COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD

Theory of mechanics Laboratory

NAME: SAMIA KHALID ABD_ALQADER

SEC: 3RD A
EXPERIMENT NAME: GOVERNOR
APPARATUS
EXPERIMENT DATE: 9/7/2020
EXPERIMENT NAME: GOVERNOR APPARATUS

INTRODUCTION
A governor is a device used to hold the speed of an engine steady
irrespective of changes in load on the engine. An ungoverned
engine tends to slow down if the load applied to it increases, and
to bring it back to its original speed more fuel has to be supplied.
Alternatively, a governor can be used to prevent an engine running
too fast or too slowly by controlling the fuel supplied to it.

Three interchangeable governors (Hartnell, Porter, and

Proell), which show the effects of speed, mass, and geometry
on governor behavior.

However, governors are nearly always fitted to stationary engines

used to drive pumps or generators. Consider, for example, the
generators which are used to provide mains electricity. In Britain
mains electricity is supplied at a controlled frequency of 50 Hz ±
0,2 Hz. Also, an electric clock driven by the frequency of the AC
supply is expected to be within + 10 seconds of the actual time.
The supply frequency depends on the rotational speed of the
generator, so this must be controlled within close tolerances.
However, as the demand for electricity increases (for example
when factories and offices open in the morning), the increased
electrical load slows down the generator.

A governor such as that shown in Figure, senses the drop in speed

and opens the steam valve to feed more steam into the turbine
which then speeds up the generator. Unfortunately, the boiler
pressure then drops and another control system is required to
detect the drop in steam pressure and feed more fuel to the boiler.
Many types of governor are possible, operating on mechanical,
pneumatic or electronic principles. The mechanical governor
invented by James Watt around 1790, is still in use today, although
with some variations. There are two basic types of mechanical
governor, depending on centrifugal force or inertia force for their
operation. The TM127 apparatus is concerned solely with types of
centrifugal governor.
The main features of a simple centrifugal governor are shown in
Figure, in this type of governor, two masses (A) rotate about the
axis of a shaft (B) which is driven through gearing (C) from the
engine or generator. The masses are often referred to as the
"governor balls" because in early types of governor they were
spherical in shape.
Each ball is subjected to a force acting radially inwards,
which is provided by a dead- weight, a spring, or a
combination of the two. This force is termed the controlling
force and, for any given equilibrium speed, it must be
equal to the centrifugal force acting on the ball. Any
increase in rotational speed will cause the balls to move
outwards until the centrifugal force on the balls is just
balanced by the controlling force. The movement of the
sliding sleeve (D) is used to operate a valve (E) controlling
the supply of fuel to the engine. If the governor speed
increases, the valve will reduce the flow of fuel, such that
the engine and governor speeds return to their original
equilibrium values.
Inertia governors are designed so that the balls respond
to the rate of change of speed instead of to the change of
speed itself. Since angular acceleration must occur before
the speed can change, the inertia governor responds
more quickly than the centrifugal type. In practice,
however, problems arise in ensuring complete balance of
all of the moving components and for this reason the
centrifugal governor more commonly used.
The TM127 apparatus allows investigation of the
characteristics of three different types of centrifugal
governor:
1. PORTER
2. PROELL
3. HARTNELL governors.
The following sections give details of the theory and
suggested experiments for each of these governors.
THEORY
1-Simple Centrifugal Governor
The mechanical principles involved in the operation of a
centrifugal governor are most easily understood by
studying a simplified governor. Figure I shows one ball of
such a 1 of governor with its arm, link and sleeve. The
mass of the ball (m) is assumed to be much larger than
the masses of the arm, link and sleeve. This assumption
enables the forces acting due to these components to be
safely ignored. Furthermore, if the shaft is considered to
rotate at a constant speed, the problem reduces to a
simple case of "pseudo" static equilibrium with the
horizontal component of the tension (T) in the arm
balancing the controlling force.

The height of the governor (h) is found by taking moments

about 0.
i.e. Fh = mgr
(2.1)
The controlling force F is identical to the centrifugal force .
into the above equation and rearranging gives the result:-
h =g /ω2 or ω2=g /h
(2.2)
The sensitivity of the simple governor can be shown by
finding the movement of the sleeve (which is dependent
on Ah). This controls the fuel supply to the engine, as the
engine speed changes by Δω.
Differentiating the above expression gives:
Δh = -2g /ω3Δω
(2.3)
This shows that the simple governor is responsive at very
low speeds (ω---» 0), but has very little movement with
which to control the engine at higher speeds. This is one
reason for the development of more complicated
governors.

2-The Porter Governor

The porter governor is an example of a loaded governor.
Mechanically it is similar to the simple governor described
in Section 1, but differs by having a weighted sleeve. For
the same sleeve movement, the speed of rotation must
therefore be greater than that of the simple governor.
Again the masses of the arms and links are assumed to
be negligible in comparison with the masses of the balls,
but this time the sleeve mass is considered in the
analysis. Figure 2 shows the forces acting on the system.
There are several ways of determining the relationship
between h and w. One way is to consider the equilibrium
of the ball, which is subjected to forces of T1\, T2, F and
mg. The tension T2 can be found by constructing a triangle
of forces for the link. Since the next stage is to take
moments about 0, it is convenient to consider T2 as
having a vertical component of (½ Mg) and a horizontal
component of ½ Mg tan ɵ, the factor ½ occurs because
there are two links.

Taking moments about 0,

Fh =mgr+½ Mgr+½ Mg.tanɵ.h

(2.4)

If the shaft speed is steady,

F =mrω2
(2.5)

Combining Equation 2.4 and 2.5 and noting that tanɵ

=r/h leads to the following expression-:
ω2=g/h[1+1M/2m(1+tanɸ/tanɵ)]
(2.6)

Most governors have arms and links of equal lengths,

with pivots either on the shaft axis or offset by the
same distance. In this special case ɵ, and ɸ are the
same. Note that this assumption does not apply to
the governor provided with the TM127 apparatus.
 3-The Proell Governor
The preoll governor is similar to the Porter governor
except that the governor balls are fixed to extensions of
the links, as shown in Figure 3. The arm reacts against the
shaft pivot with a force T1. As with the Porter governor,
the reaction of the link on the sleeve (T2) can be resolved
into a vertical component t½Mg and a horizontal
component H.
T1 and H need not be calculated if moments are taken
about the Point 0
Fy = mg(x-r) + ½ Mg(x-b)
(2.9)
Also, if the shaft speed is steady, F is given by Equation
2.5
i.e. F =mrω2
An expression for co as a function of y can be found by
combining Equations 2.5 and 2.9. Hence
ω² = [(x -r) + 1M/2m (x-b)]g /yr
(2.10)
CALCULATION AND RESULTS
Porter governor
Sleeve lift Rising Fallin Radius
(mm) (r.p.m) (r.p.m)
0 - 134 50
4 147 140 54
8 152 144 58.5
12 156 150 61.8
16 160 153 64.5
20 164 158 67.4
24 168 - 70

r =54 M =300 m =200

sinα = 54 -15 /85= 39/85
α=27.311ͦ
sinβ = 54 -26/65= 28/65
β= 25.516ͦ
tanα =0.5163 , tanβ=0.4773
h = r/tanα =54/0.5163 = 104.59mm
ω2=g/h[1+1 300/2*200(1+q)]
ω2 =9.81/0.10459[1+M/2m(1+0.4773/0.5163)]
ω2 =229.173
ω =15.138 rad/sec
ω = 2ΠN/60
N =144-56 r.p.m
r =58.5 M =300 m =200
sinα = 58.5-15 /85= 43.5/85
α=30.78ͦ
sinβ =58.5 -26/65=32.5/65
β= 30ͦ
tanα =0.5956 , tanβ=0.5773
h = r/tanα = 58.5/0.5956 =97.5mm
ω2=g/h[1+1M/2m(1+q)]
ω2 = 9.81/0.9822[1+300/2*200 (1+0.5773/0.5956)]
ω = 14.672rad/sec
ω =2ΠN/60
N =139.68r.p.m
r =61.8 M =300 m =200
sinα =61.8-15 /85=46.8/85
α=33.5ͦ
sinβ =61.8 -26/65=35.8 /65
β= 33.36ͦ
tanα =0.65 , tanβ=0.6583
h = r/tanα =61.8/0.65 =93.92mm
ω2=g/h[1+1M/2m(1+q)]
ω2 = 9.81/0.9338[1+300/2*200(1+0.6583/0.6618)]
ω =16.16rad/sec
ω =2ΠN/60
N =154.31r.p.m
r =64.5 M =300 m =200
sinα =64.5-15 /85=49.5/85
α=35.61
sinβ =64.5 -26/65=38.5 /65
β= 36.32
tanα =0.7161 , tanβ=0.73511
h = r/tanα =64.5/0.7161 =90.07mm
ω2 =g/h[1+1M/2m(1+q)]
ω2 = 9.81 /0.9007[1+300/2*200(1+0.7351/0.7161)]
ω =19.65rad/sec
ω =2ΠN/60
N =187.64r.pm
r =67.4 M =300 m =200
sinα =67.4-15 /85=52.4/85
α=38.05
sinβ =67.4 -26/65=41.4/65
β= 39.56
tanα = 0.7826 , tanβ=0.8260
h = r/tanα =67.4/0.7826 = 86.12 mm
ω2=g/h[1+1M/2m(1+q)]
ω2 = 9.81/0.8612[1+300/2*200(1+0.8260/0.7826)]
ω =20.24rad/sec
ω =2ΠN/60
N =193.27r.p.m
DISCUSS THE CHART:
• In the chart rotational speed rising &sleeve lift it
starting from rest and keep increasing until it
reach the maximum speed and then it will keep
the speed in some average.

• In the chart rotational speed falling &sleeve lift it

show that how speed is already was increasing
until reaching the maximum speed and then it
decreases until reach the speed of the end of
process.