Lecture-3 Edex-O Bio Chapter-5 Pg-78(fig.5.

13)

Edex-O Bio 2.61 understand how adaptations of red

blood cells make them suitable for the
transport of oxygen, including shape,
the absence of a nucleus and the
presence of haemoglobin

Q1a.What is RBC?
Ans:Full form of Red Blood Cell.They also called erythrocytes.
These are highly specialised cell.
Q1b.From where RBC produced and where they destroy after
120 days?
Ans:
•RBC produced in bone marrow as complete cell but after some
days they become mature(within20 days) with loosing their
nucleus .
•After carrying oxygen for a certain period(100 days) they
destroy in the spleen.
Q1c.Write the main function of Red blood cell.
Ans:RBC have only one function –to carry oxygen.
Q1d.How red blood cell been adapted to carry its function.
Or write the several features of RBC that enable them to carry
out their function.
Ans:The following features of RBC that enable them to carry
out their function properly:
(a)Presence of haemoglobin:
RBC have iron containing protein . This is called
haemoglobin(Haem means Iron and globin is the protein ) .
Haemoglobin combines /associates with oxygen(into lungs)
and as oxyhaemoglobin carry loaded oxygen to surrounding
system/tisssue/cells and unload here( leaving oxygen into cell).
Now oxyhaemoglobin turns into haemoglobin ( because oxygen
unload and concentration low) . Reaction below-
Haemoglobin+Oxygen→Oxyhaemoglobin(in lungs)
Oxyhaemoglobin→ Haemoglobin+Oxygen(in tissue)

(b)Presenc eof no nucleus:

Developed RBC (produced from bone marrow) in mature form
contain no nucleus.Presence of no nucleus in RBC ,increase its
surface area.Increased surface area increases haemoglobin
binding capacity with each RBC.So more oxygen can be
carried /transported.
(c) Bi-concave disc shape:
RBC are biconcave shape which allows efficient exchange of
oxygen in and out of cell.
1e. Give the figure of adaptation of RBC.

g
1f.Write the adaptation RBC in short.
Ans: •Contain hemoglobin, which allows them to carry oxygen
to the cells.
•Have a thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through
easily.
•The shape (bi-concave disc) increase the surface area to allow
more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently
•Rounded edges to allow easier flow through capillaries. .
1g. Show the presence of haemoglobin in RBC.

Model question:
Lecture-3 Edex-O Bio Chapter-5 Pg-79(fig.5.14)

Edex-O Bio 2.62 understand how the immune

system responds to disease using white
blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes
ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes
releasing antibodies specific to the
pathogen.
Q1a.Define immunity and immunology .
Ans:•The protection of the body against infection or the
protection against infected pathogenic microorganism.
•The branch of Medical Biology which discuss and deals with
bodys defensive mechanism against germs/disease by active
participation of immune cell called immunology.
1b.Classify immunity.
Q1c.Write the name of immune cell.
Ans:•WBC cells with different shape ,size and structure forms
different immune cells.
•First WBC divide into two types,(i)phagocytes (ii)Lymphocytes
•Lymphocytes are also two types : B-Lymphocytes &
T-Lymphocytes
Q1d.Represent the labeled structure of immune cells.

Other parts of lymphocyte: Other parts of phagocyte:

cell membrane ,cytoplasm cell membrane ,cytoplasm

Q1e.What changes occur in your body when you get infection?

Ans: (i)We start to feel fever or higher temperature.
(ii)We feel weakness,vomiting,headache.
(iii)Eye may be red appearance and upper part of tongue
become pale.
(iv)Change in heart beat (faster) and breathing rate.
Q1f.What change in WBC when a person get infected?
Ans:•Our blood have a constant value of WBC.
•If a person get infected ,value of WBC start to rise than normal
level.
•The reason for increasing WBC is that, after infection
microorganism multiply and number increase time to time. At
that time immune system also produce more WBC to
control/destroy the faster multiplied germs.
Q2a.Are the mechanism for destroying microbs by phagocytes
and lymphocytes same?
Ans:No.Both work different mode.
Q2b.How phagocytes destroy microbs?
•Phagocytes destroy microbs directly by engulfing(enclosing
germs into vacuole , changing their shape and producing
extension of their cytoplasm.) and digesting(releasing
proteolytic enzyme) them into fractions.
•The process of killing germs by phagocytes is called
phagocytosis(Cell eating).
•By this process about 70% bacteria digested and destroyed.
Q2c.Write the stages of phagocytosis.
Ans:Stages(i)Bacterium is near to phagocyte.
(ii)Phagocyte produce extension (false arms)which is called
pseudopodia.Now pseudopodia surrounds bacterium.
(iii)Now the bacteria enclosed in a vacuole.
(iv)Now phagocyte secrets digestive enzyme(proteolytic) to
digest/destroy bacterium.
Q2d.Draw the stages of phagocytosis.(with labeling stages)
[pg79,fig-5.14(a)]

…………… …………… ……………

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

2e.A figure which represent phagocytosis.
Q3a.How lymphocyte destroy germs?
Ans:Lymphocytes don’t destroy germs directly.
Firstly detect the surface marker(antigen) of pathogen
Secondly analyse the shape of marker(antigen) of pathogen.
Thirdly produce shape similar antibody(of marker) ,
Finally antibody react with the marker (antigen)of
pathogen.That is antibody stick to the surface antigen/marker.
Thus antibody-antigen(marker) reaction occur which destroy
pathogen. Apprximately 25% WBC are lymphocytes.
Q3b.Write the common ways antibodies to destroy pathogen.
[pg-79]
Ans: (a)Causing bacteria to stick together, so that phagocyte
can ingest them more easily.
(b)Acting as a ‘label’ on the pathogen, so that it is more easily
recognized by a phagocyte.
(c)Causing bacterial cell to burst open.
(d)Neutralising poison or toxin produced by pathogen.
Performance Test: 10 marks Lecture -3 Chapter-5(O-Edex-Bio)
Answer the following Question:
(a) Give two adaptation of RBC to carry more oxygen.
Ans:
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(b)What do you mean by phagocytosis.
Ans:
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(c)Why it is called that lymphocyte kills germs indirectly?
Ans:
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(d)How bacterial cell surface marker (antigen) help in
immunity/to produce antibody?
Ans:
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(e)Draw antigen –antibody reaction.
The End