1

Problem 1

Given the circuit of Fig. 1, find the average power absorbed by the 10-Ω
resistor.

Figure 1

Solution

Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,

8∠20° = 4 I o + 0.1Vo (1)

Applying KCL to the right side of the circuit,

V V1
8Io + 1 + =0
j5 10 − j5

10 10 − j5
But, Vo = V 
→ V1 = Vo
10 − j5 1 10

10 − j5 Vo
Hence, 8Io + Vo + =0
j50 10

I o = j0.025 Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

8∠20° = 0.1 Vo (1 + j)

80∠20°
Vo =
1+ j

Vo 10
I1 = = ∠ - 25°
10 2

1 2  1 100 
P= I 1 R =   (10) = 250 W
2  2  2 
 1

Problem 2

For each of the circuits in Fig. 2, determine the value of load Z for maximum
power transfer and the maximum average power transferred.

Figure 2

Solution

We find Z Th using the circuit in Fig. (a).

Zth
8Ω -j2 Ω

(a)
(8)(-j2) 8
Z Th = 8 || -j2 = = (1 − j4) = 0.471 − j1.882
8 − j2 17

Z L = Z *Th = 0.471 + j1.882 Ω

We find VTh using the circuit in Fig. (b).

Io
+
8Ω Vth -j2 Ω 4∠0° A
-

(b)
 2

- j2 - j64
Io = (4 ∠0°) VTh = 8 I o =
8 − j2 8 − j2

2
 64 
2  
VTh  68 
Pmax = = = 15.99 W
8RL (8)(0.471)

We obtain Z Th from the circuit in Fig. (c).

5Ω -j3 Ω

j2 Ω

Zth 4Ω

(c)
(5)(4 − j3)
Z Th = j2 + 5 || (4 − j3) = j2 + = 2.5 + j1.167
9 − j3
Z L = Z *Th = 2.5 − j1.167 Ω

From Fig.(d), we obtain VTh using the voltage division principle.

5Ω -j3 Ω

j2 Ω
+
10∠30° V + 4Ω
-
Vth
-
(d)

 4 − j3   4 − j3  10 
V Th =  (10 ∠ 30 °) =   ∠ 30 ° 
 9 − j3   3 − j  3 
2
 5 10 
2  ⋅ 
VTh  10 3 
Pmax = = = 1.389 W
8RL (8)(2.5)
 1

Problem 3

The load resistance RL in Fig. 3 is adjusted until it absorbs the maximum

average power. Calculate the value of RL and the maximum average power.

Figure 3

Solution

Combine j20 W and -j10 W to get

j20 || -j10 = -j20

To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the terminals of R L , as shown in Fig. (a).

4 Io
Io 40 W
V1 V2
+ -

-j20 W -j10 W 1A

(a)
At the supernode,
V1 V V
1= + 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10

40 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (1)

- V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2
1.1 V1 = V2 
→ V1 = (2)
1.1
 2

Substituting (2) into (1),

V  44
40 = (1 + j2)  2  + j4 V2 V2 =
 1.1  1 + j6.4

V2
Z Th = = 1.05 − j6.71 Ω
1

R L = Z Th = 6.792 Ω

To find VTh , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4 Io
Io 40 W
V1 V2
+ -
+
+
120Ð0° V -j20 W -j10 W Vth
-
-

(b)
At the supernode,
120 − V1 V1 V2
= +
40 - j20 - j10

120 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (3)

120 − V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2 + 12
V1 = (4)
1.1

Substituting (4) into (3),

109.09 − j21.82 = (0.9091 + j5.818) V2

109.09 − j21.82
VTh = V2 = = 18.893∠ - 92.43°
0.9091 + j5.818
2
VTh (18.893) 2
Pmax = = = 6.569 W
8RL (8)(6.792)
 1

Problem 4
For the entire circuit in Fig. 4, calculate:
(a) the power factor
(b) the average power delivered by the source
(c) the reactive power
(d) the apparent power
(e) the complex power

Figure 4

Solution

Z T = 2 + (10 − j5) || (8 + j6)

(10 − j5)(8 + j6) 110 + j20

ZT = 2 + = 2+
18 + j 18 + j

Z T = 8.152 + j0.768 = 8.188∠5.382°

pf = cos(5.382°) = 0.9956 (lagging)

2
1 V (16) 2
S = V I* = =
2 2 Z * (2)(8.188∠ - 5.382°)

S = 15.63∠5.382°

P = S cos θ = 15.56 W

Q = S sin θ = 1.466 VAR

S = S = 15.63 VA

S = 15.63∠5.382° = 15.56 + j1.466 VA

 1

Problem 5

For the circuit in Fig. 5, find the average, reactive, and complex power
delivered by the dependent voltage source.

Figure 5

Solution
4Ω Vo -j1 Ω V1 2Ω

+
+
24∠0° V
-
1Ω j2 Ω V2 2 Vo
-
At node o,
24 − Vo Vo Vo − V1
= +
4 1 -j
24 = (5 + j4) Vo − j4 V1 (1)
Vo − V1 V1
At node 1, + 2 Vo =
-j j2
V1 = (2 − j4) Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

- 24 (-24)(2 - j4)
24 = (5 + j4 − j8 − 16) Vo Vo = , V1 =
11 + j4 11 + j4
The voltage across the dependent source is
V2 = V1 + (2)(2 Vo ) = V1 + 4 Vo
- 24 (-24)(6 − j4)
V2 = ⋅ (2 − j4 + 4) =
11 + j4 11 + j4
1 1 (-24)(6 − j4) - 24  576 
S = V2 I * = V2 (2 Vo* ) S= ⋅ = (6 − j4)
2 2 11 + j4 11 - j4  137 
S = 25.23 − j16.82 VA
 1

Problem 6

For the circuit in Fig. 6, find Vo and the input power factor.

Figure 6

Solution

20
S1 = 20 + j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 20 + j15
0.8

16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 16 + j7.749
0.9

S = S1 + S 2 = 36 + j22.749 = 42.585∠32.29°

But S = Vo I * = 6 Vo

S
Vo = = 7.098 ∠ 32.29°
6

pf = cos(32.29°) = 0.8454 (lagging)

 1

Problem 7

For the circuit in Fig. 7, find Vs .

Figure 7

Solution

0.2 + j0.04 Ω I I2 0.3 + j0.15 Ω

I1
+ +
+
Vs V1 V2
-
- -

15
S 2 = 15 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 15 − j11.25
0.8
But S 2 = V2 I *2
S 15 − j11.25
I *2 = 2 =
V2 120
I 2 = 0.125 + j0.09375
V1 = V2 + I 2 (0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120 + (0.125 + j0.09375)(0.3 + j0.15) V1 = 120.02 + j0.0469
10
S1 = 10 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 10 + j4.843
0.9
S1 11.111∠25.84°
But S1 = V1 I 1* I 1* = =
V1 120.02 ∠0.02°
I 1 = 0.093∠ - 25.82° = 0.0837 − j0.0405
I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.2087 + j0.053
Vs = V1 + I (0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = (120.02 + j0.0469) + (0.2087 + j0.053)(0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = 120.06 + j0.0658 Vs = 120.06∠0.03° V
 1

Problem 8

A 120-V rms 60-Hz source supplies two loads connected in parallel, as shown in
Fig. 8.
(a) Find the power factor of the parallel combination.
(b) Calculate the value of the capacitance connected in parallel that will raise the
power factor to unity.

Figure 8

Solution

P1 24
θ1 = cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87° S1 = = = 30 kVA
cos θ1 0.8
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = (30)(0.6) = 18 kVAR
S1 = 24 + j18 kVA

P2 40
θ 2 = cos -1 (0.95) = 18.19° S 2 = = = 42.105 kVA
cos θ 2 0.95

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 13.144 kVAR

S 2 = 40 + j13.144 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 = 64 + j31.144 kVA

 31.144 
θ = tan -1   = 25.95° pf = cos θ = 0.8992
 64 
θ 2 = 25.95° , θ1 = 0°
Q c = P [ tan θ 2 − tan θ1 ] = 64 [ tan(25.95°) − 0 ] = 31.144 kVAR
Qc 31,144
C= = = 5.74 mF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(120) 2
2