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Threatened
Animals
Compiled and Edited by
Jonathan Baillie and
Brian Groombridge
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Citation: lUCN 1996. 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
ISBN 2-8317-0335-2
Co-published by lUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge U.K., and Conservation International,
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Threatened
Animals
Compiled and Edited by
Jonathan Baillie and Brian Groombridge
Guest Essays hy
Ulf Gardenfors
Alison Stattersfield
Foreword by
George Rabb
lUCN
The Worid Conservation Union
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species Survival Commission
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Conservation international
WORLD CONSERVATION
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MONITORING CENTRE Sidiamu of Oman Chicago Zoological Socii;ly
WWF BirdLife
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English
NATURE
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The Species Survival Commission gratefully recognizes The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) makes a sig-
its extensive network of volunteers who make production nificant annual contribution to the SSC Conservation
of the lUCN Red List possible. Those individuals who Communications Fund, in addition to grants for in situ
have contributed time and expertise are listed in the conservation coordinated by the SSC. NWF is the largest
Acknowledgements. SSC also wishes to acknowledge non-governmental, non-profit conservation education
those donors whose major financial contributions support and advocacy organization in the United States. NWF's
a wide variety of SSC activities, as well as development emphasis is on helping individuals and organizations of
and publication of the lUCN Red List. all cultures, in the United States and abroad, to conserve
wildlife and other natural resources and to protect the
The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott earth's environment to assure a peaceful, equitable, and
lUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports sustainable future.
Action Plan development and implementation; to date,
more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan, has
Specialist Groups. As a result, the Action Plan Program awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade
has progressed at an accelerated level and the network Program and Conservation Communications Program.
has grown and matured significantly. The SSC is grate- This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable
ful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well
support for species conservation worldwide. as to the larger global conservation community. Among
other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters
The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides signif- concerning the designation and management of nature
icant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, including reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, con-
grants for special projects, editorial and design services, servation of natural landscapes, coordination of law
staff secondments, and related support services. The enforcement efforts, as well as promotion of conserva-
President of CZS and Director of Brookfield Zoo, tion education, research, and international cooperation.
George B. Rabb, serves as the volunteer Chair of the
SSC. The mission of CZS is to help people develop a The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) provides
sustainable and harmonious relationship with nature. significant annual operating support to the SSC. WWF's
The Zoo carries out its mission by informing and inspir- contribution supports the SSC"s minimal infrastructure
ing 2,000,000 annual visitors, serving as a refuge for and helps ensure that the voluntary network and
species threatened with extinction, developing scientific Publications Program are adequately supported. WWF
approaches to manage species successfully in zoos and aims to conserve nature and ecological processes by: ( I
the wild, and working with other zoos, agencies, and preserving genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2)
protected areas around the world to conserve habitats ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is
and wildlife. sustainable both now and in the longer term; and (3) pro-
moting actions to reduce pollution and the wasteful
exploitation and consumption of resources and energy.
WWF is one of the world's largest independent conser-
vation organizations, with a network of National Organi-
zations and Associates around the world and more than
5.2 million regular supporters. WWF continues to be
known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the
United States of America.
Intro 2
The following organizations also played an important BirdLife International compiles and maintains the bird
role in relation to the lUCN Red List: component of the lUCN Red List. BirdLife is a world-
wide partnership of conservation organizations that seeks
Publication of the 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened to conserve all wild bird species and their habitats.
Animals was made possible by lUCN/SSC's co-publish- Through this. BirdLife helps protect the world's biolog-
ing partner Conservation International (CI). CI secured ical diversity and supports the sustainable use by humans
funds for the Red List production, including a generous of the world's natural resources. BirdLife is a national
grant from the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation force in 58 countries around the world and represented in
(US) and supported publication and distribution of the a further 26 nations.
publication.CI helps people improve their standard of
living while conserving their valuable natural resources. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) supplied data for
CI develops and promotes models to conserve ecological many of the North American species included in the
"hotspots," threatened rain forests, and other ecosystems lUCN Red List. TNC is an international non-govern-
in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. To ensure lasting mental organization whose mission is to preserve
solutions to conservation challenges, these models inte- the plants, animals, and ecological communities that
grate economic, cultural, and ecological factors, and are represent the diversity of life on Earth. With more than
designed to strengthen local capacity for conservation. 800,000 members, the Conservancy owns and manages
over 1,600 preserves, the largest private system of nature
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre sanctuaries in the world. Internationally, the Conserv-
(WCMC) is SSC's data management partner, and man- ancy works to support in-country organizations and
ages the database from which the lUCN Red List is gen- agencies that share its focus on the protection of biologi-
erated, and has provided much of the information for cal diversity. The Conservancy has also helped estab-
this edition. WCMC, based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint- lish a network of Natural Heritage Programs and
venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Data Centers, based in state and national
Consenation Strategy, and its successor. Caring for the agencies and private organizations throughout the United
Earth: lUCN, UNEP (the United Nations Environment States, Canada, and Latin America.
Programme), and WWF. WCMC provides information
services on the conservation and sustainable use of
species and ecosystems and supports others in the devel-
opment of their own information systems.
Intro 3
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/1996iucnredlisto96bail
1
Contents
Page Page
Information Sources and Quality Intro 15 The 1996 lUCN Red List of
Threatened Animals
The New lUCN Categories
Index to Classes 1
and Criteria Intro 17
List 1. Threatened Species 3
Analysis
List 2. Lower Risk: conservation dependent . . .129
Jonathan Baillie Intro 24
List 3. Lower Risk: near threatened 135
References Intro 42
List 4. Extinct and Extinct in the Wild 177
Intro 5
Foreword
The Red List of Threatened Animals is a warning flag, Second, the application of the new system to species
signalling for global attention to the perilous status of on prior lists and to other species was also a daunting
many species. In its approach, this Red List is different undertaking. Many Specialist Groups of the Species
from all its predecessors and the existing Red Data Survival Commission and BirdLife International carried
books. It employs a more rigorous system for assessing out this work. Jonathan Baillie gave crucial attention to
degree of threat of extinction, a system reflecting cur- coordination and instruction of this work, and his service
rent knowledge in population biology in relation to con- deserves the gratitude of conservationists everywhere.
servation concerns. This more objective approach should Most conservation actions are carried out in national
help focus attention on the causative factors behind the contexts, and going forward, the new approach to cate-
diminished geographic ranges, declining populations, gorizing conservation status needs to be adapted for use
and small numbers that characterize endangerment in at the national level. The lUCN is encouraging the
many species. development of National Biodiversity Conservation
The Red List is incomplete because of our ignorance Groups, and it is important that they be suitably equipped
of the vast majority of life forms on the planet, most of with cogent information in directing their efforts to effect
them invertebrates and other microfauna. Nevertheless, conservation of endemic species.
the status of the larger species covered by the Red List As biological gauges of endangerment, the Red Lists
is indicative of the circumstances for many smaller of species should be considered as calls for attention to
species that occupy the same environments as the larger causal factors. The causes of endangerment range from
species. In this connection, a notable achievement in habitat destruction and overharvesting to pollution and
preparation of this edition of the Red List was review of introduction of invasive species. Thoroughgoing review
all mammals. Thanks to this
species of work and to the of the Red List in relation to these proximate causes may
prior work of BirdLife International, two classes of ver- help focus relevant research, education, training, and pol-
tebrates have now been assessed. It is of significance icy development within the lUCN networks and the con-
for conservation planning and action that the less vagile servation community generally. In turn, such work can
group, the mammals, has proportionately more species at inform and inspire appropriate governmental and social
risk of extinction than the birds. actions to stem the loss of biological diversity illustrated
The observations above reflect very considerable so explicitly by this Red List. Looking ahead, such
accomplishments. First, the development of the new sys- responsiveness will be obligatory if we are to deal at all
tem for categorizing threats was a formidable task. Led adequately with global change phenomena that are
by Georgina Mace, the effort involved hundreds of con- impacting the long term survival prospects for ecosys-
sultations and much debate over several years before tems and their distinctive complements of species.
therewas a product suitable for adoption by lUCN-The
World Conservation Union. The conservation commu- George B. Rabb
nity is truly indebted to Dr. Mace and her many collabo- SSC Chair
rators for their work.
Intro 6
Acknowledgements
The assistance of many people has been essential during Marydele Donnelly, Iain Douglas-Hamilton. Craig
the compilation of the 1996lUCN Red List. In particu- Downer, Holly Dublin, Henri J. Dumont, Patrick
lar, we must acknowledge the many SSC Specialist Duncan, J. Dutton, Rod East, Harald Ehmann, Lucius
Group chairs and other members, and the many other Eldredge, Mark Eldridge, Keith Eltringham, K.C.
field scientists, who have provided data and opinions for Emberton, Sebastian Endrody-Younga, Carl Ernst,
this revision, usually in addition to already heavy work- Joseph Erwin, Ardith A. Eudey, G. Evans, Michael
loads. We hope that we have not overlooked anyone in Ewert, Neil Fairall, Garry Fellers. Christopher Field, Y.
the list below, and trust that those who have made espe- Finet, J. F. Fitzpatrick Jr., Tim Flannery, John Flux, Jack
cially valuable contributions will not object to our alpha- Fooden, Thomas Foose, Koyla Formozov, Nikolai
betical sequence. Formozov, Garth Foster, Chuck Fowler, Sarah Fowler,
Razeem Mazaln Abdullah, Alberto Abreu Grobois, Nat Frazer, A. Frias-Martin, Tony Friend. Agustin
M. Farid Absan, Arturo Acero, Donat Agosti, Alex Fuentes, Liza Gadsby, Anh Galat, Gerard Galat,
Aguilar, Gustavo Aguirre, A. Alberts. G. Allen, Patricia Nicholas Gales, Ray Usha Ganguli-
Gambell,
Almada-Villela, R. Alonso, Giovanni Amori, Claes Lachungpa, S.K. Gangwere, Marion Garai, Gerald
Andren, Christopher Andrews, Douglas Armstrong, Visit Gamer, Dave Garshelis, Steve Gartlan, A. Gasgoigne,
Arsaithamkul, Syoziro Asahina, Jose Marcio Ayres, Annie Gautier-Hion, Anthony Gent, Sarah George,
Baccio Baccetti. Gary Backhouse, Robin Baird, John Arthur Georges, G. Gerber, Stella Giannoni, R. Gibson,
Baker, George Balazs, Michael Balke, Harvey Ballard Huw Giffiths, Joshua Ginsberg, Spartaco Gippoliti,
Jr., Emilio Balleto, John Bannister. K.R. Beaman, Simon Angela Glatston, Natalie Goodall, N. Goodyear, Suren-
Bearder, John Behler, Denton Belk, Ben Bell. Diana dra Goyal, Michael Green, Penelope Greenslade,
Bell, Charles Bellamy, John Benzie, Ibrahim Beran, Michael Griffin, O. Griffiths, Kurt Grossenbacher, Colin
Kristin Berry, Vladimir Beshkov, Peter Best, Roger P. Groves, Kunkun Jaka Gurmaya, M. Haase, Celio
Bills, David Bilton. Zainuddin Bin Awang Lela. Vadim Haddad, M. Hadfield, L. Hadway, David Hafner,
Birstein,Karen Bjorndal. D. Blair. Charles Blanch. Heather Hall, Matti Hamalainen, Michelle Hamer, Sandy
William Bleisch, Quentin Bloxam, A.E. Bogan, Ramesh Harcourt, James Harding, John Hare, Tero Harkonen,
Boonratana. Eric Born, Philippe Bouchet, Ian Boyd, David Harrison, John Harwood, Julie Hawkins, W.K.
William Branch, Douglas Brandon-Jones. Matthew Hayes, Sun Hean, Larry Heaney, Simon Hedges, Mads
Braunwalder, Amie Brautigam, M. Breuil, Warren Y. Peter Htide-Jorgensen, Joel Heinen, Eero Helle, J.
Brockelman, Daniel Brooks, Martin Brooks, D.S. Heller, R. Henderson, Lars Hendrich. Martin Henzl,
Brown, Robert Brownell, B. Bruce, Andrew Burbridge, Alejandro Hernandez- Yasez, David Hill, Craig Hilton-
Kurt Bushlmann, James Buskirk, Tom Butynski, Nora Taylor, Rod Hitchmough, Horton Hobbs III, Domingo
Bynum, Des Callaghan, Ruben Callo, Merry Camhi, Hoces, John Holsinger, Paul Horner, J. Horrocks, M.
Claudio Campagna, Domingo Canales-Epinosa, John Hounsome, Darryl Houston, Chia Chi Hsiung, Elodie
Cann, Emily Capuli, Eduardo Carrillo, C.M.S. Carring- Hudson, Gene Huntsman, Mark Hutchinson, Anthony
ton, R.L. Carter, Stephen Casey, Fernando Cervantes, Hutson, M. Ibanez, Thomas Illiffe, Amar Inamdar,
Anwaruddin Choudhury, Peter Christie. Ruth Chunge, Prayuth Intarapanich, Augustin Iriarte W, John Iverson,
Tim Clancy, D. Clark, Harold Cogger, Adelmar Nina G. Jablonski. Dale Jackson, Peter D. Jackson, Peter
Coimbra-Filho, James Cokendolpher, G. Cole, Cristino Thomas Jefferson, Raymond
F.R. Jackson, Peter Jarman,
CoUado, David E. Collins, L. Compagno, Luis Contreras. Jezerinac, Xing-BaoAndrew Johns, Chris Johnson,
Jin,
Salvador Contreras-Balderas, J. Conyers, S. Cook, Justin Ken Johnson. Naris Kaewsalabnil, Zhou Kaiya, Sumate
Cooke, Peter Copley, Keith Corbett, Liliana Cortes- Kamolnorranath, Kadzo Kangwana, Toshio Kasuya,
von Cosel, Jackie Courtenay, John Coventry, R.
Ortiz, R. Hidehiro Kato, Todd Katzner, Les Kaufman, V. Kessner,
Cowie, Colin Craig, Keith Crandall. Enrique Crespo, Le Vu Khoi. Catri Khoohathapharak, Bastiaan Kiauta,
Deborah Grouse, Neil Cumberlidge, Claudio Cunazza. R.N. Kilburn, Steven Kingswood, Margaret Kinnaird,
Indraneil Das, Charles Daugherty, G.S. Davis, Steve Carl Kinze, R. Craig Kirkpatrick, Devra Kleiman, David
Dawson, Mark Day, Flavio de Barros Molina, Gustavo Klein, Hans Klingel, Ann K. Kohihaas, Wichit Kongk-
de Fonseca, Gerrit De Gusmao Camara,
Graaff, Idsen de ham, Karen Kool, Adriaan Kortlandt, Zoltan Korzos,
Daniel de Lamo, Roberto de Rocha e Silva, Thomas Maurice Kottelat, Gerald Kuchling, Ajith Kumar, Padma
Defler, Bernard Devaux, Chris Dickinan, H.K. Divekar, Kumari de Silva, Frank Kurczewski, Sergius Kuzmin,
Intro 7
Michael Lambert. Ernst Lang, Tom Langton, P. Last, Sadovy, Carl Safina, David Saltz, Michael Samways,
Andrew Laurie, David Lavigne, Richard Laws, Kevin Kanchai Sanwong, Daniel Sarasqueta, Carel P. Van
Lazarus, James Lazell. Nigel Leader-Williams, Steve Schaik, P.J. Schembri. Mitchel Schiewe, Duane Schlitter,
Leatherwood, Anthony Lee, Phyllis Lee, Charlie Eberhard Schmidt, Frederick Schueller. Helga Schulze,
Leelasiri.Lynn Lefebvre, Jean-Marc Lernould, Jean Norman Scott, Mary Barbara Seddon, John Seebeck,
Lescure, Sanan Liangpaiboon, Colin Limpus, Malan Michael Seidel, Michael Sergeev, Lester Seri, Juan
Lindeque, Bounchanh Liphoung, Lois K. Lippold, Carlos Serio-Silva, Chris Servheen, David Shackleton,
Miguel Lizana, Michael Lock, Chainarong Lohachit, Nita Shah, Peter Shaughnessy, Glenn Shea, Greg
Paul Loiselle, Lloyd Lowry, Geoff Lundie-Jenkins, Dan Sherley, Jeff Short, Johann Sigurjonsson, Claudio
Lunney, Yiqing Ma, Alistair MacDonald, David Mac- Sillero-Zubiri, Gilberto Silva-Lopez, Marcus Simons,
donald, Angelo Machado, Akihiro Mae, Alejandro Apidet Singhaseni, Tero Sipilla, Paul Skelton, Boris
Maeda-Martinez. Bruce Male. David Mallon, M.C.D. Sket, S. Slack-Smith, Elisabeth Slooten, Andrew Smith,
Mansur, Neca Marcovaldi, Dimitris Margaritoulis. A.L. Brian Smith, Laurie Smith. Jack Sobel, A. Solem,
Markezich, Miriam Marmontel, Helene Marsh, Keen Ramon Soriguer, Nicolas Soto, Zandi Spuris, Sompoad
Matam-
Martens, Roderic Mast, Larry Master, Yolanda Srikosamatara, J. Stanisic, F. Starmiihlner, J. Steffek,
oros, Sharon Matola, Stephanie Maxwell, Mary June Sally Stephens, Melanie Stiassny, Ian Stirling, David
Maypa, Don McAllister, Kelly McAllister, Elizabeth Stone, Gregory Stone, Karen Strier, Anton Stumpel,
McCance, Andrew McCarthy, William McCord, Keith Franz Suchentrunk, Ken Sugimura, Vivake Sukead,
McDonald, R.M. McDowall, Roger McManus, David Channarong Sukthon, Raman Sukumar, Yant Sukwonge,
Mech, Marcus Meier, Peter Menkhorst, Anne Meylan, Sidney W. Sunkle, Jatna Supriatna, P. Tattersfield,
Peter Meylan, Simon Mickleburgh, Phil Miller, Gus Christopher Taylor, Mitchell Taylor, Ricky Taylor,
Mills, Joe Mitchell, Joseph Mitchell, Russell Mitter- Andrei Tchabovsky, Geza Teleki, Jo Thompson, Paul
meier, Patricia Moehlman, Don Moll, Edward Moll, Thompson, John Thorbjamarson, Apichart Tirawatana,
Maggie Moonie-Seus, Jim Moore, Norman Moore, P. Tolson, K. Tomiyania, David Towns, Fritz Trillmich,
Daniel Morris. Keith Morris, Jeanne Mortimer, Cynthia Wancahi Tunwattana, Caroline Tutin, B. K. Tyagi,
Moss, Johanna Motta-Gill, Teresa MuUiken, Graziella Michael Tyler, Martin Tyson, Shun-Ichi Ueno, Yuji
Mura, Jack Musick, M. Mylonas, Tilo Nadler, F. Naggs, Uozumi, Yongchai Utara, Claudio Valladares-Padua,
Bernabas Nagy, D. Nellis, Gertrud Neumann-Denzau. Victor Valverde, Erik van der Straeten, Peter Paul van
T.R. New, Don Newman, Carsten Niemitz, Goran Dijk, Nico van Strien, Jan van Tol, Dick Vane-Wright,
Nilson, Toshisada Nishida, Steve Njumbe, Peter R. Varman. Alejandro Velazquez, Fernando Videla,
Novellie, Kristin Nowell, Eduardo Nunez, Felix Nunez, Bibiana Vila, Maria Lilian Villalba. Amanda Vincent,
Ann Oakenfull, John F. Gates, R.A. Odum. Ricardo Valeriy Vladimirov. Richard Vogt, Rob Wager, H. Wai,
Ojeda, Maria Elisa Oliveira, William Oliver, Robert Simon Wakefield, Sawai Wanghongsa, Melvin Warren
Olivier, Thawom Orasoon, J. Ottenwalder, Su Su Oung, Jr., Robert Webb, Vern Weitzel, Susan Wells, Christen
S. Palazzi,Buntawan Pamoke, Felipe Pascual, Dennis Wemmer, Tony Whitaker, Anthony Whitten, Ian Whyte,
Paulson, Junaidi Payne, Paul Pearce-Kelly, David Wisid Wichasilpa, Mary Wicksten, T. Wiewandt,
Pearson, Oliver Pearson, A. Perera, A.M. Perez, William Oystein Wiig, Stuart Williams, Liz Williamson, Khin
Perrin, R. Pethiyagoda, Georgi Petrov Peshev, Bernie Than Win, D. Wingate, A.J. de Winter, John Winter,
Peyton, William Pflieger. Richard Podloucky, Cathryn Roland Wirth, John Woinarski, Grace Wong-Reyes,
Poff. B. Pokryseko, W. Ponder. Ishwar Prakash, ElizabethWood, Charles Woods, Jack Woody, Pat
Theerapat Prayurasiddhi. R.C. Preece, Peter Pritchard, WooUey, Richard Wrangham, W. Wuster, Nuan Thong
Zdzislaw Pucek, Silvia Puig, Andre Punt, Paul Racey, Xavonxay, Zhang Yongzu, Waltraut Zimmermann, G.
David Ragge, Graeme Ramsay, Nipai Rattanapan, Zorzi. George Zug, Gabriel Zunino, and C.G. van Zyll
Nancy Rayner, Bruce Read. James Reddell. Kent de Jong.
Redford, Randall Reeves, Janet Reid, Peter Reijnders, Although it is always dangerous to draw attention to
Dave Charles Rentz, Julio Reyes, Vernon Reynolds, particular names from such a list, special mention must
Anders Rhodin, Ignacio Ribera. Enrique Richard, Philip be made of the extraordinary effort made by the SSC
Richardson, T. Ripkin, Galium Roberts, Phillip Robin- Mollusc Specialist Group, under the leadership of Mary
son, Terence Robinson, Henry Robinson, Ernesto Seddon and Philippe Bouchet, which evaluated a huge
Rodriguez-Luna, Francisco Romero, Fernando Rosas, number of species for inclusion in the 7996 lUCN Red
James Perran Ross, B. Roth, Rob Roughley, David List ofTlveatened Animals.
Rounsevell, Richard Rowe, Mary Rowen, Roger Roy. The data on birds are taken from BirdLife Inter-
Anthony Rylands, Sergio Saba, Jordi Sabater-Pi, Yvonne national's 1994 publication Birds to Watch 2, which is
Intro 8
the official source for birds on the lUCN Red List. We Jonathan Baillie took the responsibility of assisting the
would like to thank Nigel Collar and Alison Stattersfield SSC Specialist Groups and other experts to use the new
for their assistance in making the bird data available. system, and apply it to thousands of species. Without
Data for a number of species of North American rep- Jonathan's assistance, the first ever evaluation of all
tiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates are gener- mammal species for their threatened status would not
ously provided by the Nature Conservancy, and we thank have been completed in time for this edition. Jonathan
Bruce Stein and Jeff Lerner for their help. Data on developed a guide on how to use the new categories and
marine fishes were provided through a workshop sup- criteria, which was widely used by SSC members. He
ported by the Institute of Zoology (UK) and the World was also responsible for writing most of the Introduction
Wide Fund and special thanks are due to
for Nature, and Analysis sections of the 1996 lUCN Red List of
Elodie Hudson, Georgina Mace, and Mike Sutton for Threatened Animals. Brian Groombridge provided con-
making this possible. Additional thanks goes to Maurice siderable assistance with the introductory section and, in
Kottelat for his advice on Eurasian fishes. We also particular, was responsible for the Organization of
would like to thank Flora and Fauna International for Information, Information Sources and Quality, and Data
supporting Simon Mickleburgh and Mark Day in their Table sections. Mariano Gimenez Dixon played a major
contributions to the Red List. role in helping to evaluate a number of the lesser-known
Particular thanks are due to Ulf Gardenfors and Alison species under the new system, and assisted Jonathan in
Stattersfield for writing the Guest Essays. Ulfs essay providing support and advice to SSC members. Georgina
introduces the process that has now started to develop Mace was a constant source of wisdom and advice
guidelines for the application of the new lUCN Red List throughout the process, and provided valuable editorial
categories at regional and national levels. Alison's essay comments. Simon Stuart was the lUCN project manager,
highlights some of the lessons learned in using the new and served as overall editor of the introductory sections.
categories in the compilation of Birds to Watch 2. Production of the camera-ready copy at the offices of
Particular mention must be made of the extraordinary the Chicago Zoological Society was carried out by Diane
amount of work undertaken by World Conservation
the Cavalieri. Elizabeth McCance oversaw the final compi-
project managers. WCMC generously supported this 1996 lUCN Red List was made possible by lUCN/SSC's
project over and above the level of funding provided by co-publishing partner. Conservation International.
lUCN, without which this edition could not be produced. Conservation International secured funds from the
The task of compiling the 1996 lUCN Red List of Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation (US) and sup-
Threatened Animals presented particular challenges, ported the publication and distribution of the publication.
resulting from the adoption of the new lUCN Red List Particular thanks are due to Russ Mittermeier and Jorgen
categories in November 1994. This made it impossible Thomsen of Conservation International for making all
to carry listings forward from the 1994 lUCN Red List. this possible.
Intro 9
Introduction
For more than thirty years, the Species Survival • The information is presented in a more user-friendly
Commission (SSC) has been assessing the conservation manner so that it may be used by a much larger and
status of species and subspecies on a global scale in order varied audience; and
book.
The goals of the 7996 lUCN Red List of Threatened
The conservation status of every mammal species in
Animals are to:
the world is assessed for the first time in the 1996 lUCN
• Provide scientifically-based information on the Red List. The only other major taxonomic group that has
status of species and subspecies at a global level been comprehensively evaluated is birds (Collar et al.
Improving the Red List five to ten years, we hope to have all known higher ver-
tebrates and freshwater fishes completely assessed.
as a Conservation Tool
Unfortunately, given lack of financial resources, and the
We have introduced several innovations which have sheer magnitude of the numbers of lower vertebrate and
enhanced the effectiveness of the 1996 lUCN Red List as invertebrate species, it will probably be a long time
a conservation tool: before these taxa receive comprehensive conservation
assessments. Furthermore, there are currently about 1.5
• At the species level, the conservation status of all
to 1 .8 million named species, but it is estimated that the
vertebrates and the majority of invertebrates listed
actualnumber of species in the world ranges from 5 to 10
in the 1994 Red List has been re-assessed;
million (May em/. 1995). If this prediction is correct,
• For the frrst time, all mammal species have been then thousands to millions of species may be missing
assessed, in addition to many other species that had from the Red List because they have not yet been dis-
not previously been evaluated: covered or described. Nevertheless, despite these diffi-
Intro 10
1
To improve the quality and usefulness of the infor- The 1996 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals is
mation in the Red List, we have used the new lUCN cat- now on the World Wide Web at (http://www.wcmc.
egories and criteria, approved by lUCN Council in 1994. org.uk/data/database/rl_anml_combo .html). This allows
This system improves the objectivity of the listing any person with Web access to use the database to obtain
process by providing quantitative criteria that define information such as:
Intro 1
Organization of Information
of geographically isolated populations in List 6, which of species categorized by lUCN as extinct or probably
are not recognized taxonomically) are of the taxon as a extinct in the wild, and a number of species that had not
whole, i.e. indicate the global risk of extinction. been categorized by lUCN but which were known to
The first priority in compiling this present edition of have become extinct since around 1600 AD. That previ-
the Red List was to assess all known mammal species; ous compilation is the basis for this list, which includes
the second was to re-assess all other vertebrates in the two distinct categories in the revised system. Extinct (EX)
1994 Red List; the third was to cover the invertebrate and Extinct in the Wild (EW). This list reflects some
groups in the 1994 Red List for which an active lUCN movement of species between extinct and threatened
Specialist Group exists. These goals have been achieved. categories as a result of new information or interpretation.
It can be assumed therefore that any bird or mammal
species (unless described too recently to have been eval- Lists
uated, or not generally accepted as a full species) that is Data Deficient
not in one of the lists in this publication falls within the This category includes species that lack the data needed
"least concern" division of the Lower Risk category. The to make an assessment of risk possible. Taxa in this cat-
fourth priority was to deal with remaining invertebrates; egory differ from those in the Not Evaluated category in
relatively few of these have been assessed. that the question of data availability has been considered
in the former but has not yet been considered in the latter.
This list includes all the full species categorized at global which have been reassessed for 1996. All categories are
level as either Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered included here, except Lower Risk: least concern. In most
(EN), or Vulnerable (VU). Only taxa within any of these instances subspecies are only listed if the full species of
three categories are collectively termed "threatened", and which they are a component has also been evaluated. For
this list is the current central catalogue of animal species the first time, a number of geographically isolated
identified as globally threatened under the new category intraspecific populations have also been listed where a
Intro 12
an exception is made for taxa that were formerly listed on categorizing marine fishes (Hudson and Mace 1996)
in order to higMight the change in status. These appear in applies in particular to these populations. The text of this
the first part of List 7. The names of taxa previously caveat is reproduced in the following paragraph. A note
listed but not evaluated at the time of going to press at the start of the fish section of List 1 stresses the pre-
appear in the second pan of List 7. The second part of liminary nature of the marine fish assessments in general.
List 7 also contains a small number of as yet undescribed
The criteria (A-D) provide relative assessments
species for which full details have not been provided (see
of trends in the population status of species
below) and which therefore have not been included in the
across many life forms. However, it is recognized
main lists. It is possible that unresolved taxonomic prob-
tliat these criteria do not always lead to equally
lems may have led to some duplication of entities in List
robust assessments of extinction risk, which
7 and Lists 1-6.
depend upon the life history of the species. The
We do not list any of the species formerly listed in
quantitative criterion (AJa, b, d) for the threat-
the Commercially Threatened category (List 5 in the
ened categories may not be appropriate for
1994 Red List). This category was a form of threat clas-
assessing the risk of extinction for some species,
sification, not a risk assessment, and so is not recognized
particularly those with high reproductive poten-
in the new system. Of the species formerly listed in this
tial, fast growth and broad geographic ranges.
category, none has been assessed for the 1996 Red List,
Many of these species have high potential for
except the single vertebrate {Macaco nemestrina. now
population maintenance under high levels of
VU). We do not list any of the genera and other higher
mortality, and such species might form the basis
taxa formerly listed in List 3 of the 1994 Red List. Many
for fisheries.
of the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes have now been
assessed at species level and appear in appropriate sec-
Except where a species is known only by fossil material,
tions of the present Red List; none of the other groups
it is typically an accumulation of negative evidence, i.e.
has yet been assessed at species level. The new category
repeated failure to find a species, that leads to the con-
system is valid only for species and subspecies, not
clusion that extinction has occurred. Several species
higher taxa.
once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and
doubtless others will be in future; conversely it is certain
criterion or criteria (for threatened categories only) Distribution is recorded in terms of country names.
• range countries Unless geographically very remote from each other,
islands and other territories are included with the parent
Lists 2, 3 and 5 each contain species in a single category; country. In the case of species that only inhabit islands
the category in these cases appears in the title header for significantly distant from the mainland, the island name
the list (left-hand page) rather than in the species entry is given in parentheses (e.g. Spain (Canary Is)).
itself. Some of the stocks and populations included with With regard to marine species, country records are
subspecies in List 6 have a distinguishing geographic or provided only for strictly coastal or inshore (or riverine)
common name in an additional line under the scientific or cetaceans, and for otherwise marine species that return to
common name. land to breed or nest (note that species without a country
We give the criteria for the highest category to which range in the database from which the Red List is gener-
the species can be assigned but not for any lower category ated are not represented in the data tables). For some
that might also apply (for birds this corresponds to the cri- marine species, and most strictly marine species we show
terion or criteria printed in bold in Birds to Watch 2). generalized ranges in terms of FAO Fishery Areas, indi-
A small number of marine fishes in List 1 and List 6 cated by square brackets (e.g. [Adantic (northeast, north-
have the letter C in parentheses after the species name. west), Indian Ocean (eastern)]). For many freshwater
This indicates that a caveat formulated at the workshop species, usually those restricted to a single water sys-
Intro 13
tern, freshwater ranges are also indicated by square mation provided. Within reasonable limits every effort
brackets. Rivers and lakes are distinguished by R. and L. has been made to determine which of the new nations
respectively (e.g. [R. Cetina], [L. Toba]). In a few that were part of the former Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
instances, a second river name (e.g. [R. Danube (R. and USSR support species previously attributed to the
Tisla)]) indicates a section of the drainage in which the larger unit. Thus, any record for "Yugoslavia" should
species occurs. refer to the current Serbia-Montenegro, but might in
In most cases where populations are known to have some cases refer to the former federation.
been introduced or reintroduced to a country, this is indi- In List 6, containing subspecies and a number of
cated by [int] or [re-int] after the country name in the dis- stocks and other geographically isolated populations, the
tribution text. Similarly, where populations are known or latter are indicated by (S) after the species name, and
suspected to have been extirpated from a country, this is unless otherwise clear, the population or stock is indi-
indicated by (ex) or (ex?). cated on the line under the species name (e.g. Acipenser
Geopolitical events during recent years may have led gueldenstaedti (S), (Caspian Sea stock)).
to some inconsistency or errors in the distribution infor-
Intro 14
5
Intro 1
formity with Birds to Watch 2, we use the names and Invertebrates
sequence of orders and families, and the species content Parker (1982) has generally been followed for nomen-
of famiHes of Morony, Bock, and Farrand ( 1 975 ). clature at class, order, and family level and above. There
is a lack of widely accepted class-level checklists for
Reptiles invertebrates and in the absence of such sources no
Turtles and tortoises generally follow Iverson { 1992); attempt has been made to standardize names submitted
crocodilians follow King and Burke (1989); tuatara sys- for inclusion.
tematics are after Daugherty et al. (1990). Names in
common use, including by Specialist Groups or in Undescribed Species
national sources, have been employed for other groups of We have followed a policy developed by SSC regarding
reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species check- listing of undescribed species. These can be accepted
list for lizards or snakes. only under the following conditions:
Intro 16
The New lUCN Categories and Criteria
After a long process of review and consultation, the new the system, it was tested by a number of the specialist
lUCN categories and criteria were adopted by the lUCN groups on many different taxa through a series of
Council on November 30, 1994, This system was devel- Conservation Assessment and Management Planning
oped to improve the objectivity of classifying the conser- (CAMP) workshops, organized by the SSC Conservation
vation status of species, subspecies, and populations on Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG). Following an exten-
a global scale and to provide more useful information sive review and consultation process, including a major
about the status of taxa. international workshop, Mace et al. (1992) proposed a
major revision of the 1991 paper, adapting the criteria
olds could be set for each category of threat, and made categories, criteria and subcriteria. For more detailed
specific proposals appropriate for higher vertebrates. information please refer to the Annex at the end of this
Immediately after the publication of the 1991 version of publication entitled lUCN Red List Categories.
Intro 17
- 8
The Categories • Least concern: taxa that are not in any immediate
danger of extinction.
There are eight well-defined categories (refer to the
Annex for full details) that enable the classification of These subcategories are intended to support the moni-
almost every species or subspecies in the world. The toring of species' status, and can indicate particularly
Extinct means that there is no reasonable doubt that ened status and those dependent on continuing conser-
the last individual has died. Extinct in the Wild means vation actions.
that the species has been extirpated from its natural habi- The remaining two categories do not reflect the con-
tat. The definition for Extinct in the Wild (see the Annex servation status of taxa. The Data Deficient category
at the end of this publication) gives guidance on the cir- highlights taxa for which information to make a sound
cumstances in which it is possible to pronounce a wild conservation assessment is lacking. The category Not
species extinct. Critically Endangered, Endangered, Evaluated applies to taxa that have not yet been assessed
Vulnerable (the categories of threat) each have quantita- with the new system.
Extinct (EX)
— (Threatened) .
Endangered (EN)
Intro 1
with very different life histories, it is not intended that
all the criteria be applicable to a given species. Species
Critically
qualify as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or
Extinct
Endangered Vulnerable by meeting any one of the five criteria (A-E)
for that category of threat.
Endangered Requiring that the criteria and subcriteria are stated
Data Deficient for each listing of a taxon in one of the categories of
threat provides a more objective, informative, and
accountable process. The identification of quantitative
criteria when classifying a taxon in one of the categories
of threat ensures that taxa are being assessed by a
Not Evaluated common standard, thus improving consistency of the
application of the system among different users. The
information given by the categories and criteria provides
a general indication of the exdnction process of a taxon
and may be helpful in setting conservation priorities. The
Figure 2. When all species of a higher taxonomic group are
placed into one of the eight categories, it provides a useful categories, criteria, and subcriteria are made public to
indication of the current status of. and level of knowledge explain why each taxon has been placed on the list, and
about that group. the assessment can then be refined as further informa-
tion emerges.
Although the criteria for each of the categories of
tion on changing patterns and levels of threat. Figure 2 threat are based on quantitative thresholds, inference and
demonstrates how the current status of an entire taxo- projection are permitted so that taxa for which there is
nomic group can be summarized by the lUCN categories. very little information can also be assessed. Therefore,
the person conducting an assessment is expected to use
the best available information, in combination with infer-
The Criteria and Subcriteria for ence and projection to test a taxon against the criteria. If
the Categories of Threat there is any reasonable concern that a species is threat-
The main purpose of the subcriteria is to provide further The Giant Sea Bass is listed as CR Albd. This means
that the category of threat is Critically Endangered,
information to support the listing of a species in a partic-
which defined "a taxon that is facing a very high
ular category. However, the subcriteria may also provide is as,
Although the criteria are expected to be applicable uals over the past 10 years or three generations (which-
across broad taxonomic groups to encompass species ever is longer for this species). The rest of the subcriteria
Intro 19
'
T
Stereolepis gigas
\l//
CR A 1 bd Mexico,
'
USA
Giant Sea Bass [Pacific (eastern central)]
Common Name
Figure 3. An example of the use of tfie categories, criteria, and subcriteria in the 1996 lUCN Red List.
listed are b, d, which provide information about how the is the first time that the new system has been applied to
decline was assessed. In this particular case the subcri- such a large number of species with very different life
teria state that the Giant Sea Bass was listed under the A histories. Overall, the system was very well received and
criterion because of the rapid decline was documented by it appears to have successfully flagged a wide variety of
(b) an index of abundance and (d) exploitation. Using the threatened species. In the process of applying the cate-
summary of the lUCN categories and criteria, it is possi- gories and criteria for the 1996 lUCN Red List, hundreds
ble to decode the criteria and subcriteria for every taxon of specialists had the opportunity to assess all aspects of
listed. the new system. This has led to a number of constructive
In Table 1 the categories of threat are listed along the suggestions as to how the system could be fine-tuned.
top of the page, and the criteria and subcriteria are given The following discussion outlines many of these recom-
in the appropriate columns. First identify the category mendations, which focus on slight definition clarifica-
of threat; then locate which of the five criteria are applic- tions, and also on aspects of the A criterion that may
able and identify the subcriterion. require further examination.
For example, by using Table 1, it is possible to deci-
pher what Endangered: C2a means. First identify the
Endangered category in the center at the top of the page.
Definitions
Then follow the Endangered column down to the C cri-
1. Definition of IVIature Individuals
terion which states that the taxa has a small population
In the current system, mature individuals are defined as
size and is declining. Identify the quantitative threshold
individuals capable of reproduction. This definition has
for the Endangered column under the C criterion which is
been used to provide an indication of the number of indi-
less than 2,500 mature individuals. Then locate the 2a
viduals that will be able to replace themselves in the next
subcriterion which states that the population is experi-
generation. However, in some long-lived species, indi-
encing a continual decline and is fragmented with each
vidual animals are capable of reproduction, but their
subpopulation averaging less than or equal to 250 mature
young are not attaining maturity. Even though such indi-
individuals.
viduals are breeding, for conservation purposes they
It should be mentioned that the terms used in the cri-
should not be considered as mature individuals. This def-
teria and subcriteria have very specific meanings in this
inition should be reworded to emphasize that only indi-
context, or require particular methods to be used for
viduals capable of producing offspring that reach the age
assessing them. These definitions are included in Annex
of maturity should be considered as mature individuals.
2 at the end of this publication.
New lUCN Categories and Criteria mature individuals in a population. In the new lUCN cat-
egories and criteria, generation time determines the win-
While the lUCN categories and criteria had been tested dow of time during which a species" probability of
against many different types of species in its develop- extinction, or its rate of decline, is being examined. For
ment phase, the compilation of the 1996 lUCN Red List example, the A criterion is used to list species according
Intro 20
Table 1
based on:
a. direct observation
2. continuing decline in any of the following: any rate any rate any rate
a. extent of occurrence
b. area of of occupancy
c. area, extent and/or quality of habitat
d. number of locations or subpopulations
e. number of mature individuals
3. fluctuating in any of the following: > 1 order/mag. > 1 order/mag. > 1 order/mag.
a. extent of occurrence
b. area of occupancy
c. number of locations or subpopulations
d. number of mature individuals
2. continuing decline and either any rate any rate any rate
a. fragmented or all sub-pops < 50 all sub-pops < 250 all sub-pops < 1 ,000
E. Quantitative Analysis
Indicating the probability of 50% into years 20% in 20 years 10% in too years
Intro 21
to specific rates of decline in the past or future for ten declining at the last minute. Currently, there is no upper
years or three generations, whichever is longer. If a limit on the time period during which declines are exam-
species' generation time is 12 years, then rates of decline ined. For example, if the generation time of a species is
are examined over the past and future 36 years. 50 years, then the A criterion requires that the rates of
The current definition of generation time does not decline be monitored over the past and future 150 years.
work well for species that are experiencing heavy Just as it is impractical for conservation purposes to use
exploitation or direct harvesting. This is because when very short generation times, it is in most cases also
populations are heavily exploited, the larger older indi- impractical to attempt to determine what happened too
viduals are usually the first to be taken, thus reducing far back in the past, or what may happen in the distant
the average age of the population, and decreasing the future. A cap of about 75 years would ensure that mea-
generation time. With a shorter generation time, rates sured and predicted declines were being assessed over
of decline and probabilities of extinction will be exam- time-frames where circumstances can be judged with
ined over a shorter time-frame, making it less likely for more certainty.
Intro 22
A2 criterion. This criterion flags species that may expe- 5.Managed Populations and Rates of Decline
rience significant decHnes in the next 10 years or three When exploiting wild populations, the management
generations, whichever is longer. However, it would be strategy is often to reduce the number of mature individ-
more effective for conservation purposes to develop uals in order to increase productivity, thus increasing the
criteria that specifically highlight species that have sustainable harvest levels. For some fish populations,
undergone extreme depletion, but do not qualify for the managing for sustainable harvest entails a reduction of
other criterion. more than 50% of mature individuals. Despite the fact
that these reductions are intentional, these species are
3. Shifting Time Scale for the A criterion identified as potentially threatened with extinction under
The A criterion assesses the rates of population decline the red listing system.
over time. The criterion is divided into two: Al assesses It is very difficult to determine levels of exploitation
the rate of decline in the past 10 years or 3 generations, that are sustainable, and even if accurate harvest levels
and A2 assesses the predicted rates of decline in the next are determined, history has repeatedly shown that such
10 years or three generations. This rigid division of management schemes are rarely followed. Also, there
time-frames may lead to a misrepresentation of a is still uncertainty as to whether or not a population of
species' conservation status if the decline is occurring highly reproductive fishes, managed at reduced numbers
at the time of the assessment. For example, if a species of mature individuals over long periods of time, are sig-
has decreased by 10% in the past five years and is pro- nificantly more prone to extinction. There could be long-
jected to decline by another 10% in the next five years, term negative genetic implications resulting from this
it would not be listed under the current system. type of management. Species that are exploited in such a
Excluding declines that are occurring while the assess- manner might persist for several generations, slowly
ment is being made does not make sense when the objec- becoming more susceptible to extinction.
tive of the criteria is to identify a 20% decline over 10 Currently, if the number of mature individuals in a
years or three generations. However, the original inten- population decreases by 20% over 10 years or three gen-
tion was that there should be an opportunity to use a erations in managed populations, then the species is
shifting time window, which the current wording of the listed as threatened. Once the population is no longer
criteria does not make clear. The Al and A2 subcriteria decreasing by 20% over 10 years of three generations
could possibly be merged, leaving a single A criterion. (e.g., if the management is now achieving constant pop-
The past and future time-frames of 10 years or three gen- ulation size at high productivity levels), then it is retained
erations could be maintained, but should be flexible on the list for five years and then delisted. Therefore, if
enough to measure declines over any period, providing thenumber of mature individuals is reduced by 20% or
that the furthest point in time from the present (either more as part of a sustainable management scheme, the
past or future) is no greater than 10 years or three gener- taxon will initially be listed in a category of threat, but if
ations (whichever is longer). the management is successful the species will soon be
removed from the threatened list.
is more prone to extinction when numbers of mature learning, and many issues require further examination,
individuals show persistent declines. With a 20% which makes it impractical to revise the new system
decrease in mature individuals the species qualifies for immediately. Only once we are certain that the majority
Vulnerable, with a 50% decline. Endangered, and with of the glitches have been identified and addressed will
an 80% decline. Critically Endangered. However, the lUCN categories and criteria undergo revision.
species with high growth rates, high reproductive poten-
tial, and early maturity can experience a significant
decrease in mature individuals, but may be less prone to
extinction than species with low growth and reproductive
rates. The categories of threat do not reflect probability
of extinction with precision across taxa, and may be par-
ticularly imprecise when only the A criterion is used.
This issue requires further investigation.
Intro 23
1
Analysis
Ideally, the lUCN Red List would contain detailed infor- depletion.
mation on the conservation status of every species in the The following general analysis is based on the infor-
world and identify the region or ecosystem in which each mation presented in the / 996 lUCN Red List of Threat-
species lives. This information would make it easier to ened Animals. It is hoped that specialists will use the
estimate the magnitude of the loss of species diversity tables and data in this book to explore the issues further.
and would greatly aid in the identification of areas endur-
ing the greatest biological impoverishment. Conserva-
would then have
Biases in the 1996 lUCN Red List
tionists better access to sound
information from which to set priorities, and govern- When reading this analysis section of the 1996 lUCN
ments and decision makers would be more aware of the Red List, it is important to recognize some of the biases
implications of their policies and actions on the future of that exist in the data in order to understand why some
the world's biological resources. higher-taxon groups and regions appear to have more
Currently, the conservation status is only known for threatened species than others.
a small proportion of all animal species, and there is a The current information on the status of threatened
strong bias toward terrestrial vertebrates and species species is heavily biased towards terrestrial vertebrates.
found in biologically well-studied regions of the world. Figure I indicates the total number of species that have
However, what we do know indicates clearly that there is been categorized as threatened for each major vertebrate
strong cause for concern. group (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes),
This edition of the Red List, which includes 5,205 as well as for a number of invertebrate groups (molluscs,
species threatened with extinction, is the most compre- insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates).
hensive list of globally threatened species ever compiled. From the number of vertebrates and invertebrates
All known species of birds and mammals have been eval- listed as threatened, may
appear that the two groups
it
uated, with the result that 25% of mammal species and have received a similar degree of attention. However,
1 1% of bird species are classified as being threatened more than 95% of all known animals are invertebrates
with extinction. Not all reptile, amphibian, and fish (Hammond 1995). Hence, this group is proportionally
species have been assessed, but of those that have been under-represented.
evaluated, rough estimates of the percent that are threat-
ened are: 20% of reptiles, 25% of amphibians, and 34%
of fishes (mostly freshwater).
Relatively few invertebrates (mainly insects, spiders,
crustaceans and molluscs) have been assessed making it
Mammals Insects
draw
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Other
Invertebrates
Intro 24
The need for a stronger focus on invertebrate conser- now been applied to all mammals, and the results indi-
vation has long been recognized, but information on the cate that the level of threat to biodiversity could be even
statusand distribution of the majority of invertebrates worse than anticipated. For mammals, 169 species (4%)
simply does not exist (Groombridge 1993). Although the are Critically Endangered. 315(7%) are Endangered, and
number of invertebrates listed in the last two lUCN Red 612 (14%) are Vulnerable (Figure 2). This means that
Lists has sharply increased, any attempt to ensure that 25% of the total number of mammal species are threat-
they are adequately represented would require large ened with extinction. If the Lower Risk subcategories,
amounts of time and resources. However, it is unlikely conservation dependent and near threatened, are taken
that sufficient resources will be made available for inver- into consideration, 4 1 % of all mammals are either threat-
tebrate conservation until the values of the general public ened or close to Vulnerable.
and national governments change to recognize the need Given the fact that there are more than twice as many
to protect all forms of life. bird species as mammal species, it is interesting that the
The attention of naturalists and conservationists has total number of threatened species in each threat category
also long been focused on terrestrial rather than marine is very similar. Four mammal and three bird species are
environments. Although about two-thirds of the earth's Extinct in the Wild; 169 mammal and 168 bird species
surface is covered by seas, our knowledge of the basic are Critically Endangered. In total there are 1 ,099 threat-
ecology, distribution, and status of most marine species is ened and Extinct Wild mammal species and 1,111
in the
extremely limited. As a result, marine species are poorly threatened and Extinct in the Wild bird species.
represented in this list. Even among vertebrates, infor- Perhaps mammals are an anomaly, and the status of
mation on marine species is very poor compared to their birds is a more accurate indicator of the status of other
terrestrial counterparts. Of the terrestrial vertebrates, life-forms. Unfortunately, current information suggests
roughly 48% have been assessed, while only 1.7 % of the that mammals are better indicators of the level of threat
marine vertebrates (primarily three classes of fishes) of other taxonomic groups. Since reptiles, amphibians
have been evaluated. and fishes have not been comprehensively assessed, it is
Some regions have been more comprehensively impossible to make definitive statements about their
assessed than others. Countries such as the United overall conservation status. However, approximately
States, Australia, and South Africa, which have been sub- 20% of the reptile, 25% of the amphibian, and 34% of
ject to detailed review, may have proportionally more the fish species that have been assessed are threatened
species listed than countries in less well studied regions. with extinction. For summary tables on the status of each
Also, specific countries or regions that are the focus of an taxonomic group refer to Data Table 2, page 50.
SSC Specialist Group, or which have produced their own It appears that biodiversity is much more threatened, at
regional or national Red Lists, may also have a relatively least at the species level, than was previously realized.
greater representation in the 7996 lUCN Red List of It has been widely assumed that approximately 10% of
Threatened Animals. Despite these biases, the informa- the world's species are globally threatened, following
tion in the Red List can be used to draw out some gen- the "bird model". But if birds, with their high levels of
eral conclusions. mobility, are on the average much less threatened than
Intro 25
Critically
Endangered
3% Endangered
Lower Risk cd
Lower Risk nt
6%
Critically
Endangered
4% Endangered
Lower Risk Ic
74%
Lower Risk cd
Reptiles
Lower Risk nt
14%
Mammals
Critically
Endangered
2% Endangered
2%
Lower Risk cd
0.11%
Lower Risk nl
9% Amphibians
Endangered
Birds
Lower Risk Ic
Lower Risk nt
Fishes
Figure Which vertebrates are the most threatened? The mammal and bird pie charts represent all the known species for which
2.
there enough information to make a sound conservation assessment. The reptile, amphibian, and fish charts represent all assessed
is
species for which there is adequate information to assign a conservation status. The figures used for the number of assessed species
are based on the number of species estimated to be assessed in the 1994 lUCN Red List. These estimates for the number of
assessed species are 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians, and <10% of fishes (Groombridge 1993).
Intro 26
would expect a group of species so high in the trophic are more species within the Apodiformes (swifts and
scale to have a very large number of threatened species. hummingbirds) than four of the five orders listed above,
For the total numbers of threatened mammals in each yet fewer species (35) are listed as threatened. For the
order see Data Table 1, page 44. total number of threatened birds in each order refer to
If these same six orders are examined in terms of the Data Table 1 , page 44.
proportion of species that are threatened in each, the The five orders of birds that have the highest percent-
sequence changes significantly (Data Deficient species age of threatened species are: Gruiformes (25.6%); Galli-
have not been included): Primates 45.5%, Insectivora formes (25.2%); Psittaciformes (24.7%); Columbiformes
36%, Artiodactyla 32.7%, Chiroptera 26.2%, Camivora (16.7%); and Coraciiformes (kingfishers, bee-eaters, etc.)
25.8%, and Rodentia 16.6%. While these numbers are ( 1 1 .5%). Among the Passeriformes, only 9.5% of the
very alarming, there are many smaller orders that have a species are threatened.
much higher proportion of threatened species (Figure 3). Other medium-sized and small orders that should be
Figure 3 depicts the proportion of each order that is highlighted include: Procellariiformes (albatrosses and
threatened. This approach highlights some of the smaller petrels), Podicipediformes (grebes), Apterygiformes
orders with a high proportion of threatened species. This (kiwis), and Casuariiformes (cassowaries). Twenty-nine
is important because each order represents a morpho- percent of Procellariiformes and 18% of Podiciped-
logically and genetically unique group. One hundred ifomies are threatened. These percentages are not very
percent of Proboscidea (two species of elephant), high in relation to some mammal orders. However, both
Notoryctemorphia (two species of mole-like marsupial), orders have very high percentages of Critically
Sirenia (four extant species of sea cow), and Micro- Endangered species, 10%' and 9% respectively.
biotheria (one species of opossum-like species) are There are only three species of kiwis, of which all are
threatened. In the first two of these orders, all the species considered Vulnerable. Of the four species of cas-
are Endangered; and in the last two, all are Vulnerable. sowaries, two are Vulnerable and one is considered
Other small and highly threatened orders are: Lower Risk near-threatened.
Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs and rhinos); Macroscelidea
(elephant shrews); Monotrema (egg-laying mammals);
Hyracoidea (hyraxes); and Dermoptera (flying lemurs).
Which Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes,
The 18 species of Perissodactyla have the highest per- and Invertebrates are the Most
centage of Critically Endangered species (four species; Threatened?
22%). The situation is even worse when one considers
In total, 253 species of reptiles have been assessed as
that, in addition, one species is Extinct in the Wild, four
threatened with extinction. Of the six orders of reptiles,
are Endangered, three are Vulnerable, one is conserva-
three have been completely assessed. These are
tion dependent, and one is near-threatened. In the order
Crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators), Rhynchocephalia
of Macroscelidea, three species are Endangered, and four
(tuatara), and Testudines (tortoises, turtles, and terrap-
are Vulnerable. There are three species of egg-laying
ins). The remaining three orders (snakes, lizards and
mammals in the order Monotremata. Of these, one is
amphisbaenians) make up the majority of reptiles and are
known to be Endangered. Three of the six species of
still awaiting comprehensive assessment. However,
hyraxes and one of the two species of flying lemurs are
much insight can be gained by looking at the status of the
listed as Vulnerable.
three groups that have been comprehensively evaluated.
There are two species of tuatara, both of which are
Of the 27 orders of birds, 23 contain threatened species. Of the 23 species of crocodilians, ten (43%) are
The following five orders have more than 50 threatened threatened (Figure 5). While this high percentage is
species each: Passeriformes (song birds) 542; Psittac- alarming, and some species continue to decrease in num-
iformes (parrots) 89; Galliformes (pheasants, partridges, bers, the crocodilians are one of the few orders that have
etc) 71; Columbiformes (pigeons and doves) 55; and experienced an overall improvement in status over the
Gruiformes (rails and cranes) 54. While these are all in past 20 years due to conservation measures (Messel etal.
the top ten largest orders in terms of numbers of species, 1992).
the correlation between the size of the group and the Of the known species of tortoises, turtles and terrap-
number of threatened species does not match as well as it ins, (not including Data Deficient species) 96 (38%) are
does with the larger mammal orders. For example, there threatened, 47 ( 19%) are near-threatened, and one is con-
Intro 27
Macroscelidea (15) elephant shrews
rabbits, hares
Lagomorpha (81)
Hyracoidea hyraxes
(6) |l I III I III I III
Proboscidea (2)
elephants
Figure 3. The proportion of each mammal order that is threatened. Orders where no species are threatened have not been listed.
These are Pholidota (pangolins) and Tubulidentata (the aardvark). While the Order Pholidota is not listed, four of the seven species
are listed as Lower Risk near threatened. Species that are Data Deficient are not included. The total number of species in each order
is listed in parentheses. Examples of each order are provided on the right hand side.
Intro 28
Passeriformes (5,771) songbirds
Figure 4. The proportion of each bird order that is threatened. Bird orders with no threatened species have not been listed. These are
Struthioniformes (ostriches), Rheiformes (rheas), Gaviiformes (loons), and Coliiformes (mousebirds). The total number of species in
each order is listed in parentheses. Examples of each order are provided on the right hand side.
Intro 29
Testudine Crocodylia
(Turtles and Tortoises) (Alligators and Crocodiles)
Endangered
Lower Risk Ic
43%
Lower Risk Ic
57%
Vulnerable
Lower Risk cd 13%
0.40%
Lower Risk nt
19%
Figure 5. status of two reptilian orders ttiat tiave been completely assessed. Testudine (turtles and tortoises) and Crocodylia
The
and crocodiles). Data Deficient species tiave not been included. The subcategories Lower Risk conservation dependent
(alligators
and Lower Risk near threatened are not included on the Crocodylia chart, since none of these species fall into these subcategories.
servation dependent (Figure 5). There is, therefore, cause ate evidence suggests that they are experiencing a similar
for concern for 57% of these species. The majority of level of threat to most other orders. Because only a very
this order is comprised of freshwater turtles, and the high small proportion of amphibians have been assessed, it is
proportion of threatened species within this group corre- certainly possible that the percentage of threatened
sponds with other freshwater-dependent species such as species has been significantly underestimated.
inland water crustaceans, freshwater fishes, and freshwa- Fishes are the largest group of vertebrates in terms of
ter molluscs. However, the seven turtle species which numbers of species, totaling approximately 24,000
have a completely marine existence are all threatened. described species. Threatened species have been identi-
While an examination of the three orders of reptiles fied in four of the six classes of fishes, including 32 of the
that have been completely assessed only provides a par- 58 orders. The assessments have focused primarily on
tial picture of the current status of all reptiles, the high freshwater species. However, over 100 marine fishes
proportion of threatened species in each of these orders have been added to the 1996 lUCN Red List including
(50%, 43% and 38%) indicates that the overall estimate sharks, tunas, coral reef fishes, and seahorses. The sta-
of 20% of reptile species as threatened is probably low tus of the remaining 14,000 or so marine species is
for the entire class. unknown, but given the recent additions to the list, it is
Species from two of the three amphibian orders have clear that they are not as secure as was once believed.
been evaluated. Eighty-eight species of Anura (frogs and Much more is known about the status of fish species
toads) and 36 species of the order Caudata (salamanders occurring in freshwater environments. Orders for which
and newts) have been listed as threatened. These num- all species have been assessed include Acipenseriformes
bers are certainly under-estimates as relatively few have (sturgeons and paddlefishes) and Coelacanthiformes
been evaluated. No species in the order Apoda (caecil- (coelacanth). All sturgeon and paddlefish species are
ians) has yet been assessed. There has been much debate threatened or near threatened: 6 are Critically Endang-
as to whether or not amphibians are experiencing a high ered, 1 1 are Endangered, 8 Vulnerable, and 2 are near
rate of global decline (Wyman 1990; Wake 1991; threatened. This is a very small order in which the major-
Pounds and Crump 1994). Given that the percentage of ity of species are heavily exploited (DeSalle and Birstein
amphibians that are estimated to be threatened (25%) is 1996). Thus, this high level of threat is unlikely to be
similar to that of mammals, reptiles, and fishes, immedi- indicative of its entire class. The coelacanth, listed as
Intro 30
Vulnerable, is the only living species in its order and species have now been added to the list. However, the
class. Orders with particularly high numbers of threat- majority of the threatened bivalves are freshwater
ened species are Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, species, that are threatened due to the introduction of
loaches, suckers, etc.) with 191 species listed, and exotic species, construction of man-made barriers, over-
Perciformes (Perch, Cichlids, etc.) with 227. These are harvesting, pollution, and habitat destruction. The fact
primarily threatened due to the introduction of exotics, that such a high percentage of threatened mollusc species
habitat degradation, and construction of barriers and occur on islands and in restricted freshwater environ-
other obstacles to movement. Many regions still remain ments is consistent with data from other taxonomic
to be assessed for the conservation status of their fresh- groups, which suggest that species occurring in these sys-
water fish species, but wherever surveys are conducted tems are particularly likely to be threatened.
more threatened fishes are found (Groombridge 1993). The number of threatened inland freshwater crus-
Most animal species are invertebrates, and the over- taceans strongly supports the notion that species in fresh-
whelming majority of threatened species is likely to be water habitats are particularly at risk. The two orders
invertebrates. Very few of these invertebrate populations with the greatest number of threatened species are the
have been assessed relative to their total numbers, thus Decapoda (crayfishes) and the Amphipoda (amphipods)
it is difficult to infer much about their conservation sta- with 168 and 67 threatened species respectively. The
tus. The groups that have received most attention are crayfishes at risk are virtuallyall threatened by habitat
crustaceans, insects, and molluscs. Within the class loss. Most of the threatened amphipods live in extremely
Insecta (insects), the orders with over 100 threatened re.stricted and vulnerable environments (caves). Only
species are Hymenoptera (social insects), Lepidoptera two species of marine crustaceans are included in the Red
(butterflies and moths), and Odonata (damselflies and List, the coconut crab and the California Bay pea crab.
dragonflies). The fact that these orders have more known The status of other species of marine crustaceans is
There are more threatened molluscs (920 total) Countries with the Largest Number
of Threatened Species
included in this Red List than any other invertebrate
The identification of the countries with the largest num-
group, but the number that have been assessed only rep-
ber of threatened species enables countries to be
resents a small proportion of the estimated 70,000 docu-
mented species (Hammond 1995). The outstanding gap informed of their global responsibility to protect and
maintain all species for which they are the stewards. Not
in our knowledge of threatened molluscan taxa is the
all countries are the same size or harbor equal numbers of
tropical forest environments, where many small range
species, thus each country should not be evaluated by
endemics are most likely declining due to habitat destruc-
tion. Two of the classes of molluscs are included in the
the same standard.
Until the 1996 lUCN Red List only a few marine mol- Mammals
luscs were listed as threatened (giant clams), and most With 128 threatened species, Indonesia has by far the
were commercially harvested. As a result of incidental largest number of threatened species in the world, fol-
harvesting, and habitat decline due to invasive alien plant lowed by China and India each with 75 threatened
species, a number of narrow range endemic marine
Intro 31
Table 1
Countries with the Most Species Of Threatened (CR, EN, VU) Mammals
species. Tliese countries all have liigh numbers of mam- decreasing order; Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Papua New
mal species (Table 1). Indonesia is ranked second in Guinea, Philippines, Madagascar, and Peru. For more
total number of mammal species. China fifth, and India information on the number of threatened species in each
about tenth. These countries also have extremely high country, refer to Data Table 3, page 51.
human populations. In sum, they account for 43% of Australia, the Philippines, and Madagascar all have
the world's population (Rand McNally 1992). While exceptionally high proportions of mammal species that
these countries are some of the most species rich in the are endemic. They are also among the countries with
world, they also have a high proportion of mammals that the highest percent of mammals that are threatened.
are threatened with extinction: Indonesia 29%, China Twenty three percent of Australia's mammals are threat-
19%, and India 24%. However, not all countries with ened, and 79% of the country's 32%
species are endemic:
high total numbers of mammal species have such high of the Philippine mammals 63% of aU
are threatened, and
proportions of threatened species. Mexico, Zaire, and their mammals are endemic; 44% of Madagascar's mam-
United States also rank in the top ten countries with the mals are threatened, and 73% of all the country's mam-
most mammal species, but harbor a significantly lower mals ai'e endemic.
proportion of threatened mammals: 14%, 9%, and 8% As shown in Figure 6, the countries with the most
respectively. threatened species are not all located in one region. Of
After Indonesia, China, and India, the countries with the 20 countries with the most threatened mammals, 35%
the largest number of threatened mammal species are, in are from Asia, 30% from Africa, and 15% from South
Intro 32
Table 2
Countries with the Most Species of Threatened (CR, EN, VU) Birds
America. While 30% of the 20 countries with the most However, countries such as Bolivia, Venezuela, and
threatened species are in Africa, only Madagascar is Zaire, not listed on Table 2, also have high numbers of
listed in the top ten. bird species (over 1,000 each), yet these three countries
have less than one third of the number of threatened
Birds species of the countries listed above, and roughly 2% of
Indonesia, Brazil, and China have the highest numbers of each nation's avifauna is threatened.
threatened species of birds: 104, 103, and 90 respec- Other countries that harbor large numbers of threat-
tively. Indonesia has the fifth highest number of bird ened bird species are, in decreasing order: the Philip-
species in the world, of which 7% are threatened. It also pines, India, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, the United States,
has the most endemic bird species. Brazil has the third and Viet Nam.
largest number of bird species with 6% of them threat- Countries listed in Table 2 with a high proportion of
ened. Although China has the eighth largest number of endemic birds are Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia,
bird species, it has the third largest number of threatened and New Zealand. While the percent of threatened birds
species. As is the case with the mammals, the countries in Indonesia and Australia is close to the average of all
with the most threatened species also have extremely countries listed m Figure 2, 15% of the avifauna of the
high human populations. Of the 20 nations with the most Philippines and of New Zealand is at risk of extinction,
threatened bird species, these three countries have about a remarkably high figure for birds.
the average proportion of species at risk of extinction. Figure 7 clearly demonstrates that the countries with
Intro 33
m
f) f>
o+
'S- CM
CM
m o
=f
a n
Intro 34
is
z °
LU a
CC E
o
^-'
§
c
0) w
ro =
O Q
Q. 0)
11
S 0)
1 §>
tZ 0)
i: c
^ to
">
Q.
m o 5)g
+ m *
o
^
CM
tn o
C\]
D D 0) E
Intro 35
ble to regional biases based on information availability.
140 For example, it is not likely that the United States has
Figure 8. The correlation between threatened bird and Factors Affecting Threat
mammal species within 230 geopolltcal regions (r =.74).
the highest number of threatened bird species are located ulation declines, restricted in distribution, have very low
in the New World and Asia. Of the 20 countries with population numbers, or exhibit any combination of these
the largest number of threatened avian species 50% are factors. Also, some species have been listed on the basis
from Asia, 25% South America, and 15% from Oceania. of very small distributions (making them susceptible to
It is of particular note that there is not one African coun- stochastic events). The majority of species qualify as
Intro 36
pressure on the world's remaining intact habitats, includ- a general indication of the major taxonomic groups that
ing the most biodiversity rich regions of the world, such are experiencing the greatest levels of exploitation.
as in tropical forest countries. Habitat reduction, frag- However, it does not necessarily represent the percent
mentation, and degradation cause many species to of species threatened due to exploitation, because species
decline in numbers and split once contiguous populations may be listed under other criteria (B, C, D, and E) that
into several subpopulations, each of which has an ele- do not specify whether exploitation is a specific threat.
vated extinction risk (WCMC 1992; Hanski et al. 1995). As a proportion of the number of threatened species, 13%
The introduction of non-native species often leads to of mammals, 7% of birds. 31% of reptiles, and 68% of
hybridization, competition, predation, disease, parasites, marine fishes were assessed with the Aid or A2d crite-
evolved in relatively small, isolated environments. This believed to be particularly significant for high-altitude
is reflected in the high number of island birds and mol- amphibian species).
luscs, and freshwater fishes and molluscs, that have
become extinct during the past 400 years, in part, as a
result of the introduction of exotics (WCMC 1992).
Changes from the lUCN Red List
Exploitation of species is responsible for the severe
Over the Last Six Years
decline of many of the larger vertebrate and marine fish
species in the Red List. The Aid and A2d criterion and A summary of the number of threatened species recog-
subcriteria identify species that have experienced or will nized in 1990, 1994, and the current 1996 edition of the
undergo rapid declines as a result of actual or potential lUCN Red List, in each major group of animals, is shown
levels of exploitation. The proportion of threatened in Table 3. Changes in these data reflect changes in the
species listed under this criterion and subcriteria provide taxonomic extent of assessments, in the systematics and
Table 3
Total Number of Threatened Species
Note: The figures for 1990, 1994, and 1996 (this book) are not exactly comparable.
The 1990 figures exclude Ex species but include Ex? and include 182 Commercially
Threatened (CT) invertebrates. 1 994 figures exclude all these but include K
(Insufficiently Known) species. The 1996 figures include only species in the new
Intro 37
Countries with the IVIost
Threatened Species of Reptiles
40
35
^°
.2
'u
(D
5" 25
DV
B
to
20
0)
»- 15
o
I 10
10
llllllllll.
Figure 9. The fifteen countries witti the largest number of known threatened reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. In the
amphibian and fish graphs, there are several countries with the same number of threatened species. The countries tied for fifteenth
place are lumped together for graphical purposes.
Intro 38
Countries with the IVIost
Threatened Species of Fishes
g 80
40
lllllll W3 CO to to
200
Intro 39
nomenclature of the species listed, in the categories that
were included in the summary in the past (see footnote to Table 4
and most notably, the major redesign of the cate-
table),
Recorded Number of Extinctions*
gory system used for the 1996 assessments. The sum-
mary data derived from recent Red Lists do not yet
provide a firm guide to changes in the "on the ground" Extinct Extinct in Tola
conservation status of the world fauna, but 1996 will set the Wild
a baseline for mammals and birds: leaving changes in
nomenclature aside, future assessments using the revised Mammals 86 3 89
system will much more accurately indicate changes in Birds 104 4 108
the actual conservation status of these species. Reptiles 20 1 21
The 1994 figures included species in the old Amphibians 5 5
Insufficiently Known (K) category; if assessed, most Fishes 81 11 92
such species would now appear as Data Deficient (DD), Molluscs 230 9 239
some possibly as Lower Risk (near threatened). The old Crustaceans 9 1 10
Indeterminate (I) category was also included in the sum-
Insects 72 1 73
Other invertebrates 4 4
mary; most of these would also now appear as DD or
LR;nt. Around 2,000 K and I species were listed in 1994.
Total 611 30
There were 2, 114 vertebrates listed as Endangered
(E), Vulnerable (V), or Rare (R) in 1994; these categories
correspond loosely with the threatened group of cate- *Does not include species that went extinct
gories (CR, EN, and VU) in the new system (a number of more than 400 years ago.
former Rare species will not now meet criteria for threat-
ened status); so the 1994 figure may be compared fairly
directly with a total of 3,314 threatened vertebrate
species in 1996, an increase of 1,200 species. As noted
above, all the world's known mammal species have been
assessed for 1996, and this group, with 631 more species average life-span of a species. This is thought to be 5-
in the threatened categories (as equated above) in 1996 as 10 million years. If there are 5-10 million extant species,
compared with 1994, account for a significant part of the background extinction rate should be about one
the increase. The number of birds considered threatened species per year (May er a/. 1995). While the exact num-
(asabove) has increased by around 680, a difference due ber of species that are being lost per day or year is uncer-
to use of the new category system and a number of tain, it is clear that current extinction rates are very much
nomenclatural changes. Changes in the reptiles, amphib- higher than would be expected. Even the number of doc-
ians, and fishes are far smaller: increases of 39, 5, and umented extinctions over the last 400 years (611)
104, respectively. All these differences are of course exceeds background estimates. This is alarming, because
net differences between totals in 1994 and 1996, and do the number of documented extinctions is without doubt
not reveal the pattern of change between categories, a gross underestimate of the number of species that have
including movement in and out of the threatened group been lost over the past 400 years.
of categories. This gross underestimate is because most species have
not been described, and of the species that have been
catalogued, only extinctions of the best-known species
Extinction have been documented over any length of time (mam-
mals, birds, and molluscs). Also, as stated earlier, the
How Many Species have Recently Become status of the great majority of species remains unknown.
Extinct and Whiere are they Found? Table 4 shows that 86 documented mammal extinc-
Extinction is a natural process. It is estimated that 95% tions (1.8% of the total number of mammals) have
of all species that ever existed are now extinct (Sepkoski occurred over the past 400 years. Roughly, 23% of these
1995). However, this process of extinction has occurred extinctions have occurred in Australia and 23% in the
over a very long time-scale (3.5 billion years) and despite West The
Indies. greatest number of extinctions has
extinctions, there has been a general trend of increasing
been among the rodents and bats, 46 and 13 species
species richness (WCMC 1992; May et al. 1995). respectively. These orders are also the two largest and
From the fossil record it is possible to determine the have the largest number of threatened species. It is inter-
Intro 40
esting to note that of all the mammal orders, primates Concluding Remarks
have the fourth largest number of threatened species, but
The vast number of threatened species listed in this doc-
no documented extinction yet.
ument and the high proportion of threatened species in
Over the same time period there have been 104 docu-
the two classes that have been comprehensively assessed,
mented bird extinctions (1% of the total number of
indicate that a significant proportion of the world's fauna
birds), 20% of which occurred in Mauritius, 18% in the
is threatened with extinction. Eleven percent of all birds
United States (mostly Hawaiian islands), and 14% in
New Zealand. Other geopolitical units with large num-
and 25% of all mammals are believed to be threatened. If
either one of these classes is representative of the pro-
bers of bird extinctions are Reunion, Australia, and
portion of other life forms that are threatened, the future
French Polynesia. This list clearly demonstrates that the
status of biodiversity looks very bleak. While the 5,205
majority of bird extinctions has taken place on islands.
species listed as threatened in this document is alarm-
The largest number of extinctions (32) is in the largest
numbers of
ingly high, it is important to recognize that less than 10%
order, Passeriformes. Other orders with large
of the 1 .7 million documented species have been evalu-
extinct species are Psittaciformes (13), Gruiformes (13),
ated, and that the 1.7 million documented species repre-
and Columbiformes (10), all of which are in the top five
sent a relatively small proportion of all species believed
orders with the largest number of threatened species. It is
to exist on this planet. Thus, it is reasonable to believe
interesting to note that while Galliformes have the third
that the 5,205 threatened species is a small indicator of a
highest number of threatened species, only one is Extinct
much larger global phenomenon of biodiversity loss.
and one Extinct in the Wild.
Given the current state of knowledge, when future gen-
Mollusc extinctions have been more thoroughly mon-
However, erations look back at the 20th century and try to make
itored than any other invertebrate group.
sense of the lack of commitment to preserving biodiver-
records of documented extinctions only go back to the
sity, many reasons may be cited, but ignorance of the
mid-19th century (WCMC 1992). Gastropods account
magnitude of the issue will not be a valid justification
for the majority of recent documented mollusc extinc-
for inaction.
tions, most of which are in the order Stylommatophora.
An extremely high proportion of the now extinct
Stylommatophora were endemic to oceanic islands. All Acknowledgements
recent recorded bivalve extinctions have occurred in Iwould like to thank Simon Stuart, Georgina Mace,
freshwater environments and have been from the order Mariano Gimenez Dixon, Brian Groombridge, Elodie
Unionoida. Given that there has been little attempt to Hudson, and Elizabeth McCance for their helpful com-
document the extinctions of most invertebrate groups ments in the preparation of this analysis.
forany period of time, one can only guess how large the
extinction list would be if these species, which account
for more than 95% of all animals, were thoroughly doc-
umented and monitored.
Intro 41
References
Collar. N.J., Crosby, M.J.. and Stattersfield. A.J. 1994. King, F.W. and Burke, R.L. 1989. Crocodilian.
Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds. Tuatara, arid Turtle Species of the World: A Taxon-
(BirdLife Conservation Series No. 4). BirdLife omic and Geographical Reference. The Association
International, Cambridge, UK. of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.
Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe, N., Madrono Nieto, Mace, G.M. and Lande, R. 1991 . Assessing extinction
A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker, T.A., and Wedge, D.C. threats: toward a reevaluation of lUCN threatened
1992. Threatened Birds of the Americas: the species categories. Conservation Biology 5: 148-157.
ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. International Council Mace, G. M., Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K.. Ginsberg,
for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, UK. J., Leader- Williams, N., Maunder, M., and Milner
Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A., Hay, J.M., and Thompson, Gulland, E.J. 1992. The development of the new cri-
M.B. 1990. Neglected taxonomy and continuing teria for listing species on the lUCN Red List. Species
extinctions of tuatara (Sphenodon). Nature 347: 177- 19: 16-22.
Intro 42
and Monroe, B.L. 1990. Distribution and
Sibley, C.G. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Groombridge,
Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University B. (ed). 1994. Biodiversity Data Sourcebook. World
Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1993. A Supplement to World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global
Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources.
Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Chapman & Hall, London.
Wake, D.B. 1991. Declining Amphibian Populations. Wyman, R.L. 1990. What's Happening to the Amphib-
Science 253: 860. ians'? ConseiTation Biology 4: 350-353.
Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds). 1993. Mammal
Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic
reference. 2nd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C. and London, UK.
Intro 43
Data Tables
Data Table 1
Status Category Summary for all Classes and Orders
Class Mammalia
Didelphimorphia 3 3 15 21 18 5
Paucituberculata 1 1
Microbiotheria 1 1
Dasyuromorphia 1 1 6 10 16 5 10
Peramelemorphia 3 3 1 3 4 7
Notoryctemorphia 2 2
Diprotodontia 6 6 2 15 17 34 i 21 11
Xenarthra 3 5 8 2 6
Insectivora 6 6 37 48 67 152 5 6
Scandentia 2 4 6
Dermoptera 1 1
Hyracoidea 3 3
Artiodactyla 5 1 6 9 28 33 70 45 32 6
Pholidota 4
Rodentia 46 46 66 98 166 330 5 243 33
Lagomorpha 1 1 3 8 5 16 8 3
Macroscelidea 3 4 7
Class Aves
Order
Struthioniformes 4 4
Rheiformes 2
Casuariiformes 2 2 2 2 1
Apterygiformes 3 3
Tinamiformes 2 5 7 5 1
Sphenisciformes 5 5 2
Podicipediformes 2 2 2 1 1 4 1
Procellariiformes 1 1 11 6 15 32 11 4
Pelecaniformes 1 1 12 13
1
7 1
Ciconiiformes 6 6 6 7 8 21 14
Anseriformes 6 6 4 2 19 25 10
Intro 44
Order EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LRxd LR:nt DD
Falconiformes 2 2 4 8 19 31 44 2
Galliformes 1 1 2 12 10 49 71 35 1
Gruiformes 13 1 14 7 17 30 54 1 13 4
Gharadriiformes 4 4 4 8 22 34 1 25
Columbiformes 10 1 11 13 8 34 55 1 45
Psittaciformes 13 1 14 9 28 52 89 40
Guculiformes 1 1 1 3 6 10 9 2
Strigiformes 4 4 4 5 17 26 15 3
Caprimulgiformes 3 1 3 7 10 6
Apodiformes 1 1 8 7 20 35 25 4
Trogoniformes 1 1 2 3
Coraciiformes 3 5 17 25 22 2
Piciformes 1 1 2 4 8 14 34
Passeriformes 32 32 72 114 356 542 8 502 38
Class Reptilla
Order
Crocodylia 4 3 3 10 3
Rhyncfiocephialia 1 1
Sauria 1 1 12 15 15 66 96 23 35
Serpentes 3 3 12 13 25 50 9 13
Testudines 6 6 10 28 58 96 1 47 23
Class Amphibia
Order
Anura 15 23 50 17 35
Caudata 3 25 36 7
Subtotal 31 75 124 25 42
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order
Petromyzontiformes 1 1 1 2 3 5 3
Subtotal 1 1 1 2 3 5 3
Class Elasmobranchii
Order
Hexancfiiformes 1 1
1
Orectolobiformes
Lamniformes 1 3 4
Carcfiariniformes 1 1 2 4
Squaliformes 1 1
Intro 45
Data Table 1
Continued
Pristiformes 4 4
Rajiformes
10 1
Myiiobatiformes
.000
1
Subtotal 1 7 7 15
Class Actlnopterygll
Order
Acipenseriformes 6 11 8 25 2
Osteoglossiformes 1 1 2 1
Clupeiformes 2 2 4 8
-7
Cypriniformes 17 1 18 41 36 114 191 30 68
Characiformes 1 1 6
Siluriformes 1 1 8 7 22 37 4 24
Salmoniformes 5 5 8 6 22 36 6 22
Percopsiformes 1 3 4
Gadiformes 1 2 3
Ophidiiformes 7 7 1
Batrachoidiformes 5 5
Lophiiformes 1 1
Atheriniformes 1 1 6 5 31 42 8 28
Cyprinodontiformes 10 5 15 18 20 25 63 3 11
Beloniformes 2 3 8 13 1 2
Gasterosteiformes 1 2 3 4
Syngnathiformes 1 36 37 11
Synbranchiformes 1 1 4
Scorpaeniformes 1 1 3 1 5 9 2
Perciformes 45 5 50 59 30 138 227 5 40 53
Pleuronectiformes 1 1 2
Tetraodontiformes 3 3 5
Class Sarcopterygll
Order
Coelacanthiformes 1 1
Subtotal 1 1
Class Echlnoldea
Order
Echinoida 1
Subtotal 1
Intro 46
Class Arachnida
Araneae 1 7 8 1 6
Opiliones 1 1
Pseudoscorpionida 1 1 1
Subtotal 1 9 10
Class Chllopoda
Order
Scolopendromorpha
Subtotal
000
000 001
001 1
1
000
000
Class Crustacea
Order
Amphipoda 4 4 6 5 56 67
Anaspidacea 4 4
Anomopoda 8 8
Anostraca 5 10 10 25 1 1 1
Calanoida 1 1 4 47 51 19
Conchostraca 4 4
Cyclopoida 1 1 1 6 7 5
Decapoda 1 1 24 48 96 168 7
Halocyprida 1 1
Harpacticoida 18 18 3 1
Isopoda 1 1 7 9 22 38 1
Mictacea 1 1
Misophrioida 2 2
Myodocopida 1 1
Mysidacea 2 2
Notostraca 1 1
Podocopida 2 2 1 8 9
Thoracica 2
Class Insecta
Order
Anoplura 1 1
Blattaria
Coieoptera 17 17 10 15 26 51 3
Collembola
Dermaptera 1 1
Diptera 3 3 1 2 1 4
Ephemeroptera 2 2 1 1
Grylloblattaria 1 1
Intro 47
Data Table 1
Continued
Hemiptera
Homoptera 2 2 3
Hymenoptera 3 142 145 7 1
Mecoptera
Neuroptera
Odonata 2 2 13 55 39 107 17 11
Orthoptera 2 1 3 8 8 49 65 3 2
Phasmatoptera 1 1
Plecoptera 1 1 2 2 1
Thysanura
Trichoptera 4 4
Zoraptera
Class Merostomata
Order
Xiphosura 1 3
Subtotal 1 3
Classs Onychophora
Order
Onychophora 3 3 1 3 2 6 1
Subtotal 3 3 1 3 2 6 1
Class Hirudinea
Order
Arhynchobdellae
Subtotal
Class Oligochaeta
Order
Haplotaxida 1 4 5
Subtotal 1 4 5
Intro 48
Class Polychaeta
Eunicida 1
Subtotal
Class Bivalvia
Order
Ostreoida 1
Unionoida 12 12 81 22 7 110 1 61 4
Veneroida 4 4 4 1
Subtotal 12 12 81 22 11 114 5 62
Class Gastropoda
Order
Archaeogastropoda 2 2 7 1 2 10 1 24
Basommatoptiora 1 1 12 5 18 35 11 6
Mesogastropoda 21 21 48 89 181 318 3 23 192
Neogastropoda 4 4 3 22
Stylommatophora 192 9 201 109 95 235 439 13 134 297
Class Enopla
Order
Hoplonemertea 2 2 1 3
Subtotal 2 2 1 3
Class Turbellaria
Order
Tricladida 1 1
Subtotal 1 1
Class Anthozoa
Order
Actiniaria 1 1 1
Gorgonacea 1 1
Subtotal 2 2 1
Intro 49
Data Table 2
Status Category Summary by Major Taxonomic Group
Echinoidea 1
Arachnida 1 9 10 1 7
Clnilopoda 1 1
Hirudinea 1
Oligochaeta 1 4 5 1
Polyclnaeta 1 1 1
Bivalvia 12 12 81 22 11 114 5 62 5
Gastropoda 216 9 225 176 190 440 806 16 172 541
Enopla 2 2 1 3
Turbellaria 1 1
Anthozoa 2 2 1
Intro 50
Data Table 3
Threatened Species: Country Totals by Taxonomic Group
Country
Algeria 15 8 1 1 11
Angola 17 13 5 6
Benin g 1 2
Botswana 5 7
Burkina Faso 6 1 1
Burundi 5 6 3
Cameroon 32 14 3 1 26 4
Cape Verde 1 3 3 1
Chad 14 3 1 1
Comoros 3 6 2 1 4
Congo 10 3 2 1
Cote d'lvoire 16 12 4 1 1
Djibouti 3 3 2
Egypt 15 11 6 1
Equatorial Guinea 12 4 2 1 2
Eritrea 6 3 3
Ethiopia 35 20 1 4
Gabon 12 4 3 1
Gambia 4 1 1
Ghana 13 10 4
Guinea 11 12 3 1 3
Guinea-Bissau 4 1 3 1
Kenya 43 24 5 20 15
Lesotho 2 5 1 1
Liberia 11 13 3 1 2
Libya 11 2 3
Madagascar 46 28 17 2 13 14
Malawi 7 9 8
Mali 13 6 1
Mauritania 14 3 3
Mauritius 4 10 6 32
Mayotte 2 2 1
Morocco 18 11 2 1 7
Mozambique 13 14 5 2 7
Namibia 11 8 3 1 3 1
Niger 11 2 1 1
Nigeria 26 9 4 1
Reunion 2 3 4 17
Rwanda 9 6 2
Sao Tome & Principe 3 9 2 2
Senegal 13 6 7
Seychelles 2 9 4 4 3
Sierra Leone 9 12 3 4
Somalia 18 8 2 3 1
Intro 51
Data Table 3
Continued
St Helena 9 7 2
Sudan 21 9 1
Swaziland 5 6
Tanzania 33 30 19 46
Togo 8 1
Tunisia 11 6 5
Uganda 18 10 28 10
Western Sahara 7 1
Zaire 38 26 1 45
Zambia 11 10 6
Zimbabwe 9 9 2
Antarctica
Country
Falkland Islands
French Southern Territories
South Georgia
Asia
Country
Afghanistan 11 13 1 1 1
Armenia 4 5 3 6
Azerbaijan 11 8 3 5 6
Bahrain 1 1
Bangladesh 18 30 13
Bhutan 20 14 1 1
Georgia 10 5 7 3 9
Hong Kong 14 1 1
India 75 73 16 3 4 22
Indonesia 128 104 19 60 29
Iran 20 14 8 2 7 3
Iraq 1' 12 2 2 2
Israel 13 8 5 10
Japan 29 33 8 10 7 45
Jordan 7 4 1 3
Kazakhstan 15 15 1 1 5 4
Korea, North 7 19 1
Intro 52
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates
Korea, South 6 19 1
Kuwait 1 3 2
Kyrgyzstan 6 5 1 3
Laos 30 27 7 4
Lebanon 5 5 2 1
Malaysia 42 34 14 14 3
Maldives 1 2
Mongolia 12 14 3
Myanmar 31 44 20 1 2
Nepal 28 27 5 1
Oman 9 5 4 3 1
Pakistan 13 25 6 1
Philippines 49 86 7 2 28 18
Qatar 1 2
Russia 31 38 5 13 26
Saudi Arabia g 11 2 1
Singapore 6 9 1 1 1
Sri Lanka 14 11 8 8 2
Syria 4 7 3 3
Taiwan 10 13 3 6 1
Tajikistan 5 9 1 1 2
Thailand 34 45 16 14 1
Turkey 15 14 12 2 18 9
Turkmenistan 11 12 2 5 3
Ukraine 15 10 2 12 13
United Arab Emirates 3 4 2 1
Uzbekistan 7 11 3 1
Viet Nam 38 47 12 1 3
Yemen 5 13 2 2
Europe
Country
Albania 2 7 1 7 3
Andorra 2
Austria 7 5 1 7 41
Belarus 4 4 6
Belgium 6 3 1 13
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 2 1 6 6
Bulgaria 13 12 1 8 7
Croatia 10 4 1 20 8
Czech Republic 7 6 6 17
Denmark 3 2 10
Estonia 4 2 1 3
Faeroe Islands 1
Finland 4 4 1 8
France 13 7 3 2 3 61
Germany 8 5 7 29
Gibraltar 1 1
2
Greece 13 10 6 1 16 9
Intro 53
Data Table 3
Continued
Hungary 8 10 1 11 26
Iceland 1
Ireland 2 1 1 2
Italy 10 7 4 4 9 41
Latvia 4 6 1 6
Liechtenstein 1 4
Lithuania 5 4 1 5
Luxembourg 3 1 4
Macedonia 10 3 1 4 2
Malta 2 3
Moldova 2 7 1 9 5
Monaco
Netherlands 6 3 1 9
Nonway 4 3 1 8
Poland 10 6 2 13
Portugal 13 7 1 9 67
Romania 16 11 2 11 21
Slovakia 8 4 7 20
Slovenia 10 3 1 5 38
Spain 19 10 6 3 10 57
Sweden 5 4 1 13
Switzerland 6 4 4 25
United Kingdom 4 2 1 10
Yugoslavia 12 8 1 13 19
Country
Anguilla 5
Antigua and Barbuda 1 5
Aruba 1 1 2 1
Bahamas 4 4 7 1 1
Barbados 1 2
Belize 5 1 5 4 1
Bermuda 2 1 25
Canada 7 5 3 1 13 11
Cayman Islands 1 2 1
Costa Rica 14 13 7 1 9
Cuba 9 13 7 4 3
Dominica 1 2 4
Dominican Republic 4 11 10 1 2
El Salvador 2 6 1
Greenland 2
Grenada 1 4
Guadeloupe 5 6 1
Guatemala 8 4 9 8
Intro 54
Mammals Birds Reptiles Ampliibians Fishes Inverteb
Haiti 4 11 6 1 2
Honduras 7 4 7 2
Jamaica 4 7 8 4 5
Martinique 2 5 1
Mexico 64 36 18 3 86 40
Montserrat 1 5
Netherlands Antilles 1 1 6
Nicaragua 4 3 7 2
Panama 17 10 7 1 2
Puerto Rico 3 11 9 3 1
Oceania
Country
American Samoa 2 2 2 4
Australia 58 45 37 25 37 281
Christmas Island 3 2
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3
Cook Islands 6 2
Federated States of Micronesia 6 6 2 4
Fiji 4 9 6 1 2
French Polynesia 22 2 3 29
Guam 2 3 2 1 6
Kiribati 4 2 1
Marshall Islands 1 2 1
Nauru 2
New Caledonia 5 10 3 11
New Zealand 3 44 11 1 8 15
Niue 1 1
Norfolk Island 8 2 12
Northern Marianas 1 7 2 3
Palau 3 2 2 4
Papua New Guinea 57 31 10 13 11
Pitcairn Islands 5 5
Solomon Islands 20 18 4 5
Tokelau 1 2
Tonga 2 3 1
Tuvalu 1 2 1
Intro 55
Data Table 3
Continued
South America
Country
Argentina 27 41 5 5 1 11
Bolivia 24 27 3 1
Brazil 71 103 15 5 12 34
Chile 16 18 1 3 4
Colombia 35 64
18
15 5
Ecuador 28 53 12 1 23
French Guiana 9
Guyana 10 3 8 1
Paraguay 10 26 3
Peru 46 64 9 1 2
Suriname 10 2 6
Uruguay 5 11 1
Venezuela 24 22 14 5 1
Unknown
Intro 56
Data Table 4
Extinct, Threatened, and Other Species: Country Totals by Status Category
Country
Algeria 1 1 4 6 26 36 4 10 11
Angola 2 17 22 41 20 35 12
Benin 3 9 12 9 12 6
Botswana 1 3 8 12 25 10 2
Burkina Faso 1 2 5 8 9 9 2
Burundi 2 12 14 9 15 5
Cameroon 19 18 43 80 12 64 13
Cape Verde 1 1 1 3 4 8
Central African Republic 5 9 14 12 25 4
Chad 2 6 11 19 11 12 5
Comoros 6 5 5 16 7
Congo 1 7 8 16 3 32 8
Cote d'lvoire 2 11 21 34 9 31 9
Djibouti u 2 1 5 8 4 4 2
Egypt 4 9 20 33 4 12 8
Equatorial Guinea 1 9 11 21 1 29 7
Eritrea 1 2 9 12 5 6 1
Ethiopia 10 12 38 60 20 43 7
Gabon 3 6 11 20 5 30 10
Gambia 2 4 6 10 14 4
Ghana 2 6 19 27 8 40 7
Guinea 4 9 17 30 10 24 7
Guinea-Bissau 2 2 5 9 9 14 2
Kenya 1 1 21 27 59 107 27 49 11
Lesotho 2 7 9 9 9
Liberia 3 9 18 30 1 30 8
Libya 4 6 6 16 1 8 6
Madagascar 5 5 20 29 71 120 2 30 16
Malawi 1 10 13 24 18 24 3
Mali 1 6 13 20 10 14 5
Mauritania 4 5 11 20 7 9 5
Mauritius 44 1 45 11 14 27 52 2 5 7
Mayotte 5 5 2 1 2 5
Morocco 7 4 28 39 4 11 14
Mozambique 4 13 24 41 23 34 7
Namibia 1 1 3 8 16 27 23 25 3
Niger 1 5 9 15 10 6 5
Nigeria 2 13 25 40 13 47 10
Reunion 17 17 5 5 16 26 2 2
Rwanda 1 4 12 17 10 26 4
Sao Tome & Principe 5 1 10 16 6 28
Senegal 3 8 15 26 12 22 6
Seychelles 3 3 7 4 11 22 2 2 1
Sierra Leone 3 8 17 28 6 38 6
Somalia 5 8 19 32 14 22 6
Intro 57
Data Table 4
Continued
Togo 4 8 12 10 20 6
Tunisia 3 3 18 24 3 9 8
Uganda 12 19 36 67 19 49 8
Western Sahara 3 4 3 10 1 3
Zaire 8 48 57 113 21 77 21
Zambia 2 7 18 27 20 26 3
Zimbabwe 1 5 14 20 24 18 3
Antarctica
Country
Falkland Islands 1 1 1 1 6 4
French Southern Territories 1 1 1 2 3 3 3
South Georgia 1 1
Asia
Country
Afghanistan 5 22 27 2 19 8
Armenia 2 1 15 18 1 17 8
Azerbaijan 1 5 27 33 3 20 11
Bahrain 2 2 2 2
Bangladesh 3 17 41 61 1 48 8
Bhutan 1 11 24 36 35 2
British Indian Ocean Territory 1 1 2 2 2
Brunei 2 6 21 29 40 8
Cambodia 8 18 29 55 33 7
China 2 1 3 19 46 148 213 5 161 41
Cyprus 1 3 7 11 2 8 5
Georgia 4 6 24 34 3 22 16
Hong Kong 1 5 10 16 10 2
India 15 42 136 193 6 148 32
Indonesia 5 5 27 72 241 340 6 246 100
Iran 3 12 39 54 3 26 16
Iraq 1 1 2 23 25 1 15 5
Israel 3 3 4 10 22 36 2 19 8
Japan 13 13 18 55 59 132 7 40 73
Jordan 1 1 4 11 15 1 10 3
Kazakhstan 1 6 34 41 3 29 14
Intro 58
EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD
Korea, North 3 6 18 27 3 13 2
Korea, South 2 5 19 26 3 17 2
Kuwait 1 1 1 1 4 6 3 2
Kyrgyzstan 3 12 15 1 6 4
Laos 7 15 46 68 57 14
Lebanon 1 1 11 13 2 9 6
Malaysia 12 25 70 107 3 93 24
Maldives 1 1 1 3 2 1
Mongolia 1 1 4 25 29 1 20 2
Myanmar 10 19 69 98 3 108 20
Nepal 3 14 44 61 2 58 7
Oman 2 7 13 22 1 4 4
Pakistan 2 10 33 45 2 36 8
Philippines 2 2 42 54 92 188 6 80 16
Qatar 1 1 1 3 2
Russia 3 3 6 25 82 113 10 66 44
Saudi Arabia 1 1 2 3 4 16 23 5 15 7
Singapore 6 12 18 3 5 5
Sri Lanka 7 18 18 43 10 27 10
Syria 1 1 2 5 10 17 2 15 7
Taiwan 3 8 22 33 3 30 5
Tajikistan 3 15 18 11 2
Thailand 1 1 2 14 25 71 110 3 97 32
Turkey 13 16 41 70 3 39 44
Turkmenistan 1 6 26 33 1 14 13
Ukraine 2 7 43 52 5 37 33
United Arab Emirates 1 3 6 10 1 2 3
Uzbekistan 1 4 17 22 1 11 6
Viet Nam 1 1 17 25 59 101 2 81 19
Yemen 1 1 5 3 14 22 2 13 2
Europe
Country
Albania 3 1 16 20 21 17
Andorra 2 2
Austria 2 2 8 15 38 61 5 42 30
Belarus 2 12 14 4 22 8
Belgium 2 1 20 23 3 24 10
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 24 25 2 17 9
Bulgaria 2 4 35 41 2 40 33
Croatia 1 1 1 4 38 43 2 20 22
Czech Republic 1 2 33 36 5 32 18
Denmark 1 1 2 13 15 4 15 8
Estonia 1 1 8 10 2 17 10
Faeroe Islands 1 1 1
Finland 1 2 14 17 4 23 12
France 2 2 6 5 78 89 4 45 22
Germany 3 3 2 4 43 49 6 38 28
Gibraltar 4 4 1 1 1
Intro 59
Data Table 4
Continued
Greece 7 4 44 55 3 39 34
Hungary 2 6 48 56 4 37 23
Iceland 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ireland 1 1 4 6 3 6 5
Italy 1 1 6 6 63 75 5 47 21
Latvia 1 16 17 2 22 10
Liechtenstein 5 5 1 4
Lithuania 2 13 15 4 23 11
Luxembourg 1 1 6 8 1 10 2
IVlacedonia 20 20 1 19 3
Malta 1 4 5 5 7
Moldova 4 20 24 1 21 24
Monaco 1
Netherlands 2 17 19 3 24 7
Norway 1 1 14 16 5 18 8
Poland 1 5 25 31 6 37 16
Portugal 3 3 15 10 72 97 8 26 7
Romania 3 7 51 61 5 39 34
Slovakia 2 37 39 5 37 16
Slovenia 4 53 57 2 22 12
Spain 2 2 9 16 80 105 10 68 18
Sweden 1 2 20 23 5 24 14
Switzerland 2 37 39 5 40 14
United Kingdom 1 1 2 1 14 17 4 17 9
Yugoslavia 1 1 4 5 44 53 2 40 31
Country
Anguilla 1 1 1 3 1 5 2
Antigua and Barbuda 2 2 2 6 3
Aruba 2 3 5
Bahamas 2 2 3 5 9 17 7 1
Barbados 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
Belize 1 5 10 16 18 2
Bermuda 26 1 1 28 1
Canada 5 5 4 4 32 40 5 14 10
Cayman Islands 4 4 1 1 2 4 5
Costa Rica 4 16 24 44 46 4
Cuba 7 7 10 13 13 36 20 1
Dominica 1 2 4 7 5
Dominican Republic 8 8 4 8 16 28 18 1
El Salvador 2 4 3 9 12 2
Greenland 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
Grenada 2 3 5
Guadeloupe 4 4 1 8 3 12 7
Intro 60
EX EW Subtotal CR EN VU Subtotal LR:cd LR:nt DD
Guatemala 1 1 2 18 9 29 38 5
Haiti 9 9 2 6 16 24 20 2
Honduras 2 2 2 9 9 20 31 2
Jamaica 4 4 7 7 14 28 13 3
Martinique 6 6 2 4 2 8 5
Mexico 22 6 28 51 90 106 247 3 110 21
Montserrat 2 4 6 7
Nettierlands Antilles 1 4 3 8 3
Nicaragua 1 7 8 16 34 8
Panama 2 11 24 37 55 4
Puerto Rico 5 5 6 10 11 27 8 2
St Kitts and Nevis 1 3 2 6 2
St Lucia 1 1 2 5 2 9 7
St Vincent 2 3 2 7 2
Trinidad and Tobago 2 4 3 9 1 11 1
Oceania
Country
American Samoa 1 1 1 6 3 10 3 1 2
Australia 35 35 42 118 323 483 11 176 61
Christmas Island 1 1 5 5 1 1
French Polynesia 62 9 71 26 13 17 56 2 1 1
Guam 3 1 4 4 5 5 14 3 2 49
Kiribati 1 3 3 7 3 1
Marshall Islands 1 1 2 4 3 3
Nauru 2 2 1
New Caledonia 4 4 5 12 12 29 3 1 3
New Zealand 20 1 21 7 9 66 82 1 23 12
Niue 1 1 2 1
Norfolk Island 8 8 2 4 16 22 2
Northern Marianas 5 2 6 13 3 3 11
Palau 1 1 4 3 4 11 4 4 54
Papua New Guinea 1 1 12 25 85 122 4 61 54
Pitcairn Islands 10 10 1
Solomon Islands 3 3 8 11 28 47 4 28 3
Tokelau 1 1 3 2 1
Tonga 1 1 3 2 6 3 2 1
Tuvalu 1 2 4 3 1
Vanuatu 2 10 13 3 5 1
Western Samoa 2 3 6 11 3 3 1
Intro 61
Data Table 4
Continued
Country
Argentina 2 2 6 20 64 90 1 91 15
Bolivia 4 11 40 55 2 71 10
Brazil 4 1 5 35 64 141 240 7 159 37
Chile 5 5 32 42 1 25 70
Colombia 3 3 16 35 68 119 1 123 15
Ecuador 4 4 7 23 87 117 1 92 15
French Guiana 3 6 9 18 26 6
Guyana 2 6 14 22 1 31 5
Paraguay 1 1 4 13 22 39 58 3
Peru 10 24 88 122 2 122 21
Suriname 2 5 11 18 29 4
Uruguay 1 6 10 17 17 7
Venezuela 7 21 38 66 1 79 10
Unknown
Intro 62
Guest Essays
Application of lUCN Red List is final, while an extinction from a country may later be
Categories on a Regional Scale followed by a recolonization. While the new system has
a clear definition for species that are Extinct (EX) or
by Ulf Gdrdenfors Extinct in the Wild (EW), it lacks a definition for
Regionally Extinct (RE) species. The time frame con-
sidered when creating the definition of RE will effect
Introduction
the listings.
The new lUCN Red List Categories (lUCN 1994) were
The time frame is also important when considering
developed primarily for application on the global scale,
the categories Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered
i.e. forjudging the extinction risk of the whole species (or
(EN) and Vulnerable (VU) on a regional level. When
other taxon). Most countries concerned with compiling
assessing the prospects for the next 10 years, for exam-
Red Lists will probably adopt the new categories in one
ple, a species may face an extinction risk in a country of
form or another. However, by doing so. some problems
more than 50% (CR). However, if these prospects are
may arise when the population of a species within a
assessed over a period of 100 years the extinction risk for
country (or other considered region) is only a part of a
the same species might still be 50% (then corresponding
larger population. Furthermore, because the categories
to VU), because there are interactions with populations
only consider extinction risks, there may also be other
outside the country.
criteria that, from a national perspective, should be con-
sidered in order to develop conservation priorities.
Thus, there is a need to develop guidelines for apply- Hypothetical Cases
ing the new categories at national or other regional lev- In Figure 1 the species is represented in the country only
els in order to achieve a standardized application. To by a marginal part of a larger distribution area. The
cope with the issue. lUCN has organized workshops, so extinction risk within the country may be less than what
far in Gland, Switzeriand (March 1995; lUCN 1995) and the criteria A-D(-E) applied on the national part of the
in Cambridge. England (December 1995; Gardenfors population suggest (compared to when applied on a
1996). The process will continue, resulting in general global level), because if the species tends to die out
recommendations from lUCN. within the country, new individuals from neighboring
In this paper I will identify some of the conceptual countries may move in (rescue effect). However, in rare
problems that may arise when applying the lUCN Red instances, the reverse situation might be the case. If the
List categories on a subglobal scale. marginal population is not self-sustaining and depends
on regular immigration from the more central parts of the
Intro 63
Country ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Counlry
*
^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^.
_J^^
Figure 1. Figure 2.
very high over a longer time span, while the reverse may try against the lUCN criteria A-D, starting with the
be the case in the source-sink situation. assumption that the national population is the only one in
a high dispersal ability, the application of the lUCN cri- Are there any effective barriers preventing dispersal
teria is straightforward. The problems will mainly arise to and from neighboring populations?
among highly mobile organisms, such as birds, larger
• Is the species capable of long-distance dispersal?
mammals, certain insects, many marine organisms, and
Is it known to do so?
maybe cryptograms with easily dispersed spores. The
problems will of course be more pronounced in countries • How abundant is the species in neighboring regions?
surrounded by other countries than in those surrounded Are the populations there stable, increasing or
by sea or other barriers preventing dispersal. decreasing? Are there any important threats to
Conceptually, one could possibly cope with the those populations?
impact of neighboring populations by quantifying the
• Are there any known differences in local adaptation
flow of individuals (or diaspores) across the borders
between the national and foreign populations, i.e. is
(lUCN 1995) and include this in a metapopulation
it probable that the foreign populations are adapted
model. However, in reality, we often lack such data. If
to survive within the country?
we do have such data and are able to include it into a
quantitative analysis, we can use criterion E. Because • What is the environmental (including climatological)
of the possibility of regional extinction, as well as the situation within one's own country /region for the
problems with the time frame, we must then add a pas- species? Is the national population self-sustaining
sage to the definition of the E criterion of categories CR- (has it shown a positive reproduction rate over the
VU. The current definition of CR under criterion E is: years) or is it dependent on immigration for its long-
term survival?
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of
extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 • Are environmental conditions in the country such
years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer that immigrating specimens are able to establish or
has the species disappeared because these prerequi-
At a regional level, this criterion could read:
sites were not fulfilled?
In the majority of cases we lack such data and the solu- If an evaluation of these questions indicates that foreign
tion must be to evaluate the population within the coun- populations affect the extinction risk of the national pop-
Intro 64
ulation in such a way that it is lower or higher than the A- ing to the decision about national conservation measures
D criteria suggest, the threat category should be adjusted (Spartowe and Wight 1975. Nieme 1982, Millsap et al.
downwards or upwards. Such a movement must be indi- 1990, Daniels et al. 1991, Master 1991, Forey et al.
cated, e.g. by giving the category met by the global cri- 1994, Gardenfors in press). As suggested in the lUCN
teria within parenthesis. Thus EN (VU) would indicate guidelines (lUCN 1994. p. 8, section 1 1), and also by
that the species met the criteria for VU, but was moved Avery et al. (1995), two important criteria could be
upwards (probably a very rare situation) to EN, while EN global status and proportion of the global population or
(CR) indicates that it has been moved downwards (much range that occurs within the region.
more likely) from CR. The global scale may not be the most appropriate for
In the case where there is not enough data for such an comparison with a national scale. A species scattered in
evaluation, or the result is uncertain, the species should fragmented populations over the entire Holarctic region
be placed in the category met by the global criteria. is probably genetically considerably differentiated and
It is worth noting that a neighboring population more the populations in North America and Eastern Europe
often will affect the national category when the criteria most probably are not interchangeable. As a general rule,
Bl, B3 and D are met (no observation of decline) than the most appropriate scale would probably be the conti-
when criteria A, B2 and C are fulfilled (a decline has nental or comparable biogeographic regional scale. The
been observed). This is because if there is an observed proportion of the international/continental population
decline, the decline happens in spite of any influence and probability of recolonization can be given on a scale
from populations outside the country (though the decline from to 1 (where the intervals for population percent-
might have been even bigger without such an influence). ages depend on the area of the country in relation to the
Once again, the time frame is problematic, since there continental area. Figure 3).
can be a decline in the country that, later on, can be bal- In a priority-setting system, many other criteria could
anced by immigration. be of interest, such as ecological importance, historical
importance, taxonomic and genetic importance, impor-
tance to people, etc. Most of these, however, turn out to
Other Red List Categories
be problematic to apply, either conceptually or in practice
The three Lower Risk (LR) subcategories, conserva-
(Gardenfors in press) and are consequently difficult to
tion dependent (cd), near threatened (nt) and least
include in a formalized priority-setting system. How-
concern (Ic), can be treated as defined by lUCN
ever, in cases where any such criterion is obviously
(1994) after having taken above mentioned considera-
important, it could be remarked upon separately.
tions for CR-VU. The categories Data Deficient (DD)
Taking into consideration the points made above, a
and Not Evaluated (NE) can be applied at national
national Red List could have an appearance as in Figure
level without any adaptations.
4, It is not obvious how to weigh the individual criteria
As indicated earlier in this paper, it may be necessary
against each other. Maybe the best solution is to avoid
to define a new category for species extinct only within
any such a priority weighting, and allow for different
a country or another region. An extinction of an endemic
weighting when different situations and issues come up.
species in a country is equal to a global extinction, but
when a more widespread species becomes extinct within
a country, it still survives in other parts of the world.
These two different kinds of extinction deserve to be rec-
ognized and distinguished in national Red Lists. This has
already been done in some countries, and national extinc-
tion has been described by words such as Extirpated or
.2
Vanished. However, Vanished may be perceived as too
weak a word, and Extirpated has the double disadvantage o
Conservation
Conservation Priority points
0.2 4 0.6 0.8 1
The lUCN Red List categories do not allow for any con-
siderations other than extinction risks. However, there
may also be other criteria that are important when com- Figure 3.
Intro 65
Species National Red lUCN Criteria Continental Red Proportion of Remark
List Category List Category Contin. Pop.
Eus Ephemericus RE VU
Figure 4.
guidelines in the near future. threatened species. Proceedings of the 10th Inter-
national Colloquium of the European Invertebrate
Survey. Saarbriicken, Germany, 4-5 July 1995.
Acknowledgements
lUCN. 1994. lUCN Red List Categories. lUCN, Gland,
Ingemar Ahlen, Jonathan Baillie, Oskar Kindvall,
Switzerland.
Georgina Mace and Simon Stuart provided many con-
lUCN. 1995. Draft guidelines for applying the lUCN
structive suggestions, which substantially improved this
Red List Categories at the national level. Results of
manuscript.
the National Red List Workshop, Gland, Switzerland
23-24 March 1995.
UlfGdrdenfors. Ph.D.
Master, L.L. 1991. Assessing threats and setting priori-
Assistant Director
ties for conservation. Consen'ation Biology 5: 559-
Swedisli Tlveatened Species Unit
563.
P.O. Box7002
Millsap, B.A., Gore, J. A., Runde, D.E., and Cerulean,
S-750 07 Uppsala
S.I. 1990. Setting priorities for the conservation of
Sweden
fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildl. Monogr.,
Ill: 1-57.
Nieme, G. J. 1982. Determining priorities innon-game
References
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Avery. M.. Wingfield Gibbons, D., Porter, R., Tew, T.,
Sparrowe. R.D. and Wight, H.M. 1975. Setting priorities
Tucker, G., and Williams, G. 1995. Revising the
for the endangered species program. Trans. North
British Red Data List For Birds: The biological basis
Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resonr. Conf. 40: 142-156.
of UK Conservation Priorities. Ibis 137: 232-239.
Daniels, R.J.R., Hegde, M., Joshi, N.V.. and Gadgil. M.
1991. Assigning conservation value: a case study
from India. Conser\'ation Biology 5: 464-475.
Intro 66
Applying the New lUCN Some Problems and Solutions
Threatened Species Categories One of the specific aims of the revision of the categories
is to improve objectivity by providing clear guidance on
by Alison J. Stattersfield how to evaluate different factors which affect the risk of
extinction. For the majority of species — birds being no
Introduction
exception — numerical data concerning population num-
bers or rates of decline are lacking, or, at best, available
BirdLife International (formerly the International Council
on a site basis only (and thereby relevant to part of any
for Bird Preservation) has had a long history of involve-
ment in the red-listing process, taking responsibility for
population only). The preamble to the new categories
therefore emphasizes the importance of attempting to
advising lUCN and its Species Survival Commission on
classify poorly known taxa by estimating and extrapo-
matters relating to the conservation status and needs of
and
lating the current or potential threats into the future,
birds. BirdLife was among the first to apply the new
by allocating them a threat status by applying the pre-
rUCN threatened species categories in late 1993 and eaiiy
cautionary principle.
1994 (before the criteria were published), and was the
Using inference in a consistent fashion, however,
first to evaluate a complete class of species.
proved to be one of our greatest difficulties in producing
Bird data for the Red Lists have come from the inter-
the revised list for birds, for, despite the intentions of the
national Red Data Books, which have been a keystone
new system, there is litde guidance to help standardize
of BirdLife's research work. This program started with
this process. we found that there was considerable
Indeed
Vincent (1966- 1 97 1 ), was updated by King ( 1 978- 1 979).
scope for variation in categorization of some species
then followed by regional treatments of Africa (Collar
(using the same data) even between three people (my
and Stuart 1985) and the Americas (Collar et al. 1992)
coauthors and I). Given that birds are the most compre-
(all using the old lUCN categories), and work is currently
hensively studied of all the classes of animals or plants, it
under way to assess candidates for Asia (using the new
is likely that inconsistencies arising from the use of infer-
categories). Annotated global checklists, where data
ence will be far greater for those assessing less well
sources are referenced (Birds to Watch), have also been
known groups with fewer numerical clues, and in cir-
published (Collar and Andrew 1988, Collar et al. 1994;
cumstances where more people contribute to the evalua-
using old and new categories respectively) to keep the
tion process.
summary information and category allocation up-to-date,
Another dilemma we faced was the availability and
and to compensate for the time-lag caused by the detailed
quality of other data which could have helped us make
work necessary to produce an exhaustively researched
well informed inferences. Despite access to many pub-
Red Data Book.
lished sources of information and expertise from
The old lUCN system for identifying threatened
BirdLife's extensive network of contacts, we found that
species gave broad definitions for five threatened cate-
our information on, for example, habitat loss and degra-
gories, of which only two directly indicated the likeli-
dation was poor in some parts of the world. While eval-
hood of extinction. The new system (used to list all
uators can reasonably be expected to assemble all the
species in this Red List) is characterized by quantitative
appropriate species-specific material (on distribution,
or clearly defined criteria, subcriteria and qualifiers,
population, ecology etc.), they may not have access to
based around an evaluation of probabilities of extinction
general data concerning a species's environment (e.g.
within specified time-frames. Species may qualify for
logging activities or other land-use changes past, present,
one of three threatened categories depending on whether
and planned). We recognized that some of our assess-
their abundance and/or range sizes, or rates of decrease in
ments might be seriously affected by ignorance of such
these, meet explicit numerical thresholds (see, for exam-
key pieces of information (see Figure 1 ).
ple. Mace 1993, Mace and Stuart 1994).
Other areas of difficulty, more fully discussed in
The aims of this essay are threefold. First, to draw on
Collar et al. (1994), included; the indistinct division
the experience of BirdLife's research to discuss some of
between the near threatened and least concern categories;
the particular difficulties which were experienced in
the appropriate use of the (non-threatened) conservation
applying the new lUCN threatened .species categories to
dependent category where information on important
birds and to outline some potential solutions. Second, to
extrinsic factors such as the effectiveness of certain pro-
use the BirdLife data to interpret the changes between
tected areas is needed; thresholds for the Critically
successive Red Lists using the old and new categories.
Endangered category which could be (perhaps too) read-
And third, to suggest how the red-lisdng process, using
ily met by species with natarally small ranges as a result
the new categories, can help conservation.
of any evidence indicating loss of habitat, however
Intro 67
Currently
INCONSISTENT
1 ^ F E R E N C E CATEGORIZATION
t t
Published Different sources Varying
Little
documentation of environmental evaluator
guidance
not required data experience
Poor or no
numerical
data on taxa Common
Publication sources Wide consultation
User's
of data and of environmental and peer review
Guide
reasoning data
,,
i i i
> M F E R E N C E
-* CONSISTENT
CATEGORIZATION
Ideally 1
Figure 1. Some problems and solutions in applying the new lUCN threatened species categories.
slight; an apparent inequity between species with small standard forms which ensure that all relevant details are
stable populations (= not threatened) versus those with logged, or interactive user-friendly computer programs
much larger ones in the same area but with declining with a comprehensive help system specially designed
ones elsewhere (= threatened); and the definition of loca- for this purpose. At the very least the mammal, reptile,
tion which is crucial to the interpretation of the range-size fish and other equivalents of Birds to Watch (summariz-
criteria (see also, for example, Baillie et al. 1995, ing distribution, habitat requireinents, abundance, trends
Hallingback et al. 1995 for difficulties encountered in and threats) should be produced as the documentary basis
applying the categories to different faunal groups). of future Red Lists.
Many of the above problems could be diminished by Publication of data will have several benefits: critical
more detailed guidance in the use of the criteria (and a inferences will be indicated and might generate more
"Users' Guide" is being prepared). This should be easier appropriately orientated fieldwork and important new
to formulate now, with many real examples, owing to the infonnation; details of the assessment will be available
extensive collective experience of applying the cate- for more efficient and improved re-evaluation; and the
gories for this Red List. documentation will allow for wide consultation and inde-
Further guidance will not, however, eliminate all the pendent peer review, to aid consistency between treat-
uncertainties associated with the use of inference. It is ment of poorly known species in different taxonomic
therefore vital that, where data are poor, the reasoning groups and regions of the world. In addition, the envi-
used to trigger certain criteria should be made as explicit ronmental knowledge which has influenced judgements
as possible. Although the new system requires the inclu- will be disclosed and rendered accessible to other asses-
sion of coding to indicate which criteria are judged to be sors of species with similar ranges and problems.
met (rather than the category code alone), such notation However, it is not efficient for different evaluators
could be misleading because there is no indication of lev- repeatedly to find the same environmental information,
els of uncertainty. It is possible, because a species is clas- nor are they necessarily the best people to interpret it.
sified as threatened using a system which is recognized An invaluable supplement to the forthcoming Users'
as being more objective, to assume without question that Guide, therefore, would be a common source of appro-
the species meets the criteria (and has, for example, a priate background data compiled and up-dated by rele-
population of less than 10,000 mature individuals) when, vant experts (see Figure 1 ).
Intro 68
.
birds, there has been an increase from 1 ,030 (Collar and not necessarily sufficient to determine priority ranking
Andrew 1988) to 1,111 (Collar ef a/. 1994). Although for conservation, and that a system for such assessments
the net change is a relatively small one —an additional would include numerous other factors such as costs,
81 species in total (= 8% increase) —more considerable logistics, and chances of success. Although these may
flux is masked: 295 species were upgraded to threatened be addressed in Action Plans, the increasing number of
status(29%) and 214 species downgraded (21%). threatened species joining the Red Lists means that, for
However, these changes may be attributed to four fac- most (uncharismatic) species, the only real prospect for
tors — the currently volatile nature of ornithological saving them is by site protection. Thus geographical
taxonomy (+81, -12), the inevitable improvement in areas of overlap between the thousands of threatened
knowledge (-1-157, -139), genuine changes in status (-t-14, species included in this Red List (by country, area, and
-2) and changes in the criteria (+43. -61). If we assume ideally site) would represent a new and vitally important
that the first three factors are independent of the system basis for assigning the biological priorities for conserva-
used (accounting for 85% and 71% of the upgrades and tion action,and help to focus resources appropriately
downgrades respectively), it appears that the new cate- where choices have to be made (see Collar 1994).
gories have not radically altered the end result. It might be As a result of its Red Data Book research, BirdLife
possible, therefore, to conclude that the old lUCN sys- has already key forests for threatened
identified
tem for the classification of threatened species was ade- Afrotropical birds (Collar and Stuart 1988) and key sites
quate after all. However, as the use of inference is a key for threatened Neotropical birds (Wege and Long 1995).
factor in the appropriate application of the new cate- These studies show that many threatened species occur
gories, the potential for misuse under the old system together in similar places and that site-based priorities
(where there were broad definitions only for guidance) can therefore be developed effectively through threat-
was many times greater. ened species analysis. BirdLife's original Biodiversity
An interpretation of the changes between successive Project extended this geographical approach by delimit-
Red Lists, combined with the probabilities of extinction ing so-called Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs), covering the
implicit in the new categories, allows us to make predic- breeding ranges of all land bird species with restricted-
tions of the rates of species' extinctions. Such projections ranges (including three-quarters of threatened species).
have been common in both the scientific and popular lit- The approach also demonstrated the importance of most
erature, and have caused much debate over the reality of of these areas for other endemic wildlife groups (ICBP
the so-called impending extinction spasm (see, e.g. 1992, Stattersfield et al. in prep.).
Myers 1987). We calculate that it would take between Current research at BirdLife focuses on Important
800 and 2,800 years for half the world's birds (4,850 Bird Areas (IBAs), which are selected on the basis of
species) to go extinct (Crosby et al. 1994). This is based globally agreed criteria dealing with threatened species
on our categorization in Collar er al. (1994) and a populations, importance for congregatory species, or rep-
dynamic projection that takes into account the likely resentation of EBAs or larger biomes. The IBA initia-
changes in knowledge over the next 100 years and a rate tive aims to cover the most important sites which will
of change of status equivalent to the one which we had conserve all bird species for which a site-based approach
perceived during the period 1988-1994 or worse. Under is appropriate. IBAs have been identified for Europe
"normal" conditions, using mean survival times as illus- (Grimmett and Jones 1989) and the Middle East (Evans
trated from the fossil record, one would expect the nat- 1994), and there is now a commitment to identify the
ural time to extinction for half the world's birds to be majority of the world's IBAs by the year 2000. Despite
around 500,000 years. While we recognize that our mod- the fact that evidence for congruence exists, such an
els (which happen to be more optimistic than others based approach could be adopted by colleagues working on
on older data and different methodologies, e.g. Smith et other groups, and help to polarize attention on key sites
al. 1993) are not necessarily realistic, they clearly draw for all plant and animal "sympatric" species.
attention to a crisis of considerable magnitude, directly
attributable to the destructive activities of man.
Conclusions
1 Where numerical species data are lacking, varying
Using Red Lists experience and interpretation of the new lUCN
Red Lists are not an end in themselves. They provide criteria coupled with ignorance of key environmental
information about the status of species, giving no indi- information, will result in inconsistent categorization
cation of the conservation action which must be taken to of species' status by different evaluators.
save them from extinction.
2. Consistency in categorization could be enhanced by
The new guidelines state that the category of threat is
Intro 69
a variety of measures including more detailed A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker, T.A., and Wege, D.C.
guidance in the use of the criteria, publication 1992. Threatened Birds of the Americas: the ICBP/
and referencing of key data, provision of sharing lUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird
common sources of environmental information, Preservation, Cambridge, UK.
greater consultation and independent peer review. Collar, N.J. 1994. Red Data Books, Action Plans and
the need for site-specific synthesis. Species 21-22:
3. Although differences between the bird Red Lists
132-133.
using the old and new criteria are relatively small,
Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J., and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994.
the new system establishes a framework which
Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds.
reduces subjectivity and renders red-listing more
(BirdLife Conservation Series no. 4), BirdLife Inter-
accountable.
national, Cambridge, UK.
4. Conservation efforts can be aided and influenced Crosby, M.J., Stattersfield, A.J., Collar, N.J., and
by a reinterpretation of the species data collated for Bibby, C.J. 1994. Predicting avian extinction rates.
Red Lists to identify key sites, especially those Biodiversity Letters 2: 1 82- 1 85.
which would protect large numbers of sympatric Evans, M.I. 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle
threatened species. East. (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 2), BirdLife
International, Cambridge, UK.
5. Changes between successive Red Lists could
Grimmett, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. 1989. Imponant Bird
provide a useful measure of progress in the
Areas in Europe. (Techn. Publ. 9), International
conservation of the world's biodiversity.
Council for Bird Preservation. Cambridge, UK.
Hallingback, T., Hodgetts, N., and Urmi, E. 1995. How
Acknowledgements to apply the new lUCN Red List categories to
This essay draws on the ideas and publications of many bryophytes. Species 24: 37 -4\
of my colleagues at BirdLife. I would like to thank Nigel ICBP. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: priority
Collar and Mike Crosby, in particular, for their encour- areas for global consen'ation. International Council
agement and input, and also Colin Bibby, John Croxall, for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. UK.
John Fanshawe, Adrian Long, and David Wege for help- King.W.B. 1978-1979. Red Data Book, 2: Aves. Second
ful comments. edition. International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources, Merges, Switzerland.
Alison Stattersfield Mace, G.M. 1993. The status of proposals to redefine
25: 30-36. Smith, F.D.M,, May, R.M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T.J., and
Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to walcli: the Walter, K.S. 1993. Estimating extinction rates.
ICBP world check-list of threatened birds. (Techn. Nature 364: 494-496.
Publ. 8). International Council for Bird Preservation, Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., and Wege,
Cambridge, UK. D.C. In prep. Global directory of Endemic Bird
Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. 1985. Threatened birds of Areas. (BirdLife Conservation Series), BirdLife
Africa and related islands: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data International Cambridge, UK.
Book. International Council for Bird Preservation, and Vincent, J. 1966-1971. Red Data Book, 2: Aves.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Cambridge, UK. Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland.
— . 1988. Key forests for threatened birds in Africa. Wege, D.C. and Long, A.J. 1995. Key Areas for threat-
(Monogr. 3), International Council for Bird Preserv- ened birds in the Neotropics. (BirdLife Conservation
ation, Cambridge, UK. Series no. 5), BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe, N., Madrofio Nieto,
Intro 70
Index to Classes
Chordata
Mammalia Mammals 3, 129, 135, 177, 193, 219, 241, 245
Actinopterygii Fishes: bony fishes 70, 132, 167, 183, 202, 235, 243 246
Sarcopterygii Fishes: Coelacanth
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nemertina
Enopla Nemertine worms '<^ 128, 175,217
Mollusca
Bivalvia Molluscs: mussels, clams *• 1 10, 133, 172, 187, 209, 238, 244, 255
Annelida
''^
Hirudinea Leeches 171
Onychophora
Onychophora Velvet worms 109, 171, 187,209,255
Arthropoda
Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, etc 88, 169,207
Chilopoda Centipedes 89
Crustacea Crustaceans «r-^ 89, 132, 169, 185, 207, 237, 244, 247
Insecta Insects w 98, 133, 169, 185, 208, 237, 244, 247
Echinodermata
Echinoidea Sea urchins, sea fans, etc 169
Listi
Threatened Species
VU '='
B1+2C Monodelphis theresa
Dasyurus maculatus
Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru VU '=' Ale Spotted-tailed Quoll
Brazil, Peru
Gracilinanus aceramarcae VU " Cl+2a
CR '-'
B1+2C Monodelphis unistriata Australia
Bolivia VU '=' Ale Dasyurus spartacus
Brazil
Gracilinanus dryas Bronze Quell
VU '-'
B1+2C VU " Ale
Venezuela Order PAUCITUBERCULATA Papua New Guinea
Gracilinanus emiliae
Parantechinus apicalis
VU '-'
Bl+2c Family CAENOLESTIDAE
Dibbler
Brazil
Rhyncholestes raphanurus EN " Bl+2ce
Lestodelphys halli VU '='
Ale Australia
VU '-'
Bl+2c Chile
Phascogale calura
Argentina
Red-tailed Phascogale
Marmosa andersoni EN " Bl+2bd
Order MICROBIOTHERIA
CR '-'
Bl+2c Australia
Peru Family MICROBIOTHERIIDAE
Planigale novaeguineae
Marmosa xerophila
Dromiciops gliroides Papuan Planigale
EN '-'
B1+2C
VU " D2
Colombia, Venezuela VU '-'
Ale
Argentina, Chile Papua New Guinea
Marmosops cracens
EN '-'
Bl+2c Pseudantechinus mimulus
Venezuela Order DASYUROMORPHIA Carpentarian Antechinus
Marmosops dorothea
VU " D2
Family MYRMECOBIIDAE Australia
VU '='
B1+2C
Bolivia Myrmecobius fasciatus Sminthopsis aitkeni
Marmosops handleyi Numbat Kangaroo Island Dunnart
CR "' B1+2C VU " Ala,D2 EN " Bl+2d
Australia Australia
Colombia
Threatened Species
Otopteropus cartilagonodus
Guam, Japan (Nansei-shoto),
Latidens salimalii
Northern Marianas, Palau
CR'- Bl+2c, Dl VU « A2c
India Philippines Pteropus molossinus
Pohnpei Flying-fox
Megaerops kusnotoi Plerotes anchietae
d'Anchieta's Fruit Bat
CR '=
Bl+2ce
Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat
Federated States of Micronesia
VU « D2 VU « A2c
Indonesia Angola, Zaire, Zambia Pteropus niger
Pteralopex acrodonta Greater Mascarene Flying-fox
Melonycteris aurantius
OR « Ale, Bl+2c VU '- Ald-K2cd
Orange Fruit Bat
Mauritius
VU « A2c, D2 Fiji
10
Mammals *n
Pteronotus macleayi
Brazil, Peru Family MYZOPODmAE
VU "'-
A2c Micronycteris pusilla Myzopoda aurita
Cuba, Jamaica VU « A2c Sucker-footed Bat
Brazil, Colombia VU « A2c
Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Musonycteris harrisoni Madagascar
Ariteus flavescens VU « A2c
Family VESPERTILIONmAE
VU « A2c, D2 Mexico
Jamaica Antrozous dubiaquercus
Phyllonycteris aphylla
Jamaican Flower Bat
VU *- A2c, D2
Artibeus fraterculus Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras,
VU « A2c EN « Bl+2c Mexico
Ecuador, Peru Jamaica
Barbastella barbastellus
Artibeus hirsutus Platalina genovensium VU « A2c
VU « A2cd VU '-
D2 Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,
Mexico Pern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Platyrrhinus chocoensis Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Chiroderma doriae
France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary,
VU « A2c, D2 VU " A2c, D2 Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Brazil Colombia
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova,
Chiroderma improvisum Platyrrhinus recifinus Morocco, Netherlands, Norway,
EN « A2c,Bl+2c VU ' A2c, D2 Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Guadeloupe, Montserrat Brazil Senegal?, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
11
Threatened Species
Kerivoula agnella
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, VU « A2c, D2
Lebanon, Macedonia, Morocco, Ethiopia
VU " D2 Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia,
Papua New Guinea Myotis seabrai
Turkey, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
Kerivoula eriophora Myotis cobanensis
VU « A2c, D2
VU « D2 CR « Bl+2c
Angola, Namibia, South Africa
Ethiopia Myotis sicarius
Guatemala
Kerivoula muscina Myotis dasycneme VU '-
A2c, D2
VU •-
D2 Pond Bat India, Nepal
Papua New Guinea VU « A2c Myotis sodalis
Kerivoula myrella Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Indiana Bat
VU *-
A2c Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, EN « Ale
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea France, Germany, Hungary, USA
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Laephotis namibensis Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Myotis stalkeri
EN '-
A2c Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, EN « Bl+2c
Namibia Switzerland, Ukraine Indonesia
12
Mammals %
Myotis vivesi Plecotus townsendii Mormopterus phrudus
VU « A2c Townsend's Big-eared Bat EN « Bl+2c
Mexico VU « A2c Peru
Myotis yesoensis Canada, Mexico, USA Otomops formosus
VU « A2c Scotophilus borbonicus Javan Mastiff Bat
Japan CR « Ale VU « A2c
Madagascar, Reunion Indonesia
Nyctalus azoreum
VU « A2c, Bl+2c, D2 Tomopeas ravus Otomops johnstonei
Portugal (Azores) VU *- A2c,D2 VU « D2
Peru Indonesia
Nyctophilus heran
Vespertilio orientalis Otomops martiensseni
EN " Bl+2c
Indonesia
VU « A2c, D2 VU « A2c
China, Japan, Taiwan Angola, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Nyctophilus microdon
Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa,
VU « D2 Family MYSTACINIDAE Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire,
Papua New Guinea Mystacina tuberculata Zambia, Zimbabwe
Nyctophilus timoriensis New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat Otomops papuensis
VU « A2c VU « A2c, C2a VU « D2
Australia, Indonesia, Papua New •
New Zealand Papua New Guinea
Guinea
Family MOLOSSIDAE Otomops secundus
Pharotis imogene
Chaerephon gallagheri
VU '- D2
CR ' Bl+2c,C2b Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
CR '-
B1-I-2C
Zaire Otomops wroughtoni
Pipistrellus anchietai Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat
Chaerephon pusilla
VU « A2c VU '- Dl+2 CR '-
B1-I-2C
Angola, Zaire, Zambia India
Seychelles
Pipistrellus anthonyi Tadarida lobata
Chaerephon tomensis
CR •-
Bl+2c VU *-
A2c, D2
VU '=
D2
Myanmar Kenya, Zimbabwe
Sao Tome & Principe
Pipistrellus arabicus Eumops maurus
VU « D2 VU '-
A2c, D2
Order PRIMATES
Oman Guyana, Suriname Family CHEIROGALEIDAE
Pipistrellus cuprosus Molossops aequatorianus
Allocebus trichotis
VU « A2c VU ^-
A2c, D2
Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur
Malaysia Ecuador
CR '"
Ale, Bl-l-2abc
Pipistrellus joffrei Molossops neglectus Madagascar
CR «
Bl+2c EN *-
B1-H2C
Microcebus myoxinus
Myanmar Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
VU '" Bl+2abc
Pipistrellus maderensis Mops niangarae Madagascar
VU « A2c, Bl+2c CR "=
Bl+2c
Mirza coquereli
Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Is)
Zaire
Coquerel's Mouse-lemur
Pipistrellus mckenziei
Mormopterus acetabulosus VU '" A2cd, Bl-h2abc
13
Threatened Species
Madagascar Colombia
VU '" Alcd
Hapalemur aureus India, Sri Lanka
Family CEBIDAE
Golden Bamboo Lemur Nycticebus pygmaeus
CR " A2cd Pygmy Loris Alouatta fusca
Madagascar VU '" Alcd Brown Howler
Hapalemur simus Cambodia?, China, Laos, Viet Nam VU '" Ale
Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Argentina, Brazil
Family CALLITRICHmAE
CR '" A2cd Aotus brumbacki
Madagascar Callimico goeldii
Brumback's Night Monkey
Goeldi's Marmoset
Lemur catta VU '" B1+2C
Ring-tailed Lemur
VU '" Ale
Colombia
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru
VU '« Ale
Aotus lemurinus
Madagascar CallUhrix aurUa
Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset VU '" B1+2C
Varecia variegata Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a
Ruffed Lemur
Brazil Aotus miconax
EN " Alcd
CallUhrix chrysoleuca Andean Night Monkey
Madagascar
Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset VU '" Ale, B1-I-2C
Family MEGALADAPIDAE VU '" B1-H2C Peru
Brazil
Lepilemur dorsalis Ateles belzebuth
CallUhrix flaviceps Long-haired Spider Monkey
Grey-backed Sportive Lemur
Buffy-headed Marmoset VU '" Ale
VU '" A2cd, Bl+2c
Madagascar
EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil,
Brazil Venezuela
Lepilemur septentrionalis
CallUhrix geoffroyi
Northern Sportive Lemur Ateles fusciceps
Geoffrey's Tufted-ear Marmoset
VU '" A2cd Brown-headed Spider Monkey
Madagascar
VU '" Bl-h2b, C2a VU '•" Ale, Bl+2abede
Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
Family INDRTOAE CallUhrix leucippe
Ateles marginatus
VU '« B1-I-2C
Avahi occidentalis
Brazil
EN '" Bl-H2abcde
VU '" A2cd Brazil
CallUhrix nigriceps
Madagascar
Black-headed Marmoset Brachyteles arachnoides
Iitdri indri VU '" B1-H2C Muriqui
Indri Brazil EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a
EN '" A1C-I-2C Brazil
LeontopUhecus caissara
Madagascar
Black-faced Lion Tamarin Brachyteles hypoxanthus
PropUhecus diadema CR '" Bl+2abcde,C2a, Dl EN '" Bl+2abcde, C2a
Diademed Sifaka Brazil Brazil
EN " Alcd LeontopUhecus chrysomelas
Madagascar Cacajao calvus
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Bald Uakari
PropUhecus tattersalli EN '" Bl-H2abcde,C2a VU •« Ale
Golden-crowned Sifaka Brazil
Brazil, Colombia, Peru
CR '" A2c, Bl+2bcd LeontopUhecus chrysopygus
Madagascar Callicebus dubius
Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin
PropUhecus verreauxi CR '" Bl+2abcde, C2a VU '« B1+2C
Brazil
Verreaux's Sifaka Brazil
VU " A2cd LeontopUhecus rosalia Callicebus oenanthe
Madagascar Golden Lion Tamarin Andean Titi Monkey
CR "" Bl-^2abcde, C2a VU '" B1-H2C
Family DAUBENTONIIDAE Brazil Peru
14
Mammals *n
15
Threatened Species
16
Mammals 'n
17
Threatened Species
Madagascar EN *'
Alabd Family PHYSETERmAE
Genetta cristata [Arctic Sea, Atlantic (Antarctic,
Physeter catodon
Crested Genet eastern central, northeast, northwest,
southeast, southwest, westem
Sperm Whale
EN '" Bl+2c
VU " Albd
Cameroon, Nigeria central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
eastern,westem), Mediterranean and [Atlantic (Antarctic, eastem central,
Macrogalidia musschenbroekii Black Sea, Pacific (Antarctic, eastern northeast, northwest, southeast,
Sulawesi Palm Civet central, northeast, northwest, southwest, westem central), Indian
VU '" A2c southeast, southwest, western Ocean (Antarctic, eastem, westem),
Indonesia central)] Mediterranean and Black Sea,
18
Mammals 'n
Equus africanus
Family TRICHECHmAE African Wild Ass Order HYRACOIDEA
CR " Alb
Trichechus inunguis
Ethiopia, Somalia
Family PROCAVIIDAE
Amazonian Manatee
VU '" Alcd Equus grevyi Dendrohyrax validus
Grevy's Zebra Eastern Tree Hyrax
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil,
Venezuela EN " Ala+2c VU " BU2c
[R. Amazon] Ethiopia, Kenya Kenya, Tanzania
19
Threatened Species
Bubalus depressicomis
Family MOSCHroAE Family BOVmAE Lowland Anoa
Moschus moschiferus EN '-
Cl-h2a
Siberian Musk Deer Addax nasomaculatus Indonesia
VU " Alacd Addax
China, Mongolia, North Korea, EN ' Alc,C2a Bubalus mindorensis
Russia, South Korea Algeria (ex), Chad, Egypt (ex), Tamaraw
Libya (ex), Mali, Mauritania, Niger, EN '-
B1-I-2C, Dl
Family CERVmAE Sudan (ex?), Tunisia [re-int] Philippines
20
Mammals 'n
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan EN ' Ale, CI (ex), Morocco (ex), Niger (ex?),
Algeria (ex), Chad, Libya (ex), Mali, Senegal (ex), Sudan (ex?), Tunisia
Capra nubiana Mauritania (ex), Morocco (ex), [re-int], Western Sahara (ex)
Nubian Ibex Niger, Senegal [re-int], Sudan,
EN " C2a Oryx leucoryx
Western Sahara (ex)
Egypt, Ethiopia, Israel, Jordan,
Arabian Oryx
Gazella leptoceros EN ' Dl
Lebanon (ex), Oman, Saudi Arabia,
Slender-homed Gazelle Egypt
Sudan, Syria (ex), Yemen (ex), Iraq (ex), Israel (ex),
EN ' Cl+2a Jordan [re-int], Oman [re-int], Saudi
Capra v/alia Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Arabia [re-int], Syria (ex). United
Walia Ibex Mauritania?, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Arab Emirates (ex), Yemen (ex)
CR " C2b Tunisia, Western Sahara (ex)
Ethiopia
Ovis ammon
Gazella rufifrons
Argali
Red-fronted Gazelle
Capricomis sumatraensis VU " A2cde
Mainland Serow VU ' Ale Afghanistan, Bhutan?, China, India,
VU " A2cd Benin?, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?, Mongolia,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Nepal, Pakistan?, Russia, Tajikistan
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia (ex?),
China, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Ghana (ex?), Mali, Mauritania, Ovis orientalis
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo Mouflon, Urial
Thailand, Viet Nam
Gazella soemmerringii
VU " A2cde
Capricomis swinhoei Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Soemmerring's Gazelle
Formosan Serow Cyprus, France, India, Iran, Italy,
VU " A2cd VU ' CI
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya?,
Taiwan Turkmenistan
Somalia, Sudan
Cephalophus adersi Pantholops hodgsonii
Gazella spekei
Aders' Duiker Tibetan Antelope
Speke's Gazelle
EN ' CI VU ' CI VU ' Ale
Kenya, Tanzania China, India, Nepal?
Ethiopia, Somalia
21
Threatened Species
Saiga tatarica
VU " B1+2C Czech Republic,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Indonesia (Sulawesi) Germany, Greece, Macedonia,
Saiga
Moldova, Poland, Romania,
VU ' Ala lomys sipora
Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine,
China Kazakhstan, MongoHa,
(ex), VU ' B1+2C Yugoslavia
Russia, Turkmenistan Indonesia
Spermophilus mohavensis
Tetracerus quadricornis
Lariscus hosei Mohave Ground Squirrel
Four-homed Antelope
VU ' C2a VU " B1+2C VU «=
Bl+3d
India, Nepal
Malaysia USA
Tragelaphus buxtoni Marmota menzbieri Spermophilus suslicus
Menzbier's Marmot Spotted Souslik
Mountain Nyala
EN' Ala, CI VU " Bi+2c VU «
Ale
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine
Ethiopia
Marmota vancouverensis Spermophilus washingtoni
Order RODENTIA Vancouver Island Marmot Washington Ground Squirrel
EN "-
C2b, Dl
VU «= Ala, Bl+2d,C2a
Family SCIURmAE Canada
USA
Ammospermophilus nelsoni Sundasciurus jentinki
Myosciurus pumilio
Nelson's Antelope Squirrel VU " B1+2C
African Pygmy Squirrel
EN »- Ala, Bl+2c Indonesia, Malaysia
USA VU " A2c
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sundasciurus juvencus
Biswamayopterus biswasi Gabon, Nigeria EN * BI+2b
CR " Bl+2c, CI Philippines
India Paraxerus cooperi
Sundasciurus rabori
Callosciurus pygerythrus VU "Bl+2c
VU «'
Ale, Bl+2b
VU " Alcd Cameroon
Philippines
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Paraxerus palliatus Sundasciurus samarensis
Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam VU " Ale VU " B1+2C
Callosciurus quinquestriatus Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Philippines
VU " Alcd Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania,
Tamias palmeri
China, Myanmar Zimbabwe
Palmer's Chipmunk
Cynomys mexicanus Paraxerus vexillarius VU «=
A2c
Mexican Prairie Dog VU " B1+2C USA
EN " Alcd Tanzania
Trogopterus xanthipes
Mexico
Paraxerus vincenti EN " Alcd
Eupetaurus cinereus
Woolly Flying Squirrel
VU " B1+2C China
Mozambique
EN »
A2ce, Bl+2cd, C2a Family GEOMYIDAE
India, Pakistan Prosciurillus abstrusus
VU " B1+2C Geomys tropicalis
Funisciurus carruthersi
Carruther's Mountain Squirrel Indonesia VU " Bl+2c
Mexico
VU " B1+2C Ratufa indica
Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda Orthogeomys cuniculus
VU " B1+2C
Hylopetes alboniger India
CR " Bl+2c
Mexico
EN " Ale
Ratufa macroura Orthogeomys heterodus
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia,
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
VU " Ale VU " Bl+2ac
Thailand, Viet Nam India, Sri Lanka Costa Rica
Hylopetes sipora Sciurotamias forresti Pappogeomys alcorni
EN " B1+2C VU " Ale VU " Bl+2ac
Indonesia China Mexico
22
Mammals *n
Dipodomys ingens
Brazil Coccymys albidens
Giant Kangaroo Rat Akodon siberiae White-toothed Melomys
CR "^
Ala VU '»
D2 EN " Bl+2c
USA Bolivia Indonesia
Allactagafirouzi
EN *" B1+2C Cremnomys elvira
Ecuador VU " C2b
CR " Bl+2c, CI
Iran Apodemus hermonensis India
EN " Bl+2c
Crunomys celebensis
AUactaga tetradactyla
Israel
EN " Ale EN " Bl+2c
Egypt, Libya Apomys gracilirostris Indonesia
VU "'
Bl+2b,C2a
Crunomys fallax
Cardiocranius paradoxus
Philippines
VU " Ale CR " C2b
China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia
Apomys sacobianus Philippines
VU " C2b
Eozapus setchuanus Philippines
Dasymys montanus
VU " Ale VU " B1+2C
Archboldomys luzonensis Uganda
China
Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse
Euchoreutes naso EN " C2b Dendromus oreas
EN " Ale Philippines VU " B1+2C
China, Mongolia Cameroon
Beamys hindei
Salpingotus crassicauda Lesser Hamster-rat Dendromus vernayi
VU " Ale VU " Ale CR " Bl+2c, C2b
China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia Kenya, Tanzania Angola
23
Threatened Species
24
Mammals *n
25
Threatened Species
26
Mammals 'n
27
Threatened Species
28
Birds
Campbell Id)
Mexico VU '-'
Bl+2e
New Zealand Spheniscus mendiculus
Sylvilagus transitionalis
Galapagos Penguin
New England Cottontail Apteryx owenii
VU '" Alae, Cl+2a Little Spotted Kiwi
VU -'
Ala,C2b
Ecuador
USA VU ='
D2
New Zealand
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Order MACROSCELIDEA
Order TEVAMIFGRMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Family MACROSCELIDroAE
Family TEVAMroAE Podiceps taczanowskii
Elephantulus edwardU Junin Grebe
Crypturellus kerriae
VU » B1+2C CR 2'
A 1 ace+2ce, B +2cde,
1
South Africa
Choco Tinamou Cl+2b
VU =' Bl+2c,C2a Peru
Elephantulus revoili Colombia, Panama
EN * B1+2C Poliocephalus rufopectus
Crypturellus ptaritepui New Zealand Dabchick
Somalia
Tepui Tinamou EN ^'
C2a
Elephantulus rupestris VU -'
D2 New Zealand
VU « B1+2C Venezuela
South Africa Tachybaptus pelzelnii
Crypturellus saltuarius Madagascar Grebe
Macroscelides proboscideus Magdalena Tinamou
"
VU -'
Alace+2ce, Cl+2b
VU Bl+2c CR -' Bl+2c,C2b Madagascar
Namibia, South Africa Colombia
Tachybaptus rufotavatus
Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Nothoprocta kalinowskii Alaotra Grebe
Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew Kalinowski's Tinamou CR ='
Dl
EN " Bl+2c CR " Dl Madagascar
Kenya Peru
Rhynchocyon cirnei Nothoprocta taczanowskii Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
VU « Bl+2c Taczanowski's Tinamou
Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, VU -'
C2a Family DIOMEDEroAE
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia Peru Diomedea albatrus
Rhynchocyon petersi Nothura minor Short-tailed Albatross
Black-and-rufous Elephant-Shrew Lesser Nothura EN -'
CI
EN * Bl+2c VU -'
Alc,C2a China (ex), Japan. * Russia, Taiwan,
Kenya, Tanzania Brazil USA (Hawaiian Is)
29
Threatened Species
30
Birds
31
Threatened Species
32
Birds
33
Threatened Species
Megapodius laperouse
EN -'
Bl-f2c
Penelope ochrogaster Viet Nam
Micronesian Scrubfowl Chestnut-bellied Guan
VU '-'
CI VU ='
C2a Arborophila nifipectus
Guam (ex), Northern Marianas, Palau Brazil
Sichuan Partridge
Megapodius layardi Penelope ortoni
CR -'
BI-H2C
34
Birds
35
Threatened Species
Cuba Philippines
Botswana, Namibia, South Africa,
Swaziland Fulica alai Lewinia muelleri
Hawaiian Coot Auckland Islands Rail
Grus vipio VU D2
White-naped Crane
VU -'
D2
'-'
36
Birds
Great Indian Bustard Virgin Islands (US) Chile, French Guiana, Guyana,
EN -'
C2b Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay
Charadrius montanus
India, Pakistan * Mountain Plover Numenius tahitiensis
37
Threatened Species
38
Birds
39
Threatened Species
40
Birds t
Geopsittacus occidentalis VU -'
B2c+3d, C2a Pyrrhura cruentata
Night Parrot Australia Blue-chested Parakeet
CR 2'
C2a Polytelis swainsonii
VU -'
Ale, Bl-l-2c,C2a
Australia Superb Parrot Brazil
41
Threatened Species
Bannerman's Turaco
VU '-'
Dl
Papua New Guinea Comoros
VU ^'
Ale, Bl+2b, C2b
Otus fuliginosus
Cameroon Tyto nigrobrunnea
Palawan Scops-owl
Taliabu Masked-owl
Tauraco nispolii VU =' Alc+2c, Cl-h2a
Prince Ruspoli's Turaco
VU ='
C2b, Dl
Philippines
Indonesia
EN 2'
C2a Otus insularis
Ethiopia Tyto soumagnei Seychelles Scops-owl
Madagascar Red Owl CR -'
C2b
Family CUCULIDAE EN " C2a Seychelles
Madagascar (ex?)
Carpococcyx radiceus Otus ireneae
Sunda Ground-cuckoo Sokoke Scops-owl
VU -'
C2a Family STRIGIDAE VU ='
D2
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Kenya, Tanzania?
42
Birds
VU ^'
Dl Mexico
China EN -'
C2b
Ecuador Heliangelus regalis
Caprimulgus noctitherus Royal Sunangel
Puerto Rican Nightjar
Acestrura bombus
Little Woodstar VU '' A2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a
CR -'
Bl+2c Peru
Puerto Rico
EN -'
C2b
Ecuador, Peru Heliangelus zusii
Caprimulgus prigoginei
Aglaeactis aliciae Bogota Sunangel
Itombwe Nightjar
Purple-backed Sunbeam CR -'
Dl
VU -' BI+2ac
Zaire
VU '-'
D2 Colombia
Peru Hylonympha macrocerca
Eurostopodus diabolicus
Amazilia boucardi Scissor-tailed Hummingbird
Satanic Eared-nightjar
VU ^'
Dl
Mangrove Hummingbird CR -'
BI+2c
Indonesia
VU ^' Bl+2c,C2b Venezuela
Costa Rica
Lepidopyga lilliae
Siphonorhis americanus
Amazilia castaneiventris Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird
Jamaican Pauraque
Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird CR -'
C2b, Dl
CR ^'
Dl
EN ''
Ale Colombia
Jamaica
Colombia
Loddigesia mirabilis
Amazilia distans Marvellous Spatuletail
Order APODIFORMES Tachira Emerald VU -'
Bl+2c,C2b
APODmAE EN '-'
A2c Peru
Family
Venezuela
Lophomis brachylopha
Apus acuticauda Amazilia luciae Short-crested Coquette
Dark-rumped Swift Honduran Emerald
VU D2
EN ^'
A2c, B1+2C
2'
CR -'
A2c Mexico
India Honduras
Metallura baroni
Collocalia elaphra Campylopterus ensipennis
Violet-throated Metaltail
Seychelles Swiftlet White-tailed Sabrewing
VU ='
Dl VU -'
A2c
VU -'
Bl+2c,C2a
Ecuador
Seychelles Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Collocalia leucophaeus Coeligena prunellei
Ramphodon dohrnii
Hook-billed Hermit
Tahiti Swiftlet Black Inca
VU ='
Dl VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a CR -'
C2a
Brazil
French Polynesia Colombia
Collocalia sawtelli Eriocnemis godini Selasphorus ardens
Atiu Swiftlet Turquoise-throated Puffleg Glow-throated Hummingbird
VU 2'
Dl+2 CR ^'
Bl+2c,C2b, Dl VU ^'
Dl+2
Cook Islands Colombia, Ecuador Panama
43
Threatened Species
44
Birds k
Dryocopus galeatus Asthenes hetenira Synallaxis infuscata
Helmeted Woodpecker Maquis Canastero Plain Spinetail
EN -' C2a VU -'
Alc,Cl+2a EN ='
Bl+2c,Cl
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Bolivia Brazil
Philippines
Peru VU ='
C2a
Argentina, Brazil
Pseudocalyptomena graueri Megaxenops pamaguae
Great Xenops Cercomacra carbonaria
African Green Broadbill Rio Branco Antbird
VU -' Bl+2ac VU -'
Alc+2c,Cl+2a
Brazil
VU -'
D2
Uganda, Zaire Brazil, Guyana
Philydor novaesi
Family DENDRGCOLAPTTOAE Alagoas Foliage-gleaner
Clytoctantes alixii
Recurve-billed Bushbird
CR ='
Bl+2c
Xiphocolaptes falcirostris
Brazil
EN " Cl+2a
Moustached Woodcreeper Colombia, Venezuela
VU =' Bl+2c,C2a Premnoplex tatei
Dysithamnus occidentalis
Brazil White-throated Barbtail
Bicoloured Antvireo
EN -'
Bl+2c,C2a
VU ='
Cl+2a
Family FURNARIIDAE Venezuela
Colombia, Ecuador
Aphrastura masafuerae Simoxenops striatus Dysithamnus plumbeus
Mas Afuera Rayadito Bolivian Recurvebill Plumbeous Antvireo
VU '-'
Dl+2 VU -'
A2c,Bl-H2bc, Cl+2a VU ='
A 1 c+2c, B 1 +2c, C +2a
1
45
Threatened Species
VU ='
D2 Brazil VU -'
A1C-I-2C, Cl-i-2a
Brazil
Peru Xenornis setifrons
Speckled Antshrike Lipaugus lanioides
Herpsilochmus pectoralis
Pectoral Antwren
VU C2a
=' Cinnamon-vented Piha
Colombia, Panama VU -' A1C-I-2C, Cl+2a
VU -' A2c, Bl+2c,Cl+2a Brazil
Brazil Family RHINOCRYPTIDAE
Procnias tricarunculata
Myrmeciza griseiceps Merulaxis stresemanni Three-wattled Bellbird
Grey-headed Antbird Stresemann's Bristlefront VU -'
A1c-h2c
EN -'
A2c CR -'
C2a Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Ecuador, Peru Brazil Panama
Myrmeciza ruficauda Scytalopus novacapitalis Tijuca condita
Scalloped Antbird Brasilia Tapaculo Grey-winged Cotinga
VU -'
Alc+2c, Bl-H2c,Cl+2a VU -'
Alc+2c VU -'
Dl+2
Brazil Brazil Brazil
46
Birds
Pitta superba
Bolivia, Peru Colombia
Superb Pitta
Attila torridus Phylloscartes paulistus VU -'
Dl
Ochraceous Attila Sao Paulo Tyrannulet Papua New Guinea
VU -'
A1c-h2c, Bl-f2c,Cl+2a VU ^'
Alc-i-2c,Cl+2a
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Argentina?, Brazil, Paraguay
Family PHILEPITTIDAE
Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Phylloscartes roquettei Neodrepanis hypoxanthus
Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant Yellow-bellied Asity
Minas Gerais Tyrannulet
VU ^'
Alc+2c
EN -'
Bl+2c EN ='
C2a
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Suriname Madagascar
Brazil
Hemitriccus furcatus
Fork-tailed Pygmy-tyrant
Platyrinchus leucoryphus Family ATRICHORNITHmAE
Russet-winged Spadebill
VU ^'
C2a Atrichomis clamosus
Brazil
VU ' A1c-h2c, Bl-H2c,CU2a
Noisy Scrub-bird
Argentina?, Brazil, Paraguay
Hemitriccus kaempferi VU ='
D1-H2
Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus Australia
VU ^'
Alc+2c, B1-h2c,C1 Giant Kingbird
Family ALAUDBOAE
Brazil EN C2a
^'
47
Threatened Species
48
1
Birds
49
Threatened Species
50
Birds
51
Threatened Species
52
Birds
53
Threatened Species
CR -'
C2b. Dl
Melidectes princeps Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Seychelles
Long-bearded Melidectes
Chlorochrysa nitidissima
Zosterops mouroniensis VU -'
Bl+2ce,C2a Multicoloured Tanager
Mount Karthala White-eye Papua New Guinea VU ^' CI
CR -'
Bl-(-2bc
Moho bishopi Colombia
Comoros
Bishops Oo Chlorospingus flavovirens
Zosterops oleagineus CR ' Bl+2ce,C2a, Dl Yellow-green Bush-tanager
Yap Olive White-eye USA {Hawaiian Is)
VU ='
C2a, 02
VU -'
D2 Moho braccatus Colombia, Ecuador
Federated States of Micronesia
Kauai Oo Conothraupis mesoleuca
Zosterops rotensis CR ''
Ala, Bl-i-2ce,C2b, Dl Cone-billed Tanager
Rota White-eye USA (Hawaiian Is) VU -' Dl
CR Ala, Bl+2de
-'
Myzomela chermesina Brazil
Northern Marianas
Rotuma Myzomela Coryphaspiza melanotis
Zosterops samoensis VU D2-'
Black-masked Finch
Samoan White-eye Fiji
VU -'
Ale
VU -'
C2a, D2 Notiomystis cincta Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay,
Western Samoa Peru
Stitchbird
Zosterops silvanus VU -'
D2 Dacnis berlepschi
Taita White -eye New Zealand Scarlet-breasted Dacnis
CR ='
Bl+2bc Xanthomyza phrygia VU " CI
Kenya Regent Honeyeater Colombia, Ecuador
54
Birds
VU -'
Dl CR -'
A2cd,Cl+2b Canada?, USA. * Bahamas, Turks
Argentina Argentina and Caicos Islands
55
Threatened Species
56
Birds
ESTRILDIDAE Mauritius
Family Family STURNIDAE
Foudia sechellarum
Amandava formosa Aplonis brunneicapilla
Seychelles Fody
Green Avadavat White-eyed Starling
VU VU " D2
='
Cl+2a
Seychelles
EN ''
C2a
India Papua New Guinea. Solomon Islands
Malimbus ballmanni
Chloebia gouldiae Aplonis cinerascens
Gola Malimbe
Gouldian Finch Rarotonga Starling
EN ='
A2c
EN ' Bl+2de
Cote d'lvoire?, Guinea, Liberia, VU -'
Dl+2
Australia
Sierra Leone Cook Islands
57
Threatened Species
58
Reptiles 5*
CR '^
Bl+2abcd Family GEKKONBDAE Mexico, USA
Dominican Republic
Christinus guentheri
Family IGUANIDAE
Diploglossus carruai
EN '-«
Bl+2bc
VU '*
Bl+2c, D2 Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Australia, Norfolk Island
Dominican Republic Galapagos Marine Iguana
Diploglossus montisserrati
GoniosauTus kuroiwae VU "" Alee
Kuroiwa's Ground Gecko Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Monsterrat Galliwasp
CR " Bl+2c
VU "" Bl+2cd Anolis roosevelti
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Montserrat Roosevelt's Giant Anole
Gerrhonotus panamintus
Hoplodactylus stephensi CR '»
A2ce
Stephen's Island Gecko Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (British),
Panamint Alligator Lizard
VU '" D2 VU " D2 Virgin Islands (US)
59
Threatened Species
Liolaemus huacahuasicus
VU '*
Alac, Bl+2c Lerista vittata
Australia Mount Cooper Striped Lerista
VU '" D2
EN " Ale, Bl+2c
Argentina Paradelma orientalis
Australia
Brigalow Scaly-foot
Liolaemus rabinoi
VU '» Ale, D2 VU » Alc+2c Neoseps reynoldsi
AusU-alia Sand Skink
Argentina
[Lago Nihuil]
VU " A2ce
Family SCCMCBDAE USA
Uma inornata
Acanthiops lineatus Niveoscincus palfreymani
Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard
Woodbush Legless Skink Pedra Branca Skink
EN " Ala, Bl+2c
USA VU '« A2c VU " D2
South Africa Australia
Family LACERTIDAE Anomalopus mackayi Oligosoma grande
Algyroides marchi Long-legged Worm-skink Grand Skink
VU « Bl+2cd VU '"
Ale, Bl+2c VU '"
C2a
Spain Australia New Zealand
Gallotia simonyi Ctenotus lancelini Oligosoma homalonotum
Hierro Giant Lizard Lancelin Island Skink Chevron Skink
CR « Bl+2e,C2b VU " D2 VU " D2
Spain (Canary Is) Australia New Zealand
60
Reptiles ^
Oligosoma lichenigera Family XANTUSIIDAE Alsophis rufiventris
Lord Howe Island Skink Red-bellied Racer
Xantusia riversiana
VU '" B1+2C, D2 EN " Bl+2ce
Island Night Lizard
Australia, Norfolk Island Netherlands Antilles, St Kitts and
VU " D2 Nevis (ex)
Oligosoma microlepis USA
Small-scaled Skink Chironius vincenti
VU '"
Bl+2bcd St Vincent Blacksnake
New Zealand Order SERPENTES CR '«
Bl+2ac
St Vincent
Oligosoma otagense Family BOIDAE
Otago Skink Coluber cypriensis
VU '" C2a Acrantophis dumerili EN »' C2a, Dl
New Zealand Dumeril's Boa Cyprus
VU "* Alcd
Oligosoma striatum Coluber gyorensis
Madagascar, Reunion? [int]
Striped Skink CR " Dl
VU '*
Bl+2bcd Acrantophis madagascariensis Greece
New Zealand Madagascar Boa
VU "* Alcd Iguanognathus werneri
Oligosoma waimatense Madagascar VU "" D2
Scree Skink Indonesia
Aspidites ramsayi
VU " Bl+2bd
Lamprophis fiskii
New Zealand Woma
Fisk's House Snake
EN " Ale
Scelotes guentheri Australia VU "« A2cd, Bl+2c
Giinther's Dwarf Burrowing Skink South Africa
Casarea dussumieri
VU '»'
A2c Liophis cursor
South Africa
Round Island Keel-scaled Boa
EN "* Dl CR " Bl+2e,C2b, Dl
Scelotes kasneri Mauritius Martinique
Kasner's Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Epicrates subflavus Liophis omatus
VU "« A2c St Lucia Racer
Jamaican Boa
South Africa
VU " A2ce EN « Dl
Tiliqua adelaidensis Jamaica St Lucia
Pygmy Bluetongue Liophis perfuscus
Sanzinia madagascariensis
EN " B1+2C
Madagascar Tree Boa Barbados Racer
Australia
VU "» Alcd EN " C2b
Typhlosaurus lomii Madagascar Barbados
Lomi's Blind Legless Skink
Natrix megalocephala
VU '« A2c Family COLUBRIDAE
Large-headed Water Snake
South Africa
Achalinus werneri VU « Aid, CI
Family TEIffiAE
Amami Takachiho Snake Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Turkey
VU '" B1+2C
Opisthotropis kikuzatoi
Ameiva polops Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Kikuzato's Brook Snake
Saint Croix Ground Lizard
Adelphicos daryi CR '»'
Bl+2c
CR ™ Bl+2ae EN '» Bl+2c Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Virgin Islands (US) Guatemala
Thamnophis gigas
Cnemidophorus vanzoi Alsophis antiguae Giant Garter Snake
St Lucia Whiptail Antiguan Racer VU " Alcde+2cde
VU " D2 CR " C2b,Dl USA
St Lucia Antigua and Barbuda
Thermophis baileyi
Family VARANIDAE Alsophis ater VU '»'
D2
Black Racer China
Varanus komodoensis CR '*
Bl+2ce
Komodo Dragon Jamaica
VU "« Bl+2cde Alsophis rijersmai Family ELAPIDAE
Indonesia
Leeward Island Racer
Varanus olivaceus EN " A2ce, Bl+2ce Austrelaps labialis
Gray's Monitor Anguilla, Guadeloupe (St Pygmy Copperhead
VU '" Ale Barth^lemy, St Martin), Netherlands VU " Bl+2c
Philippines Antilles Australia
61
Threatened Species
VU » D2 China VU "* D2
Australia Vipera albizona Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Echiopsis curta
EN " Bl+2e,C2a Chelodina pritchardi
Turkey Pritchard's Snake-necked Turtle
VU '-
B1+2C
VU '">
D2
Australia Vipera bornmuelleri
VU "" B1-H2C Papua New Guinea
Furina dunmalli Elseya
Lebanon, Syria sp. 1
Dunmall's Snake
Vipera bulgardaghica Namoi River Snapping Turtle
VU '* Alc+2c EN "» Bl+2c
Australia
CR " Bl+2e, C2a
Turkey Australia
Hoplocephalus bungaroides [R. Darling]
Vipera darevskii
Broad-headed Snake Elusor macrurus
VU " B1+2C CR « C2b
Armenia, Georgia Mary River Turtle
Australia
Vipera dinniki
EN '" B1-H2C
Ogmodon vitianus Australia
VU " Cl-f2a Mary]
Fiji Snake Georgia, Russia
[R.
VU " Bl+2c, D2
Vipera kaznakovi
Hydromedusa maximiliani
Fiji Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle
Caucasian Viper
EN " VU "<•
Bl+2cd
Family HYDROPHimAE Alcd-i-2cd
Brazil
Georgia, Russia, Turkey
Laticauda crockeri Phrynops dahli
Vipera latifii
VU '*
Bl+2c,D2 Latifi's Viper
Dahl's Toad-headed Turtle
Solomon Islands
VU '«'
B1+2C
CR "" Bl-h2c
[L. Te-Nggana] Colombia
Iran
Phrynops hogei
Family TYPHLOPIDAE Vipera pontica
Hoge's Sideneck Turtle
CR "' C2ab, Dl
Ramphotyphlops exocoeti Georgia?, Turkey
EN "' B1-I-2C
62
Reptiles &S
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, southwest,westem central), Indian
Bahamas?, Bangladesh, Belize, Cote d'lvoire?, Cuba, Djibouti?, Ocean (eastem, western), Pacific
Benin?, Brazil, British Indian Ocean
Dominica, Dominican Republic, (eastem central, southeast,
Territory, Cambodia?, Cameroon?, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador?, southwest, western central)]
Cape Verde?, Chile?, China, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Federated
Natator depressus
Colombia, Comoros, Congo?, Cook States of Micronesia, Fiji, French
Flatback
Guiana, French Polynesia?, Gabon?,
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire?, VU "» A2cde
Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti?, Dominica, Ghana?, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Australia
Dominican Republic, Ecuador Guam, Guatemala, Guinea?,
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific
(Galapagos Is), Egypt, El Salvador, Guinea-Bissau?, Guyana, Haiti,
(southwest, westem central)]
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Federated Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran,
States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati?, Family CHELYDRmAE
Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon?, Kuwait?, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Macroclemys temminckii
Ghana?, Grenada, Guadeloupe?,
Alligator Snapping Turtle
Guam, Guatemala, Guinea?, Martinique, Mauritania?, Mayotte,
Guinea-Bissau?, Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique,
VU "" A led
Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles, New USA
Honduras?, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Israel (ex?), Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Caledonia?, Nicaragua, Nigeria?,
Family DERMATEMYDmAE
Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia?, Northern Marianas?, Oman, Palau,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Dermatemys mawii
Marshall Islands, Martinique, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Central American River Turtle
Mauritania, Mauritius (St Brandon), Reunion (lies Glorieuses), Sao Tome EN "" Alabcd^2bcd,Bl+2cde
Mayotte, Mexico, Montserrat?, & Principe?, Saudi Arabia, Senegal?, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras,
Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turks westem central), Indian Ocean Liberia, Malaysia, Martinique,
and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, US (eastem, westem), Mediterranean Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique,
Minor Pacific Islands (Line Is), and Black Sea, Pacific (eastem Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles,
USA, United Arab Emirates, central, northwest, southeast, Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, southwest, westem central)] Guinea, Peru?, Puerto Rico, Senegal,
63
Threatened Species
64
Reptiles ^
Pelusios broadleyi Geochelone sulcata Pyxis arachnoides
Turkana Mud Turtle African Spurred Tortoise Spider Tortoise
VU "' D2 VU "" A led VU '" Bl+2abcd
Kenya Chad, Egypt?, Eritrea?, Ethiopia, Madagascar
[L. Turkana] Mali, Mauritania. Niger?, Nigeria,
Senegal, Sudan Pyxis planicauda
Pelusios seychellensis Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise
Seychelles Mud Turtle Geochelone yniphora EN '" Alcd, Bl+2bcd
VU '" D2 Madagascar Tortoise Madagascar
Seychelles EN "« Ale, Bl+2cd
Madagascar Testudo graeca
Podocnemis erythrocephala
Spur-thighed Tortoise
Red-headed River Turtle Gopherus
VU "» Albd
agassizii VU '" Alcd
Desert Tortoise Albania, Algeria, Armenia,
Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela VU '" Alacde+2cde, E Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, France
Podocnemis lewyana Mexico, USA [int], Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq,
65
Threatened Species
Bufo canorus
VU '«'
D2
Family HYLffiAE Seychelles
Yosemite Toad
EN '" Ala, B2be+3b Hyla vasta
VU '«' Ale Family LEIOFELMATmAE
USA
Dominican Republic, Haiti
Bufo exsul Leiopelma hamiltoni
Litoria flavipunctata Hamilton's Frog
Black Toad
VU " D2 Yellow-spotted Tree Frog VU " D2
USA CR " Alac New Zealand
Australia
Bufo houstonensis Litoria lorica
Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE
Houston Toad
Amoured Frog Atelognathus grandisonae
EN " C2a CR " Ale
USA VU '" D2
Australia
Chile
Bufo nelsoni Litoria nannotis
Amargosa Toad Atelognathus nitoi
Torrent Tree Frog
EN '" AIace,Bl+2abcd EN " Ale
VU '" D2
USA Argentina
Australia
[Laguna Verde]
Bufo periglenes Litoria nyakalensis
Golden Toad Nyakala Frog Atelognathus reverberii
CR '" Bl+2ce+3b CR '"
Ale VU '" Bl+2c+3b
Costa Rica Australia Argentina
66
Amphibians «?
67
Threatened Species
Nesomantis thomasseti
VU '" A2c Cheat Mountain Salamander
Sooglossus gardineri
EN '" Bl+2c Shenandoah Salamander
Gardiner's Seychelles Frog
Japan EN '" Bl+2c
USA
VU '" D2 Hynobius takedai
Seychelles Hokuriku Salamander Plethodon stormi
Sooglossus sechellensis EN "" Bl+2c Siskiyou Mts Salamander
Typhlomolge rathbuni
Family AMBYSTOMATmAE Family PLETHODONTmAE Texas Blind Salamander
Ambystoma californiense Batrachoseps aridus VU "« D2
VU '«'
A2c Desert Slender Salamander USA
USA CR " A2cd
USA Family PROTEIDAE
Ambystoma cingulatum
VU "" Ale Batrachoseps campi Proteus anguinus
USA EN "" Bl+2a Olm
Ambystoma lermaense USA VU " Bl+2bc, C2a
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Lake Lerma Salamander Batrachoseps simatus
France [int], Italy, Slovenia
CR '" Bl+2c Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
Mexico VU " D2 Family SALAMANDRTOAE
[L. Lerma] USA Chioglossa lusitanica
Ambystoma mexicanum Batrachoseps stebbinsi Gold-striped Salamander
Axolotl Tehachapi Slender Salamander VU « A2c
VU '" D2 VU " D2 Portugal, Spain
Mexico USA Euproctus platycephalus
[L. Xochimiico] Eurycea nana Sardinian Brook Salamander
Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE San Marcos Salamander CR " Alac, Bl+2bcd
VU " D2 Italy
Andrias japonicus
USA Mertensiella luschani
Japanese Giant Salamander
VU '" Bl+2cd Eurycea tridentifera Lycian Salamander
Japan VU '" D2 VU " Bl+2cde
USA Greece, Turkey
Family HYNOBiroAE Hydromantes brunus Paramesotriton deloustali
Batrachuperus gorganensis Limestone Salamander Vietnamese Salamander
VU "" D2 VU ^'
D2 VU "» D2
Iran USA Viet Nam
68
Fishes: sharks, rays
Salamandra lanzai central), Indian Ocean (eastern, Sea, Pacific (eastern central,
Large Alpine Salamander western), Mediterranean and Black northwest, southeast, southwest,
VU «' C2a Sea, Pacific (northwest, southwest, western central)]
Italy western central)]
Carcharhinus plumbeus
Sandbar Shark
The following four Classes include Family LAMNIDAE VU " Albd+2d
fishes. Most species listed are
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Carcharodon carcharias
non-marine. The marine fish listings northwest, southeast, southwest,
Great White Shark
below represent the first attempt to western central), Indian Ocean
VU *« Albcd+2cd
interpret the conservation status of (eastern, western), Mediterranean
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
marine fishes according to the new and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern
northwest, southeast, southwest,
lUCN Red List criteria. These criteria
western central), Indian Ocean central, northwest, western central)]
require further evaluation in order to (eastern, western),Mediterranean Glyphis gangettcus
assess how well they reflect extinction and Black Sea, Pacific (eastern Ganges Shark
risk in marine fishes. central, northeast, northwest, CR " Albcde+2cde, C2b
southeast, southwest, western India, Pakistan?
Class central)] [R. Ganges (R. Hooghly)]
CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Lamna nasus
Porbeagle Order SQUALIFORMES
Order VU •"
Albd+2d
PETROMYZONTIFORMES [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, Family SQUALffiAE
northwest, southeast, western
Family PETROMYZONTIDAE Dalatias licha
central), Indian Ocean (Antarctic,
Eudontomyzon hellenicus Kitefin Shark
eastern, western), Mediterranean and
Greek Brook Lamprey Black Sea, Pacific (southeast,
VU " Ald+2d
VU '" A2ce, Bl+2c southwest)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Mordacia praecox
VU " Alad+2d central)]
69
Threatened Species
70
Fishes: bony fishes
Aulopyge hugeli
Marico Barb VU " B2c+3c
Dalmatian Barbel-gudgeon VU "" Ale Mexico, USA
South Africa
VU '" Alacde+2ce Cyprinella panarcys
Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Croatia Barbus prespensis Conchos Shiner
Balantiocheilos melanopterus Briana EN'' Alace, E
Silver Shark VU '" A2c Mexico
EN '"'
A lac Albania, Greece, Macedonia? Cyprinella proserpina
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Barbus serra Proserpine Shiner
Barbopsis devecchi Sawfm VU "'
Bl+2c, D2
VU "» D2 EN "« Bl+2abde,Cl Mexico, USA
Somalia South Africa [Rio San Carlos]
71
Threatened Species
Cyprinus micristius
Mexico, USA Lepidomeda albivallis
EN '« Bl+2c Gila elegans White River Spinedace
China Bonytail Chub CR " Albce
[L. Dianchi] EN " Bl+2ac USA
Danio pathirana
Mexico, USA [R. White]
VU "" D2 Spain
Lythrurus snelsoni
Oman [R. Guadalquivir]
Ouachita Mountain Shiner
Garra longipinnis lotichthys phlegethontis VU " 02
VU '«'
02 Least Chub USA
Oman VU " Bl+2ac Macrhybopsis gelida
Gibbibarbus cyphotergous
USA Sturgeon Chub
[R. Bonneville]
VU "" 02 VU " Alc+2c
China Iranocypris typhlops USA
Gila alvordensis
VU '" 02 Mandibularca resinus
Iran
Alvord Chub Bagangan
VU " 02 Labeo fisheri CR "« Alee
USA Green Labeo Philippines
Gila boraxobius
EN " Bl+2c,C2a [L. Lanao]
Sri Lanka
Borax Lake Chub Medafulgida
VU " D2 Labeo lankae Spikedace
USA CR '"Alc+2c, CI VU " D2
[R. Alvord] Sri Lanka USA
72
Fishes: bony fishes
73
Threatened Species
74
Fishes: bony fishes
^ff
Schistura jarutanini
USA Bagre de Rio Verde
VU «" D2 Catostomus santaanae
VU « Alac+2c
Thailand
Mexico
Santa Ana Sucker
Schistura oedipus VU " Bl+2c, D2 Ictalurus pricei
VU "" D2 USA Bagre de Yaqui
Thailand Catostomus warnerensis
VU " Alac+2c, Bl+2abc
Mexico
Schistura sijuensis Warner Sucker
VU '»'
D2 VU " D2 Noturus baileyi
India USA Smoky Madtom
Sinogastromyzon puliensis
[L. Warner basin] CR " Bl+2c
VU '<"
D2 Catostomus wigginsi
USA
[R. Little Tenessee]
Taiwan Matalote Opata
Sphaerophysa dianchiensis VU « Bl+2abc, D2 Noturus flavipinnis
VU '»'
D2 Mexico Yellowfin Madtom
China Chasmistes brevirostris
VU " D2
Shortnose Sucker
USA
Sundoreonectes tiomanensis
VU '"'
D2 EN ''
Bl+2c Noturus gilberti
Malaysia USA Orangefin Madtom
Triplophysa gejiuensis Chasmistes cujus
VU " D2
VU '"'
D2 Cui-ui
USA
China CR " Bl+2b Noturus lachneri
Triplophysa xiangxensis
USA Ouachita Madtom
VU "" D2 [L. Pyramid] VU " Bl+2cd
China Deltistes luxatus
USA
Yunnanilus macrogaster Lost River Sucker Noturus stanauli
VU "" D2 EN " Bl+2cd Pygmy Madtom
China USA VU '' D2
Yunnanilus niger Moxostoma hubbsi USA
VU '"'
D2 Copper Redhorse Noturus taylori
China VU " D2 Caddo Madtom
Canada VU " D2
Yunnanilus nigromaculatus
EN "" Bl+2abc Xyrauchen texanus USA
China Razorback Sucker Noturus trautmani
[L. Dianchi] EN " Albc Scioto Madtom
USA CR '« B1+2C
Family CATOSTOMmAE USA
[R. Scioto (Big Darby Creek)]
Catostomus bemardini Order CHARACIFORMES
Prietella lundbergi
Yaqui Sucker
VU ' Alae+2e Family CHARACffiAE VU '" D2
Mexico
Mexico, USA Gymnocharacinus bergi
Catostomus cahita Prietella phreatophila
Naked Characin
Bagre de Muzquiz
Matalote Cahita EN '»' A2ce,Bl+2c
VU "'
Ala,Bl+2ac Argentina
EN" Alace+2ce,Bl+2bc
Mexico Mexico
75
Threatened Species
Family GALAXIIDAE
Colombia
Silurus mento
JAtlantic (western central), Pacific Galaxias argenteus
EN '»'
B1+2C
(eastern central)] Giant Kokopu
China
[L. Dianchi] Family PLOTOSIDAE VU '" C2a
New Zealand
Family PANGASIIDAE Oloplotosus torobo
Galaxias fontanus
Kutubu Tandan
Pangasianodon gigas Swan Galaxias
VU ' A2cd
Giant Catfish
Papua New Guinea
CR '" Bl-H2bc
EN '"'
C2b
[L. Kutubu]
Australia
Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar
Galaxias fuscus
[R. Mekong] Family MOCHOKIDAE Barred Galaxias
Family A]VIBLYCIPITIDAE Chiloglanis bifurcus CR '" AIc+2c, Bl-H2b
Incomati Suckermouth Australia
Liobagrus nigricauda
EN '»'
Bl-h2c
CR '" Alae [R. Goulbum]
South Africa Galaxias gracilis
China
[L. Dianchi] Family PIMELODmAE Dwarf Inanga
VU '" Alee, Bl+2cd, D2
Family SISORIDAE Rhamdia reddelli
New Zealand
Juil Ciego
Oreoglanis siamensis Galaxias johnstoni
VU '"'
D2 VU "'
C2b, D2
Mexico Clarence Galaxias
Thailand CR "' Ale, Bl-H2a
Rhamdia zongolicensis
Family CLARimAE VU '»'
D2
Australia
76
Fishes: bony fishes ^gf
Paragalaxias mesotes
Gila Trout Order GADIFORMES
Arthurs Paragalaxias
EN " B2ad+3c
USA Family MORIDAE
VU '" D2
Australia Oncorhynchus ishikawai Physiculus helenaensis
Satsukimasu Salmon Skulpin
EN '"'
Alac, B2abcde+3abd CR '" Dl
Japan St Helena
Family SALMONIDAE
[R. Nagara] [Atlantic (southeast)]
Acantholingua ohridana Salmo carpio Family GADTOAE
VU '"' Bl+2bc Carpione del Garda
Albania, Macedonia Gadus morhua (C)
VU '" Alacde Atlantic Cod
[L. Ohrid] Italy
Garda]
VU "^ Albd
Coregonus hoyi [L.
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)]
Bloater Salmo letnica
VU " D2 Melanogrammus aeglefinus (C)
VU "« Alad+2d
Haddock
Canada, USA Albania, Macedonia
[Great Lakes] [L. Ohrid]
VU '« Ald+2d
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest)]
Coregonus huntsmani Salmo platycephalus
Acadian Whitefish Ala Balik
VU " D2 CR '»'
Bl+2abc Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Canada, USA Turkey
Family BYTHITIDAE
[Great Lakes]
Salmothymus obtusirostris
Lucifuga simile
Coregonus kiyi EN '" A lace
VU " D2
Kiyi Croatia, Yugoslavia
Cuba
VU " D2 Salvelinus confluentus
Canada, USA Lucifuga spelaeotes
Bull Trout
New Providence Cusk-eel
[Great Lakes] VU " A2e
VU '«'
Alee, Bl+2bc, D2
Coregonus reighardi Canada, USA Bahamas
Shortnose Cisco Salvelinus japonicus
Lucifuga subterranea
CR " Alae Kirikuchi Char
VU '" D2
Canada EN "" Alacde, Bl+2ac Cuba
[L. Huron (Georgian Bay)] Japan
Lucifuga teresinarum
[R. Totsukawa]
Coregonus zenithicus VU "= D2
Shortjaw Cisco Salvethymus svetovidovi Cuba
VU " Albc VU "" D2
Saccogaster melanomycter
Canada, USA Russia
[Great Lakes] [L. El'gygytgyn]
VU '
D2
Colombia
Hucho hucho [Atlantic (western central)]
Huchen
Order PERCOPSIFORMES Stygicola dentata
EN "" A2bcde, Bl+2bce VU "« D2
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina?, Family AMBLYOPSmAE Cuba
Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany,
Amblyopsis rosae Typhliasina pearsei
Hungary, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Ozark Cavefish Dama Ciega Blanca
Yugoslavia VU ^' Dl+2 VU " D2
[R. Danube] USA Mexico
77
Threatened Species
78
Fishes: bony fishes
79
Threatened Species
80
Fishes: bony fishes
81
Threatened Species
Sebastes paucispinus
Hippocampus zosterae Family POLYPRIONroAE
Boccacio Rockfish
Dwarf Seahorse
VU 178A2cd
CR "- Alabd+2d Stereolepis gigas
Canada, Mexico, USA Giant Sea Bass
[Atlantic (western central)]
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast)] CR "- Albd
Mexico, USA
Solegnathus dunckeri Family COTTIDAE [Pacific (eastern central)]
Duncker's Pipehorse
Cottus asperrimus
VU 178Ald+2d Family SERRANIDAE
Rough Sculpin
Australia
[Pacific (southwest, western central)]
VU " D2 Anthias salmopunctatus
USA VU '" D2
Cottus extensus Brazil
Solegnathus hardwickii
Bear Lake Sculpin [Atlantic (eastern central, southwest)]
Pipehorse
VU 178Ald+2d VU " D2 Epinephelus drummondhayi
[Pacific (northwest, western central)]
USA Speckled Hind
[L. Bear] CR " Ald+2d
Cottus greenei [Atlantic (southwest, western
Solegnathus lettiensis
Shoshone Sculpin central)]
Gunther's Pipehorse
VU l7a^2d VU " D2 Epinephelus inermis
Australia, Indonesia USA Marbled Grouper
[Indian Ocean (eastern). Pacific Cottus leiopomus VU " A2d
(western central)] Wood River Sculpin [Atlantic (southwest, western
VU " D2 central)]
Solegnathus robustus USA Epinephelus itajara
Robust Pipehorse Jewfish
Cottus petiti
VU 178A2d CR '»'
Bl+2c CR "° Ald+2d
Australia
France [Atlantic (eastern central, southeast,
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]
Le Lez] southwest), Indian Ocean (western
[R.
central). Pacific (eastern central,
Cottus pygmaeus
Solegnathus spinosissimus southeast)]
Pygmy Sculpin
Spiny Pipehorse
VU 178Ald+2d CR " Bl+2a Epinephelus lanceoUuus
Australia, New Zealand USA Giant Grouper
[Pacific (southwest)]
[R. Coosa] VU "° A2d
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Syngnathus watermayeri Pacific (eastern central, northwest,
River Pipefish
Order PERCEFORMES
southwest, western central)]
CR 20 Bl+2abd Family PERCICHTHYroAE Epinephelus nigritus
South Africa
Edelia obscura Warsaw Grouper
Yarra Pygmy Perch CR "0 Ald+2d
Order SYNBRANCHIFGRMES VU '" Bl+2bc [Atlantic (southwest, western
Australia central)]
Family SYNBRANCHIDAE Maccullochella ikei Epinephelus niveatus
Ophisternon infernale Clarence River Cod Snowy Grouper
Anguila Ciega EN '™ Alacd VU " Ald+2d, Bl+2e
EN 49 Alac+2c, Bl+2c Australia [Atlantic (southwest, western
Mexico [R. Clarence] central)]
82
Fishes: bony fishes
Gulf Grouper
USA Etheostoma okaloosae
VU '" Ald+2d Okaloosa Darter
Family ELASSOMAXmAE EN " Bl+2c
Mexico
[Pacific (eastern central)] Elassoma okatie USA
Bluebarred Pygmy Sunfish [Choctawhatchee Bay drainage]
Mycteroperca microlepis
Gag VU " D2 Etheostoma pallididorsum
VU " Albd+2d
USA Paleback Darter
Brazil, Mexico, USA Family PERCIDAE
VU " D2
[Atlantic (southwest, western
USA
central)] Crystallaria asprella [R. Ouachita]
Crystal Darter Etheostoma pellucidum
Mycteroperca olfax
Bacalao Grouper VU " Ale Eastern Sand Darter
VU '" A2d,D2 USA VU " Ale
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) Etheostoma aquali Canada, USA
[Pacific (eastern central)] Coppercheek Darter Etheostoma pottsi
Mycteroperca prionura VU '" A2ce Mexican Darter
Sawtail Grouper USA VU " Alace+2ce, Bl+2c
VU '" Ald+2d Mexico
Etheostoma australe
Mexico Dardo de Conchos Etheostoma striatulum
[Pacific (eastern central)] VU " Alce+2ce, B2c+3a Striated Darter
83
Threatened Species
84
Fishes: bony fishes ^gf
85
Threatened Species
86
Fishes: bony fishes ^gf
Cheilinus undulatus
Black Mogurnda VU '»'
D2
Humphead Wrasse
VU '
A2cd Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
VU "" Ald+2cd
[L. Kutubu]
Glossogobius matanensis
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western), VU '»'
D2
Pacific (northwest, western central)]
Mogurnda spilota
Indonesia
Blotched Mogurnda
Lachnolaimus maximus VU '
A2cd Knipowitschia croatica
Hogfish VU "" D2
Papua New Guinea
VU ' A2d [L. Kutubu] Croatia
[Atlantic (southwest, western
Mogurnda variegata Knipowitschia punctatissima
central)]
Variegated Mogurnda VU '" A2c
Thalassoma ascensionis VU '
A2cd Italy
VU '" D2 Papua New Guinea
St Helena (Ascension) [L. Kutubu] Knipowitschia thessala
[Atlantic (southeast)] Thessalogovinos
Mogurnda vitta
Xyrichtys virens Striped Mogurnda
VU "" A2ce
Greece
VU '" D2 VU '
A2cd
French Polynesia Papua New Guinea Lentipes whittenorum
[Pacific (eastern central, southwest)] [L. Kutubu] VU «" D2
Typhleotris madgascarensis Indonesia
Family SCARIDAE
VU '»«
D2 Mugilogobius adeia
Scarus guacamaia Madagascar
Rainbow Parrotfrsh
VU "" D2
Typhleotris pauliani Indonesia
VU "° Ald+2d
VU '« D2
[Atlantic (southwest, western Mugilogobius latifrons
Madagascar
central)] VU '" D2
Family GOBimAE Indonesia
Family CLINIDAE
Chlamydogobius gloveri Padogobius nigricans
Clinus spatulatus Dalhousie Goby
Bot River Klipfish
Amo Goby
VU '" D2 VU '« Alace
EN '" Bl+2c Australia Italy
South Africa
Chlamydogobius micropterus
Goby Pandaka pygmaea
Family CHAENOPSIDAE Elizabeth Springs
Dwarf Pygmy Goby
CR '" Ale, Bl+2c
CR '»'
Alace
Coralliozetus tayrona
Australia
Tayrona Blenny Philippines
Chlamydogobius squamigenus
VU '
D2 [R. Malabon]
Edgbaston Goby
Colombia
CR '" Alace, B2abcde+3d Sicyopus axillimentus
Protemblemaria punctata Australia VU '»'
D2
VU '
D2
Economidichthys pygmaeus
Philippines
Venezuela
[Atlantic (western central)]
VU '" A2ce Stiphodon surrrufus
Greece VU "" D2
Family CALLIONYMIDAE Economidichthys trichonis Philippines
Callionymus sanctaehclenae
Nanogovios
Stupidogobius flavipinnis
St Helena Dragonet VU '" D2
VU "" D2
Greece
CR '" Dl Indonesia
[L. Trichonis]
St Helena [Malili Lakes]
[Atlantic (southeast)] Eucyclogobius newberryi
Tidewater Goby Tamanka sarasinorum
Family ELEOTRIDAE VU " Alc+2c Sarasin's Goby
87
Threatened Species
88
Crustaceans ^ff^"'
89
Threatened Species
Stygobromus stellmacki
Slovenia VU « D2
Niphargus hrabei Australia
Stellmack's Cave Amphipod
VU " D2 VU '" Bl+2bcde
Austria, Croatia, Hungary?,
Family PSAMMASPffllDAE
USA Romania, Russia?, Slovakia, Eucrenonaspides oinotheke
Stygobromus subtilis Ukraine?, Yugoslavia? VU "" D2
Subtle Cave Amphipod Niphargus sphagnicolus Australia
VU " D2 VU '" D2
USA Slovenia
Order ANOMOPODA
Stygobromus wengerorum Niphargus spoeckeri
Wengeror's Cave Amphipod VU '" D2 Family CHYDOREDAE
VU « D2 Slovenia Alona hercegovinae
USA Niphargus stenopus VU '" D2
VU '" D2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Family GAMMARTOAE Slovenia
Alona sketi
Gammarus bousfieldi
Niphargus timavi VU '" D2
Bousfield'sAmphipod VU '" D2 Slovenia
Slovenia
VU « D2 Italy,
Alona smirnovi
USA Niphargus valachicus VU '" D2
VU '" Bl+2bcde Macedonia
Gammarus hyalelloides
Bulgaria, Croatia?, Hungary,
Diminutive Amphipod Rhynchochydorus australiensis
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
VU " D2 Yugoslavia
Water Flea
USA VU " D2
Family ORCHESTimAE Australia
Gammarus pecos
Pecos Amphipod Spelaseorchestia kiloana Family DAPHNIffiAE
VU " D2 Kaui Cave Amphipod
EN « Bl+2ce Daphnia coronata
USA
USA (Hawaiian Is)
VU » D2
South Africa
Family HADZIIDAE Family PARAMELITIDAE Daphnia jollyi
Pseudoniphargus grandimanus Aquadulcaris pheronyx Water Flea
CR '" B1+2C CR " Bl+3d VU " D2
Bermuda South Africa Australia
90
Crustaceans /ff^~^
91
Threatened Species
92
Crustaceans ll^^~^
93
Threatened Species
Fallicambarus gordoni
USA
Procambarus apalachicolae
VU ' B1+2C, Dl Orconectes incomptus VU Bl+2c
'
94
Crustaceans /0^^»
95
Threatened Species
96
Crustaceans /tfl^^'
Monolistra bolei
VU '" D2
Lirceus culveri Slovenia
Rye Cove Cave Isopod EN '" B1+2C
VU " D2 Slovenia
Order MICTACEA
USA Monolistra calopyge
Lirceus usdagalun VU '" D2 Family MICTOCARIDIDAE
Lee County Cave Isopod Slovenia
Mictocaris halope
EN " Bl+2c Monolistra schottlaenderi CR '" Bl+2c
USA VU '" D2 Bermuda
Italy
Proasellus parvulus
VU '" D2 Monolistra spinosissima
Order MISOPHRIOIDA
Slovenia EN '" Bl+2bce
Proasellus slovenicus Slovenia Family MISOPHRHDAE
VU '" D2 Thermosphaeroma cavicauda Speleophria bivexilla
Slovenia CR « Bl+2c CR '"
B1+2C
Mexico Bermuda
Family ATLANTASELLIDAE
Thermosphaeroma dugesi Speleophria scottodicarloi
Atlantasellus cavemicolus CR " Bl+2c
CR " Bl+2c CR '• Bl+2c
Mexico
Bermuda
Bermuda
Thermosphaeroma macrura
Family CIROLANIDAE CR " Bl+2c Order MYODOCOProA
Mexico
Antrolana lira
Thermosphaeroma milleri Family CYPRIDINroAE
Madison Cave Isopod
VU « D2 EN " B1+2C Zonocypretta kalimna
USA Mexico Seed Shrimp
Arubolana imula Thermosphaeroma smithi VU " D2
VU " D2 CR " Bl+2c Australia
Aruba Mexico
Bermudalana amboides Family STENASELLmAE Order MYSroACEA
CR '* Bl+2c Mexistenasellus coahuila Family MYSIDAE
Bermuda
EN " Ale Bermudamysis speluncola
Mexilana saluposi Mexico, USA
VU " D2 CR " BI+2C
Mexistenasellus nulemex Bermuda
Mexico VU « D2
Speocirolana thermydromis Platyops sterreri
Mexico
EN " Ale CR '-
Bl+2c
Mexistenasellus parzefalli Bermuda
Mexico Parzefall's Stenasellid
Sphaerolana affinis VU « D2
EN " Ale Mexico Order NOTOSTRACA
Mexico Mexistenasellus wilkensi Family TRIGPSmAE
Sphaerolana interstitialis Wilken's Stenasellid
Lepidurus packardi
EN " Ale VU " D2
Mexico Mexico
EN '=
A2c
USA
Sphaerolana karenae Family TRICHONISCIDAE
VU '=
D2
Mexico Calconiscellus gotscheensis Order PODOCOProA
VU '" D2
Family PHREATOICmAE Slovenia Family CYPRIDmAE
Onchotelson brevicaudatus Haplophthalmus abbreviatus Kapcypriodopsis barnardi
VU " D2 VU '" D2 CR " Ala
Australia Slovenia South Africa
97
Threatened Species
98
Insects W
Rhithrodytes agnus Family SCARABAEffiAE Order DIPTERA
EN " Bl+2c
Portugal
Aegialia concinna Family BLEPHAROCERmAE
Ciervo Scarab Beetle
Family ELMINTHIDAE VU '«'
D2 Edwardsina gigantea
USA Giant Torrent Midge
gammoni
Stenelmis EN '" B1+2C
Gammon's Riffle Beetle Aegialia crescenta Australia
VU '^ D2 Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle
VU "" D2 Edwardsina tasmaniensis
USA Tasmanian Torrent Midge
[R. South Fork New] USA
CR '" A2c, Bl+2c
Family LEIODIDAE Osmoderma eremita Australia
Hermit Beetle [R. Dennison]
Glacicavicola bathysciodes VU '»'
Ale
Blind Cave Beetle Austria, Belarus?, Belgium, Czech Family PSYCHODmAE
VU '«'
BI+2c Republic, Denmark, Estonia?,
Nemapalpus nearcticus
USA Finland, France, Gennany, Greece,
Sugarfoot Moth Fly
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Family LUCANffiAE Lithuania?, Moldova?, Netherlands, EN "" Bl+2abcd
Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, USA
Colophon barnardi
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
EN '« Bl+2e Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Family TABANIDAE
South Africa
Prodontria lewisi Brennania belkini
Colophon berrisfordi Belkin's Dune Tabanid Fly
Cromwell Chafer
CR " Bl+2e CR '" Bl+2c VU '« A2ce
South Africa Mexico, USA
New Zealand
Colophon cameroni
Pseudocotalpa giulianii
VU " Bl+2e Giuliani's Dune Scarab Beetle Order EPHEMEROPTERA
South Africa
VU '»'
D2
Family SIPHLONURIDAE
Colophon cassoni USA
CR '» Bl+2e Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei
South Africa Family SILPHTOAE Large Blue Lake Mayfly
Colophon eastmani Nicrophorus americanus VU '" D2
EN " Bl+2e American Burying Beetle Australia
South Africa CR '" Ale
Colophon haughtoni Canada (ex), USA Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA
EN " Bl+2e
South Africa Family TENEBRIONmAE Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE
Colophon montisatris Coelus globosus Grylloblatta chirurgica
CR '" Bl+2e Globose Dune Beetle Mount St Helens' Grylloblattid
South Africa VU '" Ale VU "" Alc+2c,D2
Colophon neli
Mexico, USA USA
VU '»
Bl+2e Coelus gracilis
South Africa San Joaquin Dune Beetle Order HYMENOPTERA
Colophon primosi VU "" Ale, D2
CR '» Bl+2e USA Family FORMICIDAE
South Africa Polposipus herculeanus Acanthomyops latipes
Colophon stokoei Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid VU '" D2
VU " Bl+2e Beetle USA
South Africa CR '"'
B1+2C
Acanthomyops murphyi
Seychelles
Colophon thunbergi VU '" D2
EN " Bl+2e USA
South Africa Order DERMAPTERA Adetomyrma venatrix
Colophon westwoodi CR "" Bl+2c
VU " Bl+2e Family LABIDURffiAE Madagascar
South Africa Labidura herculeana Anergates atratulus
Colophon whitei Saint Helena Earwig VU '" D2
EN '« Bl+2e CR "" Bl+2a France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
South Africa St Helena Spain, Switzerland
99
Threatened Species
100
Insects w
Monomorium effractor Myrmica samnitica Plagiolepis grassei
VU '" D2 VU "» D2 VU '« D2
India Italy France
Monomorium hospitum Myrmica symbiotica Plagiolepis regis
VU "» D2 VU '« D2 VU '" D2
Singapore Italy Russia
Monomorium inquilinum Myrmica winterae Pogonomyrmex anergismus
VU '« D2 VU '« D2 VU '« D2
Mexico Switzerland USA
Monomorium pergandei Nothomyrmecia macrops Pogonomyrmex colei
VU '" D2 Australian Ant
VU '« D2
USA CR '" B1+2C USA
Monomorium santschU Australia Polyergus breviceps
VU '» D2 Oxyepoecus bruchi
VU "' D2
Tunisia USA
VU « D2
Monomorium talbotae Argentina Polyergus lucidus
VU " D2 VU '« D2
Oxyepoecus daguerrei USA
USA
VU '« D2
Myrmecia inquUina Argentina
Polyergus nigerrimus
VU '" D2 VU '« D2
Australia Oxyepoecus inquilina Russia
Myrmecoxenus gordiagini
VU '« D2 Polyergus samurai
Argentina
VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Russia, Yugoslavia Parapheidole oculta Japan
Myrmica bibikoffi
VU '" D2 Protomognathus americanus
Madagascar VU
VU '« D2 '« D2
Switzerland Pheidole acutidens USA
Myrmica colax VU '« D2 Pseudoatta argentina
VU '" D2 Argentina VU '« D2
USA Pheidole argentina Argentina
101
Threatened Species
102
Insects w
lolaus lulua Lepidochrysops wykehami Poecilmitis lyncurium
White Spotted Sapphire VU " D2 Tsomo River Copper
VU " D2 South Africa VU " D2
South Africa South Africa
Lycaena hermes
Joiceya praeclarus Hermes Copper Poecilmitis lyndseyae
EN ''
B1+2C VU " D2 VU " D2
Brazil Mexico, USA South Africa
103
Threatened Species
104
Insects w
Tiradelphe schneideri Graphium procles Papilio moerneri
Schneider's Surprise VU " A2c, D2 EN " Bl+2c
EN Bl+2c
">' Malaysia Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands Graphium sandawanum Papilio neumoegeni
Tirumala euploeomorpha EN " Bl+2ae VU " Bl+2e, D2
Crow Tiger Philippines Indonesia
VU "" Bl+2c
Graphium stresemanni Papilio osmana
Solomon Islands VU " Bl+2ad VU " Bl+2e, D2
Indonesia Philippines
Family PAPILIONIDAE
Ornithoptera aesacus Papilio phorbanta
Atrophaneura atropos VU " D2 Papillon La Pature
VU " Ale, D2 Indonesia VU " Bl+2ae
Philippines Reunion
Ornithoptera alexandrae
Queen Alexandra's Birdwing Parides ascanius
Atrophaneura jophon
EN " Bl+2c Fluminense Swallowtail
Sri Lankan Rose
CR "' Bl+2ac Papua New Guinea VU " Bl+2ac
Brazil
Sri Lanka Ornithoptera croesus
Pamassius apollo
Atrophaneura luchti EN " Bl+2e
Apollo
VU " D2 Indonesia
VU " Alcde
Indonesia Ornithoptera meridionalis Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria,
EN " Bl+2c
Atrophaneura schadenbergi Azerbaijan?, Bulgaria, China, Czech
VU " Alc+2c Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Republic, Finland, France, Georgia,
Philippines Ornithoptera rothschildi Germany, Greece, Hungary?, Iran,
105
Threatened Species
EN '" Bl+2c
VU '==
D2
Megalagrion xanthomelas Canada
Sierra Leone Orange-black Damselfly
Somatochlora hineana
Argiocnemis solitaria VU '" B1+2C
Ohio Emerald Dragonfly
CR '" Bl+2c USA (Hawaiian Is)
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
EN '^'
Bl-h2c
Mortonagrion hirosei USA
Argiocnemis umbargae EN '" Bl+2c
EN '" Bl+2c Somatochlora margarita
Japan
Cameroon Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly
Boninagrion ezoin
Nehalennia pallidula VU '" D2
VU '" B1+2C USA
CR '" Bl+2c USA
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Williamsonia lintneri
Family CORDULEGASTERTOAE Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly
Coenagrion mercuriale
Southern Damselfly
VU '^^ A2c
Chlorogomphus iriomotensis USA
VU '^ A2c EN '" Bl-f2c
Albania?, Algeria, Austria, Belgium,
Japan (Nansei-shoto) Family EPIOPHLEBIIDAE
Bulgaria?, Czech Republic?, France,
Germany, Hungary?, Italy, Cordulegaster mzymtae Epiophlebia laidlawi
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, VU '-'
B1-I-2C Relict Himalayan Dragonfly
Moldova?, Morocco, Netherlands, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, VU '" B1-H2C
Portugal, Romania?, Slovakia?, Russia?, Turkey India, Nepal
106
Insects w
Family GOMPHTOAE Onychogomphus assimilis Brachythemis liberiensis
VU ''-"
Bl+2e CR '" Ale
Asiagomphus yayeyamensis Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau
EN '" B1+2C Turkey
Japan Libellula angelina
Onychogomphus macrodon CR '" Ale
Burmagomphus sivalikensis EN '" Bl+2e Japan
CR '" Ale Israel, Jordan, Turkey
India Libellula jesseana
Ophiogomphus acuminatus Purple Chaser
Comigomphus guineensis VU '-' A2c VU '^ A2e
EN '-'
Ale USA USA
Equatorial Guinea
Ophiogomphus edmundo Lyriothemis tricolor
Diaphlebia pallidistylus Edmund's Snaketail Dragonfly EN '^ Bl-H2e
EN '" Ale EN '-'
Bl+2e Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Costa Rica USA
Monardithemis flava
Epigomphus camelus Ophiogomphus howei VU '" Bl-t-2c
EN '-' Ale Howe's Midget Snaketail Dragonfly Angola, Zambia
Costa Rica VU '^ A2c
Palpopleura albifrons
Epigomphus clavatus USA
CR '" Ale
EN '^' Ale Paragomphus sinaiticus Gabon
Guatemala VU '^ A2e
Egypt, Niger, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Trithemis hartwigi
Epigomphus crepidus EN '» Ale
Sudan
EN '2' Ale Equatorial Guinea
Mexico Progomphus bellei
Belle's Sand Clubtail Trithemis nigra
Epigomphus paulsoni CR '" Bl-H2e
VU '^ A2c
EN '^' Ale USA Sao Tome & Principe (Principe)
Mexico
Epigomphus subsimilis
Progomphus risi Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE
EN '" Ale
EN '^' Ale Mexico Amanipodagrion gilliesi
Costa Rica EN '-'
B1-H2C
Stylurus potulentus
Epigomphus verticornis Tanzania
Yellow-sided Clubtail
EN '» Ale VU '" A2e Heteragrion eboratum
Costa Rica USA EN '» Ale
Guatemala, Honduras
Gomphurus consanguis Stylurus townesi
Cherokee Clubtail Dragonfly Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly Heteragrion tricellulare
VU '" Bl+2e VU '" A2c EN '^'
Ale
USA USA Guatemala, Mexico
Family PETALURIDAE
Madagascar Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
107
Threatened Species
Platycnemis mauriciana
VU '-' Bl+2d Keys Scaly Cricket
Hungary, Romania VU '" C2a, D2
CR '" Bl+2c
USA
Mauritius Odontopodisma montana
VU '" Bl+2d Oecanthus laricis
Family PLATYSTICXroAE Hungary, Romania Laricis Tree Cricket
Palaemnema chiriquita Odontopodisma rubripes EN "' Bl+2b
EN '-' Ale VU '^ Bl+2d USA
Costa Rica Hungary ThauTTmtogryllus cavicola
Palaemnema gigantula Schayera baiulus Volcanoes Cave Cricket
EN '" Ale CR '^ Bl+2bd VU '^'
D2
Costa Rica Australia USA (Hawaiian Is)
108
Earthworms
Belocephalus micanopy
Psacadonotus insulanus VU '- Bl+2c
Big Pine Key Conehead Katydid
EN '='
Bl+2bd New Zealand
Australia
VU '" Bl+2bd Peripatopsis alba
USA Psacadonotus seriatus EN '"
Bl+2c
Belocephalus sleighti
VU '^ Bl+2bd South Africa
Australia Tasmanipatus anophthalmus
Keys Short-winged Conehead
Katydid Saga pedo EN '" Bl+2bc
VU '^ Bl+2bd Predatory Bush Cricket Australia
109
Threatened Species
USA
Family HYRIIDAE USA
Epioblasma brevidens
Castalia martensi Amblema neislerii CR -* Alee
VU "» Alae Fat Threeridge USA
Brazil CR '-"
Alee
Epioblasma capsaeformis
USA CR -' Alee
Diplodon dunkerianus
EN '™ Alae Arkansia wheeleri USA
Brazil Ouachita Rock Pocketbook
Epioblasma flexuosa
Diplodon expansus
CR ' Alee CR -' Ale
VU "« Alae
USA USA
Brazil Cyprogenia aberti Epioblasma haysiana
Diplodon fontaineanus Western Fan-shell CR Ale
'-'
110
Molluscs: mussels, clams
Epioblasma stewardsonii
EN " Alee CR -*
Alce+2ee
USA USA
CR -' Ale
USA Lampsilis streckeri Pleurobema altum
Speckled Pocketbook CR =' Ale
Epioblasma turgidula USA
CR " Ale CR " Ale
USA Pleurobema avellanum
USA
Lampsilis virescens CR =" Ale
Fusconaia cor USA
Alabama Lampmussel
Shiny Pigtoe
CR " Alc+2c
CR -"
Alce+2ee Pleurobema bournianum
USA
USA CR -' Alee+2ee
Lasmigona decorata USA
Fusconaia cuneolus
Carolina Heelsplitter Pleurobema chattanoogaense
Fine-rayed Pigtoe
CR " Alce+2c
CR -"
Ale CR " Alee+2ee
USA
USA USA
Lemiox rimosus Pleurobema clava
Fusconaia escambia
Birdwing Pearlymussel Clubshell
Narrow Pigtoe
CR -"
Alee CR -'
Alee
EN ^'
Ale
USA USA
USA
Lexingtonia subplana Pleurobema collina
Fusconaia masoni James River Spinymussel
Atlantic Pigtoe
CR " Ale
USA CR " Alee
EN " Ale USA
USA Medionidus acutissimus
Alabama Moccasinshell Pleurobema curtum
Hemistena lata Black Clubshell
Cracking Pearlymussel
EN " Alce+2ce
USA CR --
Ale
CR " Ale USA
USA Medionidus mcglameriae
CR -" Alee Pleurobema flavidulum
Lampsilis abrupta
USA CR = Ale
Pink Mucket USA
EN " Alee Medionidus parvulus
Pleurobema furvum
USA Coosa Moccasinshell
Dark Pigtoe
Lampsilis altiUs
CR ' Alce+2ee CR -- Alce+2ce
USA
Fine-lined Pocketbook USA
EN " Alee Medionidus penicillatus
Pleurobema georgianum
USA CR - Alce+2ce Southern Pigtoe
Lampsilis binominata
USA CR -'
Alee+2ee
Lined Pocketbook Medionidus simpsonianus USA
CR « Ale CR " Alee Pleurobema gibberum
USA USA Cumberland Pigtoe
Lampsilis cariosa Medionidus walkeri CR -* Alce+2ce,Bl+2e
Yellow Lampmussel EN -' Alee USA
EN " Ale USA Pleurobema hagleri
USA CR ^' Ale
Obovaria retusa
Lampsilis dolabraeformis Ring Pink USA
VU " Bl+2bed CR " Alee+2ee Pleurobema hanleyianum
USA USA CR ^' Ale
Lampsilis higginsii Pegiasfabula
USA
Higgin's Eye Littlewing Pearlymussel Pleurobema johannis
EN » Alce+2ee CR " Alce+2ee CR 2- Ale
USA USA USA
111
Threatened Species
USA
Pleurobema nucleopsis
CR ' Ale
Quadrula couchiana Class GASTROPODA
USA
CR -' Ale
USA Order
Pleurobema oviforme
Tennessee Clubshell
Quadrula fragosa ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
Winged Mapleleaf
VU " Bl+2e CR " Ale Family HELICCVroAE
USA USA Helicina rostrata
Pleurobema perovatum Quadrula sparsa EN '" Bl+2e
Ovate Clubshell Appalachian Monkeyface Guatemala, Nicaragua
CR =• Ale CR -' Ale Ogasawarana chichijimana
USA USA CR '" A2ee
Pleurobema plenum Quadrula stapes Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Rough Pigtoe Stirrupshell
Ogasawarana habei
CR ' Alee CR -"
Ale
CR '" A2ee
USA USA Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Pleurobema rubellum Quadrula tuberosa Ogasawarana metamorpha
Warrior Pigtoe CR -" Ale CR '" A2ee
CR -'
Ale USA Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
USA Quincuncina mitchelli Ogasawarana rex
False Spike
Pleurobema strodeanum CR '" A2ce
VU -' Alc+2c CR ^'
Ale Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
USA USA
Ogasawarana yoshiwarana
Toxolasma cylindrellus
Pleurobema taitianum CR '" A2ce
CR Ale
'-'
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Heavy Pigtoe
USA
CR -' Ale Family HYDROCENIDAE
USA
VENEROmA Georissa laseroni
Pleurobema troschelianum Order
VU '" Bl+2c, D2
CR -' Ale Family TRIDACNIDAE Australia
USA
Tridacna derasa Monterissa gowerensis
Pleurobema verum Southern Giant Clam VU "" D2
True Pigtoe
VU '"'
A2cd Australia
CR " Ale Australia, Fiji, Freneh Polynesia?,
USA New
Family NERIXmAE
Guam, Indonesia, Caledonia,
Popenaias popeii Northern Marianas, Palau, Papua Neritina tiassalensis
CR " Ale New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon CR " Bl+2e
Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu Cote d'lvoire
USA
Tridacna gigas
Potamilus amphichaenus Family TURBINIffiAE
Giant Clam
Texas Heelsplitter
EN -'
Bl+2e
VU "" A2ed Astraea heliotropium
Australia, Federated States of CR '* A2e
USA Mieronesia, Fiji (ex?), Guam (ex?), New Zealand
Potamilus capax Indonesia, Japan (Nansei-shoto
(ex?)), Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall
Fat Pocketbook
Myanmar, New Caledonia
Order BASOMMATOPHORA
CR " Ale Islands,
112
Molluscs: snails
Ancylus ashangiensis
CR -' Alce+2e
Afrogyrus rodriguezensis
USA
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2abcd
Ethiopia Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus
[L. Ashangi] CR =* Alce+2e
Afrogyrus starmuehlneri USA
Ferrissia mcneili EN " Bl+2abed Planorbella magnifica
Hood Ancylid Madagascar
Magnificent Ramshom
VU -*
Alce+2c
USA
Amphigyra alabamensis VU ="
Alee
Shoal Sprite USA
Rhodacme elatior CR -*
Alce+2e Planorbella multivolvis
Domed Ancylid USA Acorn Ramshom
VU ^'
Alce+2e
Ancylastrum cumingianus VU -* Alee
USA Australian Freshwater Limpet USA
Rhodacme filosa CR '" Ale
Family SIPHONARIIDAE
Wicker Ancylid Australia
VU =- Alee Biomphalaria barthi
Siphonaria compressa
USA CR "» Bl+2c
CR " Bl+2c South Africa
Family CARYCffllDAE Ethiopia
Zospeum biscaiense
Biomphalaria tchadiensis Order MESOGASTROPODA
VU '" D2 VU " B2c+B3b
Chad Family ACICULffiAE
Spain
[L. Chad] Acicula norrisi
Family GLACmORBIDAE Bulinus camerunensis VU '" D2
Gibraltar
Glacidorbis occidentalis VU " BI+2abcd
VU '» D2 Cameroon Acicula palaestinensis
Australia Bulinus nyassanus
VU ^ D2
Israel
Family LYMNAEffiAE VU " B1+2C
Malawi Platyla foliniana
Physella utahensis
VU " D2 Family AMPULLARIDAE
Mauritius
Utah Physa Lanistes alexandri
VU -' Alee+2e Neoplanorbis carinatus EN " Bl+2abcd
USA CR -•
Alce+2e Tanzania
Physella zionis
USA JR. Wami]
Wet Rock Physa Neoplanorbis smithi Lanistes bicarinatus
VU " Alee CR " Alce+2e VU " D2
USA USA Zaire
113
Threatened Species
114
Molluscs: snails
115
Threatened Species
116
Molluscs: snails
VU -'
Alee VU '-'
Alee CR -'
Alee-f2e
USA USA USA
117
Threatened Species
CR » Alee+2e VU -*
Alee Tomicha natalensis
USA USA CR " Bl+2abed
Leptoxis picta Lithasia verrucosa South Africa
Spotted Rocksnail Varicose Rocksnail Tomicha rogersi
VU = Alee VU '-'
Alee EN " Bl+2abcd
USA USA South Africa
118
Molluscs: snails
Bathanalia straeleni
EN " B1+2C Family VALVATIDAE
Tanzania, Zaire
EN " Bl+2c Valvata virens
[L. Tanganyika]
Tanzania, Zaire
Paludomus ajanensis
VU -'
Alee
[L. Tanganyika] USA
EN " Bl+2abcd
Bridouxiana giraudi
Seychelles Family VTVIPARroAE
EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire Paramelania damoni Bellamya constricta
[L. Tanganyika] EN " Bl+2c EN " BI+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Bridouxiana leucoraphe Tanganyika]
[L. [L. Victoria]
EN " B1+2C
Tanzania, Zaire
Paramelania irridescens Bellamya contractu
[L. Tanganyika]
EN " Bl+2c EN " Bl+2c
Tanzania, Zaire Zaire
Bridouxiana ponsonbyi [L. Tanganyika]
Bellamya costulata
EN " B1+2C
Tanzania, Zaire
Reymondia horei EN " Bl+2abcd
[L. Tanganyika]
EN " Bl+2c Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Victoria]
Bridouxiana praeclara [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya craws hayi
EN " Bl+2c Reymondia pyramidalis EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire
EN " B1+2C Zaire, Zambia
[L. Tanganyika]
Tanzania, Zaire [L. Mweru]
Bridouxiana rotundata [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya ecclesi
EN " Bl+2c Reymondia tanganyicensis EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c Malawi, Mozambique
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire [L. Malawi]
Bridouxiana smithiana jl^. Tanganyika] Bellamya jeffreysi
EN " B1+2C Spekia zonata EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN " Bl+2c Malawi, Mozambique
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire [L. Malawi]
Chytra kirki [L. Tanganyika] Bellamya jucunda
EN " B1+2C Stanleya neritinoides EN " Bl+2abcd
Tanzania, Zaire EN » B1+2C Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
[L. Tanganyika] Tanzania, Zaire |U. Victoria]
119
Threatened Species
120
Molluscs: snails
Partulina perdix
Drymaeus henseli
Laminella sanguinea
EN " A B C +2a VU "» D2
1 ee, 1 +2abcde, 1
CR " Bl+2abd Brazil
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Napaeus isletae
Partulina physa Leptachatina lepida
EN Alce,Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a
CR ' A2c
«'
EN " Bl+2abd Spain (Canary Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Orynmeus acervatus
Partulina proximo Tropidoptera heliciformis
EN " Alee,Bl+2abede,Cl+2a
VU '» Alae
CR " Bl+2abd Brazil
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ptacostylus bollonsi
Partulina redjieldi
EN"' Alee, Bl+2abcde, Cl+2a
Family BRADYBAENIDAE Pupuharakeke
VU '" D2
USA (Hawaiian Is) Helicostyla smargadina
New Zealand
Partulina semicarinata CR '" A2e,Bl+2c
Placostylus hongii
EN" Alee, Bl+2abcde, Cl+2a Philippines
Pupuharakeke or Hax Snail
USA (Hawaiian Is) Monadenia circumcarinata VU '" Cl-H2a,D2
Partulina splendida Keeled Sideband New Zealand
Splendid Partulina VU '« D2
EN " A ee, B +2abede, C
1 1 1 +2a USA Family CAMAENIDAE
USA (Hawaiian Is) Monadenia setosa Amplirhagada astuta
Partulina tappaniana Trinity Bristle Snail EN '" C2a
EN " Alee,Bl+2abcde,Cl+2a VU '" D2 Australia
121
Threatened Species
122
Molluscs: snails
123
Threatened Species
Draparnaudia anniae
EN ™ Bl+2a VU '" D2
Mauritius Portugal (Madeira)
CR -" Bl+2c
New Caledonia Dupontia poweri Caseolus subcalliferus
Draparnaudia subnecata
VU " Bl-H2a VU '" D2
Mauritius
CR Ale, Bl+2c
"-' Portugal (Madeira)
124
Molluscs: snails
125
Threatened Species
Spain
VU "" D2
USA Bulimulus ochsneri
Hygromia golasi VU '« D2
Oreohelix vortex
VU '" D2
Whorled Mountain Snail
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Andorra
VU '" D2 Bulimulus reibischi
Obelus despreauxii USA VU '" D2
VU ' A2c
Oreohelix waltoni
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Trochoidea pseudojacosta
VU '» D2 Bulimulus ustulatus
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2
CR " C2b,Dl
Israel Bulimulus blombergi Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Trochoidea zaharensis
VU '" D2 Bulimulus wolfi
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU '" D2 VU '" D2
Spain Bulimulus calvus Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Tyrrheniellajosephi
VU '" D2
Leuchocharis pancheri
Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
VU -''
D2 CR ^'
Bl+2d
Italy Bulimulus cavagnaroi New Caledonia
VU '« D2
Family MEGALOBULEViroAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Flax Snail
Megalobulimus fragilion Bulimulus darwini
EN '" Dl VU "- D2
VU '" Bl+2abcde
New Zealand
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
Placostylus bivaricosus
Megalobulimus grandis Bulimulus eos
CR '" Dl VU '" D2 CR '" Bl+2abcde
Australia
Brazil Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
126
Molluscs: snails
Partula gibba
Family POLYGYRffiAE Leiostyla relevata
Fat Guam Partula Cryptomastix magnidentata VU '" D2
CR '" A2ce Mission Creek Oregonian Portugal (Madeira)
Guam, Northern Marianas VU "' D2 Leiostyla simulator
Partula guamensis USA CR '" Bl+2c
CR '" A2ce Family PUNCTIDAE
Portugal (Madeira)
Federated States of Micronesia Leiostyla vermiculosa
Ckristianoconcha quintalia
Partula hyalina VU ™ B1+2C
CR "= Ale
VU '» D2 Portugal (Azores)
Norfolk Island
French Polynesia Nesopupa madgei
Partula langfordi Family PUPILLIDAE VU ™ Bl+2ab
CR '" Ale+2ce Gastrocopta boninensis Mauritius, Reunion
Northern Marianas VU '" CI Ptychalaea dedecora
Partula leucothoe Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) VU '" CI
CR '" A2e Lauria fanalensis Japan (Ogasawara-gunto)
Palau VU '" Bl+2bc
Family RHYTEDIDAE
Partula martensiana Portugal (Madeira)
CR '" Alce+2e Leiostyla abbreviata
Occirhenea georgiana
Federated States of Micronesia CR '" Bl+2cd EN '« C2a
Australia
Partula otaheitana Portugal (Madeira)
127
Threatened Species
128
List 2
129
"
Black Wildebeest
Lesotho, Namibia [int]. South Africa, Waterbuck
Family BOVmAE Swaziland Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
Aepyceros melampus '
Connochaetes taurinus ' African Republic, Chad, Congo,
Impala Blue & White-bearded Wildebeest Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Gabon,
Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi Gambia (ex?), Ghana, Guinea,
Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, (ex), Mozambique, Namibia, South Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi,
South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Zambia, Zimbabwe Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra
130
Birds
Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Ovis nivicola " Tragelaphus imberbis '
'
Oreotragus oreotragus Bohor Reedbuck
Klipspringer Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Family HETEROMYIDAE
Angola, Botswana, Burundi (ex). Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dipodomys stephensi "-
Central African Republic, Djibouti, Chad, Cote d'lvoire, Ethiopia, Stephens' Kangaroo Rat
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho?, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, USA
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo,
Family MURffiAE
Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Uganda, Zaire Eolagurus luteus '"
131
Lower Risk : conservation dependent
132
"
Molluscs: snails
133
" " "
Lists
135
"
Casinycters argynnis
Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand
Short-palate Fruit Bat Australia, Papua New Guinea
Cameroon, Zaire Hipposideros lylei '
Saccolaimus peli
'- Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand
Cynopterus nusatenggara
Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, '-
Indonesia Hipposideros macrobullatus
Uganda, Zaire Indonesia
Dobsonia exoleta '-
Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Saccopteryx gymnura '-
Hipposideros madurae *-
136
Mammals •n
Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Colombia, French Guiana
Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone?, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, St Platyrrhinus aurarius *-
Sudan, Uganda, Zaire Lucia, St Vincent Colombia, Suriname, Venezuela
Rhinolophus blasii '-
Artibeus amplus *- Platyrrhinus infuscus *-
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Venezuela Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Greece,
Artibeus concolor " Peru
Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco,
Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana,
Pakistan, Romania, Somalia, South Platyrrhinus umbratus '-
Peru, Venezuela
Africa, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Colombia, Panama?, Venezuela
'-
Turkmenistan, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Artibeus fimbriatus '-
Rhinophylla alethina
Zaire Brazil, Paraguay
Colombia, Ecuador
Rhinolophus canuti '- Artibeus inopinatus *-
Rhinophylla fischerae *-
"-
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, USA Colombia, French Guiana, Peru
Rhinolophus philippinensis
'-
Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Diphylla ecaudata Vampyrum spectrum *-
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Chalinolobus picatus *-
Jamaica, Puerto Rico Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Australia
137
Lower Risk : near threatened
*-
Chalinolobus poensis '- Miniopterus fraterculus *-
Myotis macrodactylus
Cote d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Madagascar, Malawi, Japan, Russia
Gambia, Ghana?, Nigeria, Senegal, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia "-
Myotis macrotarsus
Sierra Leone, Zaire
Miniopterus minor ^- Malaysia, Phihppines
*-
Chalinolobus tuberculatus Comoros, Congo, Kenya, '-
Myotis martiniquensis
New Zealand Madagascar, Sao Tome & Principe,
Barbados, Martinique
Tanzania, Zaire
Eptesicus bobrinskoi '-
Myotis montivagus '-
'-
Moldova, Netherlands, Pakistan,
Laephotis botswanae '- Myotis frater
Poland, Portugal (Madeira),
Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, China, Japan, North Korea, Russia,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe South Korea
(Canary Is), Switzerland,
Laephotis wintoni *- Myotis goudoti *- Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United
Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa Comoros, Madagascar Kingdom, Uzbekistan?, Yugoslavia
Lasiurus egregius * Myotis hosonoi '- Nyctalus montanus *-
138
" "
Mammals ^
Nycticeius rueppellii Family MOLOSSIDAE Tadarida espiritosantensis *-
Australia *- Brazil
Chaerephon bregullae
*-
Nyctophilus daedalus Fiji, Vanuatu Tadarida fulminans *-
Australia Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi,
Chaerephon chapini *-
Nyctophilus sherrini '^ Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania,
Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Australia Namibia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,
Nyctophilus walkeri "
Zimbabwe Tadarida ventralis '-
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,
Australia Chaerephon johorensis *-
Indonesia, Malaysia
Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan,
Pipistrellus oriel Tanzania, Zaire
Egypt, Sudan Chaerephon solomonis "
Pipistrellus bodenheimeri « Solomon Islands
Scotophilus robustus " and Caicos Islands, USA, Uruguay, Small-eared Greater Galago
Madagascar Venezuela Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania
139
Lower Risk : near threatened
140
Mammals n
Order CETACEA Family BOVmAE Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad,
Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Family BALAENOPTERmAE Capra pyrenaica "
Israel, Libya, Mali, Mauritania,
Spanish Ibex
Balaenoptera acutorostrata " Portugal (ex), Spain
Morocco, Niger, Nigeria?, Senegal
Minke Whale (ex), Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia,
[Arctic Sea, Atlantic (eastern central, Cephalophus callipygus ' Westem Sahara
northeast, northwest, western Duiker
Peters' Gazella subgutturosa '
central), Mediterranean and Black Cameroon, Central African Republic, Goitred Gazelle
Sea] Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Afghanistan, Armenia (ex),
Cephalophus dorsalis ' Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China,
Order PERISSODACTYLA Bay Duiker Georgia(ex), Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
Angola, Benin?, Cameroon, Central Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,
Family TAPIRIDAE African Republic, Congo, Cote Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi
Tapirus terrestris '" d'lvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Arabia, Syria (ex), Tajikistan,
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Turkey, United Arab Emirates,
Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uzbekistan, Yemen
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uganda (ex), Zaire Kobus megaceros '
Venezuela Nile Lechwe
Cephalophus leucogaster '
White-bellied Duiker Ethiopia, Sudan
Uruguay Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan,
Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire Togo (ex?), Uganda (ex), Zaire
Pudu mephistophiles "
Northern Pudu Gazella dorcas ' Tragelaphus spekii '
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dorcas Gazelle Sitatunga
141
' '
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Hylopetes bartelsi " Sundasciurus brookei "
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Indonesia Indonesia, Malaysia
Chad, Congo, Cote d'lvoire?.
Hylopetes nigripes " Sundasciurus moellendorffi "
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia,
Philippines Philippines
Ghana (ex?), Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Lariscus niobe " Sundasciurus steerii "
Niger (ex), Nigeria, Rwanda, Indonesia Philippines
Senegal, Sierra Leone (ex?), Sudan, Syntheosciurus brochus "
Lariscus obscurus "
Tanzania, Togo (ex?), Uganda, Mountain Squirrel
Indonesia
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Costa Rica, Panama
Marmota caudata "
Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, India,
Mexico
Peru
Aeretes melanopterus "
'
Heteromys goldmani "
China Sciurus vulgaris
Mexico
Belomys pearsonii " Red Squirrel
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Heteromys oresterus "
Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Costa Rica
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Liomys adspersus "
Viet Nam
France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Panama
Eoglaucomys fimbriatus "
Italy,Japan, Macedonia,
India, Pakistan Liomys spectabilis "
Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Mexico
Epixerus ebii " Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Perognathus alticola *^
142
"" "
Mammals *n
143
'
Mastomys verheyeni " Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, USA, Oryzomys levipes "
Cameroon, Nigeria Ukraine Bolivia, Peru
144
" '
Mammals n
Rattus jobiensis " Xenuromys barbatus " Macedonia, Poland, Romania,
Indonesia Rock-dwelling Rat Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Rattus koopmani "
Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Indonesia
145
Lower Risk : near threatened
Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Northern Giant-petrel
Cuba Peru Australia, French Southern and
-'
Antarctic Territories, New Zealand,
Crypturellus noctivagus
South Africa
Yellow-legged Tinamou
Order LAGOMORPHA Brazil Puffinus bulleri -'
Buller's Shearwater
Family OCHOTONIDAE Crypturellus transfasciatus "
New Zealand
Pale-browed Tinamou
Ochotona forresti ""
Forrest's Pika
Ecuador, Peru Family HYDROBATmAE
Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar Nothocercus nigrocapiltus -'
Oceanodroma homochroa -'
"" Hooded Tinamou Ashy Storm-petrel
Ochotona thomasi
Bolivia, Peru
Thomas' Pika Mexico, USA
China Tinamus solitarius -'
Oceanodroma monorhis -'
Solitary Tinamou
Swinhoe's Storm-petrel
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan. * China
Family LEPORmAE
"" Oceanodroma tethys -'
Brachylagus idahoensis
Order SPHENISCIFORMES Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel
Pygmy Rabbit
Ecuador, Peru
USA
Family SPHENISCIDAE Oceanodroma tristrami -'
146
Birds
Zigzag Heron
Phalacrocorax neglectus '' Northern Screamer
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Bank Cormorant Colombia, Venezuela
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru,
Namibia, South Africa Suriname, Venezuela
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis -'
Zonerodius heliosylus -' Family ANATTOAE
Socotra Cormorant Forest Bittern Aix galericulata -'
Asian Openbill
Anas specularis -'
147
Lower Risk : near threatened
Accipiter luteoschistaceus -' Central African Republic, Chad, Henicopemis infuscatus ^'
China, Cyprus?, Georgia, Greece, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Semiplumbeous Hawk
Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Mongolia, Pakistan, Portugal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam Honduras, Panama
Russia, Spain (Balearic Is), Syria?, ' Megatriorchis doriae ^'
Gyps indicus
Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Doria's Goshawk
Long-billed Vulture
Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. * Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos,
Bangladesh?, Bhutan?, Egypt, Hong
Kong, Morocco,
India, Italy,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Morphnus guianensis ^'
148
Birds
Phalcoboenus australis-'
Tragopan satyra ^'
Blue Eared-pheasant
Striated Caracara
China Satyr Tragopan
Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal
Cyrtonyx ocellatus ^'
Siberian Grouse
Order GRUIFORMES
Order GALLIFORMES China, Russia
Dendrortyx macroura -' Family TURNICmAE
Family MEGAPODIffiAE
Long-tailed Wood-partridge Turnix ocellata ^'
Megapodius bernsteinii -'
Mexico Spotted Buttonquail
Sula Scrubfowl -'
Callus sonneratii Philippines
Indonesia
Grey Junglefowl
Megapodius cumingii -'
India Family GRUIDAE
Tabon Scrubfowl
Lophura swinhoii -'
Grus antigone -'
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Swinhoe's Pheasant Sams Crane
Taiwan Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, India,
Family CRACIDAE Melanoperdix nigra -'
Laos, Nepal, Philippines (ex?),
Aburria aburri ^'
Black Partridge Thailand (ex?), Viet Nam
Wattled Guan Indonesia, Malaysia
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Odontophorus atrifrons ^' Family RALLIDAE
Chamaepetes unicolor-' Black-fronted Wood-quail Gallirallus australis ^'
149
Lower Risk : near threatened
Little Bustard
New Zealand Snipe Pacific Gull
Albania?, Algeria, Bulgaria (ex), New Zealand (Auckland Is, Chatham Australia
Is)
China, Czech Republic (ex), France, Larus relic tus -'
150
"
Birds
Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Nevis, St Lucia, Virgin Islands Treron floris ^'
Islands, Thailand, Viet Nam (British), Virgin Islands (US) Flores Green-pigeon
Columba albinucha -' Geotrygon versicolor 2' Indonesia
White-naped Pigeon Crested Quail-dove Treron formosae -'
Ptilinopus layardi
Fischer's Lovebird
Luzon Bleeding-heart Whistling Dove
Philippines Tanzania
Fiji
Alisterus amboinensis -'
Gallicolumba stairi -'
Ptilinopus merrilli 2'
Shy Ground-dove Moluccan King-parrot
Cream-bellied Fruit-dove Indonesia
American Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, Wallis Philippines
and Futuna Islands, Western Samoa Amazona collaria -'
-'
Guam (ex), Northern Marianas Ptilinopus rarotongensis Blue-cheeked Amazon
Cook Islands Fruit-dove French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname,
Geophaps smithii ^'
Cook Islands Venezuela
Partridge Pigeon
Australia Ptilinopus roseicapilla ^' Amazona finschi -'
151
Lower Risk : near threatened
Neophema pulchella ^' Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam Otus barbarus -'
152
Birds
Peruvian Piedtail
Blossomcrown
Peru
Colombia
Phlogophilus hemileucurus -
Augastes lumachellus "
Ecuadorian Piedtail
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Hooded Visorbearer
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Brazil
Family PODARGmAE Augastes scutatus "
Polyonymus caroli -'
Bronze-tailed Comet
Batrachostomus javensis -'
Hyacinth Visorbearer
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Javan Frogmouth Brazil
Indonesia Avocettula recurvirostris •'
Ramphodon naevius -'
Saw-billed Hermit
Batrachostomus moniliger 2' Fiery-tailed Awlbill
Brazil
Sri Lanka Frogmouth Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French
Resplendent Quetzal
Bonaparte's Nightjar Santa Marta Sabrewing
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Colombia
Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Caprimulgus hirundinaceus -' Campylopterus villaviscensio ^'
Panama
Pygmy Nightjar Napo Sabrewing Priotelus roseigaster -'
153
Lower Risk : near threatened
Tanysiptera riedelii -' Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Family E>fDICATORroAE
Biak Paradise-kingfisher Togo ^'
Indicator archipelagicus
Indonesia Ocyceros griseus -' Malaysian Honeyguide
Todirhamphus australasia ^' Malabar Grey-hombill Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher India Thailand
Indonesia
Penelopides affinis -' Indicator pumilio -'
Blue-black Kingfisher
Samar Hombill Family RAMPHASTIDAE
Philippines
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Andigena cucullata ^'
Hooded Mountain-toucan
Family TODIDAE Order PICIFORMES Bolivia, Peru
Todus angustirostris -'
Andigena hypoglauca -'
Orange-fronted Barbel
Brown Hombill Family PICffiAE
Colombia, Ecuador
China, India, Laos, Myanmar,
Campethera notata ''
Thailand, Viet Nam Eubucco tucinkae -'
Knysna Woodpecker
Scarlet-hooded Barbet
Anthracoceros coronatus '"
South Africa
Pern
Malabar Pied-Hombill
Dendrocopos dorae -'
India, Sri Lanka Lybius chaplini -'
Arabian Woodpecker
Anthracoceros malayanus ^' Chaplin's Barbet
Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Black Hombill Zambia
Dendrocopos leucopterus -'
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Lybius rubrifacies -'
Thailand
White-winged Woodpecker
Red-faced Barbet Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan,
Buceros hydrocorax -'
Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Rufous Hombill Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Megataima corvina -'
Philippines
Brown-throated Barbet Dendropicos stierlingi ^'
India
Brown-cheeked Hombill Megalaima rafflesii -'
Benin, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Red-crowned Barbet Dryocopus schulzi -'
Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Black-bodied Woodpecker
Myanmar, Thailand Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
Ceratogymna elata -'
154
Birds
155
Lower Risk : near threatened
-'
Tawny-chested Flycatcher Southern Bristle-tyrant
Ampelioides tschudii
Costa Rica, Nicaragua Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Scaled Fruiteater
^'
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Contopus ochraceus -' Phylloscartes oustaleti
Venezuela Ochraceous Pewee Oustalet's Tyrannulet
Costa Rica, Panama Brazil
Carpodectes hopkei -^
-'
Slaty Becard Hemitriccus josephinae -' Polystictus pectoralis
Ecuador, Peru Boat-billed Tody-tyrant Bearded Tachuri
Brazil, Guyana, Suriname Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Phibalura flavirostris -'
Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay,
Swallow-tailed Cotinga Hemitriccus nidipendulus -'
Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil Hangnest Tody-tyrant
Polystictus superciliaris '
Pipreola chlorolepidota -' Brazil
Grey -backed Tachuri
Fiery-throated Fruiteater Hemitriccus orbitatus ^' Brazil
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eye-ringed Tody-tyrant
-'
Todirostrum viridanum -'
Pipreola frontalis Brazil
Maracaibo Tody-flycatcher
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater Hemitriccus rufigularis " Venezuela
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Buff-throated Tody-tyrant
Xenotriccus calUzonus -'
156
Birds
Yellow-throated Bulbul
Philepitta schlegeli -'
Angola, Zaire, Zambia
India
Schlegel's Asity
Madagascar Setomis criniger ^'
Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Hook-billed Bulbul
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Coracina bicolor -'
Family MENURIDAE
Pied Cuckoo-shrike
Menura alberti -'
Indonesia
Albert's Lyrebird
Coracina coerutescens ^' Family IRENIDAE
Australia
Blackish Cuckoo-shrike
Philippines Chloropsis venusta -'
Family ALAUDIDAE Blue-masked Leafbird
Coracina dispar ^' Indonesia
Certhilauda chuana -' Kai Cicadabird
Short-clawed Lark Indonesia
Botswana, South Africa Coracina dohertyi -'
Mirafra pulpa -' Sumba Cicadabird Family LANIffiAE
Friedmann's Lark Indonesia
Laniarius mufumbiri ^'
Ethiopia, Kenya Coracina graueri -' Papyrus Gonolek
Mirafra williamsi ^'
Grauer's Cuckoo-shrike Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda,
Williams's Lark Uganda, Zaire Zaire
Kenya Lalage sharpei ^' Laniarius turatii -'
157
'
Ethiopia, Somalia
Family MUSCICAPIDAE White-bellied Blue-flycatcher
-'
Cettia carolinae India
-'
Acrocephalus griseldis
Tanimbar Bush-warbler Cyornis turcosus -'
Basra Reed-warbler
Indonesia
Iraq. * Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysian Blue-flycatcher
Mozambique, Saudi Arabia, Cettia parens ^'
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania Shade Warbler
Dromaeocercus brunneus -'
Solomon Islands
Actinodura souliei -' Brown Emu-tail
Streaked Barwing Chaetops aurantius -'
Madagascar
China, Viet Nam Orange-breasted Rockjumper
Epthianura crocea -'
China, Laos
Nilgiri Flycatcher
Alcippe rufogularis ^'
Cichlherminia Iherminieri -'
India
Rufous-throated Fulvetta Forest Thrush
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Eumyias sordida -'
158
"
Birds
Tristan Thrush
Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush Microeca hemixantha -'
St Helena (Tristan da Cunha)
Indonesia Golden-bellied Flyrobin
Indonesia Niltava davidi
Garrulax virgatus ^'
Fujian Niltava
Striped Laughingthrush Monarcha browni -'
China, Laos, Viet Nam. * Hong
India, Myanmar Kolombangara Monarch Kong, Thailand
Geomalia heinrichi ^' Solomon Islands
-'
Oreoscopus gutturalis
Geomalia Monarcha castas ^'
Femwren
Indonesia Loetoe Monarch
Australia
Indonesia
Gerygone albofrontata^'
Origma solitaria -'
Chatham Islands Warbler Monarcha godeffroyi -'
Origma
New Zealand Yap Monarch
Australia
^' Federated States of Micronesia
Heteromyias cinereifrons
Monarcha infelix '' Orthotomus nigriceps -'
Grey-headed Robin
Black-headed Tailorbird
Australia Manus Monarch
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Heterophasia gracilis -'
Monarcha leucurus ^' Orthotomus samarensis -'
Grey Sibia
Monarch Yellow-breasted Tailorbird
China, India, Myanmar White-tailed
Indonesia Philippines
Hypothymis helenae '
Monarcha loricatus -' Pachycephala implicata ^'
Short-crested Monarch
Philippines Black-tipped Monarch Hooded Whistler
Indonesia Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Illadopsis rufescens ^'
Rufous- winged Illadopsis Monarcha mundus ^' Pachycephala jacquinoti ^'
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Liberia, Black-bibbed Monarch Tongan Whistler
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Indonesia Tonga
159
Lower Risk : near threatened
-'
Black-browed Parrotbill Ptilocichla mindanensis -' Stachyris capitalis
Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Striated Wren-babbler Rusty-crowned Babbler
Myanmar, Thailand Philippines Philippines
Chestnut-faced Babbler
Reed Parrotbill Russet-backed Jungle-flycatcher
Philippines
China, Russia Indonesia
-'
Sylvietta philippae
Paradoxomis ruficeps -'
Rhipidura euryura -'
Rufous Paradise-flycatcher
Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan Dusky Fantail
Philippines
Platysteira albifrons -' Solomon Islands
-'
Terpsiphone cyanescens
White-fronted Wattle-eye Rimator malacoptilus -'
Blue Paradise-flycatcher
Angola Long-billed Wren-babbler
Philippines
Pnoepyga immaculata -' Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar,
Viet Nam Tickellia hodgsoni -'
Nepal Wren-babbler
Broad-billed Warbler
Nepal Saxicola bifasciata -'
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,
Polioptila lactea -' Buff-streaked Chat Viet Nam
Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher South Africa
Trichastoma bicolor ^'
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Saxicola dacotiae ^' Ferruginous Babbler
Polioptila lembeyei -' Fuerteventura Chat Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Cuban Gnatcatcher Spain (Canary Is) Myanmar, Thailand
Cuba Saxicola gutturalis -' Trichastoma rostratum ^'
160
Birds
161
Lower Risk : near threatened
Dusky-headed Brush-fmch
Christmas Island Green-chinned Euphonia
Colombia
^'
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
Zosterops rennellianus -'
Atlapetes leucopis
Rennell White-eye Habia gutturalis -'
-'
Pemba White-eye Camarhynchus pauper -' Incaspiza watkinsi
Tanzania Medium Tree-finch Little Inca-finch
Ecuador Peru
Family MELIPHAGIDAE Iridosornis porphyrocephala -'
Catamenia oreophila -'
162
Birds
Uruguay
Maui Alauahio Serinus totta -'
-'
Blue-whiskered Tanager Vireo brevipennis
Family ESTRILDTOAE
Colombia, Ecuador Slaty Vireo
Mexico Estrilda thomensis -'
Australia
French Guiana, Surinarae,
Brazil, Blue Mountain Vireo
Venezuela Jamaica Lagonosticta virata -'
Basileuterus basilicus
Montserrat Oriole Black Munia
Santa Marta Warbler
Montserrat Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Colombia
Macroagelaius subalaris "
-'
Basileuterus cinereicollis -' Paddafuscata
Grey-throated Warbler Mountain Grackle Timor Sparrow
Colombia Indonesia
Colombia, Venezuela
Basileuterus conspicillatus -' Nesopsar nigerrimus ^' Stagonopleura oculata -'
163
"
Arfak Astrapia
Copper-tailed Glossy-starling Platysmurus leucopterus 2'
Indonesia
Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Black Magpie
Liberia, Sierra Leone Cicinnurus respublica ^' Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Wilson's Bird-of-paradise Myanmar, Thailand
Saroglossa spiloptera '"
Indonesia
Spot-winged Starling Urocissa whiteheadi -'
164
" '
Reptiles 5»
165
Lower Risk : near threatened
166
"
167
Lower Risk : near threatened
Italian Loach
southwest), Mediterranean and Black
Sea]
Italy
Order ATHEREMIFORMES
Paralabrax dewegeri '
"' '"
Rustyside Sucker Craterocephalus helenae Leiopotherapon aheneus
USA Drysdale Hardyhead Fortesque Grunter
[R. Dan] Australia Australia
168
Insects
169
Lower Risk : near threatened
170
Leeches
171
'
USA USA
Fusconaia succissa * Pleurobema cordatum ^
Class OLIGOCHAETA USA USA
Lampsilis bracteata -' [R. Green, R. Ohio]
Order HAPLOTAXIDA
USA Pleurobema decisum -'
United Kingdom
Elliptio ahenea -' USA
USA Ptychobranchus occidentalis -*
Lasmigona holstonia -*
-* Tennessee Heelsplitter
USA
Elliptio angustata
USA USA Ptychobranchus subtentum -*
USA
Elliptio congaraea " Lasmigona subviridis -'
172
Molluscs: snails
Austria
Australia France, Spain
Falniowskia neglectissimum '""
Poland, Slovakia
Family CAMAENffiAE
Class GASTROPODA Fluviopupa gracilis ™
Australia Amphidromus cognatus "
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Fluviopupa ramsayi "'
Australia
Australia
Kenya, Tanzania Cymatium parthenopaeum '"
Australia
Angola, Zaire, Zambia Cleopatra grandidieri "
Bulinus cemicus " Madagascar Cupedora tomsetti "•'
Australia
Mauritius Melanatria fluminea "
Glyptorhagadajanaslini '"
Bulinus crystallinus " Madagascar
Australia
Angola, Gabon Melanatria madagascarensis "
Bulinus hexaploidus " Madagascar Granulomelon grandituberculatum "
Ethiopia Australia
173
Lower Risk : near threatened
"- Family
Mesodontrachia desmonda'" Muticaria macrostoma
Australia Malta HELICODISCIDAE
'"
Helicodiscus diadema
Mesodontrachia fUzroyana "
USA
Australia Family COCHLICOPIDAE '"
Helicodiscus hexodon
">' '"
Ordtrachia australis Cryptazeca vasconica USA
Australia Spain
'" Family
Ordtrachia septentrionalis
Australia
HELMINTHOGLYPXroAE
Family DISCIDAE
"' Eremarionta morongoana '*'
174
" '
Nemenine worms
Spain
Gyliotrachela catherina '
USA
'" Vertigo arthuri '"
Pyrenaearia poncebensis Australia
Spain
Pupilla ficulnea "
USA
Pyrenaearia velascoi '"
Australia Vertigo hebardi '"
Spain '•"
USA
Sterkia Clementina
Suboestophora altamirai '"
Insular Birddrop Vertigo hubricti '"
Spain USA USA
Suboestophora hispanica '" Vertigo occulta '"
Spain USA
Family RHYXmiDAE
Trochoidea betulonensis '" Vertigo ovata '"
Paryphanta busbyi USA
Spain
Kauri Snail
Trochoidea claudinae '"
VU'" B2e Family VITRINIDAE
Spain (Balearic Is)
New Zealand Insulivitrina machadoi '
Trochoidea jimenensis '"
Powelliphanta marchantii " Spain (Canary Is)
Spain New Zealand Insulivitrina mascaensis '
Spain
Family STREPTAXIDAE
Family LIMACroAE
Family ZONIXmAE
Gonospira bourguignati '"
Oxychilus basajauna
Malacolimax wiktori ' VU ™ B2ab Spain
Spain (Canary Is) Reunion
Paravitrea clappi '"
USA
Family ORCULIDAE Family SUBULINTOAE Trochomorpha melvillensis '*
Spain
Family SUCCINEmAE
Family POLYGYRmAE Class ENOPLA
Catinella arenaria "'
Ashmunella pasonis '" Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Order HOPLONEMERTEA
Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
USA Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Family PROSORHOCHMmAE
Mesodon clenchi '" United Kingdom Argonemertes hillii '"
'" Australia
Clench's Middle-toothed Land Snail Succinea sanctaehelenae
USA St Helena
175
List 4
Family PERAMELEDAE
Family NESOPHGNXroAE Pteropus tokudae
Guam Fruit Bat
Chaeropus ecaudatus Nesophontes hypomicrus EX «
Pig-footed Bandicoot Atalaye Nesophontes Guam
EX ' EX '"
177
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
178
Birds
"
EX EX '«' Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Dominican Republic, Haiti New Zealand Nycticorax sp.
Plagiodontia araeum Megalaperyx didinus EX '«
EX " Reunion
South Island Tokoweka
Dominican Republic EX '« Family CICONiroAE
Plagiodontia ipnaeum New Zealand Ciconia sp.
EX "
EX ""
Borbonibis latipes
Dominican Republic, Haiti
Dromaius ater
King Island Emu Reunion Flightless Ibis
Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei EX '"
"
EX '"
EX Australia Reunion
Haiti
Dromaius baudinianus
Kangaroo Island Emu Order ANSERIFORMES
Family HEPTAXODONTmAE EX '»'
Family ANAXmAE
Australia
Amblyrhiza inundata Alopochen mauritianus
EX "
Mauritian Shelduck
Anguilla Order PODICIPEDIFORMES EX '"
Mauritius, Reunion
Puerto Rico Guatemala
Camptorhynchus labradorius
Quemisia gravis
" Labrador Duck
EX Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Dominican Republic, Haiti
EX '»'
179
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Vanellus macropterus French Polynesia
Atlantisia elpenor Javanese Lapwing Zenaida graysoni
Ascension Flightless Crake EX -'
Socorro Dove
EX '»'
Indonesia
EW "
St Helena (Ascension)
Family SCOLOPACIDAE Mexico (Revillagigedos Is)
Fulica newtoni 'Alectroenas ' rodericana
Mascarene Coot Prosobonia leucoptera
Rodrigues Pigeon
EX '»' Tahitian Sandpiper
EX '" EX '"
Mauritius, Reunion
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
French Polynesia
Gallirallus dieffenbachii
Dieffenbach's Rail Family LARTOAE
EX '" Order PSITTACIFORMES
Alca impennis
New Zealand (Chatham Is)
Great Auk
Family PSITTACmAE
Gallirallus ntodestus EX '"'
'Lophopsittacus ' bensoni
Chatham Islands Rail Canada, Denmark (Faeroe Is), Mauritius Grey Parrot
EX ""
Greenland, Iceland, Russia, United EX "=
180
Birds
Family ZOSTEROPmAE
French Polynesia Mauritius
Lophopsittacus mauritianus Zosterops strenuus
Mauritius Parrot Order APODBFORMES Robust White-eye
EX '" EX '"
Family TROCHILmAE Australia
Mauritius
Mascarinus mascarinus Chlorostilbon bracei Family MELIPHAGmAE
Grace's Emerald
Mascarene Parrot Chaetoptila angustipluma
EX '« EX '«
Kioea
Reunion Bahamas
EX '"
EX '«
Guam Flycatcher USA (Hawaiian Is)
Madagascar
EX ='
Paroreomyza flammea
Guam Molokai Creeper
Order STRIGIFORMES Nesillas aldabrana EX '"
EX "
Sauzieri sp. Rhodacanthis flaviceps
Mauritian Owl Seychelles Lesser Koa-fmch
EX '"'
Turdus ravidus EX ""
181
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
EX '"'
New Zealand Mauritius
Mexico Nactus coindemerensis
EW '*
Order TESTUDBVES
Family FRINGILLffiAE Mauritius
EX ""
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Reunion
Spiza townsendi Family IGUANIDAE
Townsend's Finch Cylindraspis indica
EX '" Leiocephalus eremitus EX '"
""
USA EX Reunion
USA
Family PLOCEIDAE Cylindraspis inepta
Leiocephalus herminieri EX '"
Foudia sp. EX '«'
Mauritius
Reunion Fody Martinique
EX '" Cylindraspis peltastes
Reunion Family SCINCIDAE EX ""
Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Leiolopisma mauritiana
Family STURNIDAE EX '»'
Cylindraspis triserrata
Aplonis corvina
Mauritius EX '"
Mauritius
Kosrae Mountain Starling Macroscincus coctei
EX '" Cape Verde Giant Skink Cylindraspis vosmaeri
Federated States of Micronesia EX '"
EX '»'
[L. Huleh]
Guadeloupe
Rodrigues Starling
EX '«' Ameiva major Family MYOBATRACHIDAE
Mauritius (Rodrigues) Martinique Giant Ameiva
Uperoleia marmorata
Family CALLAEIDAE EX ""
Marbled Toadlet
Martinique "
Heteralocha acutirostris
EX
Australia
Huia
EX '" Order SERPENTES Family RANffiAE
New Zealand Family BOmAE
Arthroleptides dutoiti
Bolyeria multocarinata EX '"
Class REPTILIA Round Island Boa Kenya
EX "*
Ranafisheri
Order SAURIA Mauritius
Vegas Valley Leopard Frog
Family ANGUffiAE Family COLUBRroAE EX '"
182
Fishes: bony fishes
Evarra bustamantei
Lagochila lacera EW "
Harelip Sucker Mexico
Mexican Dace
EX "" EX '»'
Mexico
USA
Coregonus johannae
Notropis aulidion Deepwater Cisco Megupsilon aporus
'"
Durango Shiner EX Cachorrito Enano de Potosi
EX "" Canada, USA EW "'
183
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
184
Insects w
Prognathochromis perrieri Order CYCLOPOIDA Oedemasylus laysanensis
EW "
Family CYCLOPIDAE EX ""
EX " USA
[L. Victoria] Order ISOPODA Trigonoscuta yorbalindae
Psammochromis cassias Family SPHAEROMAXroAE Yorba Linda Weevil
EX "
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum EX '"
[L. Victoria]
Socorro Isopod USA
Pyxichromis parorthostoma
"
EW "
Family DYTISCIDAE
EX USA
[L. Victoria] Hygrotus artus
Mono Lake Diving Beetle
Xystichromis bayoni Order PODOCOProA
EX " EX '"
[L. Victoria]
Family CANDGNimAE USA
Namibocypris costata Megadytes ducalis
Yssichromis "argens"
EW " EX " EX '«'
Namibia Brazil
[L. Victoria]
Family CYPRIDIDAE Rhantus novacaledoniae
Class CRUSTACEA Liocypris grandis EX ""
EX '«
Papua New Guinea
USA Family CARABmAE
Siettitia balsetensis
Family GAMMARffiAE Mecodema punctellum Perrin's Cave Beetle
EX '«'
EX ""
Gammarus acheronytes New Zealand France
Illinois Cave Amphipod
EX « Family CERAMBYCmAE
USA Xylotoles costatus Order DIPTERA
Gammarus desperatus EX '"
185
Extinct and Extinct in tine Wild
Hypena senicula
Acanthometropus pecatonica Lepidochrysops hypopolia Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth
Pecatonica River Mayfly EX '"
EX '"
EX '"
South Africa USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA
Family NEPTICULIDAE Family PYRALIDAE
Ectodemia castaneae Genophantis leahi
Order HOMOPTERA
American Chestnut Moth EX ""
Clavicoccus erinaceus
USA Hedylepta asaphrombra
EX '"'
Ectodemia phleophaga EX '"
Hedylepta epicentra
Agrotis crinigera EX '«
Order LEPIDOPTERA Poko Noctuid Moth USA (Hawaiian Is)
'"
Family ARGYRESTHIIDAE EX Hedylepta euryprora
USA (Hawaiian Is)
Argyresthia castaneela EX '"
EX '«'
Hedylepta fullawayi
USA USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '»'
EX '»' EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA USA (Hawaiian Is)
Hedylepta meyricki
Family GEOMETRroAE Agrotis laysanensis EX ""
Laysan Noctuid Moth USA (Hawaiian Is)
Scotorythra megalophylla EX '"'
Hedylepta telegrapha
Scotorythra nesiotes USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ko'olau Giant Looper Moth EX ""
EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
186
Molluscs: snails
EX '"'
EX "" USA
USA (Hawaiian Is) USA Dysnomia personate
Triaenodes tridonata Round Combshell
Order ODONATA Three-tooth Caddisfly EX '"
EX '»' USA
Family COENAGRIONIDAE
USA Dysnomia propinqua
Megalagrion jugonim Tennessee Riffleshell
Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly Family RHYACOPHELroAE
EX '"
EX '"
Rhyacophila amabilis USA
USA (Hawaiian Is) Castle Lake Caddisfly
Dysnomia sampsoni
Family LIBELLULmAE EX '"
Wabash Riffleshell
USA EX '"
Sympetrum dilatatum
EX '" USA
St Helena
Class ONYCHOPHORA Dysnomia stewardsoni
Cumberland Leafshell
Order ORTHOPTERA Order ONYCHOPHORA EX '"
USA EX '"
Mauritius
USA
Dysnomia lefevrei
Family CYCLOPHORTOAE
Order TRICHOPTERA
EX '"
Cyclophorus horridulum
Family HYDROPSYCHBDAE USA EX "
Hydropsyche tobiasi Dysnomia lenior Mayotte
Tobias' Caddisfly Narrow Catspaw Cyclosurus mariei
EX '»
EX '"
EX "
Germany USA Mayotte
187
Extinct and Extinct in tlie Wild
Tropidophora desmazuresi
EX '"
Beddomeia tumida
EX " USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '»
Mayotte Auriculella uniplicata
Australia
Family POMATIOPSroAE EX '"
EX '"
USA (Hawaiian Is)
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Achatinella spaldingi Amastra elongata
USA EX '" EX '"
188
Molluscs: snails
EX '" EX "
Rhachis comorensis French Polynesia
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Mautodontha unilamellata
Carelia kalalauensis Mayotte ""
EX '" EX
Rhachis sanguineus Cook Islands
USA (Hawaiian Is)
EX '"
Sinployea canalis
Carelia knudseni Mauritius
EX '" EX '"
189
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
EX '»
Harmogenanina linophora EX '"
'"
Hirasea planulata
EX French Polynesia
Norfolk Island Partula callifera
EX '"
'"
Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Quintalia stoddartii EX
Mautodontha zebrina
EX '" French Polynesia
Norfolk Island Partula Candida
EX '"
French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea dianae Pseudocampylaea loweii
EX '"
EX '" Partula castanea
St Helena Portugal (Madeira) EX "=
French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea laetissima Family HYGROMimAE
EX '"
Trochoidea picardi
Partula cedista
St Helena EX '"
EX " French Polynesia
Pseudocampylaea persoluta Israel
'"
EX Partula citrina
St Helena
Family MEGALOBULIMIDAE EX '"
190
Molluscs: snails
EW " EX '"
Nesopupa turtoni
French Polynesia
French Polynesia EX '"
EX '"
French Polynesia
Mayotte
French Polynesia Gulella thomasetti
Partula salifana
Partula labrusca Mount Alifana Partula EX '"
EW '"
EX '" Seychelles
French Polynesia Guam Family SUBULEVroAE
Partula leptochila Partula thalia Chilonopsis blofeldi
EX '"
EX '"
EX '"
191
Extinct and Extinct in the Wild
192
"
Lists
Data Deficient
193
" "" "
Data Deficient
Eptesicus kobayashii
' GALAGONffiAE Trachypithecus laotum ""
Family
North Korea, South Korea '"
Laos, Viet Nam
Galagoides granti
'"
Eptesicus tatei Grant's Dwarf Galago Trachypithecus phayrei
India Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Bangladesh?, China, India?, Laos,
Kerivoula aerosa " Zimbabwe Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
South Africa? Galagoides orinus '"
194
" "" "
Mammals ^
Hylobates leucogenys "'
Prionailurus rubiginosus " Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
China, Laos, Viet Nam Rusty-spotted Cat Heaviside's Dolphin
India, Sri Lanka Angola?, Namibia, South Africa
[Atlantic (southeast)]
Order CARNIVORA Family MUSTELmAE "'
Feresa attenuata
'"
Family CANIDAE Mustela africana Pygmy Killer Whale
Tropical Weasel [Atlantic (eastem central, southeast,
Dusicyon microtis "
Brazil, Colombia?, Ecuador, Peru southwest,westem central), Indian
Small-eared Zorro
Ocean (eastem, westem),
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Family PROCYONTOAE Mediterranean and Black Sea,
Venezuela
Pacific (eastem central, northwest,
Dusicyon sechurae ^ Nasuella olivacea '" southeast, southwest, westem
Sechuran Zorro Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela central)]
Ecuador, Peru
Family URSIDAE Grampus griseus "
Dusicyon vetulus " Risso's Dolphin
Hoary Zorro Helarctos malayanus " [Atlantic (eastem central, northeast,
Brazil Sun Bear northwest, southeast, southwest,
Brunei, Cambodia, China,
Fennecus zerda " India, westem central), Indian Ocean
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, (eastem, westem). Pacific (eastem
Fennec Fox
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali,
Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam central, northeast, northwest,
southeast, southwest, westem
Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Saudi
Arabia?, Sudan, Tunisia? Family VIVERRIDAE central)]
Vulpes corsac " Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands
195
" " "
Data Deficient
central)]
Pacific (southeast, southwest)] southwest, westem central)]
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, eastem, westem). Pacific (southeast,
Uruguay southwest)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
northwest, southeast, southwest, [Atlantic (southwest). Pacific Mesoplodon minis "
western central)] (southeast)] True's Beaked Whale
[Atlantic (northeast, northwest,
Steno bredanensis " southeast, westem central), Indian
Rough-toothed Dolphin
Family PLATANISXroAE
Ocean (eastern)]
[Atlantic (eastern central, northeast, "
Pontoporia blainvillei
southeast, southwest, western
Mesoplodon pacificus "
La Plata River Dolphin
central), Indian Ocean (eastern, Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale
Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
western), Mediterranean and Black Australia,Somalia
[Atlantic (southwest)]
Sea, Pacific (eastern central, Ocean (westem).
[Indian Pacific
[La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers]
northeast, northwest, southeast, (westem central)]
southwest, western central)] Mesoplodon peruvianas *'
196
"
Birds
Russia Kenya
Oceanodroma hombyi ^'
Sicista pseudonapaea '
Rattus timorensis " Ringed Storm-petrel
Russia Malaysia Chile, Peru
197
"
Data Deficient
198
Reptiles 5*
199
"" '
Data Deficient
"'
Elseya sp. 3
Order SERPENTES Bellinger River Snapping Turtle Family PLATYSTERNIDAE
Australia '™
Family ANILIIDAE Platysternon megacephalum
Anomochilus leonardi "" Big-headed Turtle
Leonard's Pipe Snake
Family EMYDIDAE China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
Viet Nam
Malaysia Chinemys nigricans '"
Red-necked Pond Turtle
Family COLUBRmAE China, Viet Nam? Family TESTUDINIDAE
Calamaria pfefferi "^ Cuora aurocapitata '" Kinixys erosa '"
Pfeffer's Reed Snake Yellow-headed Box Turtle Sertated Hinge-back Tortoise
Japan China Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central
Elachistodon westermanni "" Cuora mccordi "' African Republic, Congo, Cote
McCord's Box Turtle d'lvoire. Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Indian Egg-eating Snake
Bangladesh, India, Nepal China Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia,
'" Nigeria, Rwanda?, Sierra Leone,
Elaphe situla " Cuora pani
Togo?, Uganda, Zaire
Leopard Snake Pan's Box Turtle
''"'
200
Amphibians ^C
201
Data Deficient
'"
Class ACTINOPTERYGII Acanthorutilus meandricus Hungary, Moldova, Romania,
Turkey Russia, Slovakia?, Ukraine,
202
Fishes: bony fishes
'"
Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Cobitis megaspila '" Cheirodon australe
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Bulgaria?, Moldova?, Romania Chile
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, romanica
Cobitis
"" Cheirodon galusdae "'
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Chile
Romanian Loach
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria?, Romania Cheirodon kiliani '"
'"
Phoxinellus crassus Cobitis stephanidisi
"" Chile
Turkey Greece '"'
Cheirodon pisciculus
""
Phoxinus percnurus Cobitis strumicae
'" Chile
Swamp Minnow Greece Stygichthys typhlops '*'
Cobitis elongata
'" Mexico, USA Pla Thepa
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam
Balkan Loach Scartomyzon ariomus "
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bigeye Jumprock
Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, USA Family ARIIDAE
'"
Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Ancharius brevibarbus
Yugoslavia Vaona
Order CHARACITORMES
Cobitis hellenica
"" Madagascar
Greece Family CHARACIDAE Ancharius fuscus ""
'" Vaona
Cobitis marrocatia
"" Catabasis acuminatus
Morocco Brazil Madagascar
203
Data Deficient
'"
Alius taylori ' Neochanna diversus Order OPHIDIIFORMES
Taylor's Catfish Black Mudfish
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea New Zealand Family BYTHITmAE
"' Ogilbia galapagosensis '"
Cinetodus froggatti
Froggatt's Catfish
Family SALMONmAE Ecuador (Galapagos Is)
'"
Australia Coregonus albula
Tetranesodon conorhynchus '
Vendace Order ATHEREVIFORMES
Lorentz Catfish Belarus?, Czech Republic [int],
'"
Aplochiton marinus Salmo marmoratus "" Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish
Chile Albania, Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Indonesia
'"
Brachygalaxias bullocki Yugoslavia Melanotaenia angfa '
204
™
Rheocles pellegrini ™
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy,
Zona Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES
Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco,
Madagascar Family PEGASLDAE Saudi Arabia, Slovenia?, Spain,
"* Sudan?, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey,
Teramulus kieneri "*
Eurypegasus draconis
Vily Yugoslavia
Madagascar
Madagascar Syngnathus nigrolineatus '"
[Indian Ocean (eastern, western).
Pacific (northwest, western central)] Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran,
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Eurypegasus papilio ™ Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania,
Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
APLOCHEILIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is)
Ukraine
Family
[Pacific (eastern central)]
Rivulus robustus " '™
Pegasus lancifer
Rivulus Almirante
Mexico
Australia Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES
[Indian Ocean (eastern)]
205
'
Data Deficient
"'
Order SCORPAENIFORMES Scortum hilli Oxyeleotris wisselensis
Leathery Grunter Paniai Gudgeon
Family COTTIDAE Australia Indonesia
"
Cottus princeps Scortum parviceps '™
Klamath Lake Sculpin Small-Headed Grunter Family GGBimAE
USA Australia Awaous stamineus "
Cottus tenuis
" Oopu Nakea
Slender Sculpin Family CENTRARCHIDAE USA
USA Micropterus treculi " Bathygobius burtoni '"
Guadalupe Bass Sao Tome & Principe
Order PERCIFORMES USA [Atlantic (eastern centnral)]
Agassiz's Perchlet
Pinewoods Darter Hoese's Goby
Australia
USA Indonesia
Parambassis altipinnis '
Gymnocephalus acerina '" Gobius tigrellus '
206
Crustaceans ^f^~^
Sicyopterus halei
"' Class ARACHNIDA Idiodiaptomus gracilipes '*'
Guatemala
Lipstick Goby Cyclocosmia torreya ""
[L. Amatitlan]
Sri Lanka Torreya Trap-door Spider
'"
USA Mastigodiaptomus montezumae
Zosterisessor opiocephalus '"
Mexico
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus,
France, Greece, Italy, Malta,
Family GNAPHOSmAE Neutrodiaptomus formosus '"
207
Data Deficient
Astacoides betsileoensis
^ Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain, Parides klagesi "
Yugoslavia Venezuela
Orambanonga
Madagascar Parides pizarro "
Astacoides caldwelli
'* Family LYCAENIDAE Brazil, Peru
208
Molluscs : snails
209
" '
Data Deficient
Palaina moussoni
Palau Federated States of Micronesia Palau
Omphalotropis cookei '" '" '"
Wrayanna soluta Palaina ovatula
Guam, Northern Marianas Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia
210
Molluscs: snails
'"
Palaina patula Paludinella minima '" Pyrgulopsis micrococcus '"
Palau Japan (Ogasawara-gunto) Oasis Valley Springsnail
Palaina platycheilus '"
Paludinella vitrea '" USA
Palau Palau Pyrgulopsis montezumensis '"
211
"
Data Deficient
212
"
Molluscs: snails
Gabon
Family BUCCINIDAE Family ACHATEVELLroAE '"
Archachatina knorri
Paradoxa confirmata " Auriculella ambusta "-'
Liberia
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is)
Paradoxa thomensis " Auriculella castanea '"
Family ALYCAEffiAE
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) '"
Awalycaeus akiratadai
'"
Auriculella crassula Japan
Family CONffiAE USA (Hawaiian Is) '"
Chamalychaeus expanstoma
Conus kohni " Auriculella malleata '" Japan
Ecuador (Galapagos Is) USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus miyazakii '"
'"
Auriculella perpusilla Japan
Family MARGINELLIDAE USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus takahashii '"
'"
Cysticus gutta " Auriculella pulchra Japan
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) Chamalychaeus yanoshigehumii '"
'"
Gibberula modica " Elasmias quadrasi Japan
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas
Gibberula puntiUum " Lamellidea microstoma " '
Family ARIONIDAE
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas Arion obesoductus '"
'" Austria
Granulina parilis " Lamellidea subcylindrica
Sao Tome & Principe Guam, Northern Marianas Arion simrothi '"
Marginella liparozona " Partulina jusoidea '" Santa Barbara Shelled Slug
Sao Tome & Principe (Principe) USA (Hawaiian Is) USA
Marginella melvilli " Partulina kaaeana '"
Sao Tome & Principe USA (Hawaiian Is) Family BRADYBAENTOAE
Volvarina insulana '" Partulina nattii '" Aegista inexpectata '"
213
Data Deficient
Papustyla pulcherrima
'" Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Aaadonta irregularis
'"
214
" " " ' "
Molluscs: snails
'"
Palaua margaritacea American Samoa
Palau
'" Family
Palaua minor
Palau
HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Family POLYGYRmAE
'"
Palaua ngarduaisi ' Micrarionta gabbi '"
Mesodon archeri
Palau San Clemente Island Snail
Archer's Toothed Land Snail
'" USA
Palaua straminea USA
Palau Monadenia troglodytes '" '"
Shasta Sideband
Mesodon jonesianus
'"
Palaua wilsoni Jones' Middle-toothed Land Snail
USA
Palau USA
'"
Ryssota pachystoma "
Family HYGROMIIDAE Mesodon magazinensis
Federated States of Micronesia Magazine Mountain Middle-toothed
"-
'" Halolimnohelix conradti
Tengchiena euroxestus Snail
Tanzania
Australia USA
'"
Petasina subtecta
Polygyriscus virginianus '
Austria
Family FERUSSACIIDAE Virginia Fringed Mountain Snail
Trichia biconica '
USA
Cecilioides nyctelia '"
Switzerland
Portugal (Madeira) Stenotrema hubrichti '"
'"
Trichia caelata USA
Switzerland
Family GEOMITRIDAE Stenotrema pilsbryi '"
Actinella laciniosa '" Trichia gramnicola '"
Pilsbry's Narrow-apertured Land
Portugal (Madeira)
Germany
Snail
'"
Lemniscia galeata '" Trichia oreinos USA
Portugal (Madeira) Austria
Triodopsis occidentalis '"
Western Three-toothed Land Snail
Family HELICARIONmAE Family LIMACIDAE USA
"^ '"
Atrichotoxon usambarense Deroceras fatrense Triodopsis platysayoides '"
Tanzania Slovakia Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail
Elisolimax rufescens "- USA
Tanzania Family MILACIDAE Vespericola karokorum '"
detecta ™
'"
Harmogenanina Tandonia nigra Karok Hesperion
Reunion Switzerland USA
215
" '
Data Deficient
'"
Family PUNCimAE Nesopupa kauaiensis '-
Paryphanta hochstetteri
USA (Hawaiian Is) Hochstetter's Land Snail
Pasmaditta jungermanniae
'
216
"
Nemertine worms
"'
Tayloria amaniensis Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Trochomorpha conoides '"
Tanzania Slovakia, Spain (Balearic Is, Canary Federated States of Micronesia
"- Is), Switzerland, Ukraine
Tayloria angustistriata Trochomorpha contigua '"
'"
Tanzania Vallonia suevica Federated States of Micronesia
Tayloria hyalinoides "- Germany '"
Trochomorpha kuesteri
Tanzania Federated States of Micronesia
Family VERTIGINIDAE Trochomorpha nigritella '"
Family SUBULDMroAE Nesopupa ponapica '" Federated States of Micronesia
"-
Hypolysia connollyana Federated States of Micronesia Videna electra '"
Tanzania Truncatellina atomus * Palau
"-
Hypolysia usambarica Spain (Canary Is) Videna oleacina '"
Tanzania Palau
'"
Brazieria entomostoma
"-
Subulina usambarica Federated States of Micronesia Vitrea inae '"
Tanzania Spain
'"
Brazieria erasa
Federated States of Micronesia Vitrea striata"^
Family SUCCIMEmAE Spain (Balearic Is)
Brazieria lutaria '"
Succinea chittenangoensis '"
Federated States of Micronesia
Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail
Brazieria minuscula '"
Class ENOPLA
USA
Federated States of Micronesia
Succinea guamensis '" Order HOPLONEMERTEA
Guam Brazieria obesa '"
'"
Federated States of Micronesia Family PROSORHOCHMIDAE
Succinea philippinica
"'
Palau Brazieria velata '" Argonemertes stocki
Federated States of Micronesia Australia
'" '"
Family THYROPHORELLroAE Glyphyalinia pecki Geonemertes rodericana
USA Mauritius (Rodrigues)
Thyrophorella thomensis "
'" ""
Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome) Hongolua kondorum Pantinonemertes agricola
Federated States of Micronesia Bermuda
Family VALLONITOAE Kondoa kondorum '
217
Lists
219
Subspecies and populations
Nabarlek Madagascar
Lagorchestes hirsutus dorreae
LR " nt Phaner furcifer pallescens
Rufous Hare-wallaby
VU " D2
Australia VU "" Bl-h2bc,C2a
220
i
Mammals •n
Brazil
Panama Venezuela
221
Subspecies and populations
Black Saki
DD '"
Angola, Zaire
Somalia Mandrillus leucophaeus
EN '" Bl+2abcde
Brazil Cercopithecus diana diana leucophaeus
Diana Monkey Mainland Drill
Chiropotes satanas utahicki
Uta Hick's Bearded Saki
VU '" Ala VU '« Alacd-f2b
Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Cameroon, Gabon?, Nigeria
VU '" Ale
Brazil Cercopithecus diana roloway Mandrillus leucophaeus
Roloway Monkey mundamensis
Lagothrix lagotricha cana
VU '" Ale EN " Ale Mainland Drill
222
Mammals *n
223
Subspecies and populations
EN '" Dl
Burundi?, Central African Republic?,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Order CETACEA
Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Russia, Sweden Family BALAENIDAE
[Atlantic (northeast)]
Balaena mysticetus (S)
Family MUSTELffiAE Phoca hispida botnica Bowhead Whale
Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Baltic Seal (Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort
Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk VU '" D2 Sea population)
EX '"
Estonia?, Finland, Russia, Sweden LR "'
cd
USA Phoca hispida ladogensis [Arctic Sea, Pacific (northeast,
Eira barbara senex Ladoga Seal northwest)]
Greyheaded Tayra VU '" D2 Balaena mysticetus (S)
VU '" CI Russia Bowhead Whale
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico [L. Ladoga] (Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin stock)
Martes flavigula robinsoni Phoca hispida saimensis VU *' Dl
Javan Yellow-throated Marten Saimaa Seal [Atlantic (northwest)]
224
I
Mammals UK
Eschrichtius robustus (S) China, Kazakhstan?, Mongolia Thailand (ex), Viet Nam
Gray Whale Equus hemionus hemionus Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
(Northeast Pacific stock) North Mongolian Kulan CR " C2b, Dl
LR *'
cd DD " Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar (ex),
225
Subspecies and populations
226
i
Mammals •n
227
Subspecies and populations
228
Mammals 'n
229
Subspecies and populations
India, Pakistan
Guinea-Bissau, Mali (ex?), Senegal, Marmota caligata vigilis
Togo (ex?) Glacier Bay Hoary Marmot
Pseudois nayaur nayaur DD '
Tragelaphus derbianus gigas
LR " nt USA
Eastern Giant Eland
Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan
LR ' nt Sciurus niger avicennia
Pseudois nayaur szechuanensis Cameroon, Central African Republic, Big Cypress Fox Squirrel
LR " nt Chad (ex?), Nigeria (ex), Sudan, LR '- cd
China Uganda (ex?), Zaire USA
230
Mammals •n
231
Subspecies and populations
VU »^
B1+2C USA
USA
USA Microtus oeconomus popofensis
Microtus californicus stephensi
Perognathus longimembris Shumagin Islands Tundra Vole
Stephen's California Vole
internationalis DD «=
DD «=
USA
Jacumba Pocket Mouse USA
DD *=
Microtus oeconomus punukensis
Mexico, USA Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis Punuk Islands Tundra Vole
Southern Rock Vole
Perognathus longimembris pacificus DD «
Pacific Pocket Mouse
LR "=
nt
USA
USA
CR «- Bl+2c,Cl+2ab Microtus oeconomus sitkensis
USA Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Alexander Islands Tundra Vole
Labrador Rock Vole DD «2
DD "=
USA
Family DIPODIDAE Canada
Microtus pennsylvanicus
Zapus hudsonius campestris Microtus longicaudus bemardinus dukecampbelli
Black Hills Meadow Jumping Mouse San Bernardino Long-tailed Vole Florida Saltmarsh Vole
VU " Bl+2c DD " VU " D2
USA USA USA
Zapus hudsonius preblei Microtus longicaudus coronarius Microtus pennsylvanicus kincaidi
Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse Alexander Islands Long-tailed Vole Potholes Meadow Vole
EN "- Bl+2c DD »^
LR " nt
USA USA USA
232
I
Mammals •n
Order LAGOMORPHA
USA USA
Neotoma fuscipes luciana Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Family OCHOTONIDAE
Monterey Dusky-footed Woodrat Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse
Ochotona alpina hoffmanni
DD <'-
EN »= Bl+2c VU '" D2
USA USA
Mongolia
Neotoma fuscipes riparia Peromyscus polionotus ammobates
Alabama Beach Mouse Ochotona census morosa
San Joaquin Valley Woodrat DD '"
CR «= B1+2C EN '=
Bl-^2c
China
USA USA
Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus Ochotona cansus sorella
Neotoma lepida intermedia
EN '" A2d
Ponce de Leon Beach Mouse
San Diego Desert Woodrat
« EX '- China
DD
Mexico, USA USA Ochotona pallasi hamica
Peromyscus polionotus leucocephabts CR ">* Ala+2d
Onchomys leucogaster durranti
China, Mongolia
Santa Rosa Beach Mouse
Durant's Northern Grasshoper Mouse
DD »= LR « nt Ochotona pallasi sunidica
USA USA EN '« A2d
Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis China
Onchomys torridus ramona
St Andrews Beach Mouse
Southern Grasshopper Mouse Ochotona princeps goldmani
DD '' EN Bl+2c
»"-
VU '» Dl
USA USA
Mexico, USA
Peromyscus polionotus phasma
Onchomys torridus tularensis Ochotona princeps lasalensis
Anastasia Island Beach Mouse
Tulare Grasshopper Mouse
EN "- Bl+2c VU "» Dl
DD '^
USA
USA
USA Ochotona princeps nevadensis
Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis
Ondatra zibethicus ripensis Perdido Key Beach Mouse
VU "» Dl
Rio Grande Muskrat
CR «- Bl+2c USA
DD "^
USA Ochotona princeps nigrescens
Mexico, USA VU '« Dl
Reithrodontomys raviventris
Onychomys leucogaster durranti halicoetes USA
Durrant's Northern Grasshopper Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse Ochotona princeps obscura
Mouse LR '-
cd VU '" B1+2C
DD "=
USA USA
USA
Reithrodontomys raviventris Ochotona princeps sheltoni
Onychomys torridus ramona raviventris VU '« Dl
Southern Grasshopper Mouse Red-bellied Harvest Mouse USA
DD «^
EN '- A2c, Bl+2c
Mexico, USA Ochotona princeps tutelata
USA
VU '" B1-I-2C
Onychomys torridus tularensis Sigmodon arizonae arizonae USA
Tulare Grasshopper Mouse Arizona Cotton Rat
DD *'-
EX '^- Ochotona thihetana huangensis
USA USA EN '" A2d
China
Oryzomys palustris natator Sigmodon fulviventer goldmani
Marsh Rice Rat Hot Springs Cotton Rat Ochotona thibetana sikimaria
DD « EX «^
CR "" Alac
USA USA India
233
Subspecies and populations
234
Fishes: bony fishes
235
Subspecies and populations
Italy
Mexico
Sarotherodon galileus "Ejagham"
[Mediterranean and Black Sea] VU "* D2
Order SALMONIFORMES Cameroon
Order CLUPEIFORMES [L. Ejagham]
Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE
Family CLUPEIDAE Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Family XIPHimAE
Clupeonella abrau muhlisi Ryukyu Ayu-fish
VU "» Bl+2c EN '»' Alac, B2abce+3abc Xiphias gladius (C)
Turkey (S)Times-Boldltalic"P9
Japan (Nansei-shoto)
Swordfish
(North Atlantic stock)
Order CYPRINIFORMES Family SALMONmAE EN "' Albd
Family CYPRINIDAE Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Beloribitsa northwest, westem central)]
Carassius carassius (S)
Crucian Carp
EN '«'
CI
LR "" nt
Azerbaijan?, Kazakhstan, Russia Family SCOMBRIDAE
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Thunnus alalunga (C) (S)
and Herzegovina?, Bulgaria, Croatia, Order CYPRINODONTirORMES Albacore Tuna
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, (North Atlantic stock)
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Family POECILiroAE VU '" Albd
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poeciliopsis occidentalis sonorensis [Atlantic (eastern central, northeast,
Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands,
Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
VU " Ala+2bc, Bl+2c northwest, westem central)]
Mexico Thunnus alalunga (C) (S)
Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Albacore Tuna
Yugoslavia (South Atlantic stock)
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES
Cyprinus carpio (S) CR '" Albd
Wild Common Carp Family PEGASIDAE [Atlantic (Antarctic, southeast,
southwest)]
CR '»'
A2ce Eurypegasus draconis (S)
Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, VU '™ A2d Thunnus obesus (C) (S)
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Madagascar Bigeye Tuna
Yugoslavia [Indian Ocean (eastern, westem). (Pacific stock)
[R. Danube] Pacific (northwest, westem central)] EN "' Albd
236
Insects w
[Pacific (eastern central, northeast, Procambarus rogersi campestris Euploea algea schmeltzi
northwest, southeast, southwest, VU B1+2C
'
VU '" B1+2C
western central)] USA Western Samoa
Thunnus thynnus (C) (S) Procambarus rogersi expletus Euploea crameri albomaculata
Northern Bluefin Tuna CR Bl+2c
'
VU "" D2
(Western Atlantic stock) USA Indonesia
CR "' Albd
Procambarus rogersi ochlocknensis Euploea mulciber elwesii
[Atlantic (northwest, southwest,
western central)]
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
VU '»' B1+2C
USA Indonesia
Thunnus thynnus (C) (S)
Northern Bluefin Tuna Procambarus rogersi rogersi Euploea radamanthus schreiberi
(Eastern Atlantic stock)
VU Bl+2c, Dl
'
VU '" B1+2C
EN '" Albd USA Indonesia
Family CAMBARIDAE
Family COENAGRIONIDAE
Orconectes australis packardi Class INSECTA Coenagrion hylasfreyi
VU ' B1+2C
Frey's Damselfly
USA Order LEPIDOPTERA
CR '^ Bl+2c
Orconectes inermis testii
Family NYMPHALmAE Austria, Germany, Switzerland
VU ' B1+2C
USA Danaus affinis jimiensis Megalagrion amaurodytum peles
237
Subspecies and populations
I
Molluscs: snails
DD '"
French Polynesia
Glyptorhagada wilkawillina USA Partula taeniata nucleola
umbilicata
LR '" nt
Helminthoglypta stiversiana EW '"
USA
Family HELICmAE Monadenia mormonum buttoni
DD '" Mesodon clausus trossulus
Leptaxis erubescens portosancti USA Banded Mesodon
VU '" D2 DD '"
Monadenia mormonum hirsuta
USA
Portugal (Madeira)
DD '"
Tanzania
Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana DD '"
239
Subspecies and populations
T^enya. Tanzania
Gulella usagarica msambaa
DD '"
240
List?
241
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
242
Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA Class AMPHIBIA Order ATHERINIFORMES
Family SPHENODONTTOAE Order ANURA Family ATHERINIDAE
Sphenodon punctatus Chilatherina axelrodi
Cook Strait Tuatara Family HYLffiAE Axelrod's Rainbowfish
Litoria castanea
Craterocephalus kailolae
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
Order SAURIA Kailola's Hardyhead
Litoria dentata
Family GEKKONIDAE Glossolepis maculosus
Bleating Tree Frog
Spotted Rainbowfish
Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus Litoria lesueuri
Gold-striped Gecko Melanotaenia catherinae
Lesueur's Frog
Waigeo Rainbowfish
Hoplodactylus duvauceli Litoria verreauxii
Duvaucel's Gecko Melanotaenia iris
Whistling Tree Frog
Strickland Rainbowfish
Naultinus rudis
Melanotaenia maylandi
Rough Gecko Family HYPEROLiroAE
Mayland's Rainbowfish
Afrixalus aureus
Melanotaenia misoolensis
Family LACERXmAE Golden Dwarf Reed Frog
Misool Rainbowfish
Archaeolacerta monticola Melanotaenia papuae
Iberian Rock Lizard Family LEIOPELMATmAE Papuan Rainbowfish
Lacerta australis Leiopelma hochstetteri Pseudomugil connieae
Southern Rock Lizard Hochstetter's Frog Popondetta Blue-Eye
Pseudomugil furcatus
Family SCINCroAE Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE Forktail Blue-Eye
Cyclodina oliveri Paratelmatobius gaigeae Pseudomugil majusculus
Marbled Skink Cape Blue-Eye
Oligosoma notosaurus Family RANffiAE Rheocles alaotrensis
Southern Skink Katrana
Rana vertebralis
Water Frog Telmatherina bonti
Family VARANfflAE
Varanus flavescens Class ACTINOPTERYGH Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Yellow Monitor
Order CYPRINIFORMES Family APLOCHEILIDAE
Order SERPENTES Family CYPREVmAE Pachypanchax omalonotus
Chondrostoma wiltkommii Rivulus marmoratus
Family VIPERIDAE Rivulus
Discherodontus halei
Vipera raddei
Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
Armenian Viper
Leuciscus carolitertii
Family CYPRINGDONXroAE
Aphanius chantrei
Order TESTUDI>fES Dislisazancik Baligi
Family CATOSTOMIDAE
Cyprinodon atrorus
Family CHELIDAE Moxostoma atripinne
Perrito del Bolson
Emydura signata Blackfin Sucker
Cyprinodon bifasciatus
Brisbane Short-necked Turtle
Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas
Order SILURIFORMES Cyprinodon nazas
Family EMYDmAE Family MOCHOKmAE Cachorrito del Aguanaval
Mauremys annamensis Fundulus lima
Chiloglanis swierstrai
Annam Leaf Turtle Killifish
Lowveld Suckermouth
L 243
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
Hypseleotris aurea
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
Golden Gudgeon Family PAPBLIONDDAE Family ARIONIDAE
Mogurnda lineata Bhutanitis thaidina Geomalacus maculosus
Kokoda Mogurnda Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail
Mogurnda orientalis Ornithoptera paradisea
Eastern Mogurnda Paradise Birdwing
Family BULIMULroAE
Ratsirakia legendrei Papilio acheron
Napaeus pygmaeus
Papilio toboroi
Papilio weymeri
Class CRUSTACEA
Family CAMAENIDAE
Order ANOSTRACA Order ODONATA Amplirhagada elevata
244
1
Family CHAROPIDAE Family GEOMITRIDAE Family PUPILLIDAE
Semperdon heptaptychius Disculella maderensis Leiostyla fusca
Leiostyla vincta
Family CHONDREMIDAE Family HELICARIONIDAE
Pupilla pupula
Solatopupa guidoni Helicarion australis
Family STREPTAXIDAE
Family COCHLICOPmAE Family HELICELLIDAE
Gonospira funicula
Cochlicopa nitens Cymotheba Corsica
Gulella plantii
Hemicycla modesta
Family EUCONULIDAE
Hemicycla plicaria Family VITRINroAE
Ctenopkila salaziensis
Trissexodon constrictus Phenacolimax atlantica
245
Taxa removed from the 1996 Red List
stresemanni
Ottts spilocephalus Nerodia fasciata taeniata Class
Sumatran Scops-Owl Atlantic Saltmarsh Snake
CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
Nerodia harteri paucimaculata
Order CORACIIFORMES Concho Water Snake Order
246
J
Order SILURIFORMES Empetrichthys latos pahrump Mogurnda sp. 6
Pahrump Ranch Poolfish Malas Gudgeon
Family ICTALURIDAE
Mogurnda adspersa
Ictalurus sp.
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Purple Spotted Gudgeon
Bagre de Cuatro Cienegas
Family GASTEROSTEroAE
Family BAGRmAE Gasterosteus sp. 1 Family GOBimAE
Pseudobagrus sp. Giant Stickleback
Glossogobius sp. 1
247
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
248
i
Lacconectus laccophiloides Optioservus browni Chaetarthria utahensis
Lacconectus minutus Brown's Riffle Beetle Utah Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus muluensis Optioservus canus Cymbiodyta arizonica
Pinnacles Riffle Beetle Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus oceanicus
Optioservus phaeus Hydrochara rickseckeri
Lacconectus pulcher
Scott Riffle Beetle Ricksecker's Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus punctatus
Stenelmis calida calida Paracymus seclusus
Lacconectus punctipennis Devil's Hole Warm Spring Riffle Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle
Lacconectus ritsemae Beetle
249
Taxa removed from the 1996 Red List
Ataenius woodruffi
Womersleymeria sp.2 Family BEHNESGimAE
Woodruffs Dung Beetle
Dolania americana
Copris gopheri American Sand-burrowing Mayfly
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle Order DIPTERA
Cyclocephala miamiensis Family ACROCERroAE Family CAENmAE
Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle Eulonchus marialiciae Brachycercus flavus
Dynastes hercules glaseri Mary Alice's Small-headed Fly Yellow Mayfly
Dynastes hercules hercules
Hercules Beetle Family APIOCERIDAE Family EPHEMERELLmAE
Dynastes hercules reidi Raphiomydas triochilus Ceratella frisoni
Hercules Beetle Valley Mydas Fly Prison's Mayfly
Glaresis arenata Ceratella spiculosa
Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle Family ASILIDAE Spicluose Mayfly
Gronocarus multispinosus Cophura hurdi Ephemerella argo
Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle Antioch Robberfly Argo Mayfly
Lichnanthe albopilosa
Efferia antiochi
White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle Antioch Robberfly Family EPHEMERmAE
Lichnanthe ursina Metapogon hurdi Ephemera compar
Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle Colorado Burrowing Mayfly
Hurd's Robberfly
Mycotrupes pedester Ephemera triplex
Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab ASTEIIDAE West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly
Family
Beetle
Bryania bipunctata
Onthophagus polyphemi Family HEPTAGENIIDAE
Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly
Commensal Scarab Beetle
Tortoise
Pseudirion meridionalis
Oryctes chevrolati
Family EMPromAE Meridion Blackwater Mayfly
Peltotrupes youngi
Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle
Chersodromia hawaiiensis
Hawaiian Dance Fly
Family OLIGONEURIIDAE
Polylamina pubescens Homoeoneuria cahabensis
Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly
Family EPHYDRIDAE
Polyphylla anteronivea Homoeoneuria dolani
Paracoenia calida
Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly
Wilber Springs Shore Fly
Polyphylla avittata
Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab Family SIPHLONURIDAE
Family MYCETOPHILroAE
Polyphylla barbata Ameletus falsus
Barbate Scarab Beetle Arachnocampa tasmaniensis
False Mayfly
Polyphylla nubila Isonychia diversa
Atascodera Scarab Beetle Family SYRPHmAE
Diverse Mayfly
Serica frosti Mixogaster delongi
Frost's Spring Scarab Beetle Delong's Flower Fly
Order HEMIPTERA
Serica tantula
Tantula Scarab Beetle Family TABANIDAE Family BELOSTOMAXroAE
Trigonopelastes floridana Apatalestea rossi Belostoma saratogae
Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle Ross's Apatalestes Tabanid Fly Saratoga Springs Bug
250
Family LYGAEIDAE Nesidiolestes selium Family TETTIGARCXroAE
Metrarga obscura Selium Wingless Thread Bug
Tettigarcta tormentosa
Mauna Loa Seed Bug Siacella smithi
Neseis alternatus
Smith's Reduviid Bug
Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug Order HYMENOPTERA
Neseis haleakalae
Family RHOPALmAE Family ANDRENIDAE
Mount Haleakala Seed Bug Ithamar annectans
Perdita hirticeps luteocincta
Annectans Bug
Nesocryptias villosa Yellow Banded Andrenid Bee
Villosan Flightless Seed Bug Ithamar hawaiiensis
Hawaiian Bug Perdita scitula antiochensis
Nysius frigatensis Antioch Andrenid Bee
French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug
Nysius neckerensis
Order HOMOPTERA Family BETHYLIDAE
Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug Family APHIDmAE Sclerodermus nihoaensis
Nysius nihoae Ceriferella leucopogonis Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp
Nihoae Seed Bug
Nysius sulfusus Family CICADELLIDAE Family EUPELMIDAE
Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug
Felexamia rubranura Eupelmus nihoaensis
Oceanides bryani Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp
Bryan's Seed Bug
Oceanides perkensi Family CICADIDAE Family MUTILLffiAE
Perkin's Oceanides Seed Bug
Maoricicada myersi
Myrmosula pacifica
Oceanides rugosiceps Myers' Cicada
Antioch Mutillid Wasp
Rough-headed Seed Bug
Family CIXimAE
Family MACROVELimAE Oliarus consimilis
Family SPHECIDAE
Oravelia pege Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper Deinomimesa hawaiiensis
Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug Oliarus discrepans
Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp
Wild Cotton Planthopper Deinomimesa punae
Family MESOVELIIDAE Oliarus lanaiensis Puna Sphecid Wasp
Lanai Planthopper Ectemnius curtipes
Cavaticovelia aaa
Aaa Water Treader-Bug Oliarus lihue Short-foot Sphecid Wasp
Lihue Planthopper Ectemnius fulvicrus
Oliarus myoporicola Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp
Family MIRIDAE
Barber's Point Planthopper Ectemnius giffardi
Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae
Giffard's Sphecid Wasp
Mirid Leaf Bug
Family DELPHACmAE Ectemnius haleakalae
Kalania hawaiiensis
Nesorestias filicicola Haleakala Sphecid Wasp
Lanai Leaf Bug
Mt Tantalus Shortwing Fern Ectemnius nesocrabo bidecoratus
Planthopper Bidecoratus Sphecid Wasp
Family NAUCORIDAE Nesosydne acuta Eucerceris ruficeps
Ambrysus amargosus lao Valley Planthopper Redheaded Sphecid Wasp
Ash Meadows Bug Nesosydne bridwelli Nesomimesa kauaiensis
Pelocoris shoshone Bridewell's Planthopper
Wasp
Kauai Sphecid
Amargosa Bug Nesosydne cyrtandrae Nesomimesa perkins
Nahiku Planthopper
Family REDUViroAE Nesomimesa sciopteryx
Nesosydne cyrtandricola
Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp
Empicoris pulchrus Glenwood Planthopper
Philanthus nasalis
Pulchrus Thread Bug Nesosydne kuschei
Antioch Sphecid Wasp
Nesidiolestes ana Kusche's Planthopper
Ana Wingless Thread Bug Nesosydne leahi
Diamond Head Planthopper Family VESPTOAE
Nesidiolestes insularis
Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Nesosydne longipes Odynerus niihauensis
Bug Long-footed Planthopper Niihau Vespid Wasp
Nesidiolestes roberti Nesosydne sulcata Odynerus soror
Robert's Wingless Thread Bug Keanae Planthopper Soror Vespid Wasp
251
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
252
Family NOCTUTOAE Hypolimnas antevorta Troides aeacus kaguya
Catocala marmorata Hypolimnas dubius drucei
Marbled Underwing Moth Neptis manasa
Family PIERTOAE
Catocala pretiosa Pale Hockeystick Sailer Artogeia virginiensis
Precious Underwing Moth West Virginia White
Phalanta philiberti
Erythroecia hebardi Belenois orgygia
Neptis nycteas
Hebard's Noctuid Moth Euchloe hyantis andrewsi
Neptis sankara nar
Lithophane lemmeri Andrew's Marble Butterfly
Phyciodes batesi
Lemmer's Noctuid Moth Mylothris carcassoni
Tawny Crescent Butterfly
Pyreferra ceromatica Pieris krueperi devta
Salamis angustina
Ceromatic Noctuid Moth
Salamis Retrecie
Family PYRALIDAE
Salamis angustina angustina
Family NYMPHALIDAE Kupea electilis
Salamis Retrecie
Anaeafloridalis Margaronia cyanomichla
Salamis angustina vinsoni
Florida Leafwing Blue Margaronian
Sasakia charonda
Antanartia borbonica Margaronia exaula
Satyrodes eurydice fumosa
Antanartia borbonica mauritiana Green Margaronian
Smokey Eyed Brown Butterfly
Apaturopsis kilusa Oeoblia dryadopa
Smerina manoro Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth
Apaturopsis pauliani
Speyeria adiaste atossa
Charaxes cowani Atossa Family RIODINIDAE
Charaxes druceanus entabeni Speyeria callippe callippe
Silver Barred Charaxes
Apodemia mormo langei
Callippe Silverspot
Lange's Metalmark
Charaxes druceanus williamsi Speyeria hydaspe conquista
Charaxes durnfordi nicholi Silverspot
Family SATYRIDAE
Chestnut Rajah Speyeria idalia
Cercyonis sthenele sthenele
Charaxes karkloof capensis Regal Fritillary
Sthenele Wood Nymph
Charaxes marieps Speyeria nokomis caerulescens
Erebia annada annada
Charaxes usambarae Blue Silverspot
Erebia gorgone
Charaxes xiphares desmondi Speyeria nokomis nokomis Gavamie Ringlet
Great Basin Silverspot
Charaxes xiphares xiphares Erebia narasingha narasingha
Western Forest Emperor Speyeria zerene behrensii
Erebia ottomana
Behren's Silverspot
Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda Ottoman Brassy Ringlet
Battling Glider Speyeria zerene hippolyta
Erebia scipio
Oregon Silverspot
Cymothoe amaniensis Larche Ringlet
Speyeria zerene myrtleae
Cymothoe aurivillii Erebia sthennyo
Myrtle's Fritillary
Cymothoe magambae False Dewy Ringlet
253
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
Ochrotrichia alsea
Order MECOPTERA Family LEUCTRIDAE Alsea Micro Caddisfly
Family APTEROPANORPIDAE Leuctra szczytkoi Ochrotrichia contorta
Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly Contorted Micro Caddisfly
Apteropanorpa tasmanica
Ochrotrichia phenosa
Order NEUROPTERA Family NEMGURmAE Deschutes Micro Caddisfly
Lednia tumana Ochrotrichia provosti
Family HEMEROBimAE Meltwater Stonefly Provost's Micro Caddisfly
Nesothauma halakalae Nemours wahkeena Ochrotrichia vertreesi
Haleakala Spongillafly Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly Vertree's Micro Caddisfly
Pseudopsectra cookeorum Oxyethira florida
Cooke's Spongillafly Family NOTONEMOURIDAE Florida Micro Caddisfly
Pseudopsectra lobipennis Kimminsoperla biloba
Lobe-wing Spongillafly Family KOKIRIIDAE
Kimminsoperla williamsi
Pseudopsectra swezeyi Taskiria mccubbini
Swezey's Spongillafly
Family PELTOPERLmAE Taskropsyche lacustris
Pseudopsectra usingeri
Soliperlafenderi
Usinger's Spongillafly
Fender's Stonefly Family LEPIDOSTOMATroAE
Lepidostoma fischeri
Family ITHONIDAE Family PERLIDAE Fischer's Caddisfly
Oliarces clara Beloneuria georgiana Lepidostotna goedeni
Georgia Stonefly Goeden's Caddisfly
Family MYRMELEONTIDAE Beloneuria jamesae
Eidoleon perjurus Cheaha Stonefly Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Molokai Antlion Hansonoperla appalachia Ceraclea floridana
Hanson's Appalachian Stonefly Florida Longhom Caddisfly
Order ORTHOPTERA Ceraclea vertreesi
Family TAENIOPTERYGroAE Vertree's Caddisfly
Family ACRmiDAE
Taeniopteryx starki Oecetis parva
Podismopsis transsylvanica Leon River Stonefly Little Longhom Caddisfly
254
Westriplectes pedderensis Rhyacophila haddocki Carunculina pullus
Haddock's Caddisfly Savannah Lilliput
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE Rhyacophila lineata Dysnomia brevidens
Castle Crags Caddisfly Cumberlandian Combshell
Apatania tavala
Cascades Caddisfly Rhyacophila mosana Dysnomia capsaeformis
Bilobed Caddisfly Oyster Mussel
Archaeophylax vernalis
Rhyacophila spinata Dysnomia Jlorentina curtisi
Cryptochia excella
Spiny Caddisfly Curtis Pearlymussel
Kings Canyon Caddisfly
Rhyacophila unipunctata Dysnomia Jlorentina florentina
Cryptochia neosa
One-spot Caddisfly Yellow-blossom
Blue Mountains Caddisfly
Dysnomia florentina walkeri
Ecclisomyia bilera
Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE Tan Riffleshell
King's Creek Caddisfly
Agarodes ziczac Dysnomia metastriata
Farula davisi
Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly Upland Combshell
Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly
Dysnomia obliquata obliquata
Farulajewetti
Family STENOPSYCHIDAE Catspaw
Mount Hood Caddisfly
Stenopsychodes lineata Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua
Farula reaperi
White Catspaw
Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly
Glyphopsyche missouri
Order ZORAPTERA Dysnomia othcaloogensis
Southern Acomshell
Missouri Caddisfly Family ZOROT'iTIDAE
Dysnomia penita
Limnephilus alconura Zorolypus swezeyi Southern Combshell
Kiamath Caddisfly Swezey's Zoroapteran
Dysnomia torulosa gubemaculum
Limnephilus atercus
Green-blossom
Fort Dick Caddisfly Class ONYCHOPHORA Dysnomia torulosa rangiana
Neothramma andersoni Northern Riffleshell
Colombian Gorge Caddisfly Order ONYCHOPHORA
Dysnomia torulosa torulosa
Oligophlebodes mostbento Family PERIPATOPSmAE Tubercled-blossom
Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes
Tasmanipatus barretti Dysnomia triquetra
Philocasca oron Snuffbox
Clatsop Caddisfly
Class BIVALVIA Dysnomia turgidula
Turgid-blossom
Family ODONTOCERIDAE Order UNIONOmA Elliptio jayensis
Psilotreta hansoni Family HYRIIDAE Flat Spike
b 255
Taxa removed from the 1 996 Red List
Pisidium sanguinichristi
Phrantela marginata Family HYGROMiroAE
Pseudotricula eberhardi Trochoidea spratti
Pisidium ultramontanum
Montane Peaclam Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
Socorro Snail Family ORTHALICIDAE
Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe Bothriembryon angasianus
Class GASTROPODA Royal Marstonia Bothriembryon tasmanicus
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Nanocochlea parva
Class TURBELLARIA
Family PLANORBIDAE Family PUPINIDAE
Helisomajacksonetise
Order TRICLADIDA
Pupina coxeni
Jackson Lake Snail Family KENKIIDAE
Pupina pfeifferi
Kenkia rkynchida
Order Malheur Cave Planarian
Order MESOGASTROPODA
STYLOMMATOPHORA Sphalloplana holsingeri
Family ASSIMINEmAE Holsinger's Groundwater Planarian
Family CAMAENIDAE
Omphalotropis exquisita Sphalloplana subtilis
Amplirhagada novella Biggers' Groundwater Planarian
Omphalotropis innesi
Turgenitubulus christenseni
256
1 5 1
Index
abstrusus, Prosciurillus 22
ACRAEIDAE 252 adelaidensis, Tiliqua 61
acraeina, Erikssonia 102 Adelocosa 88
aburri, Aburria 149
Acrantophis 61 Adelopoma 114
Aburria 149
ACRIDIDAE 108, 133, 187,254 Adelotus 167
abyssicola, Bathyraja 201
Acridotheres 164 Adelphicos 61
abyssinica, Genetta 195
257
3
Psammochromis
aelocephalus, 85 agassizi, Salvelinus 183 alalunga, Thunnus 236
aemonae, Pseudocandona 98 agassizii, Gopherus 65 Alamoo, Oopu 206
aemula, Pillomena 174 Agathothoma 213 alamosae, Tryonia 212
aenea. Murina 1 38 Agelaius 56 a/an/, Cyclodirm 60
aenea, Rana 201 Agelastes 34 alaotrensis, Rheocles 243
aeneus, Aneides 67 1 agi/iX y4mazona 39 alaschanicus, Phoenicurus 160
aenigma, Hemitriccus 156 Gracilinanus 135
flgi/;.?, Alasmidonta 1 10, 209, 255
/te/jjiceroj 130,227 Hylobates 140
agi'/ij, a/ato, Diplommatina 210
Aepyomis 179 Aglaeactis 43 a/ara, Taheitia 212
AEPYORNITHIDAE 179 Aglaodiaptomus 91 Alauahio, Maui 163
Aepypodius 34 Aglymbus 248 Alauahio, Oahu 56
aequalorialis, Pithecia 241 agnella, Kerivoula 12 Alauda 47
aequatorianus, Molossops 13 agnewi, Roblinella 174 ALAUDIDAE 47, 157
aequipinnulus, Danio 202 agnus, Rhithrodytes 99 a/ia, Cacatua 40
Aeretes 142 Agonum 248 a//)a, Geocrinia 67
aero, Pipistrellus 194 agostinhoi, Oxychilus 128 a//)a, Peripatopsis 109
aerosa. Kerivoula 194 Agouti 145 a/6a, Tirumala 208
aerosus, Melomys 144 AGOUTIDAE 145 albanicus, Barbus 202
aesacus, Omithoptera 105 Agriades 102 albanyensis, Elimia 117
Aeschrithmysus 248 agricola, Pantinonemertes 217 albata, Palaina 210
Aeschrithmysus 248 Agriocharis 149 albata, Parantica 171
/lei/zna 105, 106, 171 agrioides, Amphipteryx 106 Albatross, Amsterdam 30
AESHNIDAE 171,237
105, AGRIOLIMACIDAE 121, 173 Albatross, Buller's 146
aesiodora, Dirce 252 Agriomis 47 Albatross, Grey-headed 146
aestiputeus, Cambusia 205 Agrotis 186 Albatross, Royal 146
Aelhalops 136 Aguanaval, Cachorrito del 243 Albatross, Short-tailed 29
aethesa, Arawacus 102 aguirrepequenoi, Notropis 73 Albatross, Sooty 146
aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phacochoerus ahenea. Elliptio 172 Albatross, Wandering 30
226 aheneus, Leiopotherapon 168 Albatross, Waved 146
aethiopicus delameri, Phacochoerus ailakeloae, Hedleyoconcha 123 albatrus, Diomedea 29
258
1 3 1 1
259
1 1 1
260
3 7 8 1 7 8
261
6 1
262
J
1 6 1 8
263
2 4 7 1 9
Ass, Syrian Wild 225 a?ra, Pyriglena 46 auratus barrowensis, Isoodon 219
assamensis, Macaco 15 arra, Tijuca 156
auratus, Isoodon 4
assimilis, Onychogomphus 107 Atractelmis 249 auratus, Mesocricetus 25
Assiminea, Pecos 114 atramentaria, Victaphanta 175 auratus, Trachypithecus 15
Assiminea 114, 210 atrata, Dorcopsis 4 aurea, Diplommatirui 210
ASSI1V1INEIDAE 114, 187,210,256 atrata, Emballonura 10 aurea, Hypseleotris 244
ASTACIDAE 93 atrata, Pteralopex 9 aurea, Litoria 166
Astacoides 95, 208 atratulus, Anergates 99 aurea, Tominanga 79
Astacopsis 95 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 236 aureocincta, Bangsia 54
astacus, Astacus 93 atricapilla, Heteronetta 147
aureodorsalis, Buthraupis 54
y4irac«.s 93 atricapiUus, Vireo 56 aureola,Mandarina 214
Astalotilapia 84, 184 atriceps. Carduelis 163 aureonucha, Ploceus 57
ASTEIIDAE 250 atriceps, Echiopsis 62 aureospinula, Podogymnura 6
asthenes, Aphaoslracon 1 1
Atrichornis 47 aureus, Afrixalus 243
Asthcnes 45, 155 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 47 aureus, Arctocebus 139
asticla, Mecistogaster 108 Atrichotoxon 215 aureus, Euplectes 164
Astraea 1 1 atrifrons, Odontophorus 149 aureus, Hapalemur 14
Astrapia, Arfak 164 atrimaxillaris, Habia 55 aureus, Poecilmitis 170
Aslrapia, Ribbon-tailed 58 atripinne, Moxostoma lATi
aureus, Somatogyrus 211
Astrapia 58, 164 atrocaerulea, Hirundo 48 aureus, Teinopalpus 208
astrifer, Sanopus 78 atrocaudata, Terpsiphone 160 auricapilla, Aratinga 40
ajlur, Eutriorchis 33 atrogutaris, Arborophila 149 auriceps, Cyanoramphus 152
asturiensis, Cryptosaccus 174 atrogularis, Clytoclantes 198 auricularia, Margaritifera 110
astuta, Amplirhagada 121 Atrophaneura 105,208 auricularis, Pujfmus 30
A,rfyanaAr 236 atropos, Atrophaneura 105
auriculata, Partula 190
264
1 1 5
265
3 1 1 1 9
266
1 59
Bat, Short-palate Fruit 136 Bear, Mexican Grizzly 224 Beetle Fig Seed Diving 248
Bat, Silvery Fruit 193 Bear, Polar 129 Beetle Folkert's Diving 248
Bat, Small-toothed Fruit Bear, Sloth 18 Beetle Ford's 250
Bat, Sucker-footed 1 Bear, Spectacled 18 Beetle Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid
Bat, Sulawesi Fruit 136 Bear, Sun 195 99
Bat, Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit 136 beatrix, Chalinolobus 137 Beetle. Frost's Spring Scarab 250
Bat, Swift Fruit 136 beatus, Crocidura 6 Beetle Gammon's Riffle 99
Bat, Talaud Fruit 8 beauforti,Dobsonia 8 Beetle. Ghost Walker 248
Bat, Townsend's Big-eared 13 beaumonti, Hemistoma 116 Beetle Giuliani's Dune Scarab 99
Bat, Western Naked-backed Fruits Beaver, Admiralty Island 231 Beetle. Giuliani's Riffle 249
Bat, Wroughton's Free-tailed 13 Beaver, Broad-tail 245 Beetle Globose Dune 99
Batagur 64 Beaver, Eurasian 142 Beetle. Greenest Tiger 248
batchi, Cambarus 93 Beaver, Mongolian 245 Beetle Hardy's Scarab 249
batesi, Neotragus 141 Beaver, Point Arena Mountain 230 Beetle Hercules 250
batesi, Phyciodes 253 Beaver, Point Reyes Mountain 230 Beetle Hermit 99
batesi, Ploceus 57 Beaver, Rio Grande 245 Beetle. Hopping's Blister 249
batesi, Prionomys 144 Bebrornis 50 Beetle Hungerford's Crawling Water249
Bathanalia 119 Becard, Slaty 156 Beetle Idaho Dunes Tiger 248
Balhmocercus 50 beccarii, Cochoa 50 Beetle. Indiana Minute Moss 249
Beetle. Kauai Flightless Stag 249
BATHYERGIDAE 145 beccarii, Crocidura 6
Bathyergus 145 bechsteini, Myotis 12 Beetle Kelso Dune Scarab 250
Beetle Large Scarab 249
Bathygobius 206 Pterodroma 30
becki,
Beetle Leech's Skyline Diving248
Bathyraja 201 Beckianum 175
Beetle Leech's Water Scavenger249
bathysciodes, Glacicavicola 99 beddardi, Bassaricyon 140
Beetle Little Riffle 249
Batillaria 210 Beddomeia 114, 115, 188,256
Beetle Los Olmos Tiger 248
BATILLARIDAE 210 bedfordi, Proedromys 144
Beetle Marron's San Carlos Riffle249
Batis, Gabon 198 bedfordi, Terpsiphone 160
Beetle Maureen's Minute Moss249
Batis 198 bednalli, Sinumelon 122
Beetle Maureen's Moss 249
Batomys 197, 242 Bedot.a 204
Beetle Miami Roundhead Scarab 250
batrachocephalus, Mesogobius 206 Bee, Anlioch Andrenid 251
Beetle Moapa Warm Springs Riffle249
Batrachoides 78 Bee, Wallace's Giant 208
Beetle Moestan Blister 249
BATRACHOIDIDAE 78 Bee, Yellow Banded Andrenid 251
Beetle Mojave Desert Blister 249
BATRACHOIDIFORMES 78 beeri. Acne us 249
Beetle Mojave Rabbitbrush Longhorn
Batrachophrynus 67 Beetle, Caracara Commensal Scarab250
248
Batrachoseps 68 Beetle, American Burying 99
Beetle Molestan Blister 249
Batrachostomus 153, 198 Beetle, Animas Minute Moss 249
Beetle Mono Lake Diving 185
Batrachuperus 68 Beetle, Anthony Blister 249
Beetle Morrison's Blister 249
battoides comslocki, Euphilotes 252 Beetle, Antioch Dunes 248 Beetle Narrow-foot Diving 248
Battus 105 Beetle, Archbold Scarab 250 Beetle Neojuvenile Tiger 248
batty i, Leptotila 151 Beetle, Arizona Water Penny 249 Beetle North-eastern Beach Tiger248
Beetle, Arizona Water Scavenger 249
baudii. Pitta 156 Beetle Oblivious Tiger 248
Beetle, Atascodera Scarab 250 Beetle Ocala Burrowing Scarab 250
Baudinella 173
Beetle, Barbate Scarab 250 Beetle Pacific Sand Bear Scarab 250
baudinensis, Baudinella 173
Beetle, Beer's False Water Penny249 Beetle Parker's Riffle 249
baudinianus, Dromaius 179
Beetle, Beller's Ground 248
baudinii, Calyptorhynchus 40 Beetle Perrin's Cave 185
Beetle, Big Pine Key Dung 250 Beetle Piko Anobiid 248
baumanni, Phyllastrephus 157
Beetle, Blind Cave 99 Beetle Pinnacles Riffle 249
baunti, Coregonus 204
Beetle, Blue Ground 169 Beetle Puritan Tiger 98
bavarica, Bythinella 1 1
Beetle, Bog Idol Leaf 248 Beetle, Red Hills Unique Whirligig249
bavaricus, Microtus 178
Beetle, Brown's Riffle 249 Beetle, Ricksecker's Water Scavenger
Bavispe, Matalote del 75
Beetle, Brownish Riffle 249 249
Bay-owl, Congo 42
Beetle, Burnell's False Water Penny249 Beetle,Robust Riffle 249
Bayadera 238 Beetle, Cazier's Tiger 248 Beetle,Rude's Longhorn 248
bayleyi, Dendrocitta 164
Beetle, Ciervo Scarab 99 Beetle Sacramento 98
bayoni, Prognathochromis 184 Beetle, Cobblestone Tiger 169 Beetle San Joaquin Dune 99
bayoni, Xystichromis 1 85 Beetle, Columbia River Tiger 98 Beetle Schaum's Blue Ridge Ground248
Baza, Jerdon's 148 Beetle, Coral Pink Dunes Tiger 248 Beetle. Scott Riffle 249
Bdeogale 16,224 Beetle, Cresent Dune Scarab 99 Beetle. Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab
beadlei, Paralabidochrumis 85 Beetle, Curved-foot Diving 248 250
beadleianum, Pleurobema ill Beetle, Death Valley Agabus Diving248 Beetle Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab 250
bealei, Sacalia 64 Beetle, Delta Green Ground 98 Beetle Seclusive Water Scavenger249
Beamy s 23, 143 Beetle, Devil's Hole Warm Spring Riffle Beetle Six-banded Longhorn 248
Bean, Choctaw 256 249 Beetle Smyth's Tiger 248
Bean, Cumberland 256 Beetle, Disjunct Crawling Water249 Beetle Spangler's Diving 248
Bean, Purple 256 Beetle, Dohrn's Elegant Eucnemid249 Beetle. Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab250
Bean, Rayed 256 Beetle, Douglas Riffle 249 Beetle. Stark's False Water Penny249
Bear, Asiatic Black 18 Beetle, Elusive Diving 248 Beetle Stephan's Riffle 249
Bear, Baluchistan 224 Beetle, Exiguous Scarab 250 Beetle. Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger248
267
1 3 1 1
Beetle, Sulphur Springs Diving 248 benneti, Meridolum 122 biangulatus, Samatogyrus 21
Beetle, Sylvan Diving 248 bennelti, Casuarius 146 Biotas 45
Beetle, Tantula Scarab 250 bennetti, Cazella 130 bibikoffi, Myrmica 101
Beetle, Texas Cave 248 bennettianus, Dendrolagus 135 Bibimys 143
Beetle, Texas Minute Moss 249 bennettii, Cynogale 18 bibrani, Pelachelys 66
Beetle, Tibial Scarab 250 benschi. Manias 35 bibranii, Pseudaphryne 167
Beetle, Tiger 248 bensoni. 'Lophopsittacus' 180 bicarinata, Archachalina 121
Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground 248 bensoni, Pseudocossyphus 52 bicarinata, Bythinella 115
Beetle, Tortoise Commensal Scarab 250 Benthophiloides 206 bicarinata, Discula 124
Beetle, Travertine Band-thigh Diving248 beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 73 bicarinatus, Lanistes 1 1
Beetle, Utah Diving 248 Berardius 130 bicolor bicolor, Saguinus 221
Beetle, Utah Minute Moss 249 berezovskii, Moschus 141 bicalar ssp., Gila 246
Beetle, Utah Water Scavenger 249 bergeri, Homopus 65 bicolor, Carelia 189
Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn248 bergi, Gymnocharacinus 75 bicolor, Caracina 157
Beetle, Variegated False Water Penny249 Hemicycla 174 bicolor, Epalzeorhynchos 183
berkeleyi,
Beetle, Warm Spring Riffle 249 berlandieri, Gopherus 243 bicolor, Macropleurodus 85
Beetle, Wawawona Riffle 249 berlepschi, Acestrura 43 bicolor, Rhyacamis 52
Beetle. White Mountains Water Penny
berlepschi, Asthenes 45 bicolor, Trichastama 160
249
berlepschi, Dacnis 54 bicancava, Hirasea 214
Beetle, White Sand Bear Scarab 250
berlepschi, Thripophaga 155 biconica, Trichia 215
Beetle, Wilbur Springs Minute Moss249
Bermudalana 97 bicornis, Diceras 19
Beetle, Wing-shoulder Minute Moss249
Bermudamysis 97 bicamis, Womersleymeria 250
Beetle, Woodruffs Dung 250
bermudensis, Bogidiella 89 biddulphi, Podoces 58
Beetle, Woody Gulf Dune Scarab 250
bermudensis, Currassanthura 96 bidenalus, Muscacyclops 132
Beetle, Woolly Diving 248
behnii, Micronycteris 1
bermudensis, Spelaeoecia 96 bidens, Mesoplodon 196
bermudensis, Speleoithona 92 bidens, Rousettus 136
BEHNINGIIDAE 250
beldingi, Geothlypis 55 berrmrdi, Epimyrma 100 bidens, Sturnira 137
BELONIFORMES 80, 168, 205, 243 betsileaensis, Astacoides 208 Bighorn, Nelson's 229
Belontia 132 betsileoensis, Brachyuramys 143 Bighorn, Rimrock 229
BELONTIIDAE 88, 132 Betta 88 bikolanus, Redigobius 169
Beloribitsa 236 Bettong, Brush-tailed 219 bilamellata, Helenodiscus 189
Belostoma 250 Bettong, Burrowing 219 Bilby 4
BELOSTOMATIDAE 250 Bettong, Eastern 219 Bilby, Lesser 177
belphegor, Nirodia 103 Bettong, Northern 4 bilensis, Gerbillus 24
268
3 1 5
1
269
3 3 1 1
270
1 8 1 1 1
bridwelli, Nesilhmysus 248 brunneus, Dromaeocercus 158 Bug, Robert's Wingless Thread251
bridwelli, Nesosydne 251 brunneus, Eptesicus 138 Bug, Rough-headed Seed 251
Brilliant, Pink-throated 153 brunneus, Paradoxornis 160 Bug, Saratoga Springs 250
Bristle-tyrant, Antioquia47 brunneus, Pteropus 177 Bug, Selium Wingless Thread 251
Bristle-tyrant, Southern 156 brunneus, Spcirops 53 Bug, Smith's Reduviid 251
Bristle-tyrant, Venezuelan 156 brunneus, Spermophilus 22 Bug, Villosan Flightless Seed 251
Bristlebill, Green-tailed 48 brunnipennis floridana, Photuris 249 buhleri, Coryphomys 178
Bristlebird, Eastern 50 brunnotesselata, Trigonoscuta 248 bulbicercus, Nanodectes 109
Bristlebird, Rufous 50 brunus, Hydromantes 68 Bulbul, Blue-wattled 198
Bristlebird, Western 50 Brush-finch, Dusky-headed 162 Bulbul, Grey-headed 157
Bristlefront, Slaty 155 Brush-finch, Pale-headed 54 Bulbul, Hook-billed 157
Bristlefront, Stresemann's46 Brush-finch, Rufous-eared 162 Bulbul, Mauritius 48
Bristlehead, Bornean 157 Brush-finch. White-riinmed 162 Bulbul, Nicobar 48
Bristletail, Hawaiian Long-palp254 Brush-finch, Yellow-headed 54 Bulbul, Spot-necked 48
Bristletail, Perkin's Club-palp254 Brush-turkey, Bruijn's34 Bulbul, Straw-headed 48
broadbenti, Dasyornis 50 Brush-warbler, Moheli 159 Bulbul, Streak-breasted 48
broadbenti, Peroryctes 193 bryani, Oceanides 251 Bulbul, Styan's 157
Broadbill, African Green 45 Bulbul, Yellow-eared 157
bryani, Rhyncogonus 185
Broadbill, Wattled 45 Bulbul, Yellow-throated 157
Bryania 250
broadleyi, Pelusios 65 Bulbul, Yellowish 157
bryantae, Philodice 153
brochus, Syntheosciurus 142 bryanti, Neotoma bulenta. Problems 252
25
brocki, Vampyressa bulgardaghica, Vipera 62
1
Brychius 249
bromeliarum, Aglymbus 248 Bulha, Mojarra de 236
Bubalus 20
bubalis,
Bronze-cuckoo, Green-cheeked 198 bulimoides rosea, Achatinella 238
Bubalus 20
Bronzewing, Flock 151 bulimoides, Achatinella 120
Bufco 42, 152
Bronzewing, New Britain 151 bubulum, Cristilabrum 121
BULIMULIDAE 121,133,239,244
Bronzewing, New Guinea 151 buccinator, Cygnus 147
Bulimulus 126,215
brookei, Sundasciurus 142 Bulinus 113, 173
BUCCINIDAE 173,213
Brookesia 59 bulla, Ningbingia 122
Bucco 154
brooksi tearei, Poecilmitis 252 bullaris, Tylomys 27
BUCCONIDAE 154
brooksi, Delanymys 242 bullata, Allactaga 142
buccula, Notropis 73
Brotogeris 152 bullatus, Peromyscus 26
bucculentus, Sus 178
Brotomys 178 bulleri, Diomedea 146
Buceros 154
broughami, Cupedora 173 bulleri, Puffinus 146
BUCEROTIDAE 44, 154
Brown, Dickson's 253 Bullfinch, Orange 163
bucharicus, Blanfordimys 143
Brown-dove, Dark-eared 39 Bullfinch, White-cheeked 163
buckleyi, Micrastur 242
brownae, Astatotilapia 84 bullocki, Brachygalaxias 204
buddii, Achatinella 188
browni, Bulinus 173 bullocki, Telmatobufo 201
Budorcas 21,227
browni, Microcylloepus 249 Bullockia 204
buergersi, Erythrotriorchis 198
browni, Monarcha 159 Bully, Tarndale 87
Buettikoferella 158
browni, Optioservus 249 bulmerae, Aproteles 8
buettikoferi, Epomops 8
brownii, Geocapromys 28 bulolo, Chilatherina 204
buettikoferi, Nectarinia 242
brownii, Thylogale 4 bulweri, Discula 124
buettneri, Leimacomys 24
brucei, Campellolebias 79
bulweri, Lophura 35
Buffalo, African 131
bruchi, Oxyepoecus 101 bungaroides, Hoplocephalus 62
Buffalo, Wild Water 20
bruijni, Pogonomelomys 26 Bungu, Peso 87
Buffetia 125
bunkeri, Neotoma 25
bruijni, Zaglossus 3 B«/o 66, 166, 201
bunnii, Nesokia 144
bruijnii, Aepypodius 34 BUFONIDAE 66, 166, 201
bruijnii, Epimachus 164
Bunolagus 28
Bug, Amargosa 251
brumbacki. Actus 14
Bunomys 23, 143
Bug, Ana Wingless Thread 25
Bunting, Cinereous 162
brumbyi, Pleurocera 1 1 Bug, Annectans 251
Bunting, Gough 55
bruneauensis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Bug, Ash Meadows 251
Bunting, Grosbeak 55
brunei, Tryonia 212 Bug, Bryan's Seed 251
Bunting, Ochre-rumped 162
brunii, Thylogale 4 Bug, Dry Creek Cliff Strider 251
Bunting, Rose-bellied 162
brunnea, Hyaena 241 Bug, French Frigate Shoal Seed 251
Bunting, Rufous-backed 54
brunnea, Merycomyia 250 Bug, Hawaiian 251
Bunting, Slaty 162
brunneata, Rhinomyias 52 Bug, Kauai Band-legged Seed 251
Bunting, Socotra 55
brunneicapilla, Aplonis 57 Bug, Lanai Leaf 251
Bunting, Tibetan 162
brunnescens, Dubiraphia 249 Bug, Mauna Loa Seed 251
Bunting, Tristan 55
brunnescens, Macaca 15 Bug, Mirid Leaf 251
Bunting, Yellow 55
brunneus brunneus, Chlorogomphus Bug, Mount Haleakala Seed 251
Buntingi 80
238 Bug, Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread
Buntingi, Black 80
251
brunneus brunneus, Spermophilus 23 Buntingi, Duck-billed 80
Bug, Necker Bunchgrass Seed 251
brunneus endemicus, Spermophilus 23 Buntingi, Egg-carrying 81
Bug, Necker Goosefoot Seed 251
brunneus keramensis, Chlorogomphus Buntingi, Popta's 81
Bug, Nihoae Seed 251
238 BUPRESTIDAE 98
Bug, Perkin's Oceanides Seed 251
brunneus, Chalepoxenus 100 Buprestis 98
Bug, Pulchrus Thread 251
271
buraensis, Thapsia 125 Bustard, Great 37 Caddisfly, Contorted Micro 254
burbidgei, Petrogale 135 Bustard, Great Indian 37 Caddisfly, Denning's 254
burchellanus. Parides 171 Bustard, Houbara 242 Caddisfly, Deschutes Micro 254
burchelli, Aplothorax 248 Bustard, Little 150 Caddisfly, Fender's 255
burchelli, Pseudobarbus 73 Bustard, Little Brown 150 Caddisfly, Fischer's 254
burdigala. Betta 88 Bustard, Nubian 150 Caddisfly, Florida Longhorn254
burduricus, Aphanius 79 Butastur 148 Caddisfly, Florida Micro 254
272 i
1 3
273
1 3 1 3 6 1
274
I
1
275
1
276
1 1 5
277
1 8 3 6 1
278
8 2 6 53 9
279
1 8 8
280
I
7
281
1 1 3 8 1
282
5 2
283
1 1 8 1 2
decorata, Lasmigona 1 1
284
1
dickeyi, Peromyscus 26 DIPROTODONTIA 4, 129, 135, 177, 193, dolani, Homoeoneuria 250
dickhilleni, Alytes
219.241 Dolania 250
66
dicksoni calviniae, Thestor252 DIPTERA 99, 185,250 Dolapex 125
dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 252 Dirce 252 i/o/fi, Carelia 189
D/rcc 252 Palmeria 56
dicksoni, Oxychaeta 103 do/si,
dicksoni, Stygionympha 253
dirks i, Formica 100 do/e/, Partulina 213
Disa 74 Doleschallia 253
dicksoni, Tsitana 252
diifl, Puntius 74 DOLICHOPODIDAE 185
Diclidurus 10, 136
Disc, Marbled 123 dolichostoma, Partula 191
dicobolus yarrowi, Catostomus 246
Discherodontus 243 Dolichotis 145
Dicranopselaphus 249
285
1 1
286
I
58 9 1
287
3 1
Elisolimax 215
elegons, Cyclanorbis 166 emphanum, Polypleclron 35
Eliurus 24, 143, 242
elegons, Cyprinodon 79 Empicoris 251
Elk, Siberian 226
elegons, Georissa 209 EMPIDIDAE 250
elkensis, Combarus 93
Emu, Kangaroo Island 179
elegons, Gila 72
Elktoe, Appalacian 1 10
elegons, Laniisoma 46 Emu, King Island 179
Elktoe, Cardina 110
elegons, Leptomys 24 Emu-tail, Brown 158
Elktoe, Cumberland 255 Emuwren, Mallee 132
elegons, Leptopoecile 159
ellermani, Moyermys 24 EMYDIDAE 64, 165, 200, 243, 246
elegons, Macruromys 24 Ellinopyg%steos 81
elegons, Margoretomys 24 Emydoidea 165
ellioti, Syrmaticus 35
elegans, Omphalotropis 210 Emydura 243
elliotii. Pitta 156
elegons, Ordtrochia 122 emys, Monourio 65
Ellipsario 172
elegons. Sterna 150 Emys 165
ellipsiprymnus defosso, Kobus 229
elegontulus, Euoticus 139 Enallagma 106, 208
ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus, Kobus
Eleothreptus 153 Encheloclarios 76
229
ELEOTRIDAE 87, 169, 206, 244, 247 endersi, Cryptotis 1
ellipsiprymnus, Kobus 130
Eleotris 169,206 ENDODONTIDAE 124, 190, 214
elliptico, Litthabitello 116
Elephant, African 19 endoi, Pipistrellus 194
Elliptic 110, 172,255
Elephant, Asian 19 endymion, Poecilmitis 103
Elliptoideus 110
Elephant-Shrew, Black-and-rufous29 eneidae, Eleutherodactylus 201
elliptus, Lanistes 173
Elephant-shrew, Chequered 245 Engoeus 95, 96
Ellobius 24
Elephant-shrew, Four-toed 245 Engoewo 96
ELMINTHIDAE 99, 249
engonus, Rottus 26
Elephant-shrew, Golden-rumped29
Elona 245
Elephant-shrew, Henderson's Chequeredn engonata, Discus 214
elongato, Amastro 88
245
1
ENGRAULIDAE 202
elongoto, Calamoecia 91
Elephantbird, Great 179 Enicognathus 152
ELEPHANTIDAE elongato, Cobitis 203
19 ENIDAE 124,215,245
Eleplwntulus 29 elongata, Cryptazeco 123
enigma, Todirhomphus 154
Elephas 19 elongoto, Hemisoga 109
enniensis, Vollonia 217
elongata, Indotestudo 65
Eleuthemis 238 ENOPLA 128, 175, 217
elongata, Victodrobia 117
Eleutherodactylus 67, 201 enoptes smithi, Euphilotes 252
elevoto, Amplirhogado 244
elongatula, Omphalotropis 210
ensipennis, Campylopterus 43
Elfin, San Bruno 252 elongatulus, Unio 256
entellus, Semnopithecus 140
e/gmi, Spilomis 148 elongotus, Acheilognathus 7
Enterochromis 85
elongatus, Ambassis 244
elgonius, Crociduro 6 Entomacrodus 206
Eliinia, Banded elongotus, Cycleptus 168
117 entomostoma, Brazieria 1\1
Elimia, Black-crest 117 elpenor, Atlontisia 180
Eodidptomus 92
Elimia, Cahaba212 elphinstonii, Columbo 151
Eoglaucomys 142
Elimia, Caper 117 elseri, Bythiospeum 173
Eologurus 131
Elimia, Closed 117 Elseya 62, 200 Eoleptestheria 92
Elimia, Cobble 117 eludens, Grallaria 155
eoi, Bulimulus 126
Elimia, Coldwater 212 elusivus, Hydroporus 248 foj 40. 152
Elimia, Constricted 117 Elusor 62 Eozapus 23
Elimia, Flaxen 117 elvira,Cremnomys 23 EPACTERISCIDAE 92
Elimia, Fusiform 117 emarginatus, Myotis 12
Epalzeorhynchos 183
Elimia, Gladiator 117 emarginatus, Scotomanes 194
epominondas, Grophium 105
288
1 1 6
289
1 1
290
(
3 3 1 6 1
1 1
291
1 8 8
floridensis, Asaphomyia 250 Flycatcher, Pacific Royal 47 FORMICARIIDAE 45, 155, 198
292
1 1
293
1 1 7 5
furcifer fiircifer, Phaner 220 gabbi, Micrarionta 215 gallarum, Galago 139
furcifer pallescens, Phaner 220 gabbii, Bassaricyon 140 Gallicolumba 39, 151
furcifer parienti, Phaner 220 gabela, Prionops 49 GALLIFORMES 34, 149, 180, 198
294
8 1 1 1
garrulus, Lorius 41 Gecko, Muller's Velvet 165 GEOMITRIDAE 124, 133, 174,215,245,
Garrulus 58 Gecko, Namaqua Day 165 256
gaskelli, Hesperoptenus 12 Gecko, Paraguanan Ground 59 GEOMYIDAE 22, 142, 231, 242
gasparoi, Metacyclops 92 Gecko, Peringueyi's Leaf-toed 199 Geomys 22,231
GASTEROSTEIDAE 81,247 Gecko, Rodrigues Day 182 Geonemertes 217
GASTEROSTEIFORMES 81, 205, 236, Gecko, Rough 243 Geophaps 151
247 Gecko, Round Island Day 59 Geopsittacus 41
Gasterosteus 247 Gecko, Scarce Ground 199 georgei, Gambusia 184
Gaslrocopta 127. 191 Gecko, Serpent Island 59 georgiae, Cambarus 93
GASTROPODA 112, 133, 173, 187,209, Gecko, Small-scaled Leaf-toed 165
georgiana, Beloneuria 254
238, 244, 256 Gecko, Standing's Day 59
georgiana, Occirhenea \T1
gasulli, Helicella 174 Gecko, Stephen's Island 59
georgianum, Pleurobema 1 1
gatliffi, Pernagera 123 geei, Trachypithecus 194
Georissa 112,209
gaudichaudii, Littoridina 188 geelvinkiana, Micropsitta 152
Geothlypis 55, 56, 163
Gaur 20 geertsi, Caecobarbus 71 GEOTRUPIDAE 249
Gaurochromis 85, 184 gejiuensis, Triplophysa 75
Geotrygon 39, 151
gautama, Tirumala 244 Gekko, European Leaf-toed 59
Gerbillus 242
GAVIALIDAE 58 GEKKONIDAE 59, 165, 182, 199,243 Gerbillus 24, 143, 242
Gavialis 58 gelada, Theropithecus 140
Gerenuk 131
gazella acaciae, Gazella 228 GELECHIIDAE 252 gerhardti, Elimia 212
gazella beisa, Oryx 229 gellda, Macrhybopsis 72
gerhildae, Afrithelphusa 95
gazella callotis, Oryx 229 gemina gafuri, Lethe 253
germaini, Polyplectron 35
gazella cora, Gazella 228 gemina, Ischnura 106
Geronticus 31
gazella farasani. Gazella 228 geminatus, Hylogomphus 171
Gerrhonotus 59
gazella gazella, Gazella 228 Gemlnoropa 123
Gerrhosaurus 165
gazella gazella. Oryx 229 gemma, Hemistoma 173 Gerygone, Biak 50
gazella muscatensis, Gazella 228 gemma, Marginella 213 Gerygone, Lord Howe 181
gazella, Gazella 130 Gemsbok 131,229 Gerygone, Norfolk Island 50
gazella. Oryx 131 genei, Chondrostoma 167
Gerygone 50, 159, 181
Gazella 21, 130, 141, 178, 228 genei, Drymophila 155 Bythiospeum 1 15
geyeri,
Gazelle, Acacia 228 genei, Speleomantes 167
geyerii. Vertigo 133
Gazelle, Arabian 178 genesii. Vertigo 133 Gharial 58
Gazelle, Arabian Mountain 228 Genet, Abyssinian 195 Gharial, False 199
Gazelle, Arabian Sand 228 Genet, Crested 18 gharlapsi, Trochoidea 126
Gazelle, Cuvier's 21 Genet, Ibiza 224 ghetaldi, Paraphoxinus 73
Gazelle, Dama 21 Genet, Johnston's 195
ghigii,Ladigesocypris 72
Gazelle, Dorcas 141 genetta isabelae, Genetta 224 Ghizani 72
Gazelle, Farasan 228 Genetta 18, 195,224 Giant-petrel, Northern 146
Gazelle, Goitred 141 geniculata, Boeckella 91 Gibachi 247
Gazelle, Grant's 130 geniculata, Llthasia 1 1
gibba, Beddomeia 114
Gazelle, Heuglin's 228 Genophantis 186 gibba, Leiostyla 127
Gazelle, Mongalla 228 genovensium, Platalina 1
gibba. Partula 1 27
Gazelle, Mongolian 141 genowaysi, Rhogeessa 139 gibbensis, Rhagada 122
Gazelle, Mountain 130 Geocapromys 28, 178, 179 Gibberula 213
Gazelle, Muscat 228 Geochelone 65, 234, 235 gibberulus Digerus, Tomigenus 239
Gazelle, Palestine Mountain 228 Geoclemys 165 gibberum, Pleurobema 1 1
Gazelle, Pelzeln's 228
Geocolaptes 154 Gibbibarbus 72
Gazelle, Przewalski's 21
Geocrinia 67 Gibbon, Black 16
Gazelle, Queen of Sheba's 21
Geoemyda 64, 200 Gibbon, Buff-cheeked 194
Gazelle, Red 178
geoffrensis, Inia 19 Gibbon, Hoolock 194
Gazelle, Red-fronted 21
geoffroii, Dasyurus 3 Gibbon, Mentawai 16
Gazelle, Saudi 178
geoffroyi azuerensis, Ateles 221 Gibbon, Pileated 16
Gazelle, Slender-horned 21
geoffroyi frontatus, Ateles 221 Gibbon, Silvery 16
Gazelle, Soemmerring's 21
geoffroyi grisescens, Ateles 221 gibboni, Diplommatina 210
Gazelle, Speke's 21
geoffroyi ornatus, Ateles 221 gibbonsi, Graptemys 166
Gazelle, Thomson's 130
geoffroyi pan, Ateles 221 gibbosa, Pyganodon 172
Gazelle, Tibetan 141
geoffroyi panamensis, Ateles 221 gibbosus, Breviceps 67
geata, Myosorex 7
geoffroyi yucatanensis, Ateles 221 gibbus, Procambarus 95
geayi, Bedotia 204
geoffroyi, Ateles 241 Gibbus 191
GECARCINUCIDAE 95
geoffroyi, Callithrix 14 giffardi, Ectemnius 251
Gecko, Black-eyed 165
Geogale 1A\ giffordi, Nesotocus 248
Gecko, Duvaucel's 243
Geomalacus 244 Gigante, Cachorrito 79
Gecko, Gold-striped 243
Geomalia 159 gigantea, Edwardsina 99
Gecko, Harlequin 165
Geomalia 159 gigantea, Geochelone 65
Gecko, Hawequa Flat 165
Gecko, Kuroiwa's Ground 59 geometricus, Psammobates 65 gigantea, Grallaria 46
295
1 3
Goldstreifiger 98
giramica, Actinella 174 Ghptorhagada 122, 173. 239
golgus, Polyommatus 103
Girardinichthys 80 GNAPHOSIDAE 207
Gnatcatcher, Creamy-bellied 160
goliath, Conraua 67
giraudi, Anceya 1 19
goliath, Ducula 39
giraudi, Bridouxiana 119 Gnatcatcher,Cuban 160
Gnateater,Hooded 155 GOMPHIDAE 107, 171,238,244
Gittenbergeri 245
gnou, Connochaetes 130 Gomphurus 107, 171
giulianii, Dubiraphia 249
Goat, Chiltan 228 Gomphus 107, 171
giulianii, Pseudocotalpa 99
Goat, Cretan 228 Gonaxis 216
glabratum, Heteropoma 210
Goat, Wild 21 gongshanensis, Muntiacus 197
glabricollis, Cephalopterus 46
GOBIIDAE 87, 132, 169, 206, 247 Gongylomorphus 246
glabrirostris, Melanoptila 158
Gofoio 72, 202 Gonidomus 128, 191
glacialis , Eubalaena 225
Gobiomorphus 87 goniobasis, Hirasea 214
glacialis, Eubalaena 18
Goi)i«5 206 Goniosaurus 59
Glacicavicola 99
Goby, Arno 87 Gonocephalus 199
GLACIDORBIDAE 113,209
Gonolek, Papyrus 157
Goby, Bighead 247
Glacidorbis 113,209
Goby, Bigmouth 169 Gonospira 128, 175, 191, 245
gladiator, Malaconotus 48
Goby, Blackthroat 169 gonyostomus, Gonyostomus 128
giadius Xiphias 236
,
296
2
297
2
gravipes, Dipodomys 23 griseocapilla, Phyllomyias 156 GRUIFORMES 35, 131, 149, 180, 198,
grayi, Mesopiodon 196 griseus alaotrensis, Hapalemur 220 Grunter, Angalarri 247
grayi, Zosterops 161 griseus caspius, Varanus 246 Grunter, Drysdale 169
Grayling, New
Zealand 183 griseus occidentalis, Hapalemur 220 Grunter, Gilberts 244
298
1
3 1 1 1
299
1 7 2
1
300
1 1 1
301
1 1 1 8
302
I
6
hubbsi, Notropis 202 Hutia, Hispaniolan 28 HYLIDAE 66, 166, 201, 235, 243, 246
hubbsi, Novumbra 168 Hutia, Isla de la Juventud Tree 146 Hylobates 16, 140, 194, 195
hubbsi, Stygobromus 89 Hutia, Jamaican 28 HYLOBATIDAE 16, 140. 194
Hubbsina 80 Hutia, Large-eared 28 Hylochoerus 226
huberi, Strongylognathus 102 Hutia, Little Earth 28 hylocrius, Hemitragus 21
hubrichti, Allocrangonyx 89 huttoni, Lyperobius 248 Hylocryptus 45, 155
hubrichli, Phaeognathus 68 huttoni, Murina 138 Hylodes 67
hubrichti, Plethodon 68 huttoni, Ptilinopus 39 Hylogomphus 171
hubrichti, Stenotrema 215 huttoni, Puffinus 30 hylomyoides, Maxomys 144
hubricti. Vertigo 175 Anodorhynchus 40
hyacinthinus, Hylomys 6, 136
Huchen 77 Hyaena, Brown 241 Hylomyscus 242
hucho, Hucho 11 Hyaena, Spotted 129 Hylonympha 43
Hucho 11 Hyaena 241 Hylopetes 22, 142
hucucha, Oxymycterus 25 HYAENIDAE 129, 224, 241 Hylopezus 155
hudsoni, Knipolegus 156 hyalelloides, Gammarus 90 Hylorchilus 49
hudsonicus grahamensis, Tamiasciurus hyalina, Conozoa 187 Hymenolaimus 32
231 hyalina, Diplommatirui 256 HYMENOPTERA 99, 170, 208, 251
hudsonius campestris, Zapus 232 hyalina, Partula ill HYNOBIIDAE 68, 201
hudsonius luteus, Zapus 242 hyalinoides, Tayloria 217 Hynobius 68, 201
hudsonius preblei, Zapus 232 hyalinus, Sinocyclocheilus 74 Hyophryne 201
hugeli, Aulopyge 71 hyantis andrewsi, Euchloe253 Hyosciurus 22
hughi, Mesechinus 6 hyattiana, Carelia 189 Hypena 186
Huia 182 Hybognathus 72 hyperion, Poecilmitis 103
Huleechius 249 Hybomys 24, 143 HYPEROLIIDAE 66, 243
hutensis, Acanthobrama 1 83 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 152i Hyperolius 66
hullii, Beddomeia 114 Hydaticus 248 Hyperoodon 130
humbloti, Ardea 31 hydei, Elimia 1 17 hyperythra, Brachypteryx 50
Humblotia 50 Hydraena 249 hyperythrus, Cnemidophorus 200
humboldti, Spheniscus 146 HYDRAENIDAE 249 hyperythrus, Odontophorus 149
humedasae, Polyommatus 103 hydrobates, Ichthyomys 143 hyperythrus, Tarsiger 160
humei, Sphenocichla 160 HYDROBATIDAE 30, 146, 197 Hyphydrus 248
humerosus, Somatogyrus 212 Hydrobe, Blue Spring 114 Hypnophila 214
humiae, Syrmaticus 35 Hydrobe, Dense 14 1
hypochondriacus, Siptomopsis 155
humilis, Ichthyophaga 148 Hydrobe, Fenney Spring 114 hypochroma, Sporophila 163
humiiis, Acerodon 8
Hydrobe, Wekiwa 1 14
Hypodryas 208
humilis, Eupodotis 150
Hydrobia 1 1
Hypogeomys 24
humilis, Hydroporus 248 HYDROBIIDAE 114, 173, 188,211,238,
hypogeus, Acanthocyclops 92
244, 256
humilis, Yuhina 161 hypoglauca, Andigerui 154
Hummingbird, Bee 153
HYDROCENIDAE 112,209
hypogrammica, Stachyris 52
Hydrochara 249
Hummingbird, Chestnut-bel!ied43 hypolais, Zosterops 162
hydrocharis, Tanysiptera 198
Hummingbird, Glow-throated 43 Hypolestes 107
Hummingbird, Mangrove 43 Hydrochrous 153
hypoleuca, Cissa 164
hydrocorax, Buceros 154
Hummingbird, Oaxaca 43 hypoleucos, Falco 33
Hummingbird, Rufous-cheeked 153 Hydrodamalis 178
hypoleucus. Capita 44
Hummingbird, Sapphire-bellied43 hydrodromus, Sorex 1
hypoleucus, Sphecotheres 199
Hummingbird, Scissor-tailed43 Hydromantes 68
hypoleucus, Synthliboramphus 150
Hummingbird, White-tailed43 Hydromedusa 62
hypolia, Hirasea 214
hungarica, Paladilhia 173 Hydromys 24, 143 Hypolimnas 253
hungerfordi, Brychius 249 HYDROPHIIDAE 62 Hypolimnas 253
Hungerfordia 210 HYDROPHILIDAE 249 Hypolysia 217
hungerfordiana rufopila, Chlorilis 239 Hydroporus 248
Hypomesus 76
hunteri, Damaliscus 21
Hydropotes 41.221 \
hypomicrus, Nesophontes 111
huntsmani, Coregonus 11 Hydropsyche 187
hypophyllus, Hipposideros 136
hurdi, Cophura 250 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 187
Hypoplectrus 83
Hydroptila 254
hurdi, Metapogon 250 hypopolia, Lepidochrysops 186
hurtadoi, Gambusia 80
HYDROPTILIDAE 254
Hypopyrrhus 56
Hydrosaurus 199
ftura , //».so 236 Hypothymis 50, 159
Hydrotarsus 98
/lUio, //uio 70 hypowattan, Parantica 104
Hyemoschus 141
Wuio 70, 236 hypoxantha, Gerygone 50
Hyetornis 42
hussoni, Hydromys 143 hypoxanthus, Brachyteles 14
Hygromia 126
hutchinsi, Kimberleyeleotris 169 hypoxanthus, Neodrepanis 47
Hutia, Bahamian 28
HYGROMIIDAE 126, 133, 174, 190,215.
hypoxanthus, Oenomys 197
256
Hutia, Bushy-tailed 146 hypoxanthus, Ploceus 164
Hygrotus 185,248
Hutia, Cabrera's 28 Hypseleotris 169, 244
//y/a 66, 166, 201
Hutia, Chapman's Prehensile-tailed28 Hypsipetes 48, 181
hylasfreyi, Coenagrion 237
Hutia, Dwarf 28 HYRACOIDEA 19,226
Hutia, Garrido's 28 //y/« 208
Hyrax, Eastern Tree 19
303
1 1
304
J
2 1
305
8 1 2
306
4
1
307
8
308 I
1 1 1 2 1
309
1 1 3
310
t
9 8 8
lesueur graii, Bettongia 219 leucopus ammodytes, Peromyscus 233 lignaria, Paryphanta 216
lesueur lesueur, Bettongia 219 leucopus, Lepilemur 241 Ligumia Ml
lesueur, Bettongia 4 leucopus, Saguinus 14 lihue, Oliarus 251
lesueuri, Litoria 243 leucopus, Sminthopsis 193 Wa, Achatinella 120
letha, Austroassiminea 114 leucoraphe, Bridouxiana 1 1 lilfordi, Podarcis 60
Lethe 253 leucorrhaphe, Achatinella 120 LILJEBORGIIDAE 90
Lef/ie 253 Leucorrhinia 238, 244 lilliae, Lepidopyga 43
Lethenteron 69 leucoryphus, Haliaeetus 33 Lilliput, Pale255
letholepis, Poblana 78 leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 47 Lilliput, Purple255
letitiae, Popelairia 198 leucoryx. Oryx 21 Lilliput, Savannah 255
311
8 1 1
312
3
313
1
314
35
315
1 1 11 1 1 1
Margaronian, Blue 253 Marmot, Montague Island Hoary 230 mattheyi, Mus 197
Margaronian, Green 253 Marmot, Vancouver Island 22 matthiae, Rhipidura 199
Margaromis 155 Marmota 22, 131, 142,230 mattogrossensis, Molossops 139
Margay 241 maroni, Papilio 208 maturna, Hypodryas 208
marginata. Phrantela 256 marquesana, Taipidon 190 mauleanum, Cauque 168
marginata, Alasmidonta 209 marrianae, Margaritifera 110 maupiensis, Mautodontha 189
marginata, Caperea 242 marrocana, Cobitis 203 maura. Macaco 15
marginata, Cicindela 248 Marron 95 maureenae, Gymnochthebius 249
marginata, Kuhlia 244 marroni carolus, Huleechius 249 maureenae, Hydraena 249
marginata, Testudo 243 tnarshalli,Meridolum 173 Mauremys 200, 243
marginatus, Ateles 14 marshalli, Pleurobema 112 mauriciana, Platycnemis 108
marginatus, Epinephelus 168 marshianus, Aglaodiaptomus 9 maurilaniae, Gerbillus 24
Marginella 213 Marstonia, Armored 21 mauritiana, Leiolopisma 182
MARGINELLIDAE 213 Marstonia, Beaver Pond 21 maurilianus, Alopochen 179
marginipennis, Cicindela 169 Marstonia, Ocmulgee 21 mauritianus, Cyraulus 113
Maria, Sardinita de Santa 72 Marstonia, Olive 21 maurilianus, Lophopsittacus 181
mariae, Elheostorrm 206 Marstonia, Royal 256 mauritianus, Nycticorax 179
mariae, Eudonlomyzon 201 marsupialis, Antidorcas 130 maurus. Circus 148
mariae, Helicella 126 marsupiobesa, Elliptio 255 maurus, Eumops 13
mariae, Nesillas 159 Martelia 119 Mautodontha 123, 189, 190
mariae, Stomatepia 86 Marten, Javan Yellow-throated 224 mavornata, Aplonis 182
marialiciae, Eulonchus 250 Marten, Nilgiri 17
mawii, Dermatemys 63
marianae, Crateroceplialus 204 Marten, Tsushima Island 224
majri, Sundamys 27
mariangelae, Muricopsis 213 martens Castalia 110
i,
maxillaris, Lipochromis 85
inariannae, Hydroporus 248 martensi, Trichotoxon 215
maxillosus, Saltator 163
mariannarum, Ladronellum 214 martensiana, Partula 127
maxima, Paracrocidura241
mariannarum, Taheitia 212 martensii, Padogobius 169 maxima, Tridacna 133
mariannus, Cervus 197 martenstyni, Puntius 74
maximiliani, Hydromedusa 62
mariannus, Pteropus 9 Manes 17, 224
maximiliani, Oryzoborus 162
marica, Gracilinanus 135 martiensseni, Otomops 13
maximus, Aepyomis 179
mariei, Cyclosurus 187 martigener, Engaeus 95
maximus, Cetorhinus 69
marieps, Charaxes 253 Martin, Sinaloa 198
maximus, Elephas 19
Lonchorhina
marinkellei, 1
martinensis, Neotoma 25
maximus, Lachnolaimus 87
marinum, Stizostedion 206 martini, Astatotilapia 1 84
maximus, Priodontes 5
marinus, Aplochiton 204 martinicensis, Incerticyclus 188
Maxomys 24, 144
marisae, Hipposideros 10 martinii,Euploea 171
Cephalophus 141
rrtaxwellii,
maritimus, Ursus 129 martiniquensis, Myotis 138
maya, Cyprinodon 79
markhami, Oceanodroma 198 masafuerae, Aphrastura 45
mayensis, Peromyscus 26
Markhor 21 masalai, Nyctimene 9
mayeri, Astrapia 58
Markhor. Flare-horned 228 mascaensis, Hemicycla \74
Columba
mayeri, 38
Markhor, Straight-horned 228 mascaensis, Insulivitrina 175
Mayermys 24
Markhor, Tadjik 228 mascarinus, Mascarinus 181
Mayfly, American Sand-burrowing250
marleyi, Chaetodon 84 Mascarinus 181 Mayfly, Argo 250
Marmaronetta 32 Masked-owl, Bismarck 42 Mayfly, Berner's Two-winged 250
marmorata, Napothera 159 Masked-owl, Lesser 198 Mayfly, Blackwater Sand-filtering250
marmorata, Catocala 253 Masked-owl, Manus 42 Mayfly, Cahaba Sand-filtering 250
marmorata, Clemmys 64 Masked-owl, Minahassa 198 Mayfiy, Colorado Burrowing 250
marmorata, Pardofelis 195 Masked-owl, Taliabu 42 Mayfly. Diverse 250
marmorata, Uperoleia 182 masoni, Fusconaia 1 1
Mayfly, False 250
marmoratus, Brachyramphus 150 massachusettsensis, Epischura 207 Mayfl.y, Prison's 250
marmoratus, Cynolebias 79 MASTACEMBELIDAE 205 Mayfly, Large Blue Lake 99
marmoratus, Oryzias 80 mastersi marakupa, Hesperilla 252 Mayfly, Meridion Blackwater 250
marmoratus, Rivulus 243 Masticophis 246 Mayfly, Pecatonica River 186
marmoratus, Salmo 204 Mastigodiaptomus 92, 207 Mayfly, Robust Burrowing 186
marmorensis. Discus 123 Mastomys 24, 144 Mayfly, Spicluose 250
Marmosa 3, 135, 193 matacus, Tolypeutes 136 Mayfly, West Virginia Burrowing250
Marmoset, Aripuana 241 matafaoi. Diastole 190 Mayfly, Yellow 250
Marmoset, Black-headed 14 matanensis, Glossogobius 87 maylandi, Melanotaenia 243
Marmoset, Buffy-headed 14 matanensis, Oryzias 80 maynardi, Procyon 17
Marmoset, Buffy-tufted-ear 14 matanim, Phalanger 4 mayor Musi, 144
Marmoset, Geoffroy's Tufted-ear 14 mathewsi, Penescosta 123 mayottensis, Gulella 191
Marmoset, Goeldi's 14 Mathewsoconcha 125 mayri, Rallina 198
Marmoset, Golden-white Tassel-ear 14 matildae, Muricopsis 213 mayri, Rhoptromyrmex 101
Marmoset, Wied's 241 Matrona 237 Mayromis 51, 159
Marmosops 3, 135 matschiei, Dendrolagus 4 mazama yelmensis, Thomomys 231
Marmot, Glacier Bay Hoary 230 matschiei, Galago 139 mazama couchi, Thomomys 231
Marmot, Menzbier's 22 matsudairae, Oceanodroma 198 mazama glacialis, Thomomys 231
316
3 1 1 1 1
317
2 3 1
318
75 8 1 1 1 1
Microtus 25, 144, 178, 197, 232, 233, 242, minima, Paludinella 211 mirabilis, Carelia 189
245 minima, Stormsia 119 mirabilis. Cyanolyca 58
micrus, Nesophontes \11 minimus atristriatus, Tamias 231 mirabilis, Eriocnemis 43
MICTACEA 97 minimus maritimus, Antechinus 219 mirabilis, Hemiphlebia 107
MICTOCARIDIDAE 97 minimus selkirki, Tamias 23 mirabilis, Hirasea 214
Mictocaris 97 minimus, Chironectes 135 mirabilis. Loddigesia 43
middlekaufi, Idioslatus 109 minimus. Cynolebias 79 mirabilis. Lyropupa 216
Midge, Giant Torrent 99 minimus, Spilomis 148 mirabilis, Partula 191
Midge, Tasmanian Torrent 99 miniopinna, Betta 88 Mirafra 48, 157
midgleyi. Pingalla 169 Miniopterus 12, 138 Miramella 108
mighetsiana, Partulina 121 Minivet, Brown-rumped 157 miranda, Basilomis 164
migratorius, Cricetulus 143 Minivet, White-bellied 157 mirandae, Hemitriccus 47
migratorius, Ectopistes 180 Mink, European 17 Miratesta 187
migueli, Eupsophus 67 minnae, Grammomys 143 MIRIDAE 251
mikado, Syrmaticus 149 Minnow, Black-striped 168 mirifica, Lytta 249
mikadoi, Acipenser 70 Minnow, Devil's River 72 mirificus, Lewinia 36
MILACIDAE 215 Minnow, Kanawha 73 mirus, Mesoplodon 196
milagros, Parantica 104 Minnow, Loach 74 mirus, Otus 42
milensis, Podarcis 60 Minnow, Maluti 73 Mirza 13
militaris, Ara 40 Minnow, Rio Grande 72 misella, Lamprocystis 215
militaris, Stumella 56 Minnow, Roundnose 246 Misgumis 168
Millardia 25 Minnow, Stumptooth 183 misoolensis, Melanotaenia 243
millepalmarum, Eremarionta 125 Minnow, Swamp 203 MISOPHRIIDAE 97
millepunctata, Damochlora 122 Minnow, Western Mud 168 MISOPHRIOIDA 97
millerae, Victodrobia 1 1
Minnow-Nase 202 mississippiensis, Orconectes 94
Millerbird 49 minor, Dobsonia 136 missouri, Glyphopsyche 255
milleri, Cochliopina 115 minor, Elapognathus 165 Mistfrog, Common 66
milleri, Grallaria 46 minor, Eliurus 242 Mistichthys 132
milleri, Knipowitschia 206 minor, Furcifer 59 mitchellae, Thersites 122
milleri, Myotis 177 minor, Lacustrelix 173 mitchelli mitchelli, Neonympha 253
milleri, Procambarus 95 minor, Leptoxis 1 1
mitchelli, Quincuncina 112
milleri, Sorex 1 minor, Miniopterus 138 mitchellii, Phegomis 150
milleri, Thermosphaeroma 97 minor, Myrmotherula 46 mir/j elgonis, Cercopithecus 222
millestriala, Dupucharopa 123 minor, Nothura 29 mirii kandti, Cercopithecus 212
milleti,Garrulax 50 minor, Palaua 215 Mitoura 252
milnei, Garrulax 159 minor, Phoenicopterus 147 mitra, Euploea 104
Miloderes 248 minor, Platalea 31 mitratus, Rhinolophus 194
miltus, Cambarus 93 minor, Platanista 19 mitteruiorfi, Lemniscomys 24
milvus, Milvus 242 minor, Praomys 26 miru, M/ru 180
Milvus 242 minor. Procyon 17 A/il« 180
Milyeringa 206 minotaur. Hippocampus 205 Mixogaster 250
mimeticus, Dryotribus 185 minous, Acomys 23 Mixophyes 67, 167
Mimic, White 252 minuchae, Rossomyrmex 101
mixtus, Batrachostomus 198
MIMIDAE 49, 158 minuscula, Brazieria 217 mixtus, Saccolaimus 10
Mimizuku 42 minuta, Crocidura 193 m/ya, Crocidura 6
Mimodes 49 minuta, Hauffenia 211 miyazakii, Chamalychaeus 213
mimosa, Discocharopa 214 minuta, Helicoverpa 186 mizura, Euroscaptor 8
mimula, Belgrandiella 1 1
minuta, Kerivoula 138 mlokosiewiczi, Tetrao 149
mimulus, Pseudantechinus 3 minuta, Libellulosoma 106 Moa, Brawny Great 179
minahassae, Pipistrellus 194 minuta, Nanocopia 92 Moa, Burly Lesser 179
mincklcyi, Cichlasoma 85 minuta, Neohoratia 21 Moapa Ti
minckleyi, Nymphophilus 256 minuta, Symolopsis 119 Moccasinshell, Alabama 1 1
319
moellendorffi, Sundasciurus 142 Monarch, Biak 51 Monkey, Dryas 194
moemeri, Papilio 105 Monarch, Black-bibbed 159 Monkey, Elgon Blue 222
moesla, Amaurospiza 162 Monarch, Black-chinned 51 Monkey, Fernando Po Preuss's222
moesta, Lylta 249 Monarch, Black-tipped 159 Monkey, Fernando Po Crowned 222
Mogera 8 Monarch, Celestial 50 Monkey, Fernando Po Red-eared 222
mogollonensis hualpaiensis, Microtus Monarch, Fatuhiva 52 Monkey, Francois' Leaf 15
232 Monarch, Flores 51 Monkey, Geoffroy's Spider241
Mogurnda, Black 87 Monarch, Iphis 52 Monkey, Golden 222
Mogurnda, Blotched 87 Monarch, Jamaican 170 Monkey, Golden Snub-nosed 15
Mogurnda, Eastern 244 Monarch, Kolombangara 159 Monkey, Grizzled Leaf 15
Mogurnda, Kokoda 244 Monarch, Loetoe 159 Monkey, Guizhou Snub-nosed 15
Mogurnda, Striped 87 Monarch, Manus 159 Monkey, Hybrid Spider 221
Mogurnda, Variegated 87 Monarch, Marquesan52 Monkey, Javan Fuscous Leaf 194
Mogurnda 87, 244, 247 Monarch, Ogea 51 Monkey, Ka'apor Capuchin 15
mohaveana, Helminthoglypta 174 Monarch, Rarotonga 52 Monkey, Kahuzi Owl-faced 222
mohavensis, Spermophilus 22 Monarch, Short-crested 159 Monkey, L'Hoest's 140
Moho 54, 181 Monarch, Tahiti 52 Monkey, Long-haired Spider 14
Mohoua 51 Monarch, Tinian 51 Monkey, Mainland Preuss's222
Moitessieria 244
Monarch, Truk 51 Monkey, Mentawai Leaf 15
Moitessieria 116,173,244
Monarch, Vanikoro 159 Monkey, Night 221
Mojarra 85 Monarch, White-breasted 199 Monkey, NilgiriLeaf 15
Monarch, White-tailed 159 Monkey, Northern Brown Howling 221
mojavensis mojavensis, Crossidius 248
molae, Pyrenaearia 126
Monarch, White-tipped 51 Monkey, Owl-faced 140
Monarch,Yap 159 Monkey, Pig-tailed Snub-nosed 15
Mole, De Winton's Golden 5
Mole, Duthie's Golden 5
Monarcha 51, 159, 199 Monkey, Preuss's 15
320
montana, Sheppardia 52 moricandi, Anisotremus 84 Moth, Prairie Sphinx 105
montana, Tricula 119 MORIDAE 77 Moth, Precious Underwing 253
montana, Xenoligea 56 Morimus 98 Moth, Silver Spotted Ghost 252
montani, Anthracoceros 44 morio, Praomys 26 Moth. Small Lappet 102
montanus codiensis, Microtus 232 morio, Sylvisorex 8 Moth, Spanish Moon 208
montanus fucosus, Microtus 232 mormo langei, Apodemia 253 Moth, Wallupe Leaf-Roller 254
montanus nevadensis, Microtus 232 Mormolyce 248 Motmot, Keel-billed 154
montanus pictus, Thestor 252 mormonum buttoni. Monadenia 239 Mouflon, Armenian 230
montanus zygomaticus, Microtus 232 mormonum hirsuta, Monadenia 239 Mouflon, Cyprus 230
montanus, Psephenus 249 MORMOOPIDAE 11, 137 Mouflon, Esfahan 230
montanus, Alsodes 201 Mormoops 137 Mouflon, European 230
montanus, Andropadus 157 Mormopterus 13 Mouflon, Laristan 230
montanus, Charadrius 37 morondavana, Papilio 208 Mouldingia 122
montanus, Dasymys 23 morongoana, Eremarionta 174
moulinsiana. Vertigo 133
montanus, Isolobodon 179 Morphnus 148 Mountain-babbler, Chapin'sl59
montanus, Nyctalus 138 morrisi, Myotis 12 Mountain-babbler, Red-collared 159
Mountain-babbler, White-throated51
montanus, Prioniturus 41 morrisi, Procambarus 95
Mountain-finch, Cochabamba55
montanus, Rattus 26 morrisoni, Lytta 249
Mountain-finch, Sillem's 199
montanus, Stygobromus 89 morrisoni, Pyrgulopsis 211
Mountain-finch, Tucuman 55
montanus, Suncus 8 morrisoni, Stygobromus 89
Mountain-pigeon, Long-tailed 151
montecanoensis, Lepidoblepharis 59 Mortonagrion 106
Mountain-robin, Dappled 50
montecristoi, Abronia 59 Morus 146
Mountain-tanager, Golden-backed54
monteiri, Malaconotus 49 mosana, Rhyacophila 255
Mountain-tanager, Masked 54
monteithorum, Euastacus 96 moschata, Desmana 8
Mountain-toucan, Black-billed 154
montenegrinus, Salmo 204 moschatus, Neotragus 131
Mountain-toucan, Grey-breasted 154
Monte rissa 112 MOSCHIDAE 20, 141, 226 Mountain-toucan, Hooded 154
Monterrey, Platy 80 moschiferus, Moschus 20 Mountain-toucan, Plate-billed 154
montezumae, Mastigodiaptomus 207 Moschus 20, 141, 226 mourae, Ceriagrion 208
montezumensis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Moserius 97 mouroniensis, Zosterops 54
monticola, Archaeolacerta 243 mossambica, Croilia 169 Mouse, Alabama Beach 233
monticola, Leiostyla 127 mossii bayensis, Callophrys 252 Mouse, Alpine 197
monticola, Melanotaenia 205 mostbento, Oligophlebodes 255 Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach 233
monticola, Nanocochlea 1 16 MOTACILLIDAE 48, 157 Mouse, Black Hills Meadow Jumping232
monticola, Zoothera 161 motebensis, Barbus 71 Mouse, California Red Tree 197
monticularis, Bunolagus 28 Moth, American Chestnut 186 Mouse, Chadwick Beach Cotton 233
monticularis, Petromyscus 144 Moth, Bent Wing Swift 252 Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach 233
montis, Praomys 197 Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx 254 Mouse, Dalzura Pocket 231
montisatris. Colophon 99 Moth, Busk's Gall 252 Mouse, Delany's 242
montisserrati, Diploglossus 59 Moth, Ceromatic Noctuid 253 Mouse, Dollman's Tree 144
montivagus, Myotis 138 Moth, Chestnut Clearwing 186, 254 Mouse, Durant's Northern Grasshoper
Moth, Chestnut Ermine 186 233
montosa, Alticola 23
Moth, Confused 186 Mouse, Durrani's Northern Grasshopper
montserratensis, Trochoidea 175
Moth, Green Carposinid 252 233
Montserratirm 174
Moth, Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Mouse, Florida 26
Moonrat, Dinagat 6
254 Mouse, Harvest 144
mooreana, Partula 191
Moth, Hawaiian Hopseed Looper 186 Mouse, Hastings River 26
moorei, Etheostoma 83
Moth, Hebard's Noctuid 253 Mouse, Izenhood Kangaroo 232
moorei, Streptocephalus 91
Moth, Hilo Noctuid 186 Mouse, Jacumba Pocket 232
Moorhen, Gough 36
Moth, loxantha Looper 252 Mouse, Key Largo Cotton 233
Moorhen, Samoan 36
Moth, Kaholuamano Noctuid 186 Mouse, Lakeland Downs 143
Moorhen, San Cristobal 36
Moth, Kern Prirm-ose Sphinx 254 Mouse, Los Angeles Pocket 232
Mopi 13, 139
Moth, Kerr's Noctuid 186 Mouse, Meadow Jumping 242
moquini, Haematopus 150
Moth, Ko'olau Giant Looper 186 Mouse, Monomy White-footed 233
moralesi, Notropis Ti Moth, Kona Giant Looper 186 Mountain Spring Pocket231
Mouse,
Mordacia 69, 201 Moth, Laysan Dropseed Noctuid 186 Mouse, Northern Birch 143
mordax, Harpiocephalus 138 Moth, Laysan Noctuid 186 Mouse, Owyhee River Kangaroo 232
mordax, Notomys 178 Moth, Lemmer's Noctuid 253 Mouse, Pacific Pocket 232
mordax, Pipistrellus 139 Moth, Levuana 187 Mouse, Palm Springs Pocket 232
mordax, Stumira 137 Moth, Lovegrass Noctuid 186 Mouse. Perdido Key Beach 233
moreaui, Nectarinia 161 Moth, Marbled Underwing 253 Mouse, Pilliga 26
moreaui, Orthotomus 51 Moth, Midway Noctuid 186 Mouse, Point Reyes Jumping 232
moreleti, Clavator 120 Moth, Minute Noctuid 186 Mouse, Ponce de Leon Beach 233
moreletii, Crocodylus 199 Moth, Necker Leaf-miner 252 Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping232
Morelia 234 Moth, Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller 254 Mouse, Red-bellied Harvest 233
Morenia 166 Moth, Ohenaupaka Oeobian253 Mouse, Salinas Pocket 242
morenoi, Glossophaga 137 Moth, Ola'a Peppered Looper 186 Mouse, Salt-marsh Harvest 26, 233
moretonicus, Hyridella 255 Moth, Phleophagan Chestnut 186 Mouse, San Diego Pocket 231
morhua Gadus
, 77 Moth, Poko Noctuid 186 Mouse, Santa Rosa Beach 233
321
1 1 3 2 1
322
1 1 79 4 8
323
3 1 1 1 1
Neoplanorbis 1 1
Nesosydne 251 nige/',Cephalophus 141
Neopteryx 9 Nesothauma 254 n(ger, Hippotragus 130
Neorapana 213 Nesotocus 248 n/ger, Melanosuchus 58
neosa, Cryptochia 255 Nesotriccus 47 niger, Pteropus 9
Neosalanx 76 W«ror 41, 152, 181 niger, Yunnanilus 75
Neoscaptor 8 netscheri, Nesolagus 29 nigerrimus, Nesopsar 163
Neoseps 60 nettingi, Plethodon 68 nigerrimus, Polyergus 101
Neosilurus 247 neumanni, Tropodiaptomus 92 Night-heron, Japanese 31
Neospiza 56 neumoegeni, Papilio 105 Night-heron, Mauritius 179
Neothauma 120 Neurergus 201 Night-heron, Rodrigues 179
Neothramma 255 NEUROPTERA 254 Night-heron, White-eared 31
Neothraupis 162 Neusticomys 25 nightingaleensis, Katechonemertes 128
Weorw 150 Neulrodiaptomus 207 Nightjar, Bonaparte's 153
Neotoma 25, 144, 233 nevadae, Crenichthys 79 Nightjar, Cayenne 198
Neotragus 131, 141 nevadensis ssp., Cyprinodon 247 Nightjar, Itombwe 43
Neotrichia 254 nevadica olmosa, Cicindela 248 Nightjar, Long-trained 153
324
1 3
njnae, Zaprochilus 109 nokomis caerulescens, Speyeria 253 novaezelandiae, Cotumix 180
Ningbingia 122 nokomis nokomis, Speyeria 253 novaezelandiae, Himantopus 37
novaezelandiae, Ixobrychus 179
Mnox 42, 152 nollothi, Aloeides 102
325
8
f
326
I
octolamellata, Taipidon 190 oinotheke, Eucrenonaspides 90 Oncifelis 16,241
octomaculala, Dal la 208 Ojiazul, Guayacon 184 Onconotus 109
oclosetaceus, Mergus 32 okalehubyi, Hydaticus 248 Oncorhynchus 11, 204. 247
ocularis, Graphiurus 28 okaloosae, Etheostoma 83 Ondatra 233
ocularis, Pteropus 9 okamurai, Cipangocharax 213 oniscus, Oryzomys 144
oculata, Stagonopleura 163 Okapi 141 onondagaensis, Stygobromus 89
oculifera, Graptemys 64 Okapia 141 Ofii/owi, Phalacrocorax 31
oculta, Parapheidole 101 okatie, Elassoma 83 Onthophagus 250
Ocyceros 154 okeana, Allocharopa 174 Onychodiaptomus 207
ODOBENIDAE 224 okiensis, Hynobius 68 Onychogalea 4, 177
Odobenus 224 okinawae, Gallirallus 36 Onychognathus 57
Odocoileus 227 okinawanus, Rhipidolestes 107 Onychogomphus 107
odomae, Memllura 153 okinawensis, Hemicordulia 106 Onychomys 233
ODONATA 105, 171, 187. 208, 237, 244 oklediensis, Melanotaenia 78 ONYCHOPHORA 109, 171, 187, 209, 255
ODONTASPIDIDAE 69 okuensis, Lamottemys 24 Onychorhynchus 47
odontina, Erepta 125 okuensis, Myosorex 7 Onychostoma 73
ODONTOCERIDAE 255 olailae, Callicebus 194 Oo, Bishop's 54
Odontodiaptomus 207 Olallamys 146 Oo, Hawaii 181
Odontophorus 35, 149 oleacina, Videna 217 Oo, Kauai 54
Odontopodisma 108 Oleacina 190 Oo, Oahu 181
Odynerus 251 OLEACINIDAE 190, 215 oophorus, Xenopoecilus 81
Oecanthus 108 oleagineus, Zosterops 54 Oopu 206
Oecetis 254 olearia, Ranella 173 oosthuizen, Lepidochrysops 103
Oecomys 25 oZ/ox, Mycteroperca 83 opalescens, Cynolebias 79
oeconomus amakensis, Microtus 232 Oliarces 254 Opanara 123
oeconomus elymocetes, Microtus 232 Oliarus 251 oparica, Ruatara 123
oeconomus innuilus. Microtus 232 Oligoaeschna 106 Opata. Malalote 75
oeconomus popofensis, Microtus 232 OLIGOCHAETA 109. 172 Opea.! 240
oeconomus punukensis, Microtus lil Oligodon 200 Openbill, Asian 147
oeconomus sitkensis, Microtus 232 oligolepis, Toxotes 244 operculina, Hirasea 124
oeconomus, Microtus 144 Oligolepis 169 Opheodrvs 165
Oedemasylus 185 OLIGONEURIIDAE 250 OPHIDIIFORMES 77, 204. 247
oedippus, Coenonympha 171 Oligophlebodes, Tombstone Prairie255 Ophidiocephalus 60
oedipus, Saguinus 14 Oligophlebodes 255 Ophiogomphus 244
oedipus, Schistura 75 Oligoryzomys 25, 144 Ophiogomphus 107. 171. 238
oenanthe, Callicebus 14 Oligosoma 60, 61, 165, 200, 243 Ophisternon 82, 205
oen<3A:, Wilfredomys 242 olivacea, Carelia 189 Ophrvsia 35
Oenomys 197 olivacea, Lepidochelys 63 OPILIONES 88
oenops, Columba 38 olivacea, Nasuella 195 opiocephalus, Zosterisessor 207
Oeobia 186 olivacea, Pyrgulopsis 211 opiranus, Turgenitubulus 122
Oeoblia 253 olivaceofuscus, Turdus 161 opislherythra, Rhipidura 160
327
orcinus, Procambarus 95 orientalis, Uperoleia 201 osborni, Clidomys 179
Orcinus 129 orientalis, Vespertilia 13 Osbornictis 195
Orconectes 94, 237 orientissimus, Microcryptorhynchus248 osbumi, Etheostoma 169
orconectoides, Hobbseus 94 Origma 159 osburni, Vireo 163
orcula, Pupisoma 133 Origma 159 oscillans, Rhinomyias 160
Orcula 175,215 oWi, Crocidura 7 oscitans, Anastomus 147
ORCULIDAE 175,215 orinocensis, Lonchorhirta 137 oscitans, Potamopyrgus 173
Ordtrachia 122, 174 orinus, Galagoides 194 osculus ssp., Rhinichthys 246
Oreailurus 16 Oriole, Black 164 osgoodi, Monodelphis 3
orea.? oreai, Lepidochrysops 252 Oriole, Isabela 57 osgoodi, Rhinolophus 194
areas, Chrysoritis 170 Oriole, Martinique 56 osgoodi, Tinamus 197
areas, Dendromus 23 Oriole, Montserrat 163 osimensis, Tokudaia 11
areas, Picathartes 52 Oriole, Sao Tome 57 osmana, Papilio 105
ORECTOLOBIFORMES 201 Oriole, Silver 57 OSMERIDAE 76, 204
aregona, Dolophilodes 255 Oriole, St Lucia 163 Osmerus 204
Oregonian, Mission Creek 127 Oriolia 49 Osmoderma 99
Oregonichthys 73, 168 ORIOLIDAE 57, 164, 199
osorio, Crocidura 7
oreias, Myatis 194 Ono/»i 57, 164
Ospatulus 73
oreinos, Trichia 215 oriplancta, Dirce 252 ostenta,Coracina 48
Oreisplanus 252 oriundus, Sylvisorex 8 OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 70, 167, 202
Oreochromis 85, 247 OWi/w 166 OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES 70, 167, 202
Oreoglanis 76 omata, Terrapene 166 Osteolaemus 58
OREOHELICIDAE 126,239 ornata, Lampsilis 172 Ostodes 212
Oreohelix 126,239 ornata, Perdicella 213 OSTREOIDA 209
Oreokera 214 ornata, Urocissa 58 otagense, Oligosoma 61
Oreolyce 252 omatus, Scotomanes 139 otaheitana, Partula 127
Oreomanes 162 ornatus, Anthops 10 otareae, Sinployea 190
Oreomava 123, 214 omatus, Liophis 61 OTARIIDAE 17,224,242
Oreomystis 56 ornatus, Pteropus 9 othcaloogensis, Dysnomia 255
Oreonecles 75 ornatus, Tremarctos 18 othcaloogensis, Epioblasma 110
Oreophasis 34 Ornipholidotos 252 othnius, Kondoconcha 123
areophila, Catamenia 162 Ornithoptera 105, 171, 208, 244 othus, Lepus 242
oreopolus, Sorex 136 Oroaetus 148 OTIDIDAE 37, 150, 242
Oreoscapus 159 oron, Philocasca 255 0/1.S 37
Oreothraupis 55 Oropendola, Baud% 56 Otocolobus 223, 241
oreotragus parteousi, Oreotragus 229 orophobata, Niphargobates 90 Otolemur 139
oreotragus, Oreatragus 131 orostruthus, Arcanator 50 Otomops 13
Oreotragus 131, 229 Orpheus, Pachycephala 160 Otomys 25, 144
Oreotrochilus 153 orramakunna, Engaeus 96 Otopteropus 9
oresterus, Heteramys 142 Ortalis 34 European 245
Otter,
Orestias 80, 168, 205 ORTHALICIDAE 126, 190, 215, 239. 256 Otter, Giant 17
organiaca, Pyrenaearia 175 Orthalicus 215 Otter, Hairy-nosed 17
orgygia, Belenois 253 Orthetrum 209, 238 Otter, La Plata 245
Oribi 131 Onhogeomys 22, 142 Otter, Marine 17
Oribi, Haggard's 229 orthognathus, Oryzias 80 Otter, OrientalSmall-clawed 140
Oribi, Kenya 229 ORTHOPTERA 108, 133, 187, 209, 254 Otter, Smooth-coated 17
oriensis, Srilankamys 145 orthostoma, Platyla 210 Otter, Southern River 17
orientalis aphion, Ovis 230 orthostoma, Pyxichromis 86 Otter-civet 18
orientalis arkal, Ovis 230 Orthotomus 51, 159 Otter-shrew, Nimba 5
orientalis bocharensis, Ovis 230 ort(Z(, Incaspiza 162 Otter-shrew, Ruwenzori 5
orientalis cyclaceros, Ovis 230 oO(Z(, Oestophora 174 ottomana, Erebia 253
orientalis gmelinii, Ovis 230 ortmanni. Villosa 256 Om.r 42, 152, 153,245,246
orientalis isphahanica, Ovis 230 ortoni, Penelope 34 o(waven.?ii, Oreomava 123
orientalis laristanica, Ovis 230 orycta, Pronesopupa 216 Ou 56
orientalis musiman, Ovis 230 Oryctes 250 ouachitae, Plethodon 167
orientalis orientalis, Ovis 245 Orymaeus 121 oualanensis, Delos 216
orientalis punjabiensis, Ovis 230 Oryx, Arabian 21 oubanguii, Mus 25
orientalis severtzovi, Ovis 230 Oryx, Beisa 229 Ougapia 216
orientalis vignei, Ovis 230 Oryx, Fringe-eared 229 ourebi haggardi, Ourebia 229
orientalis, Collocalia 198 Oryx, Scimitar-horned 21 ourebi keniae, Ourebia 229
orientalis, Crocidura 7 orv,)i:, Tragelaphus 131 ourebi, Ourebia 131
328
1 3
329
1
330
1 1 1 1 1 21 1 2 11 1
Pearlfish. Opalescent 79
Parrotbill, Rufous-headed 160 parvulus, Proasellus 97
Pearlfish. Splendid 79
Parrotbill, Rusty-throated 51 parvulus, Somatogyrus 212
Pearlshell, Louisiana 110
Parrotbill, Short-tailed51 parvus, Burramys 4
Pearlymussel, Birdwing 1 1
Parrotbill, Spectacled 160 parvus, Cherax 208
Pearlymussel, Cracking 1 1
Parrotfinch, Green-faced 57 parvus, Clidomys 179
Pearlymussel, Curtis 255
Parrotfinch, Pink-billed 57 parvus, Galaxias 204
Pearlymussel, Littlewing 1 1
Parrotfinch, Red-eared 57 parvus, Hylomys 6
Pearlymussel, Slabside 172
Parrotfinch, Royal 57 parvus, Hylomyscus 242
pearsei, Typhliasina 11
Parrotfish, Rainbow 87 parvus, Margaretamys 24
pearsoni, Solisorex 1
Parrotlet, Amazonian 152 parvus, Stygobromus 89
pearsoni, Uramphisopus 97
Parrotlet, Brown-backed 41 parvus, Thennocyclops 132
pearsoniana, Litoria 66
Parrotlet, Golden-tailed 41 Paryphanta 175,216
pearsonii, Belomys 142
Parrotlet, Red-fronted 152 parzefalli, Mexistenasellus 97
Pebblesnai , Angular 211
Parrotlet, Spot-winged 41 pasadenas, Syncaris 185
Pebblesnai , Ash Meadows 211
Parrotlet, Yellow-faced 40 Pask?4viza 73
Pebblesnai , Atlas 212
parryii kodiacensis, Spermophilus 231 paskai, Pseudomugil 205
Pebblesnai , Cahaball5
parryii lyralus, Spermophilus 23 Pasmaditta 216 Pebblesnai , Channeled 212
parryii nebulicola, Spermophilus 23 pasonis, Ashmunella 75
1
Pebblesnai , Columbia 211
parthenopaeum, Cymatium 173 PASSERIFORMES 45, 132, 155, 181, Pebblesnai , Coosa 212
parthenopaeum, Ranella 173 198, 242, 246 Pebblesnai , Dwarf 21
Partridge, Annam 34 Passer ina 162 Pebblesnai , Flat 116
Partridge, Black 149 pastazae, Galbula 44 Pebblesnai , Ruted212
Partridge, Buff-throated 149 Cacatua 152
pastinator, Pebblesna , Goldend211
Partridge, Chestnut-breasted 34 patagonum, Dolichotis 145 Pebblesnai , Granite 212
Partridge. Chestnut-headed 34 paterculus, Pipistrellus 139 Pebblesnai , Hidden 212
Partridge, Chestnut-necklaced34 pathirana, Danio 72 Pebblesnai , Knotty 212
Partridge. Chestnut-throated 149 Pseudomys 26
patrius, Pebblesnai , Moapa 21
Partridge, Hainan 34 patrizii, Asellia 10 Pebblesna , Moom212
Partridge, Orange-necked 34 Pebblesnai Mud 212
patlersoni, Trogloglanis 75
Partridge, Rusty-necklaced 149 Pebblesnai Oachita 21
patula, Palairm 211 ,
331
I
1 1 1 1
332
2 1 1 1 3
333
8 11 11 1 1 1
phorbanta, Papilio 105 PICIFORMES 44, 154, 181 Pigtoe, Flat 112
phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 252 pickeringii, Ducula 39 Pigtoe, Heavy 112
phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 252 pickersgilli, Hyperolius 66 Pigtoe, Narrow 1 1
334
1 1 1
piperata, Litoria 66 Placostylus 121, 126, 127, 190, 239 platynota, Notochelys 200
335
8 8 1 21 1 1
336
28 1
337
1 1
338
7 7 7 7 8 8 1
pulcherrima, Petalura 107 pupoidea, Nanocochlea 116 pyrenaica hispanica, Capra 228
pulcherrimus. Psephotus 181 pupoides, Bythinella 173 pyrenaica orruita, Rupicapra 230
pulchra longicauda, Egemia 234 Pupoidopsis 216 pyrermica pyrenaica, Capra 228
pulchra nigra, Anniella 246 Pupuharakeke 121 pyrenaica victoriae, Capra 228
pulchra, Auriculella 213 pupukanioe, Achatinella 120 pyrenaica, Belgrandiella 115
pulchra, Cyanolyca 164 pupula, Graziana 244 pyrenaica, Capra 141
pulchra, Macgregoria 58 pupula, Pupilla 245 pyrenaica, Rana 201
pulchra, Pteralopex 9 purcelli, Metadiaptomus 92 pyrermica, Rupicapra 131
pulchrus, Empicoris 251 puritana, Cicindela 98 pyrenaicus, Galemys 8
puliensis, Sinogastromyzon 75 Purpletuft, Buff-throated 46 pyrenella, Pleurocera 1 1
339
1
raineyi, Crocidura 1
quinquestriatus, Callosciurus 22 rafmesquii, Plecotus 13
Rajah, Chestnut 253
quintalia, Christianoconcha 127 rahmi, Lophuromys 143
quinlalia, Nancibella 190
raji. Hippocampus 81
raiatensis, Partula 191
Quintalia 190 Auckland Islands 36
RAJIDAE 201
Rail.
quinlicolor, Capita 44 Rail. Austral 37
RAJIFORMES 201
rakiurae, Hoplodactylus 165
Quiscalus 163, 182 Rail. Bald-faced 36
quitobaquitae, Tryonia 212 Rail. Bar-winged 180
RALLIDAE 36, 149, 180, 198
Rallina 37. 198
Quokka 4 Rail. Bogota 37
Brown-banded 36 Rallus 37
QuoU, Bronze 3 Rail.
Chatham Islands 180 ramadeva, Lethe 253
Quoll, Eastern 135 Rail.
Quoll, New Guinea 3 Rail. Dieffenbach's 180
Ramiheithrus 255
Quoll, Northern 135 Rail. Galapagos 149 ramirohitra, Brachyuromys 143
Quoll, Spotted-tailed 3, 219 Rail. Guam 180 ramonensis, Euchondrus 124
Rabbit, Amami 29 Rail. Inaccessible 36 RAMPHASTIDAE 154
Rabbit. Lower Keys Marsh 234 Rail. Invisible 36 ramphastinus, Semnomis 154
Rabbit, Omiltemi 29 Rail. Junin 36 Ramphocinclus 49
Rabbit, Pygmy 146 Rail. Lord Howe 36 Ramphodon 43. 153
340
1 1 1 1
Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed reeviana brevicuia, Lampsilis 238 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5
246 reventazoni, Palaemnertm 108
reeviana reeviana. Lampsilis 238
rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 167 refulgens, Quadrula 172 reverberii, Atelognathus 66
Rattus 26, 144, 145, 178, 197 revoili, Elephantulus 29
regalis, Heliangelus 43
Ratufa 22, 245 regalis, Hypseleotris 169
rex, Balaeniceps 147
raveneliana, Alasmidonta 110 rex, Clytoceyx 198
regalis.Pseudanlhias 83
ravidus, Tardus 181 rex, Ogasawarana 112
regani. Chirostoma 204
raviventris halicoetes, Reithrodontomys rex, Percina 84
regani. Neosalanx 76
233 rex, Rhinolophus 1
regia, Erythrura 57
raviventris raviventris, rex, Tachyoryctes 21
regiruie. Lasius 100
Reithrodontomys 233 rex, Uromys 27
reginicola. Conomyrma 100
raviventris, Reithrodontomys 26 Reymondia 119
regis. Plagiolepis 101
ravouxi, Epimyrma 100 reyniesii, Bythinella 244
regularis, Ancylus 173
ravus, Tomopeas 13 reynoldsi, Neoseps 60
rehbinderi, Strongylognathus 102
Rayadito, Mas Afuera 45 reynoldsiana, Spheterista 254
rehsei, Acrocephalus 49
rayi, Moitessieria 173 rezvoji, Camptoceras 210
reibischi, Bulimulus 126
razae, Alauda 47 Rhabdomys 197
reichei, Papillogobius 169
reaperi, Farula 255 Rhabdornis, Long-billed 161
reichenowi, Anthreptes 161
reburrus, Cambarus 93 Rhabdornis 161
reichenowi, Streptopelia 151
recifinus, Platyrrhinus 1
reidi,Hippocampus 81
RHABDORNITHIDAE 161
recta, Ligumia 172 rhabdota, Lyropupa 216
reighardi. Coregonus 77
recta, Westraltrachia 122 Rhachis 189
reimanni, Chelodina 200
recticulus, Ochthebius 249 Rhadine 248
reimeri. Procambarus 95
rectirostris, Hylocryptus 155
reisalpense. Bythiospeum 115
Rhagada 122
rectirostris, Limnomis 155 Rhagomys 27
reiseri, Chirocephalus 91
rectum, Cristilabrum 122 Rhamdia 76
reiseri, Phyllomyias 156
rectunguis, Centropus 152 Rhantus 249
Reithrodontomys 26, 27, 145, 233, 245
recurvatum, Enallagma 106 Rhantus 98, 185, 249
rekohua, Galaxias 76
Recurvebill, Bolivian 45
relevata, Leiostyla 127
RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE 108, 254
Recurvebill, Peruvian 155 Rhea, Greater 146
relicta, Amaurospiza 162
RECURVIROSTRIDAE 37 Rhea, Lesser 146
relicta, Myonycteris 9
recurvirostris, Avocettula 153 Rhea 146
relictus, Larus 150
reddelli, Rhamdia 76 Rhebok, Grey 131
341
1 1 1
rhodocephala, Pyrrhura 152 Ringlet, False 171 robustus isabellinus, Macropus 220
rhodocorytha, Amazona 40 Ringlet, False Dewy 253 robustus, Chaetodon 84
Rhodonessa 2il Ringlet, Gavarnie 253 robustus, Eschrichtius 129
Rhogeessa 139 Ringlet, Larche 253 robustus, Eudyptes 29
rhombifer, Crocodylus 58 Ringlet, Ottoman Brassy 253 robustus, Rivulus 205
rhombosomoides, Caimsichthys 78 Ringlet, Raetzer's 171 robustus, Scotophilus 139
RHOPALIDAE 251 Ringlet, Sudeten 253 robustus, Solegnathus 82
Rhophodon 214 Ringtail, Arfak 193 rochussenii, Scolopax 38
Rhopomis 46 Ringtail, D'Albertis 4 Rock-catfish 203
Rhoptromyrmex 101 Ringtail, Lowland 193 Rock-catfish, Barnard's 76
Rhyacophila 187,255 Ringtail, Plush-coated 5 Rock-catfish, Clanwilliam 76
RHYACOPHILIDAE 187,255 Ringtail, Western 4 Rock-rat, Central 27
Rhyacomis 52 Ringtail, Weyland 193 Rock-skink, Jurien Bay 234
rhynchida, Kenkia 256 rintjanus, Komodomys 24 Rock-thrush, Benson's 52
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA 58, 243 riochcoensis, Radioconus 123 Rock-thrush, Forest 160
Rhynchochydorus 90 RIODINIDAE 253 Rock-wallaby, Black-footed 220, 241
Rhynchocyon 29, 245 ni( sakishimana, Planaeschna 237 Rock-wallaby, Brush-tailed4
Rhyncholestes 3 mi, Progomphus 107 Rock-wallaby, Cape York 135
Rhynchomeles 193 risora, Alectrurus 47 Rock-wallaby, Mountain Claro 135
Rhynchomys 27 fiiija 38 Rock-wallaby, Prosperine4
342
8 5 3 1 22 1
Rock-wallaby, Yellow-footed 135, 220 Rose, Sri Lankan 105 rubens, Orthetrum 209
rockefelleri, Nectarinia 53 rosea, Partula 127 ruicr, Myotis 12
Rockfish, Boccacio 82 Rosefinch, Tibetan 199 rubescens, Gallicolumba 39
Rockfowl, Grey-necked 52 rosei, Capensibufo 166 rubicola, Melomys 25
Rockfowl, White-necked 51 rosei, Heleophryne 66 rubicunda, Bellamya 120
rockhamptonensis, Sphaerospira 174 roseicapilla, Ptilinopus 151 rubicundus, Helicarion 125
Rockjumper, Orange-breasted 158 roseigaster, Priotelus 153 rubida, Monodelphis 3
Rockjumper, Rufous 158 rosenbergi, Nyctiphrynus 53
1 rubida, Rhinoclemmys 64
Rocksnail, Agate 118 rosenbergii, Gymnocrex 36 rubidiceps, Chloephaga 147
Rocksnail, Armored 118 roseus, Opislhopatus 187 rubiginosus, Prionailurus 195
Rocksnail, Bigmouth 118 roseveari, Lemniscomys 143 rufcra, Foudia 57
Rocksnail, Helmet 118
rosewateri, Tridacna 1 1
ruira, Mycteroperca 206
Rocksnail, Interrupted 188
rositae, Passerina 162 rubra, Paradisaea 164
Rocksnail, Knobby 118
rosmarus laptevi, Odobenus 224 rubranura, Felexamia 251
Rocksnail, Lyrate 118
rosseti, Myotis 138 rubricollis, Charadrius yi
Rocksnail, Maiden 118
rossi, Apatalestea 250 rubrifacies, Lybius 154
Rocksnail, Muddy 118
rossi, Trigonoscuta 185 rubripes, Odontopodisma 108
Rocksnail, Oblong 118
rossiana, Paryphanta 216 rubritorques, Anthreptes 53
Rocksnail, Onyx 118
rossmaessieri, Chilostoma 174 rubriventer, Eulemur 14
Rocksnail, Ornate 118
Rossomrymex 101 rubriventris, Pseudemys 166
Rocksnail, Painted 118
Rocksnail, Plicate 118
Rossomyrmex 101 rubrogenys, Ara 40
rossouwi, Aloeides 102 rubrum, Etheostoma 169
Rocksnail, Rotund 118
rossouwi, Thestor 104 rubrum, Pleurobema 111
Rocksnail, Round 117
Rocksnail, Rugose 118 rostrata rostrata, Aprasia 234 ruckii, Cyornis 50
RODENTIA 22, 131, 142, 178, 197, 230, rotanus, Semperdon 214 rwdij, Sinployea 190
242, 245 rotensis, Zosterops 54 rudolfi, Ninox 42
rodericana, 'Alectroenas' 180 rothschildi, Cypseloides 153 rudolphi, Paradisaea 58
rodericana, Geonemertes 217 rothschildi, Leucopsar 57 rueppelli, Vulpes 195
rodericanus, 'Necropsittacus' 181 rothschildi, Murexia 193 rueppellii, Nycticeius 139
rodericanus, Bebrornis 50 rothschildi, Myospalax 144 ru/a nigra, Aplodontia 230
rodericanus, Necrospar 182 rothschildi, Ornithoptera 105 ru/a phaea, Aplodontia 230
rodolphei, Stachyris 52 rothschildi, Phalanger 4 r«^, Formica 170
rodricensis, Pteropus 9 rotula, Himeroconcha 214 r«/a, Trichocichla 53
rodriguezensis, Afrogyrus 1 1 rotulata,Obovaria 172 rufescens, Atrichornis 47
rodriguezensis, Dancea 124 rotundata, Bridouxiana 119 rufescens, Elisolimax 215
rodriguezensis, Nesopupa 216 rotundata, Parantica liH rufescens, llladopsis 159
rodriguezi, Reithrodontomys 27 rotundatus, Sandracottus 249 rufescens, Rhagomys 27
rogersi campestris, Procambarus 237 rotundicauda, Carcinoscorpius 209 Ruffe, Balon's 206
rogersi explelus, Procambarus 237 rotundicollis, Dysticheus 248 Ruffe, Striped 83
rogersi ochlocknensis, Procambarus rouchi, Ceuthonectes 96 ruficapilla, Alcippe 158
237 rouchi, Spelaeodiaptomus IQil ruficauda, Myrmeciza 46
rogersi rogersi, Procambarus 237 rougetii, Rougetius 150 ruficauda, Neochmia 57
rogersi, Atlantisia 36 Rougetius 150 ruftcaudatus, Lepilemur 241
rogersi, Tomicha 1 1 rourei, Nemosia 55 ruficeps, Eucerceris 251
Roimonlis 214 Rousette, Madagascar 10 ruficeps, Luscinia 51
Roja, Barbo de Cola 71 Rousettus 10, 136 ruficeps, Paradoxomis 160
rolandiana, Moitessieria244 rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 143 ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 44
rorrmnica, Cobitis 203 rovianae, Gallirallus 149 ruficollis, Branta 32
Romanichthys 84 rowelli bakerensis, Eremarionta 239 ruficollis, Madanga 53
Romankenkius 192 rowelli mccoiana, Eremarionta 239 ruficollis, Sporophila 163
Romerolagus 29 Rowettia 55 ruficollis, Syndactyla 45
ronaldi, Beddomeia 1 1 rowleyi, Eutrichomyias 50 rufifrons tilonura, Gazella 228
rondoensis, Galagoides 194 roxellana, Rhinopithecus 15 rufifrons, Formicarius 45
roosevelti, Anolis 59 roylei, Alticola 143 rufifrons, Garrulax 159
roquettei, Phylloscartes 47 rozendaali, Murina 138 rufifrons, Gazella 21
roraimae, Podoxymys 144 ruatanica, Dasyprocta 28 rufigenis, Atlapetes 162
rosacea, Mycteroperca 83 Ruatara 123 rufigula, Ficedula 158
rosae, Amblyopsis 77 rubecula, Poospiza 55 rufigularis, Hemitriccus 156
rosalia, Leontopithecus 14 rubella, Palaina 21 rufigularis, Hyetornis 42
Rosalia 98 rubellum, Pleurobema 1 1 rufilatus, Cephalophus 130
rosalinda, Gerbillus 242 rubens, Amastra 121 rufina, Gazella 178
343
1 9 1
rufolavalus, Tachybaptus 29 sacerdotalis, Crassispira 213 SALAMANDRIDAE 68, 132, 167, 201,
344
1 5 1 1
345
Scolopax 38, 150 Scythebill, Greater 155 semicarinata, Partulina 121
Scolopendra 89 Sea-eagle, Pallas's 33 semicaudata, Emballonura 10
SCOLOPENDRIDAE 89 Sea-eagle, Steller's33 semicostata, Omphalotropis 210
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA 89 seabrai, Myotis 12 semilarvata, Eos 152
Scomberomorus 88 Seadragon, Leafy 205 semilarvatus, Parus 161
SCOMBRIDAE 88, 207, 236 Seadragon, Weedy 205 semilineata, Tropidophora 188
Scops-owl, Anjouan 42 Seahorse, Big-bellied 81 Semioptera 164
Scops-Owl, Flores 245 Seahorse, Dwarf 82 semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus 201
Scops-owl, Grand Comoro 42 Seahorse, Giant 81 semipalmatus, Limnodromus 150
Scops-owl, Javan 42 Seahorse, Knysna 81 semiplumbea, Leucoptemis 148
Scops-owl, Luzon 42 Seahorse, Lined 81 semiplumbeus, Rallus 37
Scops-owl, Mindanao 42 Seahorse, Long-snouted 81
semirubra, Rhipidura 52
Scops-owl, Mindoro 42 Seahorse, Short-headed 205
Semnopithecus 140
Scops-owl, Palawan 42 Seahorse, Short-snouted 81
Semnomis 154
Scops-owl, Pemba 153 Seahorse, Slender 81
semoni, Helicarion 256
Scops-owl, Sao Tome 153 Seahorse, Three-spotted 82
semoni, Hipposideros 136
Scops-owl, Seychelles 42 Seahorse, White's 82
Semotilus 203
Scops-owl, Sokoke 42 Seal, Baikal 140
Semotrachia 122, 174
Scops-Owl, Sumatran 246 Seal, Baltic 224
Seal, Caspian 17
semotus, Apodemus 143
Scops-owl, Wallace's 153
semperasper, Notropis 202
Scops-owl, White-fronted 42 Seal, Galapagos Fur 17
Semperdon 214, 245
SCORPAENIDAE 82 Seal, Grey 224
semperi, Leucopeza 56
SCORPAENIFORMES 82, 184, 206, 244 Seal, Guadalupe Fur 17
Seal, Hawaiian Monk 17 semperi, Paludinella 210
Scortum 206, 247
Seal, Juan Fernandez Fur 17 senegalensis, Cyclanorbis 166
scotica,Loxia 199
Seal, Ladoga 224 senegalensis, Trichechus 19
Scotoecus 139
Scotomanes Seal, Mediterranean Monk 17 senex, Stumus 164
139, 194
Seal, Northern Fur 17 senex, Todirostrum 242
Scotopelia 42
Scotophilus 194 Seal, Saimaa 224 senicula, Hypena 186
13, 139,
Seal, Ungava 224 seniculus amazonica. Alouatta 221
Scotorythra 186
scottae, Dendrotagus 4 Seal, West Indian Monk 178 scniculus insulans, Alouatta 221
Seal, Western Pacific Harbor 242 seniculus juara, Alouatta 221
scotti, Cambarus 93
Seal ion, Japanese 224 seniculus puruensis, Alouatta 221
scotti,Myotis 12
scottodicarloi, Speleophria 97
Sebastes 82 senilis, Gambusia 168
secedens, Hyla 201 sentaniensis, Chilatherina 78
scratchleyi, Thryssa 202
sechellarum, Copsychus 50 Sephanoides 43
Screamer, Northern 147
Screech-owl, Colombian 152 sechellarum, Foudia 57 Seps, Breyer's Long-tailed 59
sechellensis, Bebromis 50 Seps, Eastwood's Longtailed 182
Screech-owl, Santa Barbara 152
sechellensis, Sooglossus 68 septendecim, Magicicada 170
scripta callirostris, Trachemys 246
sechurae, Dusicyon 195 septendecula, Magicicada 170
scripta, Trachemys 166
scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 226 seclusus, Paracymus 249 septentrionalis, Lepilemur 14
Scrub-bird, Noisy 47 secundus, Otomops 13 septentrionalis, Ordtrachia 174
346
7
347
1 1 1
348
3 5 3 1
I 349
Snake, Two-striped Garter 200 solomonis, Chaerephon 139 ip., Anaspides 247
Snake, Yellow-bellied House 165 Solomys 27, 145 ip., Antechinus 193
Snake-eagle, Southern Banded 148 soluta, Wrayanna 210 ip., Capromys 178
Snake-lizard, Bronzeback60 Somateria 32 ,rp., Catostomus 246
Snapper, Cubera 84 Somatochlora 106, 171 ip., Ciconia 179
Snapper, Mutton 84 Somatogyrus 211,212 ip., Cyprinella 246
snelli, Thapsia 124 Somersiella 95 ip., Cyprinodon 183
snelsoni, Lythrurus 72 somuncurensis, Somuncuria 67 jp., Deinacrida 254
Snipe, Chatham Islands 37 Somuncuria 67 jp., Elassoma 247
Snipe, Fuegian 150 sondaicus annamiticus. Rhinoceros 225 ip., Etheostoma 247
Snipe, Great 150 sondaicus sondaicus, Rhinoceros 225 ip., fa/co 179
Snipe, Imperial 150 sondaicus, Rhinoceros 19 5p., Foudia 182
Snipe, Latham's 150
sonneratii. Callus 149 jp., Geocapromys 178
Snipe, New Zealand 150
Sonorella 174 jp., Hemiandrus 254
Snipe, Wood 37 Sonorense, Charalito 72 jp., Hypsipetes 181
snowi, Myrmolherula 46
sonoriense, Kinostemon 64 ip., Ictalurus 247
Snuffbox'255
SOOGLOSSIDAE 68 ip., Moxostoma 246
snyderae, Tilapia 86
Sooglossus 68 ip., Nesophontes 177
snyderi, Catostomus 168 Sooty-owl, Lesser 152 ip., Nothobranchius 79
sociabilis, Ctenomys 145
sordida, Eumyias 158 ip., Nycticorax 179
socialis, Pluvianellus 150
sordidus, Rattus 145 jp., Oeobia 186
societatis, Pipistrellus 194
sorenseni, Hipposideros 136 ip., Oncorhynchus I'il
socotrana, Emberiza 55
sorex, Monodelphis 3 sp., Pristoceuthophilus 254
socotrensis, Ceratophallus 113
5orejr 7, 8, 136, 193 ip., Pseudobagrus 247
sodalis, Myotis 12
sorghophilus, Acrocephalus 49 jp., Pseudogobiopsis 247
sodyi, Kadarsanomys 143
SORICIDAE 6, 136, 193, 241 5p., Ptchochromoides 86
soemmerringii, Gazella 21 soricipes, Uropsilus 8 5p., Pterodroma 179
soemmerringii, Syrmaticus 149
Soriculus 8 ip., Pungitius 247
Softshell, Burmese Peacock 66
ioror, Odynerus 251 ip., Sauzieri 181
Softshell, Cantor's Giant 66
iorar, fi'rfa 157 ,tp., Scortum 247
Softshell, Cuatro Cienegas65
sororcula, Penescosta 123 jp., Styloniscus 247
Softtail, Orinoco 45
sororcula, Tyto 198 ,sp., Tandanus 247
Softtail, Russet-mantled 155
Sosippus 88 ip., Typhliasiruj 247
Softtail, Striated 45
Sotalia 196 sp., Vireo 56
sokokensis, Anthus 48
soulaiana, Ampelita 1 20 jp./, Womersleymeria 250
sola, Pyrgulopsis 211
Actinodura 158
souliei, jp.2, Womersleymeria 250
solandri, Pterodroma 30
soumagnei, Tyto 42 Spadebill, Russet-winged 47
solangiae, Sitta 53
Sousa 196 spadiceus, Dyacopterus 136
Solaris, Diree 252
Souslik, Spotted 22 spadix, Cephalophus 21
Solatopupa 174,245
sowerbyana, Achatinella 120 spadix, Dendrolagus 193
solatus, Cercopithecus 15
ip. /, Coregonus 247 spalacinus, Tachyoryctes 145
Solegnathus 82
i/7. 7, Elseya 62 Spa/ijjc 27
Solenodon, Cuban 5
Solenodon, Haitian 5
ip. /, Gasterosteus 247 spaldingi, Achatinella 188
Solenodon 177
i'p. 7, Glossogobius 247 spaldingi, Lyropupa 216
5,
SOLENODONTIDAE 5, 177
^p. /, Mogumda 247 spaldingi, Ougapia 216
solenopsidis, Solenopsis 101 ip. /, Neosilurus 247 spana, Epargyreus 252
Solenopsis 101 jp. /O, Glossogobius 247 spangleri, Hydroporus 248
solidus, Lanistes 1 14 jp. 2, Coregonus 247 Spanglerogyrus 249
Soliperla 254 ip. 2, fteya 200 Spaniacris 133
Solisorex 1 5p. 2, Gasterosteus lAl SPARIDAE 84, 132
Solitaire, Cuban 159 sp. 2, Glossogobius 247 spama, Lyropupa 216
Solitaire, Reunion 180 ip. 2, Mogumda 247 Sparrow, Cinnamon-tailed 162
Solitaire, Rodrigues 180 ip. 2, Neosilurus 247 Sparrow, Cuban 55
Solitaire, Rufous-brown 158 ip. J, Elseya 200 Sparrow, Henslow's 162
solitaria, Argiocnemis 106 jp. J, Glossogobius 247 Sparrow, Java 57
solitaria, Origma 159 jp. i, Mogumda lAl Sparrow, Oaxaca 162
solitaria, Pezophaps 180 sp. 3, Neosilurus 247 Sparrow, Sierra Madre 55
solitaria, Samoana 127 ip. 4, Glossogobius 247 Sparrow, Timor 163
solitarius, Atelognathus 66 ip. 4, Mogurnda 247 Sparrow, Worthen's 55
solitarius, Buteo 148 ip. 5, Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, Imitator 33
solitarius, Harpyhaliaetus 148 ip. 5, Mogumda 247 Sparrowhawk, Madagascar 148
solitarius, Raphus 180 ip. 6, Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, New Britain 32
solitarius, Relictus jp. 6, Mogumda 247 Sparrowhawk, Nicobar 147
74
Glossogobius 247 Sparrowhawk, Slaty-mantled 148
solitarius, Tinamus 146 jp. 7,
350
3 1
351
1 11 1 1 1 1 111 11 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1
Springsnail, Fossil 21 Squirrel, St. Lawrence Island Ground 23 stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys 246
Springsnail, Gila 211 Squirrel, Townsend's Ground 197 stejnegeri, Hynobius 201
Springsnail, Grand Wash 21 Squirrel, Virginia Flying 230
stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 196
Springsnail, Huachuca 21 Squirrel, Washington Ground 22
stejnegeri, Trachemys 166
Springsnail, Idaho 21 Srilankamys 145 stejnegeri, Viridonia 56
Springsnail. Jackson Lake 21 stabilei, Retinella 217
stellata, Brachypteryx 158
Springsnail, Kingman 21 Stachyris 52, 160
stellatus Acipenser 235
,
stapes, Quadrula 1 1
Stenodus 204, 236
SQUALIFORMES 69
starki, Atabamaubria 249
squamata, Poblana 78 Stenomys 27
starki, Taeniopteryx 254 STENO'PELMATIDAE
squamalus. Capita 154 108, 133, 209,
Starling, Abbott's 57 254
squamatus, Mergus 32
Starling, Bali 57 Stenopelmatus
sqimmicaudata, Wyulda 135 109, 133
Starling, Black-winged 164 STENOPSYCHIDAE 255
squamigenus, Chlamydogobius 87
Starling, Chestnut-cheeked 164 Stenopsychodes 255
squamiger, Neomorphus 152 Starling, Kosrae Mountain 182 stenopus, Niphargus 90
squamigera, Brachypteracias 44 Starling, Mysterious 182
stenotis, Hipposideros 137
squamosa, Tridacna 133 Starling, Pohnpei Mountains?
squamulosa, Baccalena 173 Stenotrema 215, 239
Starling, Rarotonga 57
Squawfish, Colorado 73 Stenotrupis 248
Starling, Red-billed 164
Squirre African Pygmy 22 stephani, Heterelmis 249
,
Starling, Rennell 164
Squirre Big Cypress Fox 230 stephani, Peromyscus 26
,
Starling. Reunion 182
Squirre Big Horn Thirteen-lined Ground stephanidisi, Cobitis 203
,
Starling, Rodrigues 182
231 stephenensis, Anagotus 248
Starling, Rusty-winged 164
Squirre Carolina Flying 230 stepheni, Poecilmitis 103
,
Starling, Santo Mountain 57
Squirre , Carruther's Mountain22 stepheni, Thestor 104
Starling, Socotra 57
Squirre , Dangs Giant 245 Starling, Spot-winged 164 stepheni, Vini 42
Squirre Delmarva Fox 231 stephensi, Dipodomys 131
,
Starling, Tanimbar 164
Squirre Eastern Fox 231 stephensi, Hoplodactylus 59
,
Starling, Tasman 182
Squirre European 22 Stereolepis 82
,
Starling. White-eyed 57
Squirre , Flightless Scaly-tailed 145 Sterkia 175
Starling, White-faced 164
Squirre Green River Basin
,
Starling, White-headed 164 Sterlet 70, 235
Golden mantled Ground 231 Sterna 38, 150
Starling, Yellow-eyed 164
Squirre , Guerrero Hying 245 stemalis,Engaeus 96
starmuehlneri, Afrogyrus 1 1
Squirre , Idaho Ground 22 Stemotherus 64
Stamoenas 39
Squirre , Kodiak Ground 231 sterreri, Platyops 97
starostini, Troglocobitis 203
Squirre , Maharashtra Giant245
Staurotypus 166 sterreri, Somersiella 95
Squirre , Mexican Flying 245
Steamerduck, Chubut 147 sterrhopteron, Welmorethraupis 55
Squirre , Mohave Ground 22
Steatomys 27, 145 stewardsoni, Dysnomia 187
Squirre , Mount Graham Red 231
stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 68 stewardsonii, Epioblasma 1 1
Squirrel , Mountain 142
Steenbras, White 132 stewartii, Achatinella 120
Squirrel , Nelson's Antelope 22
steerii, Centropus 42 sthenele sthenele, Cercyonis 253
Squirrel , Nevada Ground 231
steer a, Eurylaimus 45 sthennyo, Erebia 253
Squirrel . Norhern Idaho Ground 231
Squirrel Oaxaca Flying 245 steerii, Pitta 47 Stick-insect, Lord Howe Island 187
,
352
1
353
1 1
354
8 1
355
3
5 3 7 1
356
1 1 2
TESTUDINIDAE 65, 166, 182, 200, 234, THERAPHOSIDAE 169 thoracatus. Geocapromys 179
243, 246 Muscocyclops 132
therasiae, THORACICA 208
Testudo 65, 166, 235, 243, 246 theresa, Monodelphis 3 thoracicus, Charadrius 37
telhys, Oceanodroma 146 thermae, Zaitzeva 249 Thornbill. Mountain 132
Tetracenlrum 206 thermalis, Pyrgulopsis 211 Thornbill, Slender-billed 49
Tetracerus 22 Thermocyclops 132 Thornbird, Chestnut-backed 155
tetradactyla, Allactaga 23 Thermodiaptomus 92 Thorntail,Coppery 198
tetradactylus sangi, Petrodromus 245 Thermomesochra 208 Thoropa 67
Tetradactylus 59, 182 thermophilum, Thermosphaeroma Thrasher, Cozumel 158
185
TETRAGNATHIDAE 88 Thermophis 61 Thrasher, White-breasted 49
Tetramorium 102 Thermosphaeroma 97, 185, 244 Thraupis 163
Tetranesodon 204 ihermydromis, Speocirolana 97 Threeridge, Fat 110
Tetrao 149 r/iero cedarbergae. Phasis 252 Threskiomis 147
TETRAODONTIDAE 88, 207 Theropithecus 140 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 31, 147, 179
TETRAODONTIFORMES 88, 207 Thersites 122 Thripophaga 45, 155
Tetraophasis 149 Theskelomensor Throscodectes 109
1 25, 256
tetraspis, Osteolaemus 58 thessala, Knipowitschia 87 Thrush, Amami 53
tetrax. Tetrax 150 Thessalogovin'As 87 Thrush, Ashy 53
Tetrax 150 Thestor 252 Thrush, Black-breasted 161
tetrica, Discula 124 Thestor, Dickson's 252 Thrush, Bonin 181
TETRIGIDAE 109 Thestor, Kaplan's 103 Thrush, Chinese 161
Tetrix 109 Thestor 103, 104, 170,252 Thrush, Everett's 161
Tettigarcta 251 r/ie((i, Partula 127 Thrush, Fawn-breasted 161
TETTIGARCTIDAE 251 THIARIDAE 119,173 Thrush, Forest 158
Tettigidea 109 thibaudeaui, Tenualosa 71 Thrush, Grand Cayman 181
TETTIGONIIDAE 109, 187 thibetana huangensis, Ochotona 233 Thrush, Grayson's 161
teuszii, Sousa 196 thibetana sikimaria, Ochotona 233 Thrush, Grey-sided 53
tevoroa, Tridacna 112 Thrush, Izu 53
thibetana, Macaca 129
texana, Cochliopa 115 Thrush, La Selle 53
tkibetanus gedrosianus, Ursus 224
texana, Tartarocreagris 207 Thrush, Long-billed 161
thibetanus, Ursus 18
texanus, Asaphomyia 250 Thrush, Makira 161
Thicketbird, Bismarck 198
texanus, Haideoporus 248 Thrush, Moluccan 199
Thicketbird, Bougainville 198
texanus, Limnebius 249 Thrush, New Britain 161
Thicketbird, Guadalcanal 159
texanus, Procambarus 95 Thrush, Orange-banded 161
Thicketbird, Long-legged 53
Thrush, Pied 161
texanus, Xyrauchen 75 Thinomis 37
Thrush, Red-backed 161
(MM, //e/ix 125 Thistletail, Perijal55
Amytomis 49
Thrush, Sao Tome 161
textilis, thol'oni, Mesoperipatus 209
Thrush, Slaty-backed 161
teydea, Fringilla 132 thomasetti, Gulella 191
Thrush, Somali 53
teysmannii, Treron 151 thomasi bethune-bakeri, Hemlargus
Thrush, Spot-winged 161
Thaanumella 210 252
Thrush, Taita 53
thaanumi, Achatinella 88 1 thomasi, Echimys 28
Thrush, Tristan 159
thaanumi, Lyropupa 216 thomasi, Calagoides 241
Thrush, Unicoloured 161
thaanumi, Nesopupa 216 thomasi, Microgale 5
Thrush, 'Vemen 53
thaidina, Bhutanitis 244 thomasi, Microtus 144
Thryomanes 158
thalassina, Cissa 164 thomasi, Ochotona 146
Thryothorus 49
Thalassoma 87 thomasi, Presbytis 140
Thryssa 202
thalia, Crocidura 136 thomasi, Rhinolophus 137
thunbergi. Colophon 99
?/M/ia, Partula 191 thomasi, Salpingotus 197
Thunnus 237
88, 207, 236,
Thallomys 145 thomasi, Stumira 1
thuragnathus, Harpagochromis 184
Thalurania 44 thomasi, Urothemis 209
thurjii, Hardella 166
thamicola, Homaloptera lA Thomasomys 145
thurstoni, Samoana 127
thamnobates, Bradypodion 165 thomasseti, Nesomantis 68
Thylacine 177
THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 91 Thomea 214 THYLACINIDAE 177
Thamnomys 242 thomensis, Columba 38 Thylacinus 177
Thamnophilus 155 thomensis, Crocidura 7 Thylamys 135
Thamnophis 61, 200, 246 thomensis, Estrilda 163 Thylogale 4
Thapsia 124, 125,215 thomensis, Nectarinia 53 thynnus Thunnus IQl
,
357
8
358
4 1
359
7 1 5 2 1 1
TROCHILIDAE 43, 153, 181, 198 Tryonia, Brune's 212 turbotti, Anagotus 248
Tryonia, Gila 212 Turcinemacheilus 203
Trochochlamys 124
Trochogyra 214 Tryonia, Grated 212 turcosus, Cyomis 158
Tryonia, Roster's 212 Turdoides 53, 160
Trochoidea 126, 175, 190,256
Tryonia, Mimic 212 Tur^iui 53, 161, 181
trochoideum, Craspedoma 133
Tryonia, Minute 212 Turgenitubulus 122, 256
Trochomorpha 128,175,217
Tryonia, Phantom 212 Turgid-blossom 255
Trochozonites 215
Tryonia, Point of Rocks 212 turgida, Achatinella 120
TROGIDAE 250
Tryonia, Quitabaquito 212 turgida, Partula 191
Troglocaris 93
Tryonia, Sportingoods 212 turgidula, Dysnomia 255
troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 74
Tryonia 212 turgidula, Epioblasma 1 1
Troglocobitis 203
Tryphomys 27 turgidula, Gonospira 128
troglodytes schweinfurthi. Part 223
tschaiyssuensis, Nemacheilus 74 turgidula, Streptostyla 215
troglodytes troglodytes, Pan 223
tschapecki, Bythiospeum 115 Turkey, Ocellated 149
troglodytes verus, Pan 223
tschudii, Ampelioides 1 56 Turnagra 181
troglodytes, Aphodius 250
Tsessebe 228 tumerae, Beddomeia 115
troglodytes, Monadenia 215
r5i(ana 252 tumeri, Eremomela 50
troglodytes. Pan 16
tsolovi, Calomyscus 143 turneri, Hubbsina 80
Troglodytes 49
Tuatara, Brother's Island 58 tumeri, Posorites 174
TROGLODYTIDAE 49, 158
Tuatara, Cook 243
Trogloglanis 75
Strait TURNICIDAE 35, 149
Tubercled-blossom 255 r«ma 35, 149
Troglohyphantes 88
tuberculata, Cyclonaias 172 turpis, Hipposideros 10
Trogon, Baird's 153
tuberculata, Insulivitrina 175 turricula, Carelia 189
Trogon, Hispaniolan 153
tuberculata, Mystacina 13 turricula, Discula 124
Trogon, Ward's 44
tuberculatum, Heteropoma 210 TURRIDAE 213
Trogon 153
tuberculatus, Chalinolobus 138 turriplana, Gittenbergeri 245
TROGONIDAE 44, 153
TROGONIFORMES 44, 153
tuberculatus, Hadramphus 185 turrilella, Fontigens 116
tuberculatus, Pteropus 10 turritum, Heteropoma 210
Trogopterus 22
tuberculosus, Pedostibes 66 Tursiops 196
Troj^ei 105, 171,253
Troik, Great-tailed 5
tuberosa, Quadrula 112 turskyi, Leuciscus 183
troostiana, Elimia 1 1
TUBinCIDAE 110 Turtle, African Softshell 235
tropica, Bettongia 4
Tubuaia 125 Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied 64
tucinkae, Eubucco 154 Turtle, Alligator Snapping 63
tropicalis, Geomys 22
Tucuxi 196 Turtle, American Red-bellied 166
tropicalis, Monachus 178
Tropidophora 118,188,212
tuerosi, Laterallus 36 Turtle, Annam Leaf 243
Tropidophoxinellus 203
tularosa, Cyprinodon 80 Turtle, Aquatic Box 64
Tulotoma 213 Turtle, Arakan Forest 64
Tropidoptera 121
Tulotoma 213 Turtle, Asian Giant Softshell 66
Tropidurus 199
tumana, Lednia 254 Turtle, Asiatic Softshell 65
Tropocyclops 92
Tumba 74 Turtle, Assam Roofed 200
Tropodiaptomus 92, 185, 207
tumba, Puntius 74 Turtle, Barbour's Map 165
troschelianum, Pleurobema 1 1
tumbalensis, Tylomys 27 Turtle, Beal's-eyed 64
troughtoni, Taphozous 10
tumida, Beddomeia 188 Turtle, Bellinger River Snapping200
Trout, Apache 77
360
3
1 1
Turtle, Big-headed 200 Turtle, Philippen's Striped 200 TYPHLOPIDAE 62. 182
Turtle, Big-headed Amazon River64 Turtle, Philippine Pond 64 typhlops, Iranocypris 72
Turtle, Black Soft-shell 65 Turtle, Pig-nose 62 typhlops, Notoryctes 4
Turtle, Black Wood 166 Turtle, Pritchard's Snake-necked62 typhlops, Protocobitis 74
Turtle, Black-knobbed Map 166 Turtle, Red Side-necked 165 typhlops, Stygichthys 203
Turtle, Blanding's 165 Turtle, Red-crowned Roofed 64 Typhlops 62, 182
Turtle, Bog 64 Turtle, Red-headed River 65 Typhlosaurus 61
Turtle, Brazilian Radiolated Swamp 165 Turtle, Red-necked Pond 200 Typhlosynbranchus 205
Turtle, Brazilian Snake-necked62 Turtle, Reimann's Snake-necked200
fyphlotriton 201
Turtle, Bri.sbane Short-necked 243 Turtle, Ringed Map 64
typica, Coracina 48
Turtle, Brown Wood 166 Turtle, Roti Island Snake-necked62
typicus, Gerrhosaurus 165
Turtle, Burmese Eyed 166 Turtle, Ryukyu Leaf 64
typus, Otomys 144
Turtle, Burmese Flapshell 200 Turtle, Senegal Rapshell 166
Burmese Roofed 64
typus, Rhincodon 201
Turtle, Turtle, Seychelles Mud 65
Turtle, Cagle's Map 64 Turtle, Six-tubercled River 65
TYRANNIDAE 47, 156, 242
Tyrannulet, Alagoas 47
Turtle, Cat Island Freshwater 246 Turtle, Sonora Mud 64
Tyrannulet, Bay-ringed 156
Turtle, Central American River63 Turtle, South American River 132
Tyrannulet, Grey-capped 156
Turtle, Chaco Side-necked 62 Turtle, South Asian Box 165
Tyrannulet, Minas Gerais47
Turtle, Chaco Swamp 62 Turtle, Spiny 64
Tyrannulet, Oustalet's 156
Turtle, Chinese False-eyed 200 Turtle, Spiny-neck 165
Tyrannulet, Reiser's 156
Turtle, Chinese Stripe-necked 166 Turtle, Spotted 64
Tyrannulet. Restinga47
Turtle, Chinese Three-striped Box64 Turtle, Spotted Box 200
Tyrannulet, Sao Paulo 47
Turtle, Cochin Forest Cane 64 Turtle, Spotted Pond 165
Tyrannulet, Serra do Mar 156
Turtle, Common Box 166 Turtle, Striped Narrow-headed Softshell
Tyrannus 47
Turtle, Creaser's Mud 166 65
Tyrant, Cock-tailed 156
Turtle, Crowned River 166 Turtle, Sulawesi Forest 200
Tyrant, Shear-tailed Grey 156
Turtle, Dahl's Toad-headed 62 Turtle, Tabasco Mud 166
Tyrant, Strange-tailed 47
Turtle, Dunn's Mud 64 Turtle, Texas Map 166
Escambia Map 166
Tyrant, Tumbes 156
Turtle, Turtle, Three-striped Roof 166
Tyrrheniella 126
Turtle, Euphrates Softshell66 Turtle, TurkanaMud 65
Turtle, European Pond 165 Turtle, Upemba Mud 200 Phylloscopus 160
tytleri,
361
3 3 7
Podocnemis 65
unifilis, usambarense, Ptychotrema 216 Varecia 14,220
unilamellala, Mautodontha 189 usambarensis, Thapsia 215 varia, Neotoma 25
ynio 172, 187, 209, 256 usambarensis, Edentulina 216 varia, Partula 127
UNIONIDAE 110, 133, 172, 187, 209, usambarensis, Gonaxis 216 van'a, Tangara 163
238, 255 usambarensis, Trochozonites 215 Varia 83
UNIONOIDA 110, 133, 172, 187,209, usambarica, Gulella 216 variabilis, Oreochromis 85
238, 255 variabilis, Partula 191
usambarica, Hypolysia 217
uniplicata, Auriculella 1 88 usambarica, Subulina 217 variabilis, Partulina 121
unipunctata, Rhyacophila 255 usdagalun, Lirceus 97 varians, Elimia 117
unirufus, Centropus 152 Ushimotsugo 246 variata, Elimia 212
unistriata, Monodelphis 3 varicosa, Alasmidonta 209
usingeri, Pseudopsectra 254
universitatis, Camponotus 100
ussheri, Scotopelia 42 varicosa, Alismodonta 255
upembae, Pelusios 200 ussuriensis, Murina 12 variegata rubra, Varecia 220
Uperoleia 182,201 ustulata, Baetica 109 variegata variegata, Varecia 220
Upucerthia 155 ustulata, Partulina 213 variegata, Mesitomis 35
Formica 170
uralensis,
ustulatus, Bulimulus 126 variegata, Mogumda 87
Uramphisopus 97 Utabaenetes 108 variegata, Nannoperca 82
urania, Macromia 106
utahensis, Chaetarthria 249 variegata, Tryonia 212
uranidea, Percina 169 utahensis, Hydroporus 248 variegata, Varecia 14
uranoscopus, Gobio 202 utahensis, Limnebius 249 variegaticeps, Alcippe 49
Uranothauma 252 utahensis, Physella 1 1
variegatus, Dicranopselaphus 249
urartensis, Calomyscus 143 variegatus, Thaumatogryllus 108
utahensis, Stagnicola 1 1
362
82 1 85 1
VERTIGINIDAE 128, 133, 175, 192,217, vinogradovi, Dicrostonyx 23 vittata, Partula 191
245 vi>!5om', Nycteris 10 vittatus, Prognathochromis 185
Vertigo 133, 175,217 violacea, Lambis 212 vitulina mellonae, Phoca 224
vertreesi, Ceraclea 254 Viper, Armenian 243 vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca 242
vertreesi, Ochrotrichia 254 Viper, Cauca.sian 62 Viverra 18
verum, Pleurobema 1 1
Viper, Cyclades Blunt-nosed 62 VIVERRIDAE 18, 195,224
verui, Procolobus 140 Viper, Latifi's 62 viverrinus, Dasyurus 135
363
81 1
364
6
weiskei thalassina, Paratica 237 Whale, Southern Bottlenose 130 Whitefish, Cape 71
weiskei, Parantica 244 Whale, Southern Minke 129 Whitefish, Large Bottom 204
Whitefish, Northern 204
Weka 149 Whale, Southern Right 129
Whale, Sowerby's Beaked 196 Whitefish, Opeongo 247
wekiwae, Cincinnatia 115
Whale, Sperm 18 Whitefish, Squanga 247
welaka, Notropis IQil
Whale, Stejneger's Beaked 196 whiteheadi, Chrotomys 23
welcommei, Allochromis 84
Whale, Strap-toothed 196 whiteheadi, Collocalia 43
wellardi, Branchinella 91
Whale, True's Beaked 196 whiteheadi, Sitta 161
wellekensae, Phyllodiaplomus 92
Whale, White 18 whiteheadi, Stachyris 160
wellsi, Leptotila 39
whartoni, Ducula 39 whiteheadi, Urocissa 164
wengerorum, Stygobromus 90
wharloni, Sphaerospira 174 whitei. Colophon 99
wemeri, Achalinus 61
wheeleh, Arkansia 110 whitei, Ditropis 114
wemeri, Iguanognathus 61
wheeleri, Somatogyrus 212 whitei. Hippocampus 82
Wesley ana, Nesopupa 216
Whipbird, Papuan 198 whitei, llydon 80
wesselensis, Cristigibba 214
Whipbird, Western 52 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 1 1
westertrmnni, Elachistodon 200
Whiptail, Orange-throated 200 whitelyi, Caprimulgus 153
westlandica, Procellaria 30
Whiptail, St Lucia 61 Whitestart, Guaiquinima56
Westraltrachia 122, 123
Whistler, Fawn-breasted 160 Whitestart, Paria 56
Westralunio 110
365
5 5 6
366
93 65
367
Zonocypretla 97 Zorro, Sechuran 195 zujarensis, Helicella 174
Zoothera 53. 161, 181, 199, 242 Zorro, Small-eared 195 zuliae, Phrynops 62
zophonastes, Cambarus 94 zoserka, Cardiocondyla 100 zullichi, Agriades 102
Zoraena Wf, Zospeum 113 zuluensis, Streptocephalus 9\
ZORAPTERA 255 zosterae, Hippocampus 82 zusii, Heliangelus 43
Zoroapteran, Swezey's 255 Zosterisessor 207 ZYGAENIDAE 187
ZOROTYPIDAE 255 ZOSTEROPIDAE 53, 161, 181, 199, 242 Zygogeomys 23
Zorotypus 255 Zosterops 53, 54, 161, 162, 181, 199. 242 zyli. Crypiochloris 5
Zorro, Grey 241 Zubovskia 108 Zyzomvs ^7
Zorro, Hoary 195
368
Annex 1
Key to Source Codes
gory (or next to the species name in the case of Lists 2, 24 Bogan, A.E.
3 and 5, which each contain species in a single category) 25 Bogan, A.E. & Seddon, M.B.
26 Bouchet, P.
refer to the person or group responsible for the final cat-
group can be determined from the current Membership 37 Caprinae Specialist Group
Directory.
38 Carrington, C.M.S., Evans, G. & Horrocks, J.
Amori, G. 57 Day, M.
19 Benzie, J.
69 Fowler, S. & Musick , J.
70 Frias-Martin, A.
20 Bills, R.
71 Gasgoigne, A.
21 BirdLife International
72 George, S.
22 Bison Specialist Group
Annex 1
73 Gerber, G. 130 Pangolin Specialist Group
74 Gibson, R. 131 Pearce-Kelly, P.
75 Gimenez-Dixon, M. 132 Pearson, O.
76 Goodyear, N. 133 Perez. A.M.
77 Griffiths, H.I. 134 Pethiyagoda, R.
78 Griffiths. 0. 135 Pigs & Peccaries Specialist Group
79 Haase, M. 136 Polar Bear Specialist Group
80 Haddad. C.F.B. 137 Ponder, W.F. & Varman, R.
81 Hadfield, M. & Hadway, L. 138 Ponder, W.F.
82 Hafner, D. 139 Ponder. W.F. & Slack-Smith, S.
83 Hamer, M. 140 Ponder. W.F. & Smith, B,
84 Hare. J. 141 Ponder, W.F. & Stanisic, J
85 Harrison, D. 142 Preece, R.C.
86 Heaney, L. 143 Primate Specialist Group
87 Heller, J. 144 Punt, A.
88 Henderson. R. 145 Reid, J.W.
89 Hippo Specialist Group 146 Rentz. D.C.F.
90 Hounsome. M. 147 Roberts. C.
91 Huntsman, G. 148 Rodent Specialist Group
92 Hyaena Specialist Group 149 Roth. B.
93 Hyrax Specialist Group 150 Sadovy. Y.
94 Ihffe, T.M. 151 Safina. C.
95 Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group 152 Schembri. P.J.
106 Madagascar Reptile & Amphibian 163 Social Insects Specialist Group
Specialist Group 164 South American Camelid Specialist Group
107 Maeda-Martinez, A.M. 165 Stanisic, J.
Annex 2
.
Annex 2
The lUCN Red List Categories
The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or will never be clear which criteria are appropriate for a
below the species level. The term "taxon" in the follow- particular species in advance, each species should be
ing notes, definitions and criteria is used for convenience, evaluated against all the criteria, and any criterion met
and may represent species or lower taxonomic levels, should be hsted.
including forms that are not yet formally described.
There is a sufficient range among the different criteria to
4. Derivation of Quantitative Criteria
enable the appropriate listing of taxa from the complete
The quantitative values presented in the various criteria
taxonomic spectrum, with the exception of micro-organ-
associated with threatened categories were developed
isms. The criteria may also be applied within any speci-
through wide consultation and they are set at what are
fied geographical or political area although in such cases
generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no for-
special notice should be taken of point 1 1 below. In pre-
mal justification for these values exists. The levels for
senting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic
different criteria within categories were set independently
unit and area under consideration should be made
but against a common standard. Some broad consistency
explicit. The categorization process should only be
between them was sought. However, a given taxon
applied to wUd populations inside their natural range, and
should not be expected to meet all criteria (A-E) in a cat-
to populations resulting from benign introductions
egory; meeting any one criterion is sufficient for listing.
(defined in the draft lUCN Guidelines for Reintro-
ductions as "..an attempt to establish a species, for the
purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, 5. Implications of Listing
but within an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data
area"). Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk
has been made, though for different reasons. Until such
time as an assessment is made, species listed in these cat-
2. Nature of the Categories egories should not be treated as if they were non-threat-
All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for
ened, and it may be appropriate (especially for Data
Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered
Deficient forms) to give them the same degree of pro-
qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are
tection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can
described as "threatened". The threatened species cate-
be evaluated.
gories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be pos-
sible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see Extinction is assumed here to be a chance process. Thus,
Figure 1).
a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a
higher expectation of extinction, and over the time-
3. Role of the Different Criteria frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category
For lisring as Critically Endangered, Endangered or are expected to go extinct than in a lower one (without
Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meet- effective conservation action). However, the persistence
ing any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at of some taxa in high risk categories does not necessarily
that level of threat. Each species should be evaluated mean their initial assessment was inaccurate.
Annex 3
-Extinct
-Critically Endangered
- (Ttireatened) -
-Endangered
-Vulnerable
_ (Adequate _
data) Conservation
Dependent
-Lower Risk -
-Near Threatened
- Least Concern
-(Evaluated) —
-Data Deficient
-Not Evaluated
6. Data Quality and the Importance ties. Given that data are rarely available for the whole
of Inference and Projection range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropri-
The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, ate to use the information that is available to make intel-
the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts ligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in
at applying the criteria, as methods involving estima- question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is
tion, inference and projection are emphasized to be found, it is legitimate to apply the precautionary principle
acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads
based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into to listing in the category of highest risk.
tions, few locations). Some threats need to be identified The category "Data Deficient" is not a threatened cate-
particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because gory, although it indicates a need to obtain more infor-
their effects are irreversible, or nearly so (pathogens, mation on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing.
Annex 4
.
teria, the designation of "conservation dependent" is because they are at the margins of their global range.
appropriate. It is important to emphasize here that a lUCN is still in the process of developing guidelines for
taxon require conservation action even if it is not listed as the use of national red list categories.
threatened.
12. Re-evaluation
9. Documentation Evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried
All taxon lists including categorization resulting from out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important
these criteria should state the criteria and sub-criteria that for taxa listed under near threatened, or conservation
were met. No listing can be accepted as valid unless at dependent, and for threatened species whose status is
least one criterion is given. If more than one criterion or known or suspected to be deteriorating.
sub-criterion was met, then each should be listed.
However, failure to mention a criterion should not nec-
13. Transfer between Categories
essarily was not met. Therefore, if a re-eval-
imply that it
There are rules to govern the movement of taxa between
uation indicates that the documented criterion is no
longer met, this should not result in automatic down-list-
categories. These are as follows: (A) A taxon may be
moved from a category of higher threat to a category of
ing. Instead, the taxon should be re-evaluated with
lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category
respect to all criteria to indicate its status. The factors
has been met for 5 years or more. (B If the original clas-)
responsible for triggering the criteria, especially where
sification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may
inference and projection are used, should at least be
be transferred to the appropriate category or removed
logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included
from the threatened categories altogether, without delay
in published lists.
(but see Section 9). (C) Transfer from categories of
lower to higher risk should be made without delay.
10. Threats and Priorities
The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to
14. Problems of Scale
determine priorities for conservation action. The category
Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or
of threat simply provides an assessment of the likelihood
the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by prob-
of extinction under current circumstances, whereas a sys-
lems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which the dis-
tem for assessing priorities for action will include numer-
tributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller will
ous other factors concerning conservation action such as
be the area that they are found to occupy. Mapping at
costs, logistics, chances of success, and even perhaps
finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is
the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject.
unrecorded. It is impossible to provide any strict but gen-
eral rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appro-
11 Use at Regional Level priate scale will depend on the taxa in question, and the
The criteria are most appropriately applied to whole taxa origin and comprehensiveness of the distributional data.
at a global scale, rather than to those units defined by However, the thresholds for some criteria (e.g. Critically
regional or national boundaries. Regionally or nationally Endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale.
based threat categories, which are aimed at including
taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but
Definitions
not necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best
used with two key pieces of information: the global sta-
1. Population
tus category for the taxon, and the proportion of the
Population is defined as the total number of individuals
global population or range that occurs within the region
of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to
or nation. However, if applied at regional or national
differences between life-forms, population numbers are
level itmust be recognized that a global category of
expressed as numbers of mature individuals only. In the
threat may not be the same as a regional or national cat- case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or
egory for a particular taxon. For example, taxa classi-
part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values
fied as Vulnerable on the basis of their global declines
for the host taxon should be used.
in numbers or range might be Lower Risk within a par-
ticular region where their populations are stable.
Conversely, taxa classified as Lower Risk globally might 2. Subpopulations
be Critically Endangered within a particular region Subpopulations are defined as geographically or other-
where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only wise distinct groups in the population between which
Annex 5
there is little exchange (typically one successful migrant
individual or gamete per year or less).
3. Mature Individuals
••
The number of mature individuals is defined as the num-
ber of individuals known, estimated or infeiTed to be
'\\ •••
capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity
the following points should be borne in mind:
4. Generation
Generation may be measured as the average age of par-
ents in the population. This is greater than the age at
interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless there is
first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed
only once.
good evidence for this. Downward trends that are part
of natural fluctuations will not normally count as a
reduction.
5. Continuing Decline
A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected 7. Extreme Fluctuations
future decline whose causes are not known or not ade- Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where
quately controlled and so is liable to continue unless population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly
remedial measures are taken. Natural fluctuations will and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one
not normally count as a continuing decline, but an order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase or decrease).
observed decline should not be considered to be part of
a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this.
8. Severely Fragmented
Severely fragmented is refers to the situation where
6. Reduction increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact
A reduction (criterion A) is a decline in the number of that most individuals within a taxon are found in small
mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated over and relatively isolated subpopulations. These small sub-
the time period (years) specified, although the decline populations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of
need not still be continuing. A reduction should not be recolonization.
Annex 6
. s
9. Extent of Occurrence
The Categories
Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained
within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary Note: As in previous lUCN categories, the abbreviation
which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred of eacli category (in parenthesis) follows the English
or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon. denominations when translated into other languages.
excluding cases of vagrancy. This measure may exclude
discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distrib-
Extinct (EX)
utions of taxa (e.g., large areas of obviously unsuitable
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that
habitat) (but see "area of occupancy"). Extent of occur-
the last individual has died.
rence can often be measured by a minimum convex poly-
gon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle
exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of Extinct in the Wild (EW)
occurrence). A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to
survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized pop-
ulation (or populations) well outside the past range. A
10. Area of Occupancy
taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive
Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropri-
"extent of occurrence" (see definitionj which is occupied
ate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its his-
by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure
toric range have failed to record an individual. Surveys
reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur
should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon'
throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which
hfe cycle and life form.
may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. The area
of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage
to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g. Critically Endangered (CR)
colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa). A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an
The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the imme-
the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale diate future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to E) on
appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon. pages 15, 16 and 17.
Annex 7
.
longer or
Annex 8
. .
D. Population estimated to number less than 50 3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
mature individuals.
(a) extent of occurrence
(b) area of occupancy
(c) number of locations or subpopulations
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of
(d) number of mature individuals.
extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10
years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer.
Annex 9
.
tions, whichever is the longer, based on (and specify- population structure in the form of either
ing) any of (b), (cj, (d) or (e) above.
(a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation
estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature
individuals)
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than
(b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation.
20,000 km^ or area of occupancy estimated to be
less than 2,000 km-, and estimates indicating any
longer, or
Annex 10
Previous Editions of the
WCN Red List of Threatened Animals
1986WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre.
lUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 105 pp.
1988 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Guest Essay by B. Wilcox. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 154 pp.
1990 WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Guest Essay by N. Flesness and T. Foose. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 192 pp.
1994 WCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Compiled by the Worid Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Edited by B. Groombridge. Guest Essay by G. Mace. lUCN, Gland, Switzeriand. 286 pp.
iUCN/Species Survival Commission
i he Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of lUCN — The
World "• '
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lie way. and to guide Ifie development of human communities
are both of good qualify and in endunng harmony with other com-
The Red Data Book concept was originated by a former SSC Chair, Sir Peter Scoti, in the
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The demand for a simple international list that categorizes the status of globally threatened
iwing, partly as a result of the increasing number of international conventions. It
... lu iiieet this need tfui* "•' t" t lUCN Red Threatened Animals was published
List of in
I'iMii Further editions wi hod in 1988. 1990. and 1994
Late in 1994, lUCN adopted a new system of catoQorios of threat, the 1996 lUCN Rod List
ofTIv its first full •setofcnl.
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1 has Involved nearly 1.01 o
ing document.
Although the length of the Red List Is sobering, the information it presents is of fundamental
' III I Managers, and decision makers responsible for the health and well being
lUCN
The Worid Conservation Union s PECiEs Survival Commission
> b%ia
CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL