“a person’s language, as a rule, is

an index of his or her mind.”

Prof. Ananya Roy, Business Communication © IMIS

5 October 2019
 Strategic planning: It is an organizational management activity that is used to
 set priorities,
 centre of attention power and resources,
 strengthen operations,
 ensure that personnel and different stakeholders are
working towards frequent goals,
 set up agreement round meant outcomes/results
 examine and adjust the organization’s path in response to an
altering environment.
 DecisionMaking
 Support measures (for planning and decision making)
 Planning and Decision Making is referred as all
organisational processes that-
 identify medium and long-term goals, based on context and
needs assessments.
 formulate written principles, rules, and guidelines to reach its
long-term goals.
 formulate strategies and create the means to achieve them.
 make collective strategic decisions.
 Decisionmaking: Decision making is the selection of a
procedure to weigh alternatives and find a solution to a problem.
In addition, certain situations will require different approaches of decision
making in order to be effective.
Decision making refers here to all organisational processes that allow the
organisation to make a qualified choice between different options
regarding operational and organisational decisions. These decisions can be
concerning:

 strategic planning
 local or international partnerships
 funding decisions
 internal structures
 management procedures
 communication strategies and policies
 Project and program development
 Discuss the procedure of creating guidelines for the decision making
processes.
 Create a list of decision making processes that re-occur in the
organization.
 Create working groups.
 Set guiding questions.
 Review the draft.
 Agree on the final version.
 Publish the decision making guidelines.
 This includes any policy, structure and procedures that supports the
planning and decision making processes in an organisation by making
these processes more inclusive and effective.

 Inclusiveness: It refers here to the extent to which the organisation

manages to ensure a high involvement of all relevant stakeholders in their
planning and decision making processes.

 Effectiveness: It means that the planned goals are achieved, resulting in

the expected effects or changes.
Barbara Minto’s
Pyramid principle is a
hierarchical structures
thinking and
communication technique
that can be used to
precede good structured
writing.
 The core of Minto’s idea is to group ideas into presenter’s thought
process into the small clusters that support the main thesis. In doing
so, supporting arguments can be based on :
 Inductive Reasoning: thinking process in which the premises of an
argument support the conclusion but do not ensure it.

 Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which multiple premises,

all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain
a specific conclusion.

 Inductive reasoning is often used in applications that involve

prediction, forecasting, or behavior.

 Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from the specific to

the general.
 Deductive Reasoning: thinking process in which the conclusion is
necessitated by previous known facts.
 Deductive reasoning is when you move from a general statement to
a more specific statement through a logical thought process.
 Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from the general to
the specific.

 Example:
 Deductive reasoning: Aristotle: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
 Inductive reasoning: The file I was searching for yesterday happens to be
the audit file.
 Think creatively, reason lucidly
and express ideas with clarity.
 Define complex problems and
establish the objectives of any
document.
 Assess ideas and recognize their
relative importance.
 Structure reasoning into a coherent
and transparent argument.
 Analyze the argument to confirm
its effectiveness.
 ADVANTAGES:
 Cut down the time that is normally required for the first draft.
 Increases its clarity.
 Decreases its length.
 The overall result of the method is that the idea shifts from the page to the reader’s
mind. With minimum effort on reader’s part.

 DISADVANTAGES:
 The tool demands a lot of training to create better texts
 There is a danger of repeating information
 And this makes it difficult to formulate an insightful synthesis
 Minto’s Pyramid Principle is mainly effective for texts with an unambiguous
conclusion or recommendation, and not for other types of texts
 Transparency:Decision-making transparency means to be able. to know
how decisions are taken, by whom and why, to be able to participate and hold
our leaders accountable.

 Inclusiveness: Inclusive decision-making. Ensure that processes of decision-

making over land are inclusive, so that policies, laws, procedures
and decisions concerning land adequately reflect the rights, needs and
aspirations of individuals and communities who will be affected by them.
 Accessibility: The experience of thinking about and attending to this
accessible information can, atop of the actual content, exert an impact on
what information (and the weighting thereof) is employed in judgments.

 Applicability:
 Decisions under uncertainty: analysis of known and unknown
variables lead to the best probabilistic decision.
 Decisions under conflict: a reactive approach that involves

anticipating potential consequences to the decision, prior

to making a decision.
 Factual:The ability to make effective & appropriate decisions is essential to
ensure customer satisfaction, employee management and overall increased
operations within the organisation. This ensures that effective decisions are
determined by analysis of data rather than by pure intuition.

Three major benefits of factual decision making:

 The ability to make decisions based on circumstances requiring action.
 Enhanced ability to prove the efficiency of previous decisions through
reference to factual records.
 Enhanced ability to evaluate, challenge and alter opinions and decisions.
 Inferential: It is characterized by or involving conclusions reached on the
basis of evidence and reasoning.

 The inferential claim is simply the claim that the passage expresses a certain
kind of reasoning process – that something supports or implies something or
that something follows from something.

 An explicit inferential claim is usually asserted by premise or conclusion

indicator words.
 Evaluative:Evaluation techniques are distinct methods to think about,
design, and conduct contrast efforts.

 Certain comparison procedures help resolve problems; others

refine existing approaches.

 The following assets outline the types of evaluation approaches:

 outcome-based,
 impact, process,
 and participatory evaluation designs.
 Textual: A. Textual analysis is the method communication researchers
use to describe and interpret the characteristics of a recorded or visual
message.
 The purpose of textual analysis is to describe the content, structure, and
functions of the messages contained in texts.
 The important considerations in textual analysis include selecting the types of
texts to be studied, acquiring appropriate texts, and determining which
particular approach to employ in analyzing them.

 Contextual: A contextual analysis is simply an analysis of a text (in

whatever medium, including multi-media) that helps us to assess that text
within the context of its historical and cultural setting, but also in terms of
its textuality – or the qualities that characterize the text as a text.