Members Task Signature

Joshua Aldrin Troy B. Sison Performed Activity,

Laboratory Report
Domenico Reuben P. Rafael Performed Activity,
Laboratory Report
Vince Jethro R. Ramel Performed Activity,
Laboratory Report

I. Introduction
Plants provide people with many essential materials for shelter, food, and clothing. Plants
also provide beauty in our lives, from vast gardens to flower boxes in our windows. The
variety of uses we have for plants belies the great variety of plants that exist. Plants can be
simple or complex, small or gigantic, flowering or non-flowering [ CITATION Mcg16 \l 1033 ].
Plants conduct photosynthesis. This process of converting the Sun's energy into molecular
energy happens in chloroplasts with the help of chlorophyll molecules and a variety of
enzymes [ CITATION And18 \l 1033 ]. A plant has two organ systems: the shoot system, and
the root system. The shoot system is above ground and includes the organs such as leaves,
buds, stems, flowers (if the plant has any), and fruits (if the plant has any). The root system
includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes
[ CITATION MJF07 \l 1033 ].

II. Objectives
At the end of the experiment, the student must be able to:
 Examine the major organs of plants: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.

III. Materials
 Plant specimens
 Microscopes
 Glass slides and cover slips
 Dissecting kit
 Celery

IV. Procedure
a. Roots - roots are the underground structures of plants, which
1. anchor the plant.
2. absorb water and nutrients.
3. store food.
ii. Gently remove the soil from around the roots of a potted bean plant or any equivalent
plant in the school area. Note the branching nature of the root mass.
 iii. Cut the plant into the above-ground, green part and the below- ground, non-green part.
Gently remove the soil from the roots. Weigh the two parts separately and record the
weights.
b. Food Storage
i. Obtain a white radish and cut it crosswise, so that you have a very thin cross section.
The central part of the root is the vascular tissue, which carries materials to and from
the leaves. The cells surrounding the vascular tissue form a part of the root known as
the cortex.
ii. Most plants store food materials as the carbohydrate starch. WhenWhen iodine reacts
with starch, it tums the starch dark blue/black. Place a dilute solution of iodine or
Lugol's solution over the entire cut surface of the parsnip. Allow a couple of minutes
for the reaction to occur.
iii. Examine the cross section on a dissecting microscope with light passing through the
slice of parsnip from the bottom
iv. Where is starch most highly concentrated?
v. Use the same procedure to examine a radish and a tulip. Do they store starch in the
same places? How can you tell?
c. Stems
i. Examine the stem of the bean plant. Cut it at the point where the stem and roots join.
Keep the leaves attached to the stem. Place the plant in a solution containing a red dye
for 1 hour. Then, wash off the stem. Examine the leaf. Is there evidence that the red
dye has migrated to the leaf? What kind of tissue would conduct the dye to the leaf.
ii. Examine the prepared slides of the cross section of the stem of sunflower (Helianthus
annuus): You should be able to see four different kinds of cells.
d. Leaves
i. Examine the leaves of your bean plant under a dissecting microscope. Describe how
the top and bottom surfaces differ.
ii. Notice the veins in the leaf. In addition to the function of distributing materials within
the leaf, what other function is performed by the veins?
iii. Obtain two duckweed plants and make a wet-mount slide so re that one plant is right
side up and the other is upside down. Use a compound microscope to examine the
leaves. You should be able to see stomates. The banana-shaped cells found in pairs are
guard cells and the space between them is known BE as the stomate. Gases (O. CO2,
and H2O vapor) pass through these openings. The guard cells can change shape to
through their roots and transport it to the leaves, where it exits as water vapor through
the stomata.200 Sa open or close the stomate. Plants normally take up water
iv. Were there stomates on both the upper surface and lower surface?
v. Now that you know what you are looking for, you will be able to see the stomates on
the underside of the bean leaf. Attach a tape off the leaf in such a way that a layer of
cells sticks to the tape. Place the tape with its attached leaf material on a slide and
examine it under a compound microscope.
vi. Examine the stomates of bean leaves that have been subjected to drought. Are the
stomates open or closed?
 e. Flowers
i. Examine the flowers provided and identify the following structures. You will need to
be brutal. Tear the flowers apart to see the structures. The most obvious structures are
the:
1.
2. showy petals 6. style 10. anther
3. sepals 7. stigma 11. pollen
4. pistil 8. stamens
5. ovary 9. filament
ii. Make a diagram of your flower and label structures.
f. Fruits
i. Examine at least four of the fruits provided. What evidence do you see that these
structures developed from flowers?
ii. Cut the fruit in cross section. Describe the location and arrangement of seeds within
the fruit. Describe how each of these fruits is involved in seed dispersal.
g. Seeds
i. Examine some of the seeds you found in your fruits or look at the seeds of bean plants
that have been soaked in water overnight. Dissect them. Identify the tough, protective
1. seed coat on the outside and the two fleshy "halves" of the seed known as
2. cotyledons, which are the first two leaves that the seedling will produce. Between
the two cotyledons, you may be able to see the beginning of an
3. embryonic stem and root. This is often referred to as the germ of the seed (wheat
germ). Some plants, such as grasses, bare only one cotyledon.

V. Results and Discussion

VI. Conclusion
VII. References
Farabee, M. (2007, June 06). Plant and their Structure. Retrieved from Plant Structure:
www2.estrellamountain.edu
Mcgraw-Hill. (2016). Plant Structure and Function. Retrieved from Life Science:
jasonclassroom.com
Raider, A. (2018). A General Plant Structure. Retrieved from Biology4Kids:
www.biology4kids.com