
^y_r XoUmambm ^y_r, gmoZo XoUmè`mbm XrKm©`wî`, Ka XoUmè`mbm d¡^dr {Zdmg d Mm§Xr XoUmè`mbm
AmH$f©H$ ê$n àmá hmoV.o
dmgmoXüÝÐPmbmoŠ`_{œgmbmoŠ`_œX…Ÿ&
AZSw>h… {l`§ nwîQ>m§ JmoXmo ~«ÜZñ` {dï>n_²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.321
dóo XoUmè`mbm M§ÐbmoH$, KmoS>o XoUmè`mbm ApídZrbmoH$ àmá hmoVmo. geº$ ~¡b {Xë`mZo g§nÎmr
dmT>Vo. Jm`tÀ`m XmZmZo gy`©bmoH$ àmá hmoVmo.
(56)
 `mZeæ`màXmo ^m`m©_œ¡ `©_^`àX…Ÿ&
YmÝ`X… emœV… gm¡»`§ ~«÷Xmo ~«÷gm{ï>©V_²Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.232
dmhZ-eæ`m XmZmZo Mm§Jbr nËZr {_iVo. A^` XoUmè`mbm Eoíd`©, YmÝ` XoUmè`mbm XrK©H$mi
gwI, {dÚmXmZ H$aUmè`mbm ~«÷bmoH$ àmá hmoVm.o
gd©ofm_od XmZmZm§ ~«÷XmZ§ {d{eî`VoŸ&
dm`©ÞJmo_hrdmgpñVbH$m#mZg{n©fm_² Ÿ&& _Zwñ_¥Vr 4.233
nmUr, AÞ, Jm`, ^y_r, dó, Vri, gwdU©, K¥V B. gd© nXmWmªÀ`m XmZmnojm doXm§Mo XmZ, kmZXmZ
ho loð> Amho.
gd© XmZm§njo m kmZXmZ loð> _mZbo OmVo.XmZ XoVmZm Omo _ZrMm ^md Agob Ë`m ^mdmZo à{V\$b
{_iVo Agohr Zm|X{dbobo {XgVo -
VnñVËdm@ g¥OX² ~«÷ ~«m÷UmZ² doXJwá`oŸ&
V¥ádWª {nV¥XodmZm§ Y_©g§ajUm` MŸ&&
gd©ñ` à^dmo {dn«m… lwVmÜ``Zem{bZ…Ÿ&
Voä`… {H«$`m… loð>mñVoä`mo@ ß`Ü`mË_{dÎm_m…Ÿ&& `mkdëŠ` ñ_¥Vr - 198-99
g¥ï>rÀ`m Ama§^r ~«÷XodmZo Vn H$ê$Z VgoM Ü`mZ H$ê$Z doXm§À`m ajUmgmR>r, {nVa Am{U
XodJUm§À`m V¥árgmR>r, AZwð>mZ Am{U CnXoemÛmao Y_m©Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~«m÷Um§Mr g¥ï>r {Z_m©U Ho$br.
Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbobo XmZ ho Aj` \$b XoUmao AgVo.
`V`o H$m#mZ§ XÎ`m Vmå~yb§ ~«÷Mm[aUoŸ&
Mm¡aäo `mo @ß`^`§ XÎdm XmVm{n ZaH§$ d«OoVŸ² &&
ewŠbdó§ M `mZ§ M Vmå~yb§ YmVw_od M &
à{VJ¥ø Hw$b§ hÝ`mV² à{VJ¥hUm{V `ñ` M Ÿ&& namea ñ_¥Vr - 1.62-63

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 Omo g§Ý`membm gmoZo, ~«÷Mmè`mbm {dS>m Am{U Mmoam§Zm A^` XoVmo Ë`m XmË`mbm ZaH$ àmá hmoVmo.
Omo `Vr AWdm g§Ý`mgr nm§T>ao dó, dmhZ, {dS>m AWdm YmVyMo XmZ ñdrH$maVmo Vmo (`Vr) Amnë`m d
XmË`mÀ`m Hw$imMr hË`m H$aVmo.
H$moUË`m XmZ dñVy ñdrH$maÊ`mg H$moUË`m ì`º$s gËnmÌ ZmhrV hohr ñ_¥{VH$mam§Zr Zm|XdyZ
R>odë`mMo darb g§X^m©dê$Z {XgyZ `oV.o
AnKmVmV _¥Ë`y Amë`mg Ë`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì XmZohr gwM{dbobr {XgVmV -
^¥JwnmVo _¥VoM¡d àXÚmV² YmÝ`nd©V_²Ÿ&
A{¾Zm {ZhVo XÚmV² CnmZh§ ñde{º$V…Ÿ&& MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën - 178
nd©Vmdê$Z nSy>Z _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg YmÝ`mÀ`m nd©VmMo XmZ H$amdo. A¾rZo OiyZ _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg
ñdV…À`m j_VoZwgma nmXÌmUo ÚmdrV.
Vn©U§ {nV¥XodmZm§ lmÕXmZ§ gX{jU_²Ÿ&
VrW©o VrW©o M JmoXmZ§ {Z`V… àmH¥$Vmo {d{Y…Ÿ&& Xodb ñ_¥Vr, ì`dhmamÜ`m` 5. 2185
Xod Am{U {nVam§gmR>r Vn©U, X{jUm Am{U XmZ`wº$ lmÕ, Am{U JmoXmZ (Jm`) ho n«Ë`oH$ VrWm©da
H$amdo Agm {Z`_ (gm§{JVbm) Amho.
ñ_¥VrJ«§Wm§Zr lmÕmg§~§Yr Vnerbdma {dMma _m§S>bm. `m gm{hË`m_Ü`o lmÕ{dYrVrb
~«m÷U^moOZmda {deof ^a {Xbobm {XgVmo. lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm ñ_¥VrH$mam§Zrhr _m§S>br Agbr
VarXoIrb lmÕàg§Jr {Xë`m OmUmè`m XmZm§g§~Y§ r ñ_¥VrH$ma \$mago ^mî` H$arV ZmhrV Ago {XgyZ `oV.o
mÕàg§Jr {Xë`m OmUmè`m XmZm§{df`r nwamUJ«W§ m§Zr Vnerbdma {ddoMZ Ho$bo Agë`mZo `mZ§Va nwamUm§_Yrb
lmÕ{dYrer g§~§{YV XmZ{dMma g_OyZ KoUo Am¡{MË`mMo R>aob.

(58)
 nwamUm§_Yrb lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm
lmÕàg§Jr àoVËd_wº$sgmR>r ~«m÷Um§Zm XeXmZo XoÊ`mMr na§nam àm_w»`mZo Jê$S> nwamUmZo gwé
Ho$br. `m g§X^m©V Jê$S> nwamUmV ^JdmZ {dîUy§ZrM gm§{JVbo Amho -
lwUw Vmú`ª àdú`m{_ XmZmZm§ XmZ_wÎm__²Ÿ&
`oZ XÎmoZ àrUpÝV ^y^w©d… ñd[a{V H«$_mV²Ÿ&&
Xo`_oVÝ_hmXmZ§ àoVmoÕmaUhoVdoŸ&
éÐbmoH$o {Ma§ dmg… VVmo amOm ^do{XhŸ&& Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 20.1,3
lrH¥$îU åhUmbo, ""ho Vmú`m© ! gd© XmZm§_Ü`o CÎm_ XmZ _r gm§JVmo Vo Vy EoH$. Oo {Xë`mZo n¥Ïdr
(^y…), A§V[aj (^wd…), ñdJ© (ñd…) H«$_mZo V¥á hmoVmV. àoVÎdmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r ho _hmXmZ Adí` Úmdo.
Ë`m_wio (XoUmam) éÐbmoH$mV {MaH$mb {Zdmg H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va amOnX {_i{dVmo.
Gavin Van Horn `m§ Zr Amnë`m Hindu Traditions and Nature : Survey article (Worldview

10, 1, P. 5-39) `m {Z~§YmV åhQ>bo Amho. " The topography of India has often been associated
with gods and goddesses, which has provided Hindu practitioners with ritual references that

are rooted in the physical landscape." (P. 16)

VrW©`mÌm H$aÊ`mMo _hÎd nwamUm§Zr {deofËdmZo gm§{JVbo Amho -

AÝ`ƒ VrW©àda§ {gÕmdmg_wXmöV_²Ÿ& à^mg{_{V {d»`mV§ `ÌmñVo ^JdmZ² ^d…Ÿ&
VÌ ñZmZ§ Vn… lmÕ§ ~«m÷UmZm§ M nyOZ_²Ÿ& H¥$Ëdm bmoH$_ZmßZmo{V ~«÷Uo@jæ`_wÎm__²&&
Hy$_© nwamU CÎmamY© 34.15-17
{gÕnwéfm§À`m {ZdmgmMo (ñWmZ) Agbobo AmUIr EH$ à^mg (ZmdmMo) VrW© Amho {OWo ^Jd§VmMm
(dmg Amho) VoWo ñZmZ, Vn, lmÕ, ~«m÷Um§Mo nyOZ Ho$ë`mZo `m bmoH$s Ajæ` gwImMr àmár hmoV.o
J`m`m_j`§ lmÕ§ à`mJo _aUm{XfwŸ&
Jm`pÝV JmWm§ Vo gd©o H$sV©`pÝV _Zr{fU…Ÿ&& Am¡eZg ñ_¥Vr 240.
J`o_Ü`o Ho$bobo lmÕ d à`mJjoÌr Ambobm _¥Ë`y ho Aj` \$b XoUmao AmhoV.

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 J`mVrWª na§ Jwø§ {nV¥Um§ Mm{Vd„^_²Ÿ&
H¥$Ëdm {nÊS>àXmZ§ Vw Z ^y`mo Om`Vo Za…Ÿ&&
gH¥$X² J`m{^J_Z§ H¥$Ëdm {nÊS>§ XXm{V `…Ÿ&
Vm[aV… {nVañVoZ `mñ`pÝV na_m§ J{V_²Ÿ&& Hy$_© nwamU 34.7-9
J`m ZmdmMo na_ Jwø VrW© {nVam§Zm {à` Amho. VoWo qnS>XmZ Ho$ë`mda _Zwî`mbm nwÝhm OÝ_ àmá
hmoV Zmhr. Omo J`obm OmD$Z qnS>XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mÀ`m {nVam§Zm na_ JVr àmá hmoV.o
ñZmZ§ XmZ§ On… lmÕ§ ^{dî`Ë`j`§ H¥$V_²Ÿ&
ñ_aUmXod {bL²>Jñ` {XZnmn§ n«Uí`{VŸ&& Hy$_© nwamU 21.52
`oWo (am_oída) Ho$bobo ñZmZ, XmZ, On d lmÕ Aj` hmoV.o `oWrb qbJmMo ({edqbJ) ñ_aU
Ho$ë`mZo {Xdg^amMr nmno Zmhrer hmoVmV.
ZXrVraofw VrW©ofw ñd^y_m¡ M¡d gmZwfw Ÿ&
{d{dºo$fw M Vwî`pÝV XÎmoZ {nVa… gXmŸ&& Hy$_© nwamU 22.15
ZXrMm {H$Zmam, VrW©joÌ, Amnbr ñdV…Mr ^y_r, nd©V {eIa VgoM EH$m§VmV Ho$boë`m lmÕmZo
{nVa Zoh_r g§Vwï> hmoVmV.
VÌ¡d {nV¥VrWª Vw `Ì JmoXmd[a ZXrŸ&
`wVm {bL²>JghòoU gdm©ÝVaObmdhmŸ&& _Ëñ` nwamU 22.57-59
JmoXmdar ZXr[H$Zmar {nV¥VrW© AgyZ ghóqbJmÀ`m ghdmgmV Vr H$m`_ dmhVr ZXr AgVo.
VÎmrWª lmÕm{¾H$m`©XmZofw VWm H$mo{Q>eVm{YH$_²Ÿ&&
VoWo Ho$bob lmÕ \$bXm`r hmoV.o
`m {Z{_ÎmmZo n`©Q>Z, {ZgJm©Mo gm{ÞÜ` Am{U g§dY©Z d àm_w»`mZo XodXe©Z d CnmgZm `m Jmoï>r
KS>VmV. VrW©joÌr Joë`mda {nVam§À`m em§VrgmR>r lmÕ H$aUo d XmZ XoUo `mMo _hÎd Amho. AmYw{ZH$
H$mimVhr h[aÛma, J`m, à`mJ, dmamUgr `m VrWmªMo _hÎd {deof AmhoM.

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 `_XyVm _hmam¡Ðm… H$ambm… H¥$îU{nL²>Jbm… Ÿ& Z nrS>`pÝV V§ Vmú`© dóm^aUXmZV…Ÿ&&
Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 8.22
`_mMo _hmZ XyV ^`§H$a ê$nmMo, H$mù`m qH$dm Vm§~S>çm a§JmMo AgVmV. na§Vw dó VgoM Ab§H$mam§Mo
XmZ Ho$ë`mg Vo (àoVmbm) Ìmg XoV ZmhrV.
A{gnÌdZo Kmoao eH©$amH$ÊQ>H¡$`w©VŸo & Aœmê$T>mñVw Vo `mpÝV XX{V `o øwnmZhm¡Ÿ&&
AË`mVnl_`wVm XøÝVo `Ì _mZdm… Ÿ& N>ÌXmZoZ d¡ àoVm {dMapÝV `WmgwI_²Ÿ&&
Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 21. 2-3
(Vmo _mJ©) A{Ve` ^`§H$a AgyZ dmiy d H$mQ>o `m§Zr ^abobm Amho. Omo nmXÌmUm§Mo XmZ H$aVmo Vmo
KmoS>çmda ~gyZ (Ë`m _mJm©da) _mJ©H$« _Um H$aVmo. (Ë`m _mJm©da) àM§S> CîUVm AgVo H$s Á`m_wio àoVmbm
MQ>Ho$ ~gVmV. nU N>ÌrMo XmZ Ho$ë`mg àoV Ë`m _mJm©da gwImZo nwT>o OmD$ eH$Vo.
{dàmUm§ Xr`Vo XmZ§ gdm©onÐdZmeZ_²Ÿ& gyVH$mÝVo gwV¡aod§ g àoVmo b^Vo J{V_²Ÿ&&
Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 25.26
gyVH$ g§nVmZm ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbobo XmZ ho àoVmÀ`m gd© Ìmgm§Zm Zmhrgo H$aVo. (`m_wio) àoVmbm
Mm§Jbr JVr {_iVo.
CXHw$å^oZ nwï>m{Z VmÝ`ñWr{Z ^dpÝV {hŸ&
EVñ_mXr`Vo Hw$å^… àr{V… àoVñ` Om`VoŸ&&
ÛmXemho M fÊ_mgo {Ìnjo dmW dmgaoŸ&
CXHw$å^m… àXmVì`m _mJ©o Vñ` gwIm` d¡ Ÿ&& Jê$S> nwamU CÎm. 275-6
nmÊ`mZo ^aboë`m KS>çmMo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo àoVmbm AmZ§X {_iVmo. ~mamì`m {Xder, VrZ AmR>dS>çm§Zr,
ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr nmÊ`mZo ^abobm KS>m {Xë`mZo àoVmbm Ë`mÀ`m _mJm©V gwI bm^Vo.
ßbwV§ {dàofw `mo XÚmV² lmÕH$mbo H$_ÊS>bw_²Ÿ&
_YwjramÁ`X{Y{^… XmVma_wn{Vð>VoŸ&&6Ÿ&&
lmÕo N>̧ Vw `mo XÚmV² nwîn_mbmpÝdV§ VWmŸ&
àmgmXmo øwÎm_mo ^yËdm JÀN>ÝV_ZwJÀN>{V Ÿ&&11Ÿ&&
(61)
 lmÕo `WopßgV§ XÎdm nwÊS>arH$ñ` `Ë\$b_²Ÿ&
aå`_mdgW§ XÎdm amOgy`\$b§ b^oV²
dZ§ nwîn\$bmonoV§ XÎdm gm¡a^_íZwVoŸ&
Hy$nmam_VS>mJm{Z joÌKmof J¥hm{U M Ÿ&& 12 dm`w nwamU AZw. nmX 80.31-32
lmÕH$mbr ~«m÷Umbm H$_§S>bw, _Y, XyY, Vyn, Xhr, N>Ìr, nwîn_mbm Omo XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mbm øm
bmoH$s CÎm_ Kam§Mr àmár hmoVo. aå` Agm n[aga Ka XmZ Ho$ë`mZo amOgy` `k Ho$ë`mMo \$i {_iVo.
VgoM na_oídamMo gm{ÞÜ` àmá hmoV.o dZo, gwJY§ r \w$bo, \$io, {dhrar, Obme`, eoVO_rZ, Kao `m§Mohr
XmZ H$amdo.
{nVam§Mm gËH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dó Am{U `kmondrV Úmdo. `kmondrV XmZ Z Ho$ë`mg Vo lmÕ
{Zî\$i hmoV.o
CndrV§ Vw `mo XÚmV² lmÕH$_©{U Y_©{dV²Ÿ&
nmdZ§ gd©{dàmUm§ ~«÷XmZñ` VË\$b_²Ÿ&&
dm`w nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
gd© ~«m÷Um§Zm nmdZ H$aUmè`m `kmondrVmMo XmZ H$aUmè`mbm ~«÷XmZmMo \$b àmá hmoV.o
Ho$eàgmYZ§ XÎdm H$[aXÝV{d{Z{_©V_²Ÿ&
{nV¥H$_©{U Y_m©Ë_m gmo@{œZmobm©oH$_íZwVŸo &&
ñH§$X nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
{nV¥H$_m©_Ü`o Ho$gm§Mo gm¢X`© dmT>{dUmar àgmYZo Omo XmZ H$aVmo Ë`m Y_m©Ëå`mbm ApídZrbmoH$mMr
àmár hmoV.o
gwbjUm{Z {dembm{Z àXXmË`mgZm{Z `…Ÿ&
lmÕofw Vñ` ^dZo gXmñVo nÙg§å^d…Ÿ&& Am{XË` nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
lmÕm_Ü`o Mm§Jbr, ^ì` Aer AmgZo Omo XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mÀ`m KamV Zoh_r na_oídamMm
{Zdmg amhVmo.

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 H$_ÊS>bw§ Vm_«_`§ lmÕofw àXXm{V `…Ÿ&
g _hË`m {l`m§ `wº$… Hw$bo _h{V Om`VoŸ&& {ZU©`qgYw Zaqgh nwamU
H$mð>oZ {Z{_©V§ dm{n Zm[aHo$b_Wm{n dmŸ&&
g_ß`© Xn©U§ ^dÎ`m {nV¥ä`… {nV¥H$_©{UŸ&
^w{d àH$memo ^d{V `emo{^a{^ny{OV…Ÿ&& JéS> nwamU.
{nV¥H$_m©_Ü`o {nVam§gmR>r Omo Xn©U g_{n©V H$aVmo Vmo `emZo `wº$ hmoD$Z AmXamZo d§XZr` hmoVmo.
àXm` Xn©U§ Voä`… Mjwî_mZ² A{^Om`VoŸ&
Ho$eàgmYZ§ XÎdm VWm Hy$M©àgmYZ_²Ÿ&& ~¥hX²{dîUw nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
(lmÕm_Ü`o) Ho$gm§Mo gm¢X`© dmT>{dUmar n«gmYZo ÚmdrV. AmaemMo XmZ H$aUmè`mbm S>moù`m§Mo
(Mm§Jbo Amamo½` bm^Vo.)
~hþàH$mam{U AÞm{Z _¥ï>m{Z M _¥Xy{Z MŸ&
\$bm{Z M¡d ñdmXy{Z `WmH$mbmoX²^dm{Z MŸ&&
{ZdoX`oV² {nV¥ä`mo `… gå^¥Ë` ñd`_mXamV²Ÿ&
g {nV¥Um§ àgmXoZ ~«÷gm`wÁ`_íZwVoŸ&& _mHª$S>o` nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
{d{dY àH$maMo AÞ, {_R>mB©, CÎm_ ñdmXmMr Ë`m Ë`m F$VyV {_iUmar \$io `m§Mo {nVam§gmR>r
AË`§V AmXamZo Omo XmZ H$aVmo Vmo {nVam§À`m H¥$noZo ~«÷mer gm`wÁ` nmdVmo.
`_bmoH$mVrb XwîH$a àdmg gmonm ìhmdm åhUyZ {Xd§JVmgmR>r nmXwH$m§Mo XmZ H$amdo. nwamUH$mam§Zr
`m XmZmMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo _m§S>bo Amho -
`_bmoH$ñ` nÝWmZ… à_rVmZm§ gwXwñVam…Ÿ&
CnmZÔmZ_od¡H§$ Vofw Vma{`Vw§ j__²Ÿ&&
EVñ_mV² H$maUm{ÞË`§ lmÕo XmZ_wnmZhm_²Ÿ&
nwamUkm… àe§gpÝV XmZ_Ý`g__² Z VV² Ÿ&&
Am{XË` nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën

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 `_bmoH$mMr dmQ> AË`§V IS>Va Agë`mZo nmXÌmUm§Mo XmZ Ho$ë`mg (àoVmbm) _mJ©H$« _U H$aUo
gwImMo hmoVo. `m H$maUmgmR>r Zoh_r lmÕmV nmXÌmUm§Mo XmZ H$amdo. àmMrZ {dÛmZm§Zrhr `m gmaIo AÝ`
Hw$R>bohr XmZ (CÎm_) Zgë`mMo gm§{JVbo Amho.
Ý`m`-Y_©-H$bm `m emóm§er g§~§{YV J«§Wm§Mo XmZ H$amdo Agohr nwamUH$ma gm§JVmV. {nVam§àrË`W©
~«m÷Umbm Á`m {d{dY Jmoï>r XmZ H$amd`mg gm§{JVë`m AmhoV Ë`m_Ü`o EH$ _hÎdmMm C„oI Amho Vmo
"J«§WXmZm' Mm. {nVam§àrË`W© ~«m÷Umbm J«§WXmZ Ho$ë`mg `O_mZ ~hþlwV, {dÛmZ² hmoVmo Ago Ë`mMo \$bhr
Zm|X{dbo Amho -
`… nwñVH$m{Z {dàmUm§ {nÌWª {d{ZdoX`oV²Ÿ&
g {dÛmZ² Om`Vo dm½_r _oYmdr M ~hþlwV…Ÿ&&
nwñVH$m{Z {nV¥ä`ñVw doXmÝVmZm§ XXm{V `…Ÿ&
g lmo{Ì`mÝd`o ^yËdm Om`Vo doX{dÎm_…Ÿ&&
XÎdm ì`mH$aU§ Vw ñ`mV² emœV² ~«÷{dXm§ da…Ÿ&
_r_m§gm`m… àXmZoZ gmo_`mOr ^doÞa… Ÿ&&
M_ËH$maI§S> MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
{nVam§àrË`W© ~«m÷Umbm Omo J«§W XmZ H$aVmo Vmo {dÛmZ, ~hþlwV, _oYmdmZ Agm OÝ_ {_i{dVmo.
{nVam§àrË`W© Omo doXmÝVmMo (J§«W) XmZ H$aVmo Vmo lmo{Ì` åhUyZ OÝ_ nmdVmo. ì`mH$aUmMo (J«§W) XmZ
H$aUmam ~«÷{dX² hmoVmo, Va _r_m§gm J«W§ mMo XmZ H$aUmam nwéf gmo_`mJ H$aUmam hmoVmo.
lmÕH$mbo JwUdVm§ {dàmUm§ g_wnpñWVoŸ&
XÚmV² emóm{U Yå`m©{U ñ_¥{V§ _oYm#m {dÝX{V &&
~«÷d¡dV© nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
lmÕH$mir CnpñWV Agbo ë `m JwU dmZ ~«m ÷Um§ Zm emó Y_m© M o (J«§ W) XmZ H$aUmam
{dÛmZ hmoV mo .
ho_mÐrgyatMm MVwd©J©qMVm_{U hm à{gÕ J«W§ . `m J«§WmÀ`m lmÕH$ënmV d XmZH$ënmV ho_mÐtZr
íbmoH$m§Mm g§J«h _m§S>bm Amho. `m íbmoH$m§Mo g§X^© H«$_m§H$ Ë`m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bobo ZmhrV. _mÌ J§«WmMo mZd qH$dm
(64)
J«W§ mMm H$Vm© `mMm g§X^© AmdO©yZ Zm|X{dbm Amho. Aä`mgmgmR>r Oo J«§W CnbãY hmoD$ eH$bo ZmhrV Ë`m
J«W§ mVrb g§X^© MVwd©J©qMVm_{U J«§WmVyZ CÕ¥V Ho$bo AmhoV.
~«m÷Um§Zm Cn`wº$ Ago Ý`m`, Y_©, H$bm `m emóm§er g§~§{YV J«§W XmZ ÚmdoV Ago gwM{dbo Amho -
àXm` Ý`m`emóm{U ^doV² {dÛÎm_… nw_mZ²Ÿ& nwamUXmVm ^º$… ñ`mV² nwamUnwéfo ham¡Ÿ&
_Ýdm{X Y_©emómUm§ XmZmV² ^d{V Ym{_©H$…Ÿ& H$bmemóàXmZoZ H$bmgw Hw$ebmo ^doVŸ² &&
`… nwñVH$m{Z {dàmUm§ {nÌWª {d{ZdoX`oV² Ÿ& g {dÛmZ² Om`Vo dm½_r _oYmdr M ~hþlwV…
(M_ËH$maI§S>) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
Ý`m`emómMo (J«W§ ) XmZ XoUmam {dÛmZ hmoVmo. nwamUm§Mo (J«§W) XoUmam nwamUnwéf harMm ^º$ hmoVmo.
_Zw AmqXÀ`m Y_©emñÌmMo (J§«W) XmZ XoUmam Ym{_©H$ (A§V…H$aUmMm) hmoVmo. H$boer g§~§{YV (J«§W) XmZ
H$aUmam H$bm§_Ü`o Hw$eb hmoVmo. {nVam§À`m `moJmZo Omo ~«m÷Um§Zm nwñVHo$ (J«W§ ) XoVmo Vmo dmH²$nQw>,~hþlwV
Am{U ~w{Õ_mZ hmoVmo.
`moJr OZm§Zm XmZ {Xë`mZo {nVa gmo_nmZmZo A{YH$ D$Om© àmá H$aVmV Agohr dMZ Amho -
lmÕo n«rVm… nwZ… gmo_§ {nVamo `moJ_mpñWVm…Ÿ&
Amß`m``pÝV `moJoZ Ì¡bmoŠ`§ `oZ Ord{VŸ&& dm`w nwamU AZwf§JnmX 71.65
lmÕm_Ü`o {nVa gmo_mZo (M§Ð) V¥á hmoVmV. Amnbr `mo{JH$ eº$s dmnê$Z VrZhr bmoH$m§Zm Vo
gwpñWa H$aVmV.
XÊS>m§ü `moJnÅ>m§ü `mo{Jä`mo `… à`ÀN>{VŸ&
H$m_¡ñV_{^dÕ©ÝVo {nVamo `moJ{dÎm_m…Ÿ&&
XXm{V `moJnÅ>mü nÅ>gyÌm{X{Z{_©VmZ²
g `mo{JZm§ Hw$bo ^yËdm `mo{JamO… àOm`VoŸ&&
{dîUwY_m©oÎma nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
XÊS>, `moJnÅ> Oo `moJrOZm§Zm XmZ H$aVmV Vo `mo{JH$ eº$sZo `wº$ {nVam§Zm V¥á H$aVmV. Ym½`m§Zr {dUboo b
gyÌnÅ> Oo XmZ H$aVmV Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ `moJrOZm§À`m Hw$imV hmoD$Z Vo `mo½`m§_Yrb loð> hmoVmV.

(65)
 Y_©qgYw `m J«§WmVhr lmÕàg§Jr {d{dY Jmoï>r XmZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b {XgVmo. H$_§S>bw, N>Ìr,
nmXwH$m, eæ`m, àgmYZo, Ab§H$ma `m§Mo XmZ H$amdo Ago H$merZmWemór CnmÜ`m` `m J«§WH$Ë`m©Zo
gm§{JVbo Amho -
AWmÝ`mÝ`{nXo`m{Z YmVw_`m{Z YynXrnnmÌm{U H$_ÊS>bw Vm_«_`§
H$mð>O§ dm{n_¥Ý_`_²Ÿ& Zm[aHo$b_`§dm{n lmÕoXÚmËà`ËZV…Ÿ&
N>ÌmonmZXmgZe`Z Xn©UMm_aì`OZnmXwH$mHo$eàgmYZrnQ>dmgm{XgwJÝY-
MyUm©“maYm{ZH$m`{ï>H$å~bmÄOZebmH$müXo`m…Ab§H$mamü
XmVì`m`Wme{º${haÊ_`m…Ÿ& Ho$`yahmaH$Q>H$_w{ÐH$mHw$ÊS>bmú`…Ÿ&&1 Y_©qgYw.
AmVm Xwgaohr XoÊ`m`mo½` nXmW© gm§JVmo. YmVw_` XrnnmÌo ÚmdrV. lmÕmV à`ËZmZo Vm§ã`mMm,
H$mð>mMm, _¥{ÎmHo$Mm, ZmaimMm H$_§S>bw Úmdm. N>Ìr, OmoS>m, AmgZ, nb§J, {~N>mZm, Amagm, Mdar, n§Im,
nmXwH$m, \$Ur, ~w¸$m, gwJY§ r MyU©, eoJS>r, H$mR>r, H$m§~io, H$mOi d ebmH$m ho nXmW© ÚmdoV. Ho$`ya, hma,
H$S>r, VmoS>,o A§JR>çm, Hw$§ S>bo B. `Wme{º$ gwdUm©Mo Ab§H$mahr Úmdo.
`… H$#mwH§$ VWmoîUrf§ {nV¥ä`… à{VnmX`oV²Ÿ&
ÁdamoX^² dm{Z Xw… Im{Z g H$Xm{MÞ ní`{VŸ&&
órUm§ lmÕo Vw {gÝXya§ XÚwüÊS>mVH$m{Z MŸ&
{Z_pÝÌVmä`… órä`m `o Vo ñ`w… gm¡^m½`g§`wVm…Ÿ&& {dîUwY_©o 1 Y_©qgYw.
A§JmVrb dó, nmJmoQ>o Omo {nVam§À`mgmR>r XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mbm Áda B. _wio hmoUmar Xw…Io H$Yr Ìmg
XoV ZmhrV. órÀ`m lmÕm_Ü`o Or {Z_§{ÌV órbm qgXwa XmZ H$aVo Vr (XoUmar ór) gm¡^m½`_§{S>V hmoV.o
lmÕàg§Jr AmgZ, ObnmÌ, `mZ, Xn©U, àgmYZ, AÞ, _Y `m§Mo XmZ H$amd`mg gwM{dUmao
íbmoH$hr Y_©qgYwH$mam§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoV. {ó`m§À`m lmÕmV {d{dY Ab§H$ma XmZ H$aÊ`mg
Y_©qgYwH$ma gwM{dVmV -
órä`mo`mo{fXb§H$mamXo`m… lmÕofw `mo{fVm_²&
_ÄOra_oIbmXm_H${U©H$mH$‘>UmX`…Ÿ&& 1 Y_©qgYw.
{ó`m§Mo lmÕmV _§Ora, H§$~anÅ>m, H$U©^yfUo, H§$H$Uo B. Ab§H$ma {ó`m§Zm ÚmdoV.
(66)
 ~«m÷Um§Zm X¡Z§{XZ Am`wî`mV d¡`{º$H$ VgoM H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmnamgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Umè`m dñVy lmÕà§gJr
XmZ XoÊ`mg nwamUm§Zr gwM{dbo Amho Ago bjmV `oV.o Ë`mM ~amo~arZo g_mO Am{U n`m©daUmMm {dMma
H$ê$Z `m XmoÝhrbm Cn`moJr hmoVrb Aer H$mhr XmZohr nwamUm§Zr gwM{dbr AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo-
dZ§ nwîn\$bmonoV§ XÎdm gm¡a^_íZwVoŸ&
Hy$nmam_VS>mJm{Z joÌKmof J¥hm{U M Ÿ&& 7 dm`w nwamU 80.32
dZo, gwJY§ mZo `wº$ \w$bo, \$io, {dhrar, CÚmZo, Obme`, eoVO_rZ, Kao `m§Mo XmZ H$amdo.
dmnrHy$nVS>mJm{Z d¥jmZmam__od MŸ&
embrÎmwjoÌHo$Xmam… g_¥Õm… nwîndm{Q>H$m…Ÿ&&
lmÕofw XÎdm à`V… {nV¥ZmË_mZ_od MŸ&
CÕaoË`oZgmo Xw…ImÚmdXm^yVg§ßbd_² Ÿ&& ~m¡Ym`Z MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
{dhrar, Obme`, CÚmZo, d¥j, VgoM lr Ho$XmaloÌr g_¥Õ Aer \w$bm§Mr ~mJ `m§Mo lmÕàg§Jr
XmZ Ho$ë`mg {nVam§Mm Xw…ImnmgyZ CÕma hmoVmo.
d¥jmñVw amo{nVm `oZ VS>mJm{X Obme`m…Ÿ& H¥$Vm `oZ {h _mJ©o@pñ_Z² gwI§ `m{V g _mZd…Ÿ&&
Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 24.4.5
Omo _mZd d¥jmamonU H$aVmo VgoM Vbmd Am{U Obme`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo Ë`mbm gwImMr
àmár hmoVo.
AZoZ {d{YZm `ñVw Hw$`m©X² d¥jmoËgd§ ~wY…Ÿ&
gdm©Z² H$m_mZ² AdmßZmo{V \$b§ Mm@@ZÝË`_íZwVŸo &&
`ü¡H$_{n amOoÝÐ d¥j§ g§ñWmn`oÞa…Ÿ&
gmo@{n ñdJ©o dgoÐmOÝ`md{XÝÐm`wVÌ`_² Ÿ&& _Ëñ` nw. 59.17-18
d¥jmoËgd {dYr H$ê$Z Omo _Zwî` d¥jmamonU H$aVmo Vmo ñdJm©V B§X«mà_mUo AmZ§X àmá H$aVmo.
àmÊ`m§À`m ajUmgmR>r, Ë`m§Mr hË`m hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm A^` XoU,o ho gwÕm XmZM ! -

(67)
 `… lmÕo A^`§ XÚmV² àm{UZm§ Or{dV¡{fUm_²Ÿ&
AœXmZghòoU aWXmZeVoZ M Ÿ&& (à^mgI§S>) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
lmÕm_Ü`o {Od§V àmÊ`m§Zm A^` XoUo, hOma KmoS>o, e§^a aW `m§Mo (XmZ H$amdo).
Am¡fY§ ñZoh_mhma§ amo{JUo amoJemÝV`oŸ& XXmZmo amoJa{hV… gwIr XrKm©`waod M Ÿ&&
(Hy$_© nwamU CÎmamY© 26.51)
amo½`mMm amoJ ~am hmoÊ`mgmR>r Omo Am¡fYo XoVmo Vmo amoJa{hV gwIr XrKm©`wî` àmá H$aVmo.
dZ§ nwîn\$bmonoV§ XÎdm gm¡a^_íZwVoŸ&
H¥$nmam_VS>mJm{Z joÌKmof J¥hm{U M Ÿ&& dm`w nwamU AZwf§JnmX 80.32
\$io d \w$bo `m§Zr g_¥Õ Aem dZmMo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo (XoUmè`mbm) gwJ§Yr Jmoï>tMm bm^ hmoVmo.
{dhrar, CÚmZo, Obme`, eoVO_rZ, JmoR>m, Ka `m§Mohr (XmZ lmÕàg§Jr) H$amdo.
^y{_XmZoZ {nVa… gdm©Z² H$m_mZdmß` d¡Ÿ&
_moXÝVo ~«÷Um gmÕª `mdXm^yV g§ßbd_²Ÿ&& Hy$_©nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
^y_rMo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo {nVam§Zm AmZ§X hmoVmo Am{U XoUmè`mÀ`m gd© BÀN>m nyU© hmoVmV.
{d{dY àH$mam§Zr ObXmZ Ho$ë`mZohr {nVam§Mr V¥ár hmoVo. Ë`m_wio nd©H$mir, Ajæ` V¥Vr`m
lmÕ{Xder nmÊ`mMm KS>m ^ê$Z XmZ H$amdm. VgoM qnnimbmhr nmUr Kmbmdo -
gd©ofw {nV¥Xodofw àYmZ§ Û`_od {hŸ&
AÞ#m g{bb#mo{V na§ V¥{áH$ao øw^Ÿo &&
AVmoWª Vn©Uª H$m`ª {nV¥Um§ g{bb¡… ew^…¡ Ÿ&
ObnyUm©{Z nmÌm{U àXo`m{Z M nd©gŸw &&
J«rî_o Y_©KQ>m Xo`m ~«m÷Uoä`mo @ Zwdmga_²Ÿ&
VWmj`V¥Vr`m`m§ nyUm©Z² Hw$å^mZ² àXmn`oVŸ² &&
AœËWgoMZ§ H$m`ª {nV¥Um§ V¥á`oÝdh_²Ÿ&
lmÕo H$_ÊSbwZ² XÚmV² ny[aVmZ² {h_dm[aUmŸ&&
(68)
 Ed§ ZmZmàH$ma§ `… {nV¥Um§ `ÀN>Vo Ob_²Ÿ&
gd©H$m_¡… g_§V¥á… {Ma§ ñdJ©@o {^_moXVoŸ&& A{¾nwamU MVwd©J©{M§Vm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
gd© {nVa Am{U Xodm§Mr V¥ár AÞ Am{U nmUr `m XmoKm§Zr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {nVam§gmR>r nmÊ`mZo Vn©U
H$amdo Am{U nd©H$mir nmÊ`mZo ^aboë`m KS>çm§Mo XmZ H$amdo. J«rî_ F$Vy_Ü`o Aj`V¥Vr`obm ~«m÷Um§Zm
nmÊ`mZo ^aboë`m KS>çmMo XmZ H$amdo. {nVam§À`m V¥árgmR>r qnni d¥jmbm nmUr Kmbmdo. lmÕm_Ü`o H$_§S>bwMo
XmZ H$amdo. Aem {d{dY àH$mam§Zr {nVam§Zm Ob Úmdo. Ë`m_wio (XoUmè`mÀ`m) gd© BÀN>m nyU© hmoVmV Am{U
H$m`_ ñdJm©Mm AmZ§X {_iVmo.
nwamU J«§Wm_Yrb lmÕ{dYrMr XmZ g§H$ënZm -
lmÕo M¡Vm{Z `mo XÚmV² H$m_ZmßZmoË`ZwÎm_mZ²Ÿ&
Abú_t Zme`§Ë`oVo V_… gy`m©oX`mo VWmŸ&& (~«÷m§S> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX, 2.3.16)
Á`m à_mUo gy`m©Mm CX` Pmë`mZ§Va A§YmamMm Zme hmoVmo Ë`mà_mUo lmÕ àg§Jr {d{dY XmZo
{Xë`mZo Abú_rMm Zme hmoD$Z gd© BÀN>m nyU© hmoVmV.
AemàH$maMr {d{dY XmZo d Ë`mMr AmZwfm§{JH$ \$bo `m§Mm A§V^m©d nwamUdmL²>_`m_Ü`o A{YH$
à_mUmV Pmbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. lmÕàg§Jr ~«m÷Umbm H$moUVo XmZ {Xbo AgVm Ë`mMo H$m` \$i {_iVo
`m{df`r nwamUm§Zr gm§JyZ R>odbo Amho -
new XmZ -
YoZw lmÕo Vw `mo XÚmV² J¥qï> Hw$å^monXmohZr_²Ÿ&
JmdñV_wn{Vð>pÝV Jdm§ nw{ï>ñVW¡d M Ÿ&& dm`w nwamU AZwf§JnmX. 80.22
EH$Xm XmohZ Ho$bobr Jm` XwYmÀ`m nmÌmgh Omo lmÕm_Ü`o XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mbm ^anya JmoYZ
àmá hmoVo.
H$ZH$míd{Vbm ZmJm XmgraW_hrJ¥hm…Ÿ&
H$Ý`m M H${nbmYoZ…w _hmXmZm{Z d¡ XeŸ&& A¾r nwamU 209.23
gmoZ,o Aíd, Vri, ZmJ, Xmgr, aW, ^y_r, Ka, H$Ý`m, Jm` hr Xhm _hmXmZo AmhoV.

(69)
 JmdñV_wn{ð>pÝV Za§ nw{ï>ñVW¡d MŸ& ~«÷m§S> nwamU CnmoX²KmVnmX 2.3.21
lmÕo `WopßgV§ XÎdm nw§S>arH$\$b§ b^oVŸ² && ~«÷m§S> nwamU CnmoX²KmVnmX 2.3.28
Jm` VgoM ~¡bmMo XmZ lmÕàg§Jr Ho$ë`mZo {dîUwbmoH$mMr àmár hmoV.o
{nV¥pÝnVm_hm§ü¡d VW¡d à{nVm_hmZ²Ÿ&
CÕ[aî`Ë`g§Xoh§ ZaH$mX² ^y[aX{jU…Ÿ&& _Ëñ` nwamU 205.7
Jm`rMo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo ZaH$mVyZ {nVm, {nVm_h VgoM à{nVm_h `m§Mm CÕma hmoVmo.
dmgmoXüÝÐgmbmoŠ`_² ApídgmbmoŠ`_œX…Ÿ&
AZSw>h… {l`§ nwï>m§ JmoXmo ~«¿Zñ` {nï>n_²Ÿ&
{Vbm Jmdmo _hmXmZ§ _hmnmVH$ZmeZ_²Ÿ&
VX²Û`§ Xr`Vo {dào ZmÝ`dU©o H$XmMZŸ&& Jê$S> nwamU, CÎmamY© 20.5.6
dñÌo XoUmam M§ÐbmoH$mbm OmVmo. KmoS>çmMo XmZ H$aUmam A{œZtÀ`m bmoH$mbm OmVmo. geº$ ~¡bm§À`m
XmZmZo g§nÎmr dmT>Vo. Jm`rMo XmZ H$aUmam gy`©bmoH$mbm OmVmo. Vri Am{U Jm` hr XmoZ _hmXmZo _moR >çm
nmnm§ Mm Zme H$aUmar Amho V . (na§ Vw ) H$Yrhr Vr AÝ` d{U© ` mbm Xo D $ Z`o V Ho $ di ~«m ÷Umbm
ÚmdrV.
Jm`, aW `m§À`m XmZm§À`m OmoS>rZo lmÕàg§Jr AídXmZmMo nwÊ`hr nwamUH$ma AmdO©yZ Zm|X{dVmV-
AídXmZghòoU aWXmZeVoZ M Ÿ& dm`w nwamU, AZwf§JnmX 80.15.
hOma Aídm§Mo VgoM e§^a aWm§À`m (XmZmMo nwÊ` {_iVo.)
{nVaüm{^ZÝXpÝV JmoghòàX§ gwV_²Ÿ&
JmoghóàXmo ^yËdm ZaH$mXwÕ[aî`{VŸ&& _Ëñ` nwamU 278.28
hOma Jm`tMo XmZ {Xë`mZo {nVam§Zm AmZ§X hmoVmo Am{U ZaH$mV OmÊ`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Mm CÕma hmoVmo.

(70)
 lmÕàg§Jr {nVam§àrË`W© ~¡b gmoS>Uo dm ~«m÷Umbm ~¡b XoÊ`mMm {dYr {ZYZmZ§Va AH$amì`m
{Xder Ho$bm OmV Ago `mbm d¥fmoËgJ© Ago Zmd Amho -
d¥fmoËgJm©H¥$Vo ZmÝ`V² {H${#mXpñV _hrVboŸ& OrdÝdm{n _¥Vmo dm{n d¥fmoËgJª H$amo{V `…Ÿ&Ÿ&
(_Ëñ` nwamU 18.14)
gwÑT>, nwï> Agm ~¡b gmoS>ë`mZo JmdmVrb AÝ` ^Q>Š`m JmBªer Ë`mMm g§H$a hmoV Ago. Ë`mVyZ
nwT>o Mm§Jbr g§VVr {Z_m©U hmoV Ago. gwÑT> ~¡bmMm Cn`moJ H¥${fàYmZ g§ñH¥$VrV _hÎdmMm _mZbm
Jobm Amho.
d¥fmoËgJª àHw$duV Xo`m M H${nbm ew^mŸ&& _Ëñ` nwamU 18.14
d¥fmoËgJ© H$ê$Z ew^bjUr Jm` XmZ Úmdr.
AL²>H$`oƒH«$eybmä`m§ _ÝÌoUmZoZ MmoËg¥OoV²Ÿ&
EH$mXemho àoVñ` `ñ` MmoËg¥Á`Vo d¥f…Ÿ&& A¾r nwamU 211.12
Á`mÀ`m A§Jmda MH«$ Am{U eyb AmhoV Agm ~¡b {Xd§JVmÀ`m ({ZYZmÀ`m) AH$amì`m {Xder
gmoS>ë`mg ({Xd§JV) (ghm _{hZo AWdm EH$m dfm©V) àoVËdmnmgyZ _wº$ hmoVmo.
{Vbm§ü Jm§ {jqV ho_ `mo XXm{V {ÛOmoÎm_oŸ&
Vñ` OÝ_m{O©V§ nmn§ VËjUmXod Zí`{VŸ&& Jê$S> nwamU, CÎmamY© 20.5
Vri, Jm`, ^y_r, gmoZo ho Omo CÎm_ ~«m÷Umbm XoVmo Ë`mMr OÝ_^amMr nmno
(XmZ XoVm jUrM) Zï> hmoVmV.
XmZ XoÊ`mg ì`º$s gËnmÌ Agmdr Ago àmMrZ Y_©emóH$mam§Zr AmdOy©Z gm§{JVbo Amho.
ImÚnXmWmªMo XmZ -
~hþàH$mam{U AÞm{Z _¥ï>m{Z M _¥Xy{Z M Ÿ&
\$bm{Z M¡d ñdmXy{Z `WmH$mbmoX^² dm{Z M Ÿ&&
(_mHª$S>o` nwamU) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
{d{dY àH$maMo ñdmX`wº$ AÞ, CÎm_ MdrMr Ë`m Ë`m H$mimV CnbãY hmoUmar \$io (XmZ
ÚmdrV.)
(71)
 d¥fmoËgJª n«Hw$duV Xo`m M H${nbm ew^mŸ& CXHw$å^íM XmVì`mo ^ú`^moÁ`g_pÝdV…Ÿ&&
_Ëñ` nwamU - 18.14
d¥fmoËgJ© H$ê$Z ew^H$maH$ Jm` (~«m÷Umbm) Úmdr. nmÊ`mZo ^abobm KS>m AÞnXmWmªÀ`m
OmoS>rZo Úmdm.
H$mí_ra joÌmVrb Zrb_V nwamUhr H$mhr XmZo gwM{dVo. X{jUm`ZmV ~«m÷Um§Zm H$m` XmZ Úmdo?
X{jUm`ZmV {nVam§gmR>r H$mhr XmZ XoÊ`mMo g§Ho$V na§naoZo nmibo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio XwYmV H$mbdbobrnrR>o,
~\©$, gmIa, {haì`m ^mÁ`m, N>Ìr, nmXwH$m, _mi, W§S> nmUr ^abobm KS>m XoÊ`mg Zrb_V nwamU
gwM{dVo -
gº$Z² Jmoag g§{_lmZ² ~«m÷Uoä`… àXmn`oV²Ÿ&
{h_§ M eH©$am§ M¡d emH§$ h[aVH§$ VWmŸ&&
N>ÌmonmZh_më`m{X X{jUm`ZdmgaoŸ&
dm[aYmÝ`íM g§nyUm© erVVmo`oZ _mZXŸ&& Zrb_V nw. 735-36
X{jUm`ZmV ~«m÷Umbm XyYmV H$mbdbobo YmÝ`m§Mo nrR>, ~\©$, gmIa, {haì`m ^mÁ`m, N>Ìr,
Mnbm, \w$bm§À`m _mim, nmÊ`mZo ^abobm KS>m `m§Mo XmZ H$amdo.
~hþ_yë` XmZo -
lmÕàg§Jr {Xbr OmUmar H$mhr _hÎdnyU© XmZo Jê$S> nwamUmZo {defËdmZo Zm|X{dbr AmhoV.
ñ_¥VrJ«§Wm§Zrhr {d{dY XmZm§Mo _hÎd H$WZ Ho$bo Amho. gmoZo d Mm§Xr `m§gmaIr ~hþ_yë` XmZo lmÕàg§Jr
~«m÷Umbm XoÊ`mg nwamUH$ma gm§JVmV -
{_Ìm{U b^Vo bmoH$o órfw gm¡^m½`_od M Ÿ&
`… nm̧ V¡Og§ XÚmV² _Zmok§ lmÕ^moOZ¡…Ÿ&& ~«÷m§S> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX - 2.3.16.18
lmÕ^moOZàg§Jr gwdUm©Mr nmÌo {Xë`mZo nwéfmbm `m bmoH$s Mm§Jbo {_Ì bm^VmV VgoM órbm
gm¡^m½`mMr àmár hmoV.o

(72)
 nm̧ ^d{V H$m_mZm§, ê$nñ` M YZñ` M Ÿ&
amOV§ H$m#mZ§ dm{n `mo XÚmV² lmÕH$_m©{UŸ&& ~«÷m§S> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX 2.3.19
gmoZ,o Mm§Xr `m§Mo XmZ lmÕH$_©àg§Jr H$aUmè`mbm ê$n Am{U YZmMr àmár hmoV.o
gmoZ,o Jm` B. Mo XmZ ~«m÷Umbm Ho$ë`mZo `O_mZmÀ`m (XmZ XoUmè`mÀ`m) nmnmMm VËjUr Zme
hmoVmo Agohr åhQ>bo Amho -
amOV§ H$m#mZ§ dm{n XÚmV² lmÕo Vw H$_©{UŸ&
XÎdm Vw b^Vo XmVm àH$m_§ Y_©_od M Ÿ&& dm`w nwamU, AZwf§JnmX 80.21
lmÕ H$_m© V gmo Zo , Mm§X r `m§ Mr ^m§ S>r Omo XmZ H$aVmo Ë`m XmË`mbm nw îH$i Jmo ï >r
(\$b) àmá hmoV mV.
gyVH$ g§nbo AgVm ~«m÷Umbm XmZ {Xë`mZo {Xd§JVmbm Mm§Jbr JVr àmá hmoVo Ago Jê$S> nwamUmZo
gm§{JVbo Amho -
{dàmUm§ Xr`Vo XmZ§ gdm©onÐdZmeZ_²Ÿ&
gyVH$mÝVo gwV¡aod§ g àoVmo b^Vo J{V_²Ÿ&& Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 25.26-27
gyVH$ g§në`mda nwÌmH$Sy>Z ~«m÷Um§Zm Oo XmZ {Xbo OmVo Ë`m_wio gd© àH$maÀ`m CnÐdm§Mm bJoM
Zme hmoVmo Am{U àoVmbm CÎm_ JVr àmá hmoV.o
`_XyVm _hmam¡Ðm… H$ambm… H¥$îU{nL²>Jbm…Ÿ&
Z nrS>`pÝV Xm{jÊ`mÛóm^aUXmZV…Ÿ&&
`_mMo XyV ^`§H$a Aem ê$nmMo AgVmV. Vo H$mù`m AWdm Vm§~S>çm a§JmMo AgVmV. dó,
Ab§H$ma `m§Mo XmZ Ho$ë`mg Vo àoVmbm Ìmg XoV ZmhrV. {d{dY eóo Odi ~miJUmao `_XyV; A§JR>rMo XmZ
Ho$ë`mg àoVmÀ`m _mJm©V ({XgyZ) `oV ZmhrV.
gm`wYm ~hþê$nmñVw Zm_mJ©o Ñ{ï>JmoMaoŸ&
à`mpÝV `_XyVmü _w{ÐH$m`m… àXmZV…Ÿ&& Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 8.22-23

(73)
 N>Ìr, nmXwH$m, dóo, A§JR>r, Hw§$^, AmgZ d nmÌ `m§Zm gá "nX' åhUVmV.
N>ÌmonmZhdóm{U _w{ÐH$m M H$_ÊS>bw…Ÿ&
AmgZ§ ^moOZ#m¡d nX§ gá{dY§ ñ_¥V_²Ÿ&&
AmVnñVÌ `mo am¡Ðmo XøÝVo `oZ _mZdm…Ÿ&
N>ÌXmZoZ gwÀN>m`m Om`Vo àoVVw{ï>XmŸ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 8.16-17
N>Ìr, Mnbm, dó, A§JR>r, H$_§S>bw AmgZ, ^m§S>r `m§Zm "gmV nXo' åhUVmV. àoVmÀ`m _mJm©da
àM§S> CÝhmim AgVmo. N>Ìr XmZ Ho$ë`mZo àoVmbm gmdbr {_iVo Am{U Ë`mMm àdmg gwIH$a hmoVmo.
_w{ÐH$m dó`w½_íM VWm N>Ì_wnmZhm¡Ÿ&
EVmdÝV… nXmWm© {h àoVmoÔoeoZ Xmn`oVŸ² &&
`_dmhñ` OZZr _{hfr gwJ{VàXmŸ&
Vmå~ybnwînXmZoZ `må`mZm§ àr{VdY©Z_²Ÿ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 21.13,16
A§JR>r, dó, N>Ìr, nmXÌmUo øm dñVy n«oVmÀ`m CÔoemZo Úmì`mV. `_mMo dmhZ aoS>m-Ë`mMr _mVm
Or åh¡g VgoM {dS>m, \w$bo `m§Mo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo `_mMo (àoVmdarb) ào_ dmT>Vo amhVo.
X¡Z§{XZ dmnamVrb Cn`moJr dñVy§Mr XmZo -
lmÕo N>̧ Vw `mo XÚmV² nwîn_mbmpÝdV§ VWmŸ&
àmgmXmo øwÎm_mo ^yËdm JÀN>ÝV_ZwJÀN>{V Ÿ&& ~«÷m§S> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX - 2.3.16.11Ÿ
lmÕàg§Jr N>Ìr, nwîn_mbm `m§Mo XmZ Ho$ë`mg (H$aUmè`mbm) CÎm_ Aem _moR>çm KamMr
àmár hmoVo.
eaU§ aËZg§nyU© geæ`m^moOZ§ ~wY…Ÿ&
lmÕo XÎdm `{Vä`ñVw ZmH$n¥ð>o _hr`VoŸ&& ~«÷m§S> nwamU, CnmoX²KmVnmX - 2.3.16.12
{d{dY aËZo, {~N>mZm, ^moOZ `m§Mo lmÕàg§Jr `VtZm XmZ {Xë`mZo `m n¥Ïdrda amÁ`nX
àmá hmoVo.

(74)
 ~hþK_©g_mH$sU©o _mJ©o d¡ Vmo`d{O©VoŸ&
H$_ÊS>bwàXmZoZ gwIr ^d{V {ZpíMV_²Ÿ&&
_¥VmoÔeo oZ `mo XÚmV² CXnm̧ Vw Vm_«O_²Ÿ&
ànmXmZghóñ` `V² \$b§ gmo@íZwVo \$b_²Ÿ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 8.20-21
A{Ve` Km_ `oUmè`m CîU Aem _mJm©VyZ OmV AgVm (àoVmbm Ìmg hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ) nmÊ`mZo
^aboë`m H$_§S>bwMo XmZ H$amdo. {Xd§JVmÀ`m àrË`W© nmÊ`mZo ^abobm Vm§ã`mMm KS>m Omo XmZ H$aVmo Ë`mbm
hOma {dhrar ~m§Yë`mMo \$i {_iVo.
A{gnÌdZ§ _mJª jwaYmag_pÝdV_²Ÿ&
VrúUVn#m Va{V N>ÌmonmZËàXmZV…Ÿ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 51-26
N>Ìr Am{U Mnbm `m§Mo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo A{gnÌ ZmdmÀ`m ZaH$mVrb Omo YmaXma _mJ© Amho Ë`mVyZ
OmÊ`mMo (àoVmMo) H$ï> H$_r hmoVmV.
A{gnÌdZo Kmoao eH©$amH$ÊQ>H¡$`w©VoŸ&
Aídmê$T>mñVw Vo `mpÝV XX{V `o øwnmZhm¡ Ÿ&
AmgZ§ ^mOZ#m¡d `mo XXm{V {ÛOmV`oŸ&
gwIoZ ^w#m_mZñVw n{W JÀN>oN>Z¡a{nŸ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 8.18-19
A{gnÌ ZmdmÀ`m ZaH$mVrb H$mQ>çmHw$Q>çm§À`m _mJm©dê$Z Vo KmoS>çmdê$Z àdmg H$aVmV Ooo nmXÌmUm§Mo
XmZ H$aVmV.
`_XyVm _hmam¡Ðm… H$ambm H¥$îU{n“bm…Ÿ&
Z ^rf`pÝV V§ Vmú`© dóXmZ§ H¥$Vo g{VŸ&& JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 21.19
H$mio, Vm§~S>çm a§JmMo `_mMo ^`§H$a Ago XyV, ho Jê$S ! dómMo XmZ Ho$ë`mZo àoVmbm ^`
XmIdrV ZmhrV. >
_mJ©o d¡ Jå`_mZñVw V¥fmV©… l_nr{S>V…Ÿ& KQ>mÞXmZ`moJoZ gwIr ^d{V {ZpíMÎm_²Ÿ&&
eæ`mñVybrnÅ>`wº$m XÚmV² Xod{ÛOmV`oŸ& VWm àoVÎd_wº$mo@gm¡ _moXVo gh XodV¡…Ÿ&&
JéS> nwamU CÎmamY© 21.20-21
(75)
 VhmZoZo ì`mHw$i H$aUmè`m, l_mZo WH${dUmè`m _mJm©dê$Z (àoVmbm) gwImZo OmVm `mdo `mgmR>r
KS>m, AÞ `m§Mo XmZ H$amdo. CÎm_ AmÀN>mXZmZo `wº$ {~N>mZm, Xod Am{U ~«m÷Um§Zm XmZ Ho$ë`mZo àoVÎdmnmgyZ
_wº$s {_iVo Am{U {Xd§JVmbm Xodm§gh AmZ§X àmá hmoVmo.
lmÕmMo _hÎd, ~«m÷Umbm lmÕàg§Jr {Xbr OmUmar XmZo, VrWmªMo _hÎd `m§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda
{dMma nwamU dmL²>_`mZohr Ho$bobm Amho. Jê$S> nwamUmMm "àoVI§S>/àoVH$ën' `mMo `m g§X^m©V _hÎd
AmOhr g_mOmV àM{bV Agë`mMo AZw^dmbm `oV.o (g§X^© - lr. A{OV _moKo `m§Mr _wbmIV)
Jê$S> nwamUmÀ`m CÎmamYm©V, àoVI§S>mÀ`m àma§^rM ^JdmZ lrH¥$îUm§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho H$s
""àoVËdmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r _hmXmZ Adí` H$amdo.''
lrH¥$îU CdmM -
l¥Uw Vmú`ª àdú`m{_ XmZmZm§ XmZZwÎm__²Ÿ& `oZ XÎmoZ àrUmpÝV ^y^©wd… ñd[a{V H«$_mV²Ÿ&&
Xo`_oVÝ_hmXmZ§ àoVmoÕmaUhoVdoŸ& éÐbmoH$o {Ma§ dmg… VVmo amOm ^do{XhŸ&&
Jê$S> nwamU CÎmamY© 20.1.3
lrH¥$îU åhUmbo, ho Vmú`m© ! AmVm _r gd© XmZm§_Ü`o CÎm_ Ago XmZ Vwbm gm§JVmo H$s Oo {Xë`mZo
n¥Ïdr (^y), A§V[aj (^wd…), ñdJ© (ñd…) `m§Mr H«$_mZo àgÞVm hmoV.o àoVËdmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r ho _hmXmZ
Adí` Úmdo Ë`m_wio éÐbmoH$mV {MaH$mbn`ªV {Zdmg àmá hmoVmo VgoM Ë`mZ§Va amOnXhr {_iVo.
Jê$S> nwamUmÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Jê$S>mZo ^JdmZ {dîUy§Zm {dMmabo Amho H$s -
JéS> CdmM -
gd©ofm_ZwH$ånmWª ~«y{h _o _YwgyXZŸ&
àoVËdmÝ_wÀ`Vo `oZ XmZoZ gwH$¥ VoZ dmŸ&& JéS> nwamU, CÎmamY© 18.1
àoVËdmÀ`m _wº$sgmR>r H$m` H$amdo? `m àíZmda ^Jd§Vm§Zr n«oVËd_wº$sgmR>r {d{dY XmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm
XoÊ`mg gwM{dbr AmhoV.
àË`oH$mZo lmÕàg§Jr A{VWr åhUyZ Amboë`m ~«m÷Umbm XmZ Z¸$s Úmdo. Ë`mMo \$ihr H$m`
{_iVo. Vo hr gm§{JVbo Jobo Amho -

(76)
 Vñ_mV² XÚmV² M d¡ XmZ§ {dàm`m{VW`o Za…Ÿ&
àXmZm{Z àdú`m{_ \$b§ M¡fm§ VW¡d M Ÿ&& dm`w nwamU - 71.76
àË`oH$ _mUgmZo A{VWr åhUyZ Amboë`m ~«m÷Umbm Adí` XmZo ÚmdrV. _r nwZ… EH$Xm Ë`m
XmZm§Mr Am{U Ë`m§À`m \$bm§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo.
(AÝ` _hmnwamUo d CnnwamUo `m gdmªZrM lmÕ{dYrer g§~§{YV XmZ{dMma _m§S>bobm Amho. ho
g§X^©hr {dnwb Agë`mZo _`m©{XV g§X^mªMmM C„oI `oWo H$arV Amho.)
{dîUw nwamUmV {nVam§Zr BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$bobr {XgVo H$s ""Am_À`m àrË`W© Am_À`m Hw$imVrb
d§eOm§Zr qnS>XmZ H$amdo. aËZ, dó, `mZ d ^mo½` dñVy§Mo XmZ Amåhmbm CÔoeyZ ~«m÷U§Zm {Xbo Omdo.''-
{nV¥JrVmÝVW¡dmÌ íbmoH$m§ñVmZ² e¥Uw nm{W©dŸ& lwËdm VW¡d ^dVm ^mì`VÌmhVmË_ZmŸ&&
A{nYÝ`… Hw$bo Om`mV² Añ_m§H$ _{V_mÞa…Ÿ&
AHw$d©pÝV emR>ç§ `… {nÊS>mÞmo {Zd©{nî`{VŸ&&
aËZ§ dó§ _hm`mZ§ gd©^moJm{XH§$ dgwŸ& {d^do g{V {dn«äo `mo `mo@ñ_mZw{Ôí` Xmñ`{VŸ&&
{dîUw nwamU 14.21-23
`mM nwamUmV åhQ>bo Amho H$s lmÕ, XmZ `m§n¡H$s H$mhrM eŠ` Zgë`mg dZmV OmD$Z, Im§H$m
da H$ê$Z gy`,© bmoH$nmb B. Mr _moR>çmZo àmW©Zm, {nVam§Zm CÔoeyZ Ho$br Var Mmbob -
gdm©^mdo dZ§ JËdm H$j_ybàXe©H$…Ÿ& gy`m©{XbmoH$nmbmZm_² BX_wƒ¡d©{Xî`{VŸ&&
{dîUw nwamU 14.29
gdmªMm A^md AgVm dZmV OmD$Z H$m§Im XmIdyZ (hmV C§M H$amdo.) Am{U gy`©, bmoH$nmb
`m§Zm AZwgéZ _moR>çmZo Ago åhUmdo.
Jmo^y{haÊ`dmgm§{g ^ì`m{Z e`Zm{Z M Ÿ& XÚmÚ{Xï>§ {dàmUm_² AmË_Z… {nVwaod M Ÿ&&
_Ëñ` nwamU 18.51
Jm`, ^y_r, gmoZ,o dó, {~N>mZm `m§n¡H$s Oo Amnë`mbm AË`§V {à` Agob, VgoM Amnë`m
{nVam§Zm Oo Bï> Agob Vo (XmZ) ~«m÷Um§Zm X{jUo_Ü`o Úmdo.

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 lmÕo dmgm§{g Xo`m{Z e`ZmÝ`mgZm{Z M Ÿ&
XmVì`mZrh {dXwfm `mZm{Z Vw {deofV…Ÿ&& MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën
lmÕm_Ü`o dó, eæ`m, AmgZ `m§Mo XmZ Úmdo. {deofH$ê$Z {dÛmZmbm `mZmMo XmZ H$amdo.
dm`w nwamUmV `moJr OZm§gmR>r {deof XmZ {Xë`mZo, {nVa gmo_nmZmZo A{YH$ D$Om© n«má H$aVmV
Agohr åhQ>bo Amho -
lmÕo àrVm… nwZ… gmo_§ {nVamo `moJ_mpñWVm…Ÿ&
Amß`m``pÝV `moJoZ Ì¡bmoŠ`§ `oZ Ord{VŸ&& dm`w nwamU AZwf§JnmX 71.65
H$m`m{¾Xrqá n«mH$mí`§ gm¡^m½`§ b^Vo Za…Ÿ&
BÝYZm{Z Vw `mo XÚmV² {ÛOoä`… {e{eamJ_oŸ&& ~«÷m§S> nwamU CnmoX²KmVnmX 23.16
{hdmù`mV ~«m÷Um§Zm B§YZmMo XmZ H$amdo. Ë`m_wio XoUmè`m _mZdmbm VoOñdr H$m§Vr Am{U gm¡^m½`mMm
bm^ hmoVmo.
gm¡a, ~«÷, ^{dî` B. nwamUm§Zrhr nmXwH$m, ^y_r, aËZo, gmoZo, Mm§Xr, OmZdo B. Mo XmZ lmÕàg§Jr
Úmdo Ago gm§{JVbo Amho -
CnmZhm¡ ~«m÷Uoä`… {nV¥Um§ gwIhoVdoŸ& àr`ÝVo {nVañVñ` àrVm `ÀN>pÝV dmpÄN>V_²Ÿ&&
(gm¡a nwamU) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
XÚmV² `kmondrVm{Z {nV¥Um§ àr`Vo gXmŸ& lÕmdmZ² Ym{_©H$ñVoZ Om`Vo ~«÷dM©{gŸ&&
(^{dî` nwamU) MVwd©J©qMVm_{U AÜ`m` 9 lmÕH$ën.
{nVam§Zm Zoh_r {à` AgUmao `kmondrVm§Mo XmZ (Omo XoVmo) Vmo lÕm`wº$ Ym{_©H$ A§V…H$aUmMm
Am{U {dÛmZ² hmoVmo.

(78)
 lmÕàg§Jr XmZ-g§H$ën
{MÌmd (S>m°.) {gÕoídaemór; 1977, AÝË`oï>r g§ñH$ma, ^maVr` M[aÌH$moe _§S>i, nwU.o
àmñVm{dH$ n¥. 5 `mZwgma XeXmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm XoVmZm EH$ H$UHo$Mm qnS> H$ê$Z Am{U Ë`mMr nyOm H$ê$Z
nwT>rb g§H$ën _§Ì åhUmdm. (àoVmMm Cƒma H$ê$Z) ... A§YËd, ~{YaËd, {nemMËd, Z¾ËdXmofn[ahmaWª
Z¾àÀN>mXZlmÕ§ H$[aî`oŸ& X{jUo `__mJ©,o gwI-o J_ZmWª, CîUVm{ZdmaUmWª N>ÌXmZ§, H§$Q>H$ {ZdmaUmWª
CnmZhXmZ§, `_`{ï>{ZdmaUmWª bmoø{ï>XmZ§, {ÌemoH$e_ZmWª CXHw$§ ^XmZ§, Z¾ËdXmofn[ahmamWª dó-
CndóXmZ§, erV{ZdmaUmWª D$U©dóXmZ§, jwYm{ZdmaUmWª Am_mÞXmZ§, `_g§Vw{ï>Ûmam gwdU©XmZ§ H$[aî`oŸ&
{Xd§JVmÀ`m ZmdmMm Cƒma H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m A§YËd, ~{YaËd, {nemMËd `m Xmofm§Mm Zme ìhmdm
åhUyZ VgoM {Xd§JVmbm AmÀN>mXZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Z¾àÀN>mXZ lmÕ H$arV Amho. `_ _mJm©Vrb {Xd§JVmMm
àdmg gwImMm ìhmdm åhUyZ, CÝhmÀ`m ÌmgmnmgyZ g§ajU ìhmdo åhUyZ N>ÌrMo XmZ, H$mQ>çmHw$Q>çm§Mm
_mJm©Mm Ìmg hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ nmXÌmUm§Mo XmZ, `_mÀ`m X§S>mnmgyZ ajU ìhmdo åhUyZ bmoI§S>mÀ`m H$mR>rMo
XmZ, VhmZ ^mJmdr åhUyZ nmÊ`mZo ^aboë`m KS>çmMo XmZ, Z¾Ëd{ZdmaU ìhmdo åhUyZ dómMo XmZ,
W§S>rnmgyZ g§ajU ìhmdo åhUyZ bmoH$arMo XmZ, jwYm em§Vr ìhmdr åhUyZ H$moaS>çm {eÜ`mMo XmZ Am{U `_mZo
g§Vwï> ìhmdo åhUyZ gmoÝ`mMo XmZ H$arV Amho.
Z¾àÀN>mXZ hohr EH$ lmÕM Amho. {ZYZmÀ`m Xhmì`m {Xder H$mH$ñne© Am{U Aí_m {dgO©Z
Pmë`mZ§Va ho lmÕ H$aVmV. Ë`mdoir Z¾mdñWoV ^«_U H$aUmè`m _¥Vmå`mbm àÀN>mXZmgmR>rÀ`m dñVy
~«m÷Um§Zm {Xë`m OmVmV.
nmÊS>o` OmofUam_Or, {_l bmb{~hmarOr, emór lram_H¥$îUOr, (g§dV² 2062), gZ 2000,
AÝË`H$_©-lmÕàH$me, {ÛVr` nwZ_w©ÐU, JrVmàog, JmoaInya `m J«§WmV lmÕmÀ`m ~mamì`m {Xder H$aÊ`mÀ`m
XmZm§Mm g§H$ën gm§{JVbm Amho - ÛmXemho _{h_ÊS>bg{hV g_¥{Õ{d{eï>amOHw$bOÝ_- -
~hþJÝYdm©on§Jr` _mZH$s{V©H$Îd{d{eï>-{Xì`XohËd-hñË`œaW`mZm{YnË` _hm_hoÝÐËd _hoídnwaJ_Znyd©H$-
{d{dYhf© ^ mo J Ëd-daeæ`mg_ñVmdpÀN>Þ....{dîUw b mo H $dmgH$m_ … - gH$bZaH$`mVZm
K_©erVm{X~mYm`må`....K¥VHw$å^ObH$be Vmå~ybHw$L²>Hw$_mJé-H$ny©aXr{nH$m§....nmXwH$monmZÀNÌ
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Mm_amgZ....{d{dY^ú`^moÁ`mXe©^yfU....bú_rZmam`Uà{V_mg{hVm§....emómoº$\$b....àm{ányd©H$
^JdËàrË`Wª....JmoÌm`....e_©Uo....~«m÷Um` ^dVo gåàXXoŸ&
~mamì`m {Xder {Xd§JVmbm {Xì` XohmMr àmár ìhmdr, ZaH$mVrb `mVZm§Mm Ìmg hmoD$ Z`o, VgoM
{dîUwbmoH$mMr àmár ìhmdr, CÝhmim-W§S>r `m§Mr ~mYm hmoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r Vyn, nmÊ`mMm KS>m, {dS>m, AJê$,
H$mnya, nmXÌmUo, N>Ìr, n§Im, {d{dY ImÚ nXmW© `m§Mo XmZ, bú_r Zmam`UmÀ`m à{V_oghrV, ----
JmoÌmÀ`m----~«m÷Umbm XoV Amho.
AbrH$S>o Ago AZw^dmg `oVo H$s XeXmZo dm AÝ`hr XmZo OerÀ`m Ver ñdrH$mabr OmVmVM
Ago Zmhr. H$mhr doiobm `m XmZdñVy§À`m aH$_oBVHo$ n¡gohr ~«m÷Um§Zm XmZ åhUyZ {Xbo OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r
EH$ ñdV§Ì g§H$ënhr åhQ>bm OmVmo -
ÛmXemho emómoº$mZm§ H${nbmJdrdmhZ_{hfr{e{dH$m^y{_d¥jm{X
XmZOÝ`\$bàmßË`Wª `Wme{º$V{ÞîH«$`^yVÐì`§...e_©Uo ~«m÷Um` gåàXXoŸ&
~mamì`m {Xder emómV gm§{JVë`mZwgma Jm`, dmhZ, åh¡g, nmbIr, ^y_r BË`mXr XmZm§Mo \$b
{_imdo åhUyZ `Wmeº$s `m XmZ dñVy§Mr a¸$_---- ~«m÷Umbm XmZ XoV Amho.
{MÌmd {gÕoídaemór, 1977 AÝË`oï>r g§ñH$ma, ^maVr` M[aÌH$moe _§S>i, nwU,o àmñVm{dH$
n¥. 4-5 `m Zwgma XeXmZm§À`mIoarO AÞ, nmÊ`mMr KmJa, nmXÌmUo, Vm§ã`m, ^m§S>o, N>Ìr, dó, H$mR>r,
bmoI§S>r JO, MH$_H$ (B§YZ), {Xdm, Vri, Vm§~yb, M§XZ, nwîn_mbm `m§Mo XmZ hmooVo. hr XmZo àË`j {Xbr
OmVmV AWdm Ðì`ê$nmZo {Xbr OmVmV. àË`oH$ dñVwàrË`W© Amnmnë`m eº$sZwgma Ðì` {ZpíMV H$aVmV
Am{U Vo Ðì` ~«m÷Um§Zm X{jUm åhUyZ dmQ>VmV.
~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbo OmUmao XmZ d X{jUm `m XmoZ doJù`m g§H$ënZm AmhoV. Diana L. Eck Amnë`m
The Religious Gift : Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain perspectives on Dana (Summer 2013) Social

Research, Vol 80, No. 2, P. 359-379 `m {Z~§YmV åhUVmV - " The gratitude of the donor
toward the recipient also underlies the practice of dakshina, the honorary payment given to the

recipient of a religious gift." (P.371)

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 (VgoM nwamo{hVmZo ~«m÷UmZo EImÚm Ym{_©H$ {dYrgmR>r Oo _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bobo AgVo Ë`mMo {Xbo

OmUmao _mZYZhr X{jUm `m ZmdmZo àM{bV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo.)

Amnë`m Gift and Return gift, Greeting and Return Greeting in India, Sep. 1997, Numen,
Vol 44, No. 3, P. 242-269 `m {Z~§YmV Axel Micheals and Philip Pierce åhUVmV - " Dakshina-

in ancient India and to a certain extent Still in the Dharmashastra synonymous with dana, but

later used primarily in the sense of payment for a ritual offering." (P.248)

AmgZ, nmXwH$m, N>Ìr, _w{ÐH$m, H$_§S>bw, `kmondrV, Vyn, dó, ^moOZ Am{U ñd`§nmH$mMr ^m§S>r
Aer gd© XmZo {Xd§JVmàrË`W© ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbr OmVmV. `m XmZ dñVy§À`m {ZdS>r_mJo àoVmÀ`m nabmoH$sÀ`m
àdmgmon`moJr gmYZgm_J«r XoÊ`mMr Am{U Aem VèhoZo Ë`mMm nabmoH$sMm àdmg gwIH$a H$aÊ`mMr
H$ënZm Agmdr. nydu Aíd, aW, JO, YoZy, _{hfr, {e{~H$m `m XmZdñVy {Xë`m OmV. AmVm Ë`m H$mb~mø
Pmë`m AmhoV.
`mIoarO d¡VaUr YoZy, CËH«$m§Vr YoZy Am{U _moj YoZy Aer JmoàXmZo Ho$br OmVmV. VgoM {Xd§JVmbm
`_bmoH$ _mJm©V gwI bm^mdo åhUyZ ~«m÷Um§Zm {d{dY XmZo {Xbr OmVmV Ë`mMm g§H$ën - ÛmXemho
{Xd§JVOrdñ` `__mJ©o Aj` gwIàmßË`Wª `må`nwéfàrË`Wª emómoº$\$bàmßË`Wª M B_mZ² n¹$mÞObny[aVmZ²
ÛmXeKQ>m_² Ÿ& gdómZ² gX{jUmZ² {d{dYJmoÌoä`mo ~«m÷Uoä`mo {d^Á` XmVw_¥Ëg¥Á`oŸ&&
~mamì`m {Xder {Xd§JVmbm `__mJm©_Ü`o H$m`_ ñdê$nr gwI bm^mdo åhUyZ, `_màrË`W© {d{dY
n¹$mZo, nmUr ^abobo ~mam KS>o, ^moOZ, X{jUm `m§gh {d{dY JmoÌm§À`m {d{dY ~«m÷Um§Zm {d^mJyZ
XmZ XoV Amho.
lmÕàg§Jr Jm` XmZ XoÊ`mMo _hÎd {deof Amho. EHy$UM qhXy- Y_© g§ñH¥$VrV Jm` XmZ Ho$ë`mMo
nwÊ` {deofËdmZo _mZbo OmVo. Á`m H$mimV Jmo-nmbZ Ho$bo OmB© Ë`mH$mimV àË`j Jm`M ~«m÷Umbm XmZ
{Xbr OmV Ago. VWm{n AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV JmB©À`m YmVyÀ`m _yVuda `O_mZm§H$Sy>Z CXH$ gmoSy>Z KoVbo
OmVo d Ë`mMo XmZ n¡emÀ`m ê$nmV ñdrH$mabo OmVo -

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 fmoS>eÌ`g{hV g{nÊS>ZmÝVlmÕm»`o H$_©{U g§OmVÝ`yZm{V[aº$ Xmofn[ahmamWª ... JmoÌm` ...
e_©Uo ~«m÷Um`, AmMm`m©` Jmo{ZîH«$`^yVÐì`§ ^dVo gåàXXo Ÿ&
gqnS> lmÕmZ§Va `m H$_m©_Ü`o Oa H$mhr Xmof am{hbo AgVrb, H$_VaVm am{hbr Agob Va
Ë`mMo àVrH$ åhUyZ----JmoÌmÀ`m----~«m÷Umbm JmB©À`m _yë`mBVHo$ Ðì` XmZ XoV Amho.
{nVam§àrË`W© hr {d{dY XmZo {Xbr OmVmV ho darb g§H$ënm§dê$Z ñnï> hmoV.o

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 XmZdñVy§Mm Ho$bm OmUmam Cn`moJ
nwamo{hVm§Mo AZw^d - lr. A{OV _moKo `m§Mr _wbmIV
gXa Aä`mgm_Ü`o àW_V… lmÕ{dYrÀ`m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Pmbm Amho. F$½doXmnmgyZ
{ZU©`qgYwn`ªVÀ`m J«W§ m§Mm AmYma Ë`mgmR>r KoVbm Amho. àm_w»`mZo nwamUJ«W§ m§_Ü`o lmÕàg§Jr {Xë`m
OmUmè`m XmZm§Zm {deof _hÎd àmá Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oV,o Ago AmYrÀ`m àH$aUm§_YyZ _m§S>bo Amho.

lmÕàg§Jr nwamo{hVmbm AWdm ~«m÷Umbm XmZ XoUo hm {deof qhXy Y_m©Mm åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©b. `mMo
H$maU àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ dUm©l_ ì`dñWoZwgma {d^mJUr qhXy Y_m©V àM{bV hmoVr. EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~ nÕVrhr
àM{bV hmoVr. àm_w»`mZo AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ Am{U nm¡amo{hË` `mda ~«m÷U d{U©`m§Mr CnOr{dH$m Adb§~yZ
hmoVr. Ë`m_wio lmÕàg§Jr `O_mZmH$Sy>Z {_imbobr XmZo hr EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`wº$ Aer hmoVr. Ë`m_wio XoUmè`mbm d KoUmè`mbm Xmohm|Zm nyU© g_mYmZ Ë`m_Ü`o {_iV AgÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV J{V_mZ OrdZe¡brV nm¡amo{hË` H$aUo ho EH$ CnOr{dHo$Mo ñdV§Ì _mÜ`_ Pmbo
Amho Ago AZw^dmg `oVo. Zm_H$aUmnmgyZ lmÕ{dYrn`ªV {d{dY g§ñH$ma g§nÞ H$aUmao nwamo{hV AmO
g_mOmV CnbãY AmhoV. lmÕmMo nm¡amo{hË` H$aUmao AWdm lmÕàg§Jr ^moOZmgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$bobo
nwamo{hV Aem àH$maMr XmZo lmÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ñdrH$marV AgVmV. `mg§X^m©V d§ena§namJV nÕVrZo
nwÊ`m_Ü`o; ì`º$sÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Zdì`m Vo ~mamì`m {Xdgmn`ªVÀ`m {dYtMo nm¡amo{hË`
H$aUmè`m lr. A{OV _moKo `m§À`mer g§nH©$ gmYyZ _m{hVr KoVbr AgVm Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo -
{ZYZmnmgyZÀ`m Xhm Vo Voam `m {Xdgm§_Ü`o EopÀN>H$ ñdê$nmV XmZo {Xbr OmVmV. ~«m÷Um§n¡H$s
30 % bmoH$ lmÕ H$aVmV Ago gÜ`m AZw^dmg `oV.o gwdU©, am¡ß`, ^y_r, JmoXmZ hr XmZo n¡emÀ`m ê$nmV
XoVmV. dó, Mnbm, H$mR>r, Q>monr, hOm_VrMo gm{hË`, N>Ìr, JmXr, Cer `m gd© dñVy AmhoV Ë`mM ê$nmV
{Xë`m OmVmV.
lr. _moKo {dYrMm ^mJ åhUyZ XmZ XoÊ`mg ñdV…hÿZ bmoH$m§Zm gm§JV ZmhrV. `oUmè`m bmoH$m§Zr
{dMmaë`mgM Vo XmZm§Mr _m{hVr gm§JVmV. hr XmZo ~è`mM _moR>çm à_mUmV `oVmV. Ë`m§Mr ì`dñWm bmdUo ho
gwÕm AS>MUrMo AgVo. H$maU hr gd©M XmZo dmnaUo ì`dhmaV… H$R>rU hmoVo. Ë`m_wio lr. A{OV _moKo `m
gd© XmZdñVy EH$Ì H$aVmV Am{U EH$m AZmW _wbm§À`m g§ñWo_Ü`o Ë`m dñVy ZoD$Z XoVmV. Ago Agbo
Var gd©M nwamo{hV Ago XmZ g§ñWm§_Ü`o XoV AgVrbM Ago Zmhr Agohr Ë`m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo.
    

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 XmZ d Ë`mMo \$b

lmÕàg§Jr {nVam§À`m g§VmofmgmR>r ~«m÷Um§Zm {d{dY XmZo {Xbr OmVmV. Aer XmZo {Xbr OmdrV
Aer BÀN>m {dîUw nwamUmV {nVam§ZrM ì`º$ Ho$bobr {XgVo.
{nVa åhUVmV - ""Am_À`m d§emV Agm H$moUr ~w{Õ_mZ Am{U YÝ` nwéf Amho H$m? Omo
{Z…ñdmW© ~w ÕrZo Am_À`mgmR>r qnS>XmZ H$ao b? Vgo M YZ, aËZ, dó, _hm`mZ B. XmZo
~«m ÷Um§ Zm XoB ©b ?'' -
A{n YÝ`… Hw$bo Om`mV² Añ_mH§$ _{V_mÞa…Ÿ&
AHw$d©pÝV emR>ç§ `… {nÊS>mÞmo {Zd©{nî`{VŸ&&
aËZ§ dó§ _hm`mZ§ gd©^moJm{XH§$ dgwŸ&
{d^do g{V {dàoä`mo `mo@ñ_mZw{Ôí` Xmñ`m{VŸ&& {dîUw nwamU 14.22-23
XmZ{ddoH$ `m J«§WmV {dîUwY_m©oÎma nwamUmVrb g§X^© Zm|X{dbm Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o åhQ>bo Amho H$s XmZ
KoUmè`m ì`º$sbm {VÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma XmZ {_imë`mg XoUmè`mbm Ë`mMo nwÊ` \$bXm`r Amho. ~«m÷Um§Zm
`kr` gm{hË`, j{Ì`mbm `wÕmMr gmYZo, ì`mnma-CXr_mÀ`m Jmoï>r d¡í`mbm Va {eënH$m_mgmR>r Cn`wº$
Jmoï>r eyÐm§gmR>r hmoV -
`kmonH$aU§ gdª ~«m÷Uofw _hm\$b_²Ÿ&
`wÕmonH$aU§ gdª j{Ì`o {ÛOnwL²>Jdm…Ÿ&&
nÊ`mon`mo{J VX² d¡í`o eyÐo {eënmon`mo{J MŸ&
`ñ`mon`mo{J `X² Ðì`§ Xo`§ Vñ`¡d VX² ^doVŸ² &&
`oZ `oZ M ^mÊS>oZ `ñ` d¥{ÎméXmöVmŸ&
VÎmñ`¡d àXmVì`§ nwÊ`H$m_oZ Yr_VmŸ&& {dîUw Y_m©oÎma 3.316.12-14.
EHy$UM qhXy Y_© - g§ñH¥$VrV XmZ g§H$ënZobm {deof _hÎd Amho Ago `mdê$Z ñnï> hmoV.o H$maU
Y_©emñÌmMo _hÎdnyU© J«§W _mZë`m OmUmè`m ñ_¥Vr d nwamUo `m§_Ü`o XmZmMo _hÎd {deofËdmZo Zm|X{dbo Jobo
Agbo Var Ë`mnyduÀ`m J«§Wm§Zrhr XmZ_hmËå` {deX Ho$bo Amho.
*****
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