Toefl Handbook Mbastrategy 2014 PDF

TOEFL
Fundamental
HANDBOOK
___________________________________________________
Student
5th Edition
September 2014
CONTENT
CONTENT
Course syllabus 3
Introduction 9
Tips and Tricks 13
Listening Section 21
Reading Section 43
Writing Section 145
Speaking Section 173
Apendix 1: Speaking Assessment Criteria 201
Apendix 2: Integrated Writing Scoring Rupric 205
Apendix 3: Independent Writing Scoring Rupric 211
Apendix 4: Speaking Practice Tests 215
Apendix 5: Integrated Writing Practice Tests 223
Apendix 6: TOEFL ibt Scoring 229
Apendix 7: Academic Writing 233
Apendix 8: TOEFL Vocabulary 245
Apendix 9: Idioms for TOEFL 259
Listening Answers 263
Reading Answers 267
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§ 1. Course syllabus
1
1
Course
syllabus

COURSE SYLLABI
Reading Listening Sec- Speaking Writing

Section tion Section Section
Pre-test
Pre-test
Speaking
Session 1 Listening Section Section lead-in:
lead-in: question question types;
types and forms. Question 1 – prac-
tice
Pre-test
Pre-test (indepen-
Reading dent essay)
Section lead-in: Question 1 – revi-
Session 2 reading strate- Writing Section
sion, practice
gies; lead-in;
Question types Independent es-
and forms. say structure
Factual Question
Main Topic/Main Key points of In-

Negative Factual purpose Q.
Session 3 Question 2 dependent essay
Q. – practice
Organization Q. – revision
Factual/Negative
Vocabulary Q. – Questions 1 and
Session 4 Factual Q. – prac-
practice 2 – revision
tice
Integrated
Integrated Ques-
Essay -
Session 5 tion 3 lead-in and
practice Lead-in and
practice
Purpose Q.
Integrated Ques-
Session 6 Insert a Sentence Purpose Q.
tion 3 – revision
Q.
Independent es-
say of “Compare
Session 7 Inference Q. Inference Q.
and contrast”
type – structure
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Reading Listening Sec- Speaking Writing
Section tion Section Section
Sentence Simplifi-
cation Q. Integrated
Session 8 Question 4 lead-in
and practice
Attitude Q.
Integrated essay
Integrated practice
Revision and Revision
Session 9 Question 4 prac-
practice and practice
tice
Speaker’s Atti- Integrated Ques-

Session 10 Summary Q. tude Q. tion 5 – lead-in
and practice
Complete-the-
Chart Q Integrated Ques-
Session 11
tion 5 practice
Rhetorical Func- Integrated Ques- Integrated essay

Session 12 tion and Method tion 6 – lead-in of “Supporting”
Q. and practice type
Revision and Revision and Questions 1-6

Session 13
practice practice practice
Revision and Revision and Revision and Revision and

Session 14
practice practice practice practice
Session 15 Final test Final test
Session 16 Final test Final test

§ 2. Introduction
2

2
Introduction

§ 2. Introduction TOEFL iBT Highlights
Basic Information on the TOEFL
The TOEFL is one of several standardized and administered by the Educational Testing
tests that measure a student’s proficiency level Service (ETS), a private, not-for-profit company
in English. based in Princeton, New Jersey. According to
ETS, Internet-based testing (iBT) allows ETS
A standardized test: to capture speech and score responses in a stan-
●● Consists of different types of multi- dardized and fair manner. The TOEFL was de-
ple-choice questions veloped to help American and Canadian colleges
●● Is given to a large number of people at the and universities evaluate the level of English
same time language proficiency of the international stu-
●● Is graded by computer dents they want to admit. You may need a cer-
●● Is timed tain TOEFL score to get into a particular college
or university. However, even a high TOEFL score
The TOEFL iBT is a 3.5 hours computer- based does not that you will get into the college of your
test designed to test your ability to understand choice. Nor does a high TOEFL score guarantee
standard North American English. It is delivered academic success. To succeed in school, you also
to testing centers via the Internet. It is written need to know how to communicate in English.
TOEFL iBT Highlights
1. TOEFL iBT measures receptive and ex- 3. TOEFL iBT contains no structure sec-
pressive skills equally. Half the total score tion. As already mentioned, TOEFL iBT
on the test is based on reading and listen- includes no discrete-point testing. Your
ing abilities – on how well you receive and knowledge of the grammar of English is
understand English. Half the total score measured within the skills sections of the
is based on speaking and writing abilities test. For example, you must correctly ap-
– on how well you express yourself using ply rules of English grammar when speak-
English. For the Speaking section, test ing on the test.
takers speak into a microphone, and their
responses are digitally recorded and sent 4. TOEFL iBT uses more authentic language
to the ETS Online Scoring Network. For in the reading and listening passages. For
the Writing Section, test takers must type example, in the Listening section, speak-
their responses, and their responses are ers in a conversation may interrupt each
sent to the ETS Online Scoring Network. other, just as two people naturally do when
engaged in conversation.
2. TOEFL iBT measures integrated skills. In
the Speaking and Writing sections of the test, 5. TOEFL iBT allows note-taking. You can,
there are several questions in which you must and in fact should, take notes in every sec-
read and/or listen, then speak or write based tion of the test throughout the entire test.
on what you read and heard. Instructions for At the end of testing, all notes are collected
answering questions are given within each and destroyed at the test center.
section: there is no computer tutorial. TOEFL
iBT is not computer adaptive. Each test taker
receives the same range of questions.

§ 2. Introduction
2
TOEFL iBT Scores
The TOEFL iBT Sections
Test Section Number of Questions Timing
3-4 passages (550-700 words each)

Reading 60-80 minutes
12-14 questions each
4-6 lectures, 6 questions each

Listening 60-90 minutes
2-3 conversations, 5 questions each
Break 10 minutes
6 tasks: (45-60 seconds on each task)

2 independent (Speak basing on familiar experience)
Speaking 20 minutes
4 integrated (Speak basing on a reading and /or a listen-
ing passage)
1 integrated task (Write an essay based on a reading and

20 minutes
Writing a listening passage)
30 minutes
1 independent task (Write an essay based on a prompt only)
TOEFL iBT Scores
Your TOEFL iBT® (Internet-Based TOEFL) ●● Speaking (0 to 30)

scores will provide accurate information about ●● Writing (0 to 30)
your ability to participate and succeed in aca- ●● Total Score (1 to 120)
demic studies in an English-speaking environ-
ment. Your score report will contain five scores: Your scores will be available online 15 business
one total score on a scale of 0 to 120, and four days after you take the test. You will be able to
skill scores, each on a scale of 0 to 30. view them for free (as will the schools you chose
to receive your scores). You’ll also be mailed a
●● Listening (0 to 30) paper copy of your score report 15 business days
●● Reading (0 to 30) after your test date.
TOEFL iBT SCORE PROFICIENCY LEVEL PROFICIENCY DESCRIPTION
Able to satisfy basic survival requirements,

maintain very simple face-to-face
19-29 Elementary Proficiency
conversations on familiar topics; thinks in
native language and translates into English.
Can initiate and maintain predictable face-

to-face conversations; range and control of
41-52 Intermediate Proficiency language limited; demonstrates emerging,
but not consistent, basic grammar; can read
very simple English texts.

§ 2. Introduction TOEFL iBT Scores
Able to satisfy routine social demands;

facility with concrete subject matter and
79-95 Working Proficiency
language; however, needs more practice in
academic-level reading.
Approaching native proficiency in English;

able to satisfy most university-level
Advanced Working academic requirements with language usage
96-110
Proficiency that is often, but not always, acceptable and
effective; however, effective use of language
may deteriorate under tension or pressure.

§ 3. TIPS AND TRICKS
3
TIPS AND
TRICKS

§ 3. TIPS AND TRICKS READING
READING
►► Don’t read the whole text in detail: Either Sentence Addition Q:

start answering questions, or read the first
sentences of each paragraph to be familiar ●● Remember and use the structure of the
with the topic paragraph (general → detail → example →
►► Don’t read the instructions to the ques- conclusion)
tions; you should know them by heart ●● Look for key words (the ones that link the
►► Read instructions only for DETAIL, PUR- idea in the sentence with the context)
POSE and INFERENCE questions really ●● Use transition words to establish the func-
carefully, learn the standart ones tion of the sentence
►► Read ALL the answer choices till the end ●● Beware of referents (THIS/SHE) and arti-
►► Learn vocabulary (400, 500, 1700 TOEFL cles (THE)
WORDS)
Paraphrase/Simplify a sentence Q:
Detail/Negative Fact Q:
●● Read the sentence carefully and remember
●● Read the Q attentively (WHAT ABOUT the facts → simplify
WHAT is asked) ●● The answers say the same more generally
●● Look for key-words in the QUESTION ●● Wrong answers include more information
●● The answer is a paraphrase, BUT infor- or contradict one of the facts
mation is EXACTLY and DIRECTLY the
same as in the text Summary Q:
e.g. ●● Read the BOLD sentence CAREFULLY

Mark is smart = Mark is clever ●● The answers will go well with the BOLD
A Blowhole can not disguise their affinities sentence
with mammals = ●● Check out the beginning of every paragraph
A Blowhole can not conceal the fact that they ●● Don’t choose detailed or too general sen-
are mammals tences
Vocabulary Q: Inference Q:
●● Read the sentence with the word (or 2) ●● Conclusion

●● CONTEXT (comparison, contrast, syno- ●● May contain info that was NOT DIRECT-
nyms/antonyms → link words) LY stated in the text
●● Pay attention to prepositions ●● Stay within the sentence or paragrap
●● Feel the word (direct or metaphorical ●● Be careful with strong answers (the most,
meaning) the only, the best, clearly)
●● Options: ●● You can go from general to specific, NOT
▪▪ Divide words in parts from specific to general
▪▪ Read “in Russian” (a lion is an ANIMAL, but an animal is
▪▪ Don’t choose a word that looks alike NOT NECESSARILY a lion)
Mark is clever → Mark is not stupid

B is a fully marine whale → It feeds and breeds
in water.

READING § 3. TIPS AND TRICKS
Purpose Q:
●● Read the nearest context ONLY

●● Look out for LINK words (one more = there
were others, fortunatelys → expectations
3
met, unlikes → contrast)
●● Answers generalize or describe the struc-
ture
●● Wrong answers contradict the sentence
●● Examples of purpose:
▪▪ To illustrate/demonstrate
▪▪ To clarify
▪▪ To distinguish/differentiate
▪▪ To expand/elaborate
▪▪ To emphasize
▪▪ To prove
▪▪ To refute
Generally Wrong answers:
●● Not mentioned: the answer/hint MUST BE

found in the text
●● Extreme: all, always, impossible, must,
never, none, etc.
●● Right answer/WRONG QUESTION
●● Same words/wrong context
●● Generalize beyond context
(some species of chimpanzees make crude
tools out of branches → many animals can
make tools. That’s wrong.)

§ 3. TIPS AND TRICKS LISTENING
LISTENING
►► Listen actively from the VERY BEGIN-

NING till the VERY END
►► Stay focused when a question is asked not
to reread it
►► Pay attention to LINKING WORDS and
CHANGE OF INTONATION
►► If it’s a classroom discussion, note the
QUESTIONS that Students ask
►► Beware of DIGRESSING, they’ll ask you
about it
►► If you have two options that are OPPO-
SITE, one of them is likely to be the answer
►► Make notes
●● use structures:
Cause/effect
Compare/contrast
Classification
Problem/solution
Description
Narration
●● especially if info is repeated
●● note only the details on the topic
►► Main idea (mainly discuss) = throughout
the whole conversation/lecture
►► In conversation: think about the outcome
and what people will do next

SPEAKING § 3. TIPS AND TRICKS
SPEAKING
►► Articulate well (accent doesn’t matter that

much)
Question 4: 50/30/60
3
►► Don’t speak with flat intonation: emphasize ●● Make notes
the LINKING WORDS ●● Use structures:
►► Keep the templates in mind Cause/effect
►► Answer THE QUESTION Compare/contrast
►► Get your scratch book ready (you might Classification
even makes notes of templates) Problem/solution
Description
Question 1: 15/45 Narration
●● Listen to THE QUESTION (note it down)
●● Be personal → I like, I went ●● Do not forget the READING (paraphrase
●● Make appropriate supporting examples the topic + major Details)
●● Remember the categories: ●● Use the structure of the question to answer
people if necessary
places
events Question 5: 20/60
emotions
●● When preparing for the test, make a plan ●● Do not mention the excuses
for each (positive or negative) ●● Talk only about problem(dilemma), solu-
tions and your opinion
Question 2: 15/45 ●● Choose from the STATED solutions
●● CHOOSE only 1 option Question 6: 20/60

●● Talk about your CHOICE only
●● Be personal → I like, I went ●● Listen to the TITLE OF THE LECTURE
and TOPIC at the very beginning
Question 3: 50/30/60 ●● Make notes only on the TOPIC
●● Use structures:
●● Do not forget the reading Cause/effect
●● Talk about 1 person only Compare/contrast
●● Note down EVERY (his/her) opinion Classification
Problem/solution
Description
Narration
●● Listen to the QUESTION
●● Summarize, do not go into details

§ 3. TIPS AND TRICKS WRITING
WRITING
►► Use templates and structure Essay 2: 30 min

►► Use only familiar words and structures ●● Read the QUESTION ATTENTIVELY and
►► If you’re not sure, don’t write, change the lay out a PLAN (right in the writing area)
word or structure ●● Structure:
USE LINK WORDS
Essay 1: 20 min Beautiful = balanced
FURNITURE:
●● See if there’re 3 points in Reading (if yes Kitchen Furniture
аFind the main ideas at the beginning of Stools, dinner tables, counters
each paragraph ●● KEEP TO THE TOPIC
●● TEMPLATE: ●● Start (and finish) every paragraph with a
statement
In this set of materials, the reading passage ●● Address the question in every paragraph
states that/discusses smth … and the lis- ●● USE DIVERSE GRAMMAR STRUCTURES
tening part adds to/supports or contradicts Cooking
the reading … (GENERALIZE) By cooking
…., because (for) …
According to the reading … SUMMARIZE, Since/Although/Despite the fact …
don’t go into detail My/his/her …
With/on/under …
The listening adds to/however, asserts/ How … ?
contradicts … SUMMARIZE I….
Love is …
●● Do not write your opinion Not only …, but also …
●● Leave at least 2 minutes to proofread the I used to …
essay There is/there are …
●● USE SYNONYMS (don’t use the same
words more than twice)

PREPARATION FOR THE TEST DAY § 3. TIPS AND TRICKS
PREPARATION FOR THE TEST DAY
Reading:
Speaking:
●● Before you start answering Qs, you listen

3
to the directions to the Speaking Section.
●● Cover several simulators to get used to the Do not listen to them. Instead, recall all
computer screen. When doing all reading the structures for the Q types and note
passages on paper, you may fail reading them down. The Instructions last 2-3 min
fast from the screen on the exam. usually.
●● In case you lose your concentration, invest ●● Keep speaking even in case of emergency
half a minute into reading the text/Q aloud and you have not gotten the details in the
Since the start time is different for every Integrated Qs. Speak without stops.
candidate, you are highly likely to face the ●● Be ready for noise, when other candidates
problem of noise, when you are still on your start shouting or raising voice pitch signifi-
Reading Part (e.g. “someone has already cantly. When people are nervous, they may
Started Listening or Speaking.). Reading behave in a strange manner.
aloud may enable you to get back to the ●● ADVICE ON HOW TO CHEAT It is high-
text and return your attention. ly likely that someone starts the speaking
●● Keep track of the time. You are given 60 part when you still have your break. Guess
min for 3 passages. (e.g “it may take you what Q it is if you are lucky to have heard
less time to complete Passage 1, more time someone else’s answer. However, do not
for Passage 2, and even more for the third). abuse this practice! Otherwise, you may
feel very distracted.
Listening: ●● Learn all the structure for answers in
Speaking by heart.
●● When doing listening, you are unlikely to
face the problem of noise. However, when Writing:
you start answering Qs, no sound comes
from the laptop and another candidate doing ●● Before writing, you will see and hear
Speaking may ruin your peaceJDo not stand Instructions.
up unless Official 10-min break starts. ●● Do not listen to them. Instead, recall the
structures for both essays. Note them down
in brief if possible. Recall several academic
NB: Either Reading or Listening is extended words you have prepared in advance and
because of experiment. Standard Number of do not forget to add them to your writing
Reading passages is 3. There are two situations (e.g “regardless something; to enable
in terms of experiment you have to be ready for: someone to do smth etc.”)
a) If reading is enlarged, it has 4 texts.

The listening in this case is standard
and has two blocks: conversation,
lecture, lecture; conversation, lecture,
lecture.
b) If listening is enlarged, it has three
blocks: conversation, lecture, lecture * 3.
Reading will have 3 texts in this case.

§ 4. LISTENING SECTION
4
4
LISTENING
SECTION

§ 4. LISTENING SECTION BASIC APPROACH
LISTENING SECTION BASIC APPROACH
Length: 60-90 minutes. 1. Actively listen to the selection, noting

the main idea or purpose, structure and tone.
Content:
From 4 to 6 academic lectures – 6 questions 2. Attack the question. There is no skipping
after. in the Listening section, so you’ll have to do
Each lecture is 3-5 minutes long. each question as it appears.
A lecture may involve one speaker or
multiple speakers. 3. Use strategies, using your understanding
of the main idea, previous questions, and any
From 2 to 3 conversations – 5 questions after. notes you’ve taken to help you.
Each conversation is 3 – 4 minutes long.
A conversation typically has 12 to 25 For more tips see p. 9
exchanges.
Scoring: 0-30 points.

BASIC APPROACH § 4. LISTENING SECTION
Type of question Explanation Example
Main-Topic These ask you what subject What is the main topic of this conversation?
Questions the conversation or lecture What is the primary topic of this lecture?
4
is generally about.
Main-Purpose These ask you why, in Why is the man/woman talking to the
Questions general, the speakers are professor?
having the conversation What is the main point of this lecture?
or why the lecture is being
given.
Factual Questions These ask you about What does the speaker say about ___?
supporting ideas or details According to the professor, where ___?
mentioned in the conver-
sation or lecture.
Negative Factual These ask which of the According to the lecture, which of the fol-
Questions answer choices is not true, lowing is NOT true?
according to information Which of the following is NOT mentioned
given in the conversation in the lecture?
or lecture, or what infor-
mation is not mentioned in
the passage.
Inference Questions These ask you to draw What does the man/woman imply about ___?
conclusions based on infor- What can be inferred about ___ from the
mation given in the conver- passage?
sations or lectures.
Purpose Questions These ask you why a Why does the professor mention ___ ?
speaker mentions some
point in the conversation
or lecture.
Method Questions These ask you to explain How does the speaker explain the con-
how the speaker explains cept of ___?
or accomplishes How does the professor introduce the idea
something in the passage. of ___?
Attitude Questions These ask you how the What does the speaker say about ___?
speaker feels or thinks What is the professor’s opinion of ___?
about a certain issue, idea,
or a person.
Complete-the- Complete-the-chart ques- In this lecture, the professor describes X.

Chart Questions tions test your ability to Indicate whether each of the following is a
classify information or characteristic of X.
to determine whether or
not points are made in
a lecture. They ask you
to complete charts that
summarize all or part of a
lecture.

§ 4. LISTENING SECTION PRACTICE I
PRACTICE I Section 1:
Listening for Main Idea and Topic
In the following exercises you will Listening 1

listen to the recordings. Choose the best
answer to each question. To make this 1. What is the woman’s problem?
practice more like the real test, cover A. She does not have enough time to fin-
the questions and answer choices during ish writing her paper
each conversation and lecture. When you B. She is concerned about receiving a poor
hear each question, uncover that question grade in history
and answers. C. She is confused by her professor’s re-
sponse to her paper
D. She does not think her professor grad-
ed her paper fairly
2. What is the conversation mainly about?

A. A place that is special
B. Problems with families
C. Plans for a school vacation
D. A popular beach resort
3. What is the woman mainly discussing?

A. Her courses in child development
B. Her internship at a children’s agency
C. How to look for a job after graduation
D. How to organize a political campaign
4. What problem does the man have?

A. He has difficulty remembering some
terms
B. He is not skilled at climbing trees
C. He will not be able to take the botany
quiz
D. He can’t decide which botany course to
take
5. How does the woman help the man?

A. She shows him how to put the words in
alphabetical order
B. She tells him that memorization is not
a good way to study
C. She gives him a list of names begin-
ning with “P” and “X”
D. She suggests that he imagine a tree
with key letters on it

PRACTICE I § 4. LISTENING SECTION
Listening 2 Listening 3
1. What is the talk mainly about? 1. What is the speaker’s main point?
A. The best places to park on campus A. Attitudes toward aging can affect how
4
B. Services of the Safety and Security long a person lives.
Office B. People have difficulty learning new
C. The increasing need for campus secu- skills as they get older.
rity C. Young adults generally have a negative
D. Reporting criminal incidents on cam- view of older adults.
pus D. People are now leaving longer than
they did in the past.
2. What is the topic of the lecture?
A. Traditions of American Indian cultures 2. What is the speaker mainly discussing?
B. How religion, art, and culture are A. Popular bachelor’s degree programs
related B. The art and science of engineering
C. Different ways to view American cul- C. Educational programs for engineers
ture D. How engineers contribute to education-
D. D. The vision quest of the Plains tribes al programs
3. Which of the following best describes 3. How does the speaker organize the
the organization of the talk? information that he presents?
A. Reasons to buy property – liability A. By comparing the benefits of various
insurance engineering specialties
B. Instructions for buying life insurance B. By outlining the steps for applying to
C. A classification of insurance engineering school
D. A history of insurance C. By tracing the development of the engi-
neering profession
4. What is the lecture mainly about? D. By giving examples of undergraduate
A. How ancient rivers created deserts and graduate programs
B. How scientists work in the desert
C. How to walk on sand dunes 4. What aspect of RSI does the instructor
D. How sand dunes shift position mainly discuss?
A. Similarities to other illnesses in society
5. What is the lecture mainly about? B. Causes and effects
A. Research in pain management C. Reasons for its rapid growth
B. The benefits of exercise D. Available treatments
C. Why people have faith in doctors
D. The chemistry of the human brain 5. How does the instructor develop the
topic of RSI?
A. She compares treatments for RSI
B. She explains how to avoid RSI
C. She discusses recent research on RSI
D. She describes symptoms of RSI

Section 2: D. Political science is the woman’s fa-

Listening for Details vorite subject
Listening 4 7. What does the man say about Profes-

sor Hahn?
1. What does the woman suggest the man A. She is the best teacher at the college
do? B. She tries to amuse her students
A. Look at the posted job openings C. She cares a lot about her students
B. Call for information about a job D. She expects her students to work hard
C. Make an appointment with a counselor
D. Apply for a job in the student center 8. What does the professor want the
woman to do?
2. What type of job does the man want? A. Help him write a paper
A. A job that pays well B. Arrange some articles
B. A job that will let him study C. Look up information
C. A job in his field of interest D. Organize a research study
D. A job as a counselor
9. What is the subject of the professor’s
3. What does the woman agree to do? research?
A. Donate some books to the library A. Animal behavior
B. Meet the man outside the library B. Journal writing
C. Volunteer to work as a cashier C. Time management
D. Buy books at the annual book sale D. Child psychology
4. How are book sale workers compen- 10. When will the woman do the work?
sated? A. That afternoon
A. They take any ten books that they B. The next day
want C. The day after tomorrow
B. They are paid ten dollars an hour in D. The following week
cash
C. They receive a set of encyclopedias
D. They get credit to buy books at the sale
5. When will the woman arrive at the

book sale?
A. 10:00 a.m.
B. 12:00 p.m.
C. 3:00 p.m.
D. 6:00 p.m
6. Why does the woman like her class

with Professor Hahn?
A. Professor Hahn is a well-known scien-
tist
B. The assignments and lectures are
valuable
C. The students solve practical problems
in class

Listening 5 D. Artistic talent cannot be measured

fairly
1. When did the hunting season take
place? 7. How does the professor suggest one
4
A. In spring and summer get started in a career in the arts?
B. In summer and early fall A. Ask a famous artist for a letter of rec-
C. From fall until midwinter ommendation
D. From midwinter until spring B. Look at the job advertisements in the
newspaper
2. What animals did the North-woods C. Do part-time or volunteer work in one’s
tribes hunt? chosen art
Click on two answers D. Apply for a scholarship to a prestigious
A. Lion art school
B. B. Eagle
C. C. Deer 8. According to the instructor, what is
D. D. Moose the first step in preparing a speech?
A. Choose a topic your teacher will like
3. According to the man, how did women B. Realize the speech’s importance to you
participate in hunting? C. Develop your ideas with examples
A. Managing the camps D. Read a book about preparing a speech
B. Snaring small animals
C. Searching for game 9. What examples of purpose are men-
D. Making the bows and arrows tioned in the discussion?
Click on two answers
4. 4) Which activities did women control? A. To inform others about your subject
Click on two answers B. To describe an interesting experience
A. Fishing C. To make your audience laugh
B. Clan leadership D. To explain how to do something
C. Education
D. Agriculture 10. What does the instructor want the
students to do next?
5. According to the professor, what A. Practice their speeches in small groups
factors are important in choosing a B. Write down ideas that they think of
career in the arts? C. Choose from a list of possible topics
Click on two answers D. Brainstorm ways to entertain the class
A. Wealth
B. Talent
C. Luck
D. Experience
6. According to the professor, why does

a career in the arts require a special
calling?
A. Public tastes in the arts change fre-
quently
B. Employment in the arts can be uncer-
tain
C. Art schools are expensive and difficult

Listening 6 6. How does the professor develop the

topic of tsunamis?
1. What is the main topic of the talk? Click on two answers
A. Types of winds over the sea A. By comparing tsunamis and floods
B. Characteristics of the sea breeze B. By describing causes of tsunamis
C. How sea breezes help sailors C. By sharing his experience of a tsunami
D. Coastal temperature changes D. By giving examples of tsunamis
2. Select the diagram that represents the 7. Why is the term “tidal wave” inaccu-
sea breeze rate for a tsunami?
A. Tides cause only the worst tsunamis
B. Tsunamis occur only at high tides
C. Waves do not have enough force to kill
D. Tsunamis are not related to tides
8. What causes tsunamis?

A. A. Movement of the ocean floor
B. B. Heavy precipitation
C. C. Undersea earthquakes
D. D. The moon’s gravity
3. Identify the part of the diagram that
shows the sea breeze’s return flow 9. What point does the professor make
about the eruption of the volcano
Krakatoa?
A. People could see the eruption from as
far away as Hawaii
B. A tsunami following the eruption killed
thousands of people
C. Krakatoa erupts more frequently than
any other volcano
D. The eruption caused thousands of fish-
ing boats to sink
4. What topics does the speaker discuss?
Click on two answers 10. What is true of the tsunami that
A. Popular horn players in history struck Japan in 1896?
B. How a horn’s sound is produced A. It was caused by an undersea earth-
C. The horn as a jazz instrument quake
D. Early uses of the horn B. It occurred while the people were
sleeping
5. When did the horn become a standard C. It followed a series of volcanic erup-
part of the orchestra? tions
A. In the Middle Ages D. It was first reported by fisherman at
B. In the fourteenth century sea
C. In the eighteenth century
D. In the nineteenth century

Listening 7 6. What does the woman want to discuss

with the teaching assistant?
1. What are the students discussing? A. Trouble that happened in class last
A. Terms from a lecture week
4
B. Questions on a test B. A friend she met on a field trip
C. Property rights C. Something she saw when she was
D. Topics for a term paper hiking
D. A problem with one of her classmates
2. What does “primogeniture” mean?
A. A state in which a ruler owns all prop- 7. Where did the woman meet the young
erty man who had a problem?
B. Dividing property among several chil- A. In high school
dren B. In biology class
C. A system of inheritance by the first- C. On a mountain road
born son D. On a desert trail
D. Paying property taxes to the state
8. What help did the young man receive?
3. According to the professor, why do Click on two answer
many small businesses fail? A. The woman gave him water
A. They do not demand hard work from B. A doctor repaired his leg
their employees C. The ranger showed him a map
B. They do not expand into large busi- D. His teacher brought him food
nesses
C. They have poor-quality products and 9. Why did the young man experience
services muscle cramps?
D. They lack the financial reserves to A. His muscles were weak from too little
absorb losses exercise
B. The cells in his muscles did not have
4. According to the professor, what is es- enough oxygen
sential for success as a small business C. He injured his leg muscle when he fell
owner? on a rock
A. A master’s degree in business D. An excessive amount of salt collected in
B. Friends in positions of power the muscles
C. A large amount of credit
D. Good management skills 10. What point does the teaching assistant
make about what the woman saw?
5. What are two responsibilities of a A. The woman recognized biology in real
store owner? life
Click on two answers B. The woman saw two foolish young men
A. Buying the store building C. The woman should try to forget what
B. Keeping track of inventory she saw
C. Promoting the store’s products D. The woman will see more interesting
D. Inventing new products things

Section 3: Listening for Attitude 6. Why does the student speak to the
and Purpose professor?
A. She wants to take a quiz that she
Listening 8 missed
B. She would like to discuss her grade
1. Why does the student go to see his C. She is having difficulty in the class
professor? D. She must miss class the following day
A. He is transferring to a school in Okla-
homa 7. What does the professor suggest the
B. He must leave school for a family student do?
emergency A. Read the chapter over again
C. He wants to discuss his term paper B. Study harder for the next quiz
D. He needs to have surgery C. Write about what she learned
D. Try not to be absent from class
2. What is required for an Incomplete?
A. Completing the work within a certain 8. What are the speakers mainly discuss-
time ing?
B. Writing an additional term paper A. A field trip
C. Paying a fee of sixty dollars B. A reading assignment
D. Enrolling in a special make-up course C. A guest speaker
D. A term paper
3. What is purpose of the conversation?
A. The man wants permission to bring 9. Why does the man say this
food to class A. To emphasize the professor’s qualifica-
B. The man is applying for a job as cafete- tions
ria cashier B. To state a desire to read the professor’s
C. The man was overcharged and is re- books
questing a refund C. To predict that the seminar attendance
D. The man would like a different meal will be high
arrangement D. To imply that the seminar needs im-
provement
4. Why does the woman say this?
A. To complain about the cafeteria break- 10. What is the man’s opinion of the as-
fast signment?
B. To criticize the man’s poor eating habits A. The assignment will improve their
C. To emphasize the importance of break- public speaking skills
fast B. The assignment will help them meet
D. To show that she is a morning person people in their field
C. The assignment is more difficult than
5. Why does the woman tell the man he had expected
about Plan C? D. The assignment has taken too much of
A. To list the special diets that are avail- their time
able
B. To give him another choice of meal
plan
C. To recommend a different place to eat
D. To explain the benefits of each meal
plan

Listening 9 D. To define the Native American concept

of wealth
1. What is the main purpose of the dis-
cussion? 6. Why does the professor say this
4
A. The professor is giving a writing as- A. To illustrate the colonists’ view of com-
signment modities
B. The class is evaluating last week’s B. To emphasize the scarcity of resources
assignment in New England
C. The professor is changing the reading C. To suggest that the colonists did not
assignment use many resources
D. The class is summarizing the assigned D. To describe the growth of the New Eng-
readings land economy
2. What is the woman’s attitude toward 7. What is the purpose of the talk?
the assignment? A. To imagine life without culture
A. She is confused by it B. To compare various cultures
B. She likes it very much C. To explain cultural differences
C. She thinks it is too difficult D. To define what culture is
D. She finds it boring
8. Why does the professor mention stu-
3. What is the main purpose of the talk? dent culture?
A. To contrast Native American and Euro- A. To illustrate how culture involves
pean concepts of resources shared ideas and behaviors
B. To explain why Native Americans val- B. To encourage students to think critical-
ued personal alliances ly about their culture
C. To list the commodities found in the C. To compare the student culture of the
New England environment past and the present
D. To show that the European economic D. To give students ideas for conducting
system originated in New England their own research
4. What does the professor say about the 9. What is the woman’s attitude toward
Native Americans’ use of resources? student culture?
A. They traded resources with the Euro- A. She enjoys being a part of it
pean colonists B. She is frustrated by all the work
B. They used resources to show wealth C. She thinks it is similar to a club
and social status D. She doesn’t understand its rules
C. They used resources manly for econom-
ic subsistence 10. What does the professor think of com-
D. They viewed resources as commodities paring a culture to a club?
to buy and sell A. A culture is exactly the same as a club
B. The comparison is imperfect
5. Why does the professor say this C. It is easier to define a culture than a
A. To state that Native Americans were club
very poor D. Clubs are important in most cultures
B. To show similarities between economic
systems
C. To explain differences in wealth among
people

Section 4: 6. What does the professor imply?

Listening for Inferences and A. It is not acceptable to miss class time
Predictions B. The first day of class has been changed
C. Students are required to take a course
Listening 10 D. The summer course has been canceled
1. Why does the student go to see his 7. What will the student probably do?
advisor? A. Take the course during the fall
A. To enroll in their geometry class next B. Make up the work she misses
quarter C. Join an available study group
B. To discuss an assignment for his histo- D. Cancel her trip to Vancouver
ry class
C. To get extra help with a difficult prob- 8. What are the students mainly discuss-
lem ing?
D. To obtain advice about dropping a class A. Problems with parking on campus
B. Off-campus apartments for students
2. What will the student probably do? C. Free bus transportation to campus
A. Make up a geometry test D. Ways for students to manage money
B. Transfer to another school
C. Not continue in his history class 9. What can be inferred about the woman?
D. Not enroll in classes next quarter A. She does not own a car
B. She has a roommate
3. What is the man’s problem? C. She is not married
A. He can’t afford to be a full-time student D. She has a job off campus
B. There is an unpaid charge on his ac-
count 10. What will the man probably do?
C. His charge account is no longer valid A. Transfer to a different university
D. All of the courses he needs are closed B. Look for a less expensive car
C. Move to a building for married stu-
4. What will the man probably do? dents
A. Pay his roommate to fix the shower D. Find out more about the apartments
door
B. Have an argument with his roommate
C. Speak to someone in the accounting
office
D. Try to register for next quarter in
person
5. Why does the student go to see her

professor?
A. There was a problem with her registra-
tion
B. She will miss the beginning of the
summer term
C. She wants advice about joining a study
group
D. She would like to discuss her research
project

Listening 11 5. What does the professor imply about

scientists?
1. What does the instructor imply about A. Scientists are motivated to save the
composition? environment
4
A. Composition in painting is similar to B. Scientists are more intelligent than
composition in writing artists
B. Composition is less important than C. Scientists are fascinated by scientific
shape, tone, and color technology
C. Composition must be complex in order D. Scientists are enthusiastic in their
to be interesting study of nature
D. Composition is the only concept that
artists must understand 6. What is probably true about the stu-
dents in this course
2. Would the instructor most likely agree A. They are students at a community
or disagree with each statement below? college
For each sentence, click in the correct box B. They plan to apply to medical school
C. They are pursuing various fields of
Agree Disagree study
D. They have never taken a science course
A composition must before
contain numerous
subjects to be inter-
7. What do plant hormones do?
esting.
A. Regulate the plant’s temperature
If a picture is too B. Transport water through the plant
crowded, it does not C. Stimulate responses in cells and tis-
possess the element sues
of unity. D. Make the plant unattractive to animals
A successful composi-
tion conveys a single, 8. Which grass seedlings would probably
clear message. NOT bend toward light?
3. What is the main purpose of the talk? A. Seedling in a moist ecosystem
A. To explain why people become scientists B. Seedling with the tip cut off
B. To describe different scientific disci- C. Seedling wearing a black cap
plines D. Seedling with multiple shoots
C. To persuade students to become biologists
D. To introduce students to the course 9. What can be inferred about the tip of a
plant’s system?
4. According to the professor, why is A. It stops growing once the plant produc-
biology the most demanding of all es real leaves
sciences? B. It plays an important role in tempera-
Click on two answers ture control
A. Biology studies complex living systems C. It can be removed with no influence on
B. Biology deals with controversial issues the plant
C. Biology requires knowledge of other D. It produces a hormone that affects the
sciences stem’s growth
D. Biology cannot answer every question
about life

Listening 12 try book

B. Return all of the books to the universi-
1. What is the man’s problem? ty bookstore
A. He will not have time to finish his C. Buy a different edition of the chemistry
paper book
B. He is confused by cultural differences D. Complain to the university about the
C. He cannot think of a topic for his paper cost of books
D. He thinks the assignment is too artifi-
cial 8. What does the man imply about the
medication?
2. What will the man probably do? A. It may be dangerous if taken incorrect-
A. Describe his hometown culture ly
B. Move to a different community B. It is the least expensive allergy medi-
C. Ask his professor for more time cation
D. Write about culture shock C. It should be available only by prescrip-
tion
3. Why does the professor say this D. It is an effective remedy for many
A. She will not be in class the next day illnesses
B. The student has to drop out of school
C. There was a death in the student’s 9. Select the sentence that best expresses
family how the woman probably feels
D. The coursework is very difficult A. “I don’t like other people telling me
what to do”
4. What will the student probably do B. “I’m concerned about taking this medi-
next? cine before the test”
A. Arrange to take the test next week C. “I appreciate your thoughtful advice
B. Apply for a job in the office about the dangers”
C. Look for a tutor to help him study D. “I don’t understand your instructions
D. Change the time of his appointment about the drug”
5. What is the man’s problem? 10. What will the woman probably do?
A. The university bookstore does not have A. Complain to the manager of the phar-
a book he needs macy
B. He just bought more books than he is B. Go back to the nurse for additional
able to read advice
C. The books that he needs are a stain on C. Buy a different medicine and hope it
his finances works
D. The third edition of the chemistry book D. Take the medicine a few hours before
is not available the test
6. What can be inferred about the man?

A. He finds science courses very difficult
B. He lives in the Pioneer District
C. He enjoys studying with the woman
D. He is taking a chemistry course
7. What will the man probably do?

A. Look for a cheaper copy of the chemis-

Section 5: 4. What type of assignment would an in-

Listening to Categorize troverted student probably prefer?
Information A. A. Reflective journal writing
B. B. Competitive tam game
4
Listening 13 C. C. Large group discussion
D. D. Humorous performance
1. Which creatures lived in each cave
zone? 5. What is the main purpose of the talk?
Drag each choice to the correct box. A. A. To list major economic problems
A. Shrimp B. B. To discuss some effect of inflation
B. Bats C. C. To explain why bread prices in-
C. Early humans crease
D. D. To classify the types of inflation
Entrance Twilight Dark Zone
Zone Zone
6. Why does the instructor talk about a
loaf of bread?
A. A. To complain about the price of bread
2. Indicate whether each item below B. B. To illustrate the effect of price
characterizes the dark zone of a cave changes
C. C. To compare bread with other foods
Yes No
D. D. To explain social and political tur-
Warm temperatures moil
Blind animals 7. What happens when prices go up but

salaries remain the same?
Few air currents A. A. The government will regulate the
economy
Green plants
B. B. People will save money rather than
spend it
3. Indicate whether each phrase below C. C. Workers might lose their jobs if they
describes an extravert or an introvert complain
D. D. People must work longer to buy the
Extravert Introvert
same things
Prefers looking
outward to the
world
Prefers learning in
private, individual
ways
Has a variety of
interests
Has fewer
interests, but on a
deeper level

8-9. Based on the information in the talk, indicate whether each sentence below
describes moderate inflation, galloping inflation, or hyperinflation.
For each sentence, click in the correct box. This question is worth 2 points.
Moderate inflation Galloping inflation Hyperinflation
People try to get rid of

their currency
Incomes and relative

prices rise slightly.
Inflation occurs at a rate

of 100 percent.
There is social and polit-

ical disorder.

MINI-TEST 1 § 4. LISTENING SECTION
D. Czar Alexander the II

MINI-TEST 1
Listen to part of a lecture from a music class
4
Listen to part of a discussion between two 7. What does the speaker mainly discuss?
friends. A. The turn of the century
B. Ragtime in America
1. What are the people discussing? C. Band concerts in America and Europe
A. Getting presents D. Early American musical forms
B. Purchasing books
C. Attaching the bar code 8. According to the professor, what is
D. Working in a library ragtime?
A. A type of traditional music with regu-
2. What is the woman referring to when lar beats
she states, “that sounds like fun”? B. One of John Philip Sousa’s best-known
A. Unwrapping presents marches
B. Unpacking books C. A musical form that became popular
C. Having a birthday around 1900
D. Logging in books D. A particular piece of music composed
by William Krell
3. Which duty does the man like the least?
A. Logging in books 9. What does the professor contrast in
B. Attaching the bar code his lecture?
C. Opening boxes of purchased books A. Regular beats and syncopation in music
D. Entering the data into the computer B. The different beats in waltzes and polkas
C. Popular musical forms in America and
Now listen to part of lecture in a history class Europe
D. Krell’s Mississippi Rag and Joplin’s
4. What is the talk mainly about? Maple Leaf Rag
A. American sharpshooters
B. The czar of Russia Listen to a conversation between two students
C. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
D. European heads of state 10. What are the people discussing?
A. Security precautions at a museum
5. What is the woman referring to when B. A painting that thieves favor
she states, “That was in 1883”? C. A popular painting among the public
A. The year Cody started the Wild West Show D. The most valuable painting in the
B. When Cody became known as Buffalo Bill museum
C. The date William Cody was more wide-
ly known 11. What does the woman mean by the
D. When the Wild West Show performed phrase “being out on unauthorized
for heads of state loan for three years”?
A. The curator did not authorize the
6. In addition to Annie Oakley, which other painting to be on loan
famous person traveled with Buffalo Bill? B. A painting can be on loan for fewer
A. William Cody than three years
B. Queen Victoria C. The Rembrandt was stolen and recov-
C. Chief Sitting Bull ered three years later

§ 4. LISTENING SECTION MINI-TEST 2
D. It took three years to paint unauthor- D. She doesn’t know if alternatives to

ized copies of the stolen paintings CFCs are acceptable.
3. According to the professor, how do

MINI-TEST 2 CFCs get into the atmosphere?
A. They are a chemical reaction caused be
ultraviolet rays.
Listen to part of a discussion in an B. They migrate from the stratosphere.
environmental science class C. They are in the DNA of humans and
plants.
1. In the discussion, the professor briefly D. They are released through some prod-
explains the process that breaks down ucts and processes.
the ozone layer. Indicate whether
each of the sentences is a step in the 4. According to the discussion, which of
process of ozone depletion. the following are contaminants?
Choose 2 answers
Yes No
A. Dry-cleaning components
Artificial chemicals B. Nitrogen fertilizers
called CFCs are C. Oxygen atoms
released into the at- D. Ultraviolet light
mosphere during the
production of goods. Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology
class
For economic rea-
sons, CFCs continue
to be used in some 5. In the lecture, the professor describes
parts of the world. three types of mind control. Match
each behavior with the associated
Oxygen combines mind-control technique.
with CFCs, causing
the depletion of the
ozone layer. Subcep- Hyp- Brain-
tion nosis washing
The use of products
containing CFCs al- Accepting
lows CFCs to enter implanted
the atmosphere.
ideas after
Ultraviolet light is losing sense
able to reach the of reality
Earth’s surface and
damage DNA. Buying ice
cream after an
2. Why is the professor cautious in her unconscious
prediction of the future? intrusion
A. She is not certain everyone will comply
with the international agreements. Carrying out
B. She doesn’t think the CFCs will dis- a command
perse without some assistance. at a given
C. She doesn’t believe the ozone layer can signal
recover from the environmental abuse.

6. According to the professor, what is 10. According to the professor, what in-
true of subliminal perception? spires architects and engineers?
A. It is used on unsuspecting people with A. Natural forms
great frequency. B. Inventive ideas
4
B. It is based on the fact that people are C. Freedom to create
aware of a lot more than they realize. D. Biological problems
C. It could be used to make people do some-
thing they would consider unethical. 11. When talking about smart structures,
D. It has been given special attention be- what is the professor doing?
cause of the uses it could be put to. A. Comparing the intelligence of struc-
tures with that of nature
7. What else is true of subliminal perception? B. Stressing the similarity of the struc-
A. People forget what they were told after tures to fashion
the experience. C. Referring to the self-directed nature of
B. People are unaware that their minds some processes
are being influenced. D. Satirizing the processes in the natural
C. People do silly things when given a signal. world
D. People may behave in a way that previously
they would have considered unacceptable. 12. What are some of the areas that re-
searchers are investigating?
8. Which of the following did the pro- Choose 2 answers
fessor NOT mention when speaking A. The high resistance of wood to impacts
about brainwashing? B. The stimulus provided for inventive
A. Drugging minds
B. Starvation C. The structure of antler bone for its
C. Intimidation toughness
D. Sleep deprivation D. The impact of biomimetic research in
the twenty-first century
Listen to part of a lecture on biotechnology.
Listen to part of a discussion in a
9. In the lecture, the professor explains criminology class
the field of study called biomimetics. In-
dicate whether each of the following is 13. According to the discussion, which of
an example of biomimetic application. the following is true about the illegal
trade in art?
Yes No
A. It is more devastating than the illegal
Flying machines that trade in weapons.
emulate birds B. It brings in more profits than illegal
trade in drugs.
Fastening devices that have
hooks for grasping fabric C. It is an illicit trade run by the Mafia.
D. It equals other illegal trafficking in
Skeletons that soften to economic terms.
change shape
Antler bone that is extraordi- 14. What does the professor say about
nary tough inventories of cultural properties?
Choose two answers.
Substances that copy photo-
A. They are useful only if the information
synthesis to create energy
is widely available.

B. They could be used by criminals to find

valuable treasures. MINI-TEST 3
C. They would be useful for police as well
as customs agencies and insurance
companies. 1. What is the purpose of the conversation?
D. They would help tourists from inno- A. The man is interviewing the woman for
cently getting involved in the black a job in the office.
market. B. The woman wants to enroll in the com-
munications program.
15. Which problems in policing the trade C. The man wants to discuss a change in
in national treasures were discussed? the course schedule.
Choose 2 answers D. The woman is requesting an interview
A. The buyers are wealthy enough to pay with the dean.
officials to be quiet
B. People are afraid to turn in informa- 2. Why does the man say this:
tion about the criminals. A. To express regret that the dean is not
C. The original owner cannot describe available
property accurately. B. To state that the dean cannot change
D. The criminals sell parts of a work of art his schedule
separately. C. To let the woman know the dean is
very busy
16. What does the professor say about D. To apologize for the dean’s confusing
electronic surveillance? behavior
A. Some owners can’t afford surveillance
B. Many thieves are clever enough to 3. Why does the woman want to meet
steal objects under surveillance with the dean?
C. Some treasures aren’t worth the ex- A. To learn about his ideas and vision.
pense B. To ask for a letter of recommendation
D. Many governments don’t care about C. To request a change in the school cal-
the depletion of their treasures. endar
D. To tell him that she enjoyed his lecture
4. What can be inferred about the dean?

A. He is in his office two days a week.
B. He has been dean for only a short time
C. He generally docs not give interviews
D. He is an excellent public speaker.
5. When will the meeting with the dean

take place?
A. The next day
B. The next week
C. In two weeks
D. In three weeks
6. What are the students mainly discussing?

A. Various costs that businesses face
B. The concept of opportunity cost

C. The rising costs of owning a business B. A cloud of ash traveled around the world
D. Differences between economics and C. The volcano erupted suddenly without
accounting warning.
D. Magma poured out of the top of the
4
7. How does the man help the woman mountain.
understand a concept that she finds
difficult? 12. Why does the professor say this:
A. He illustrates the concept with an A. To tell of his own experience of watch-
example ing the mountain
B. He makes a list of terms for her to B. To explain why the events were a sur-
study. prise to geologists
C. He asks her to explain a similar concept C. To show that the eruptions interested a
D. He reads a passage from their textbook. lot of people
D. To criticize the media for interfering
8. Listen again to part of the conversa- with the scientists
tion.Then answer the question.
Why does the man ask this: 13. Listen again to part of the lecture.
A. To find out how much money the wom- Then answer the question.
an made What does the professor
B. To evaluate the food at a restaurant mean when he says this:
C. To suggest that the profit is less than A. It had been a long time since the previ-
it seems ous eruption of St. Helens.
D. To express his concerns about owning a B. The public suddenly lost interest in
business watching the eruptions.
C. Scientists took a few days off before
9. According to the man, how does an continuing their work.
economist’s view of costs differ from D. The small eruptions paused briefly just
that of an accountant? before the major eruption.
A. An economist’s definition of costs never
changes. 14. The professor explains what happened
B. An economist uses a computer to calcu- when Mount St. Helens erupted.
late costs. Indicate whether each sentence below
C. An economist tries to lessen the effect was part of the event.
of costs. For each sentence, click in the correct box.
D. An economist looks at a broader range
of costs. Yes No
10. What can be inferred about the true An earthquake caused a huge
landslide.
cost of a college education?
A. It includes the cost of lost income. The mountain gained sixty
B. It is more than the woman can afford. feet in height.
C. It is not as expensive as it appears.
D. It continues to increase each year. Ash and steam rose from the
mountain.
11. According to the professor, how did
The mountain's side and top
the cycle of volcanic eruptions begin? exploded.
A. Several earthquakes and avalanches
occurred.

15. What were some effects of the eruption?

Click on two answers.
A. Geologists were criticized for failing to
predict it.
B. Large numbers of animals and people
were killed.
C. The ash cloud affected weather around
the world.
D. Tourists were afraid to visit the Cas-
cade Range.
16. What can be concluded about Mount

St. Helens?
A. It is a harmless inactive volcano.
B. It is no longer of interest to geologists.
C. It is the largest volcano in the world.
D. It is likely to erupt in the future.

§ 5. READING SECTION
5 5
READING
SECTION

§ 5. READING SECTION Reading strategy
Overview Reading strategy
The reading section tests your ability to ana- There is a number of reading strategies that are
lyze and understand different types of English advised for TOEFL by different sources. All of them
written text. It consists of several passages come from the fact that there is limited time for
(usually from 3 to 4) and questions for each each question and reading the whole passage care-
passage (12-14 questions per passage). You fully takes a lot of precious minutes but generally is
will have about 1.5 minutes per question and not effective. That is due to the fact that questions
the total time for the whole section is adjusted are dissipated unevenly throughout the passage
accordingly. and while one sentence may have multiple ques-
tions asking about it, there may be big chunks of
The passages are 500 to 700 words long. They text that you will not need at all.
cover a variety of different topics, but generally
tend to stick to academic setting (the kinds of After all, your goal is to answer the questions
passages you would encounter while studying correctly, and not to comprehend the passage or
in a college or university). So their topics are learn something new. The first way of reading the
usually social science (history, biographies of passage without spending much time involves
famous people, or studies of social events and “skimming” or fast-reading the passage. Obviously
trends) or general science (biology, physics, to do this you have to be a fast reader and have a
economy). While both topics are not analyz- lot of skimming experience. The drawback of such
ed too deeply, social science passages tend to approach is that when used on scientific passages
be easier because they are entertaining and with a multitude of new words and unusual sen-
interesting in their nature and usually lack the tence structures your reading speed will be negat-
specific jargon and scientific terms. Because ed, because those places generally require a slow
of these terms general science passages are reading pace to fully get to what they are talking
a little harder to tackle, but pose no serious about.
problems for the people who are prepared for
the test. The second approach is to skip the first reading
of the text and go for the questions right away.
While taking the test you will see the screen Obviously this saves reading time and you will only
split in two parts. The text is displayed on read the chunks that you need to answer specific
the right and is always visible for your refer- questions (you will easily find them using keywords
ence. The questions are displayed on the left and highlights that the questions themselves
one by one. While it is possible to skip certain provide). The problem with this approach is that it
questions and come back to them later on the is suitable only for solving factual questions, while
reading section, it is NOT advised to do so, dealing simple general as well as complex types
because on the iBT, unlike PBT for example, will be a problem with such an approach.
there is no way to track the questions that you
have skipped and it is very easy to forget about The solution, as usual, lies in the middle. To under-
them. stand the combined approach, let’s first analyze the
structure of a typical TOEFL passage (see Figure 1)
The passages on the test are standardized, so they

always follow this structure. Knowing the structure
lets you understand what sort of information is
contained in each paragraph, and so allows you to
solve each question more effectively.

Body § 5. READING SECTION
Introduction Body
This part is used by the author to layout a Body part consists of several paragraphs
beginning for the passage and tells you what (labeled Body 1 through Body N in Figure 1)
he/she is going to talk about. It will contain the that are used to develop the author’s point of
main idea of the passage and the attitude of view and support his/her main claim. They are
the author towards the described problem (see mostly made out of factual information, such
Attitude for more information). The combination as examples, facts, figures, historical informa-
of these gives us the text general purpose. For tion etc. They also have a general content that
example, the main idea of the passage is use of can help you navigate through them easily –
nuclear energy the author’s attitude towards those are lead-in and lead-out sentences (the
it is skeptical; hence the main purpose of the first and last sentences of each paragraph) that
whole text is to criticize the use of nuclear are used to open and close a certain thought
energy or to outline its drawbacks. respectively. Each thought will be comfortably
contained in a separate paragraph.

§ 5. READING SECTION Question Types by Format
Conclusion questions you will go back to this information

anyways. So what is the sense in reading the
same things over and over again? All it does is
A conclusion is not always present in TOEFL waste your time.
passages. Generally, most of them are ripped
out of a bigger piece of text, so the conclusion For more tips see p. 7
is not included. If it is there, then you have a
comfortable piece of information that will usu-
ally list most of the important points from the Basic Approach
whole passage, as well as make some impor-
tant inferences based on the information from
the passage. The presence of the conclusion is 1. Actively read the passage, looking for the
indicated by keywords, such as It can be seen purpose, structure, and main idea.
that (see Keywords for more information). If no 2. Attack the questions based on question
conclusion is present, then the last paragraph type.
of the passage is just another Body paragraph 3. Find the answer to the question in the
and should be dealt with respectively. passage.
4. Use the process of elimination (POE) to
eliminate bad answers.
Junctions
Question Types by Format

Junctions are words that are used to tie the
information in the passage together. The body
paragraphs are usually organized in some way There are three question formats in the Read-
to form a “flow of thought”. For this purpose ing section:
they are interconnected by keywords that
indicate the type of relation between them. For ●● questions with four choices and a single an-
example, they can all support a certain point of swer in traditional multiple-choice format
view (first, second, last) or give a compare and ●● questions with four choices and a single
contrast style of information (Some say that…, answer that ask test takers to “insert a
however) or even continue the thoughts of sentence” where it fits best in a passage
previous paragraphs (furthermore). See Key- ●● new “reading to learn” questions with more
words section for more information. than four choices and more than one possi-
ble correct answer
So, going back to the reading strategy, it be-
comes clear that all the general information of
the passage is concentrated in the introduction
and conclusion, while the factual is in the body
paragraphs. In order to get acquainted with
the passage it is more than enough to read the
introduction, first and last sentences of each
body paragraph and the whole conclusion. This
works because you will generally remember
the most information that you have read in
that way and get to know the author’s flow of
thought. The factual parts are skipped on the
first reading because when dealing with factual

Question Types by Content § 5. READING SECTION
Question Types by Content
Type of question Explanation Example
Factual questions These ask you to locate and According to the information in paragraph
(detail questions) identify specific information __________________, where did ...?
in the passage. According to the passage, why did ...?
5
Which of the following is true, according to
the author?
Negative factual These ask which of the According to the information in paragraph
questions answer choices is not true, _____ , which of the following is NOT ...?
according to information in The author mentions all of the following in
the passage, or is not men- the passage EXCEPT ...
tioned in the passage.
Vocabulary These ask you to identify the The word in the

questions meaning of a word or phrase passage is closest in meaning to ... .
used in the passage.
Inference These ask you to draw con- From the information in paragraph , it
questions clusions based on informa- can be inferred that...
tion in the passage. In paragraph , the author suggests
that.
Questions about These ask you why the Why does the author mention in para-
the author's author uses a certain word, graph ?
purpose detail, or example in a pas- Why does the author give details
sage. about________?
Questions about These ask you how the What is the author's opinion of ?
the author's author feels about a certain Which of the following most accurately
attitude issue, idea, or person that is reflects the… author's opinion of ?
mentioned in the passage.
Sentence These ask which choice best Which of the following sentences best
restatement/ restates and summarizes the expresses the essential information in the
simplification information in a sentence sentence below? (Incorrect answer choices
questions from the passage. omit important information or change the
meaning of the original sentence in an
important way.)
Sentence Addition For this type of question, Look at the four squares [■]
Questions you’ll see four black squares that indicate where the following sentence
[■]placed throughout the pas- could be added to the passage.
sage. Your job is to figure out Circle the square [■] that indicates the best
where a new sentence would place to add the sentence.
best fit into the passage.
Summary Typically worth two points, Below is an introductory sentence for a

these questions ask you to brief summary of the passage. Complete
find main points and ideas the summary by writing the letters of
from the passage. three of the answer choices that express
the most important ideas of the passage.

§ 5. READING SECTION Question Types by Content
Important! Build your reading skills!
Read extensively The more you read, the better reader you will become. Read on
a variety of topics in order to build your vocabulary. The larger
your vocabulary, the less time you will need to spend trying to
understand unfamiliar words and the more time you will have to
understand the material presented in the text.
Read challenging Read material that challenges you. If you always read things that
material are easy for you, you will not develop your ability to read more
difficult material.
Read about topics The reading passages on the test concern subjects taught in
commonly found on the colleges and universities: science, technology, the social sciences,
TOEFL test and the humanities.
Choose reading material that will give you experience reading
about these subjects and help you become familiar with the
concepts and vocabulary commonly used in these fields.
Read actively Read material that challenges you. If you always read things that
are easy for you, you will not develop your ability to read more
difficult material.
Increase your The reading passages on the test concern subjects taught in
formal and academic colleges and universities: science, technology, the social sciences,
vocabulary and the humanities.
Choose reading material that will give you experience reading
about these subjects and help you become familiar with the
concepts and vocabulary commonly used in these fields.

Answering questions § 5. READING SECTION
Answering questions
The process of completing an entire passage STEP3 – Answers

and answering all the questions is divided into
several basic steps. Verify each answer before you go to the next
question. Read the question to yourself once
5
STEP 1 – Passage again. Does your answer make sense? Did
you understand the context correctly? Are you
Use the reading strategy that you are most absolutely sure that the sentence you have
comfortable with to make a first reading of the inserted into the passage fits perfectly in the
passage. Read the passage even if you know selected place? There is no mistake in taking
the topic very well. The questions will be asked extra 10 seconds to make sure that you are on
about the information in the passage, and not the right track.
your general knowledge, so it is best for you to
play by the test’s rules. The information in the
passage is not necessarily up-to-date or true, so
your own knowledge can get you in trouble.
Do not panic if you do not understand parts of

the passage. Even native-speakers do not know
all the vocabulary. They use context words to
understand the meaning of the whole phrase.
The passages are deliberately organized in
such a way that they contain several rare-
ly-used keywords. They are placed in impor-
tant parts of the passage, but it is ALWAYS
possible to figure out their meaning using
context words.
STEP2 – Questions
Before you answer – read every question care-

fully. Make sure you fully understand what
you are asked to do. A lot of mistakes come
from the stress and non-careful reading of the
questions. This is where practice comes in. Be-
fore the actual test – practice at least a couple
times in “real-life” conditions. Pace yourself
as you go through the questions. Do not skip
them (although you have a possibility to do so).
Instead, take them on one by one as you go. If
you are well-prepared for the test – you will
not encounter absolutely any trouble with this
approach

§ 5. READING SECTION Factual (Detail) Questions
Factual (Detail) Questions
Exercise 1 Questions 3-4
Read the passages and choose the best It was not until enterprising sea captains imported
answer to each question. exotic animals to sell to traveling showmen that
words such as lion or polar bear had much meaning
Questions 1-2 to Americans. In 1789 the first large collection of
exotic wild animals was put on permanent exhibit
Before television and computers, our most powerful in New York. By the 1830-s, most circuses had a
communication tool was language. However, the collection of animals that generally included ele-
supremacy of language has been challenged by the phants, camels, lions, tigers, kangaroos, and apes.
introduction of images – powerful, realistic, moving These animal shows served as traveling zoos where
images – into our everyday communication. The many Americans saw their first exotic animal. The
advent of television and computing in the twentieth creatures made such an impression that American
century marked a new period in communication English began to acquire new phrases.
technology, the Information Age. The marriage of
words and images offered by television, together To monkey around and monkey business are
with the interactive power of the computer, has expressions of the early 1800s, and to make a
profoundly affected the nature of our society. monkey out of someone is from 1899, all be-
ing terms based on the increasing number of
In its short life of half a century, the computer monkeys seen in circuses and zoos. A large or
has revolutionized the way we communicate. In uncouth man was called a big ape by 1831, and
the workplace, businesses rely on computers for gorilla was used to mean a hairy, tough man
communication and for performing routine tasks by the 1860s and a thug by 1926.
such as record keeping, accounting, and invento-
ry. Computing has spawned new forms of media, 3. According to the passage, what was
such as the worldwide network of millions of one effect of traveling animal shows?
computers called the Internet. By the mid-1990s, A. New laws regulated the importation of
the general public was using the Internet for exotic animals.
education, entertainment, the business, making B. There was an increase in popular
it the fastest-growing medium today. forms of entertainment.
C. People worked to improve the living
1. According to the passage, how has conditions of animals.
the technology of the Information Age D. American English acquired many new
changed our daily communication? words and phrases.
A. It helps us learn language more easily.
B. It combines language with visual images. 4. What point does the author make in
C. It improves our ability to think logically. paragraph 2?
D. It makes routine tasks more interesting. A. Monkeys were the most popular ani-
mals in circuses and zoos.
2. What new communication medium did B. Several expressions reflect an interest
the computer generate? in monkeys and apes.
A. Language C. There are many similarities between
B. Television monkeys and humans.
C. Record keeping D. Many words to describe large men are
D. The Internet considered vulgar

Factual (Detail) Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Questions 5-7 B. Vascular

C. Epidermis
The cells of a plant are organized into three D. Ground
tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground
tissue. Each tissue system is continuous Questions 8-10
throughout the plant’s body. The specific char-
acteristics of each tissue, however, are differ- By the decades just before the Civil War of the
5
ent in the different organs of the plant. 1860s, the Southern states had developed an
economic culture distinct from that of the North.
The dermal tissue system is the “skin” of the The economy of the South depended largely on
plant. The dermal system, or epidermis, is a two things: cotton and slave labor. Because of the
single layer of cells covering the entire body of rising demand for cotton from the mills of Eng-
the plant. The main function of the epidermis land, and the invention of the cotton gin in 1793,
is to protect the plant. The epidermis also has the cotton production of the South increased
specialized characteristics for the particular tremendously. In 1790, cotton output had been
organs it covers. For example, the epidermis of 9,000 bales a year, but by the 1850s, output had
leaves and stems has a waxy coating that helps soared to five million bales. In the South, cotton
the plant conserve water, and the epidermal was “king”. The most readily available source of
cells near the tips of the plant’s roots help the labor was the institution of slavery. Thus, cotton
plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil. and slavery became very interdependent, and the
South grew more reliant on both.
The second tissue system – the vascular system
– is the transportational system for water and This was in sharp contrast to the North, where
nutrients. Vascular tissue also helps to support farming was becoming more mechanized and
the plant’s structure. The third system – the diversified. Northern farmers would boast of im-
ground tissue – makes up the bulk of a plant, provements in the form of new roads, railways,
filling all of the spaces between the dermal and and machinery, and of the production of a variety
vascular tissue systems. Ground tissue func- of crops. In the South, however, farmers bought
tions in photosynthesis, storage, and support. laborers instead of equipment, and a man’s social
status depended on the number of slaves he
5. How are the three systems of a plant owned. The economic differences between the two
similar to each other? regions would ultimately lead to armed conflict
A. They all continue throughout the and the social restructuring of the South.
plant's body.
B. They all have a protective waxy coating. 8. Why did the Southern output of cot-
C. They all consist of a single layer of cells. ton greatly increase between 1790 and
D. They all perform the same bodily functions. 1850?
A. Southern farmers invested in transpor-
6. Which of the following statements best tation.
describes the plant's epidermis? B. Mills in England demanded more
A. It helps the plant to stand upright. cotton.
B. It transports water and nutrients. C. The South was trying to dominate the
C. It covers the plant's entire body. North.
D. It is found only in young plants. D. Southern cotton was superior to North-
ern cotton.
7. Which type of tissue does a plant’s
body mainly consist of? 9. What was associated more with the
A. Dermal North in the period discussed?

§ 5. READING SECTION Factual (Detail) Questions
A. Farm machinery
B. Slave labor
C. Military service
D. Reliance on one crop
10. The author argues that the Civil War

between the North and the South
A. was a conflict over control of the cotton
trade
B. began in 1790 and lasted almost 70
years.
C. was largely the result of economic
differences.
D. forced the South to produce different
crops.

Negative Factual Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Negative Factual Questions
Exercise 2 Question 2
Read the passages and choose the best Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all can-
5
answer to each question. cers. The principal cause of skin cancer is over-
exposure to sunlight, according to most medical
Question 1 experts. Chronic sun exposure – especially
when it causes sunburn or blistering – results
An important element of drama is that it is a in more skin cancer than does any other risk
presentation by performers in front of an audi- factor, including exposure to x-rays and a fam-
ence – for example, a ceremony conducted by ily history of the disease. The most effective
civic leaders before members of a community. preventative measure is sun avoidance.
Another aspect is costumes, such as those worn
by tribal chiefs who impersonate animals or 2. All of the following are factors that
gods. Moreover, drama involves storytelling – can cause skin cancer EXCEPT
recitation of myths or legends, teaching lessons A. exposure to x-rays
through stories – to a group of listeners. Some- B. sun blistering
times the storyteller imitates the characters C. family history of skin cancer
in the story by changing his or her voice for D. sun avoidance
different characters.
1. The passage mentions all of the follow-

ing as aspects of drama EXCEPT
A. Wearing costumes
B. Performing before an audience
C. Writing dialogue for characters
D. Narrating a story

§ 5. READING SECTION Negative Factual Questions
Questions 3-4 Questions 5-6
Laughter is a key to a good life and good About 300 genera and 3,000 species of the
health: it can diminish feelings of tension, Apiaceae family exist in the Northern Hemi-
anger, and sadness. Just as exercise condi- sphere. Nearly a quarter of these genera are
tions our bodies, frequent laughter can train native to the United States, with several large
our bodies to be healthier. When laughter is genera in the West.
a regular experience, it lowers blood pressure
and boosts brain chemicals that fight pain. It Members of this family are usually aromatic
can also reduce stress hormones that increase herbs with hollow stems, fern-like leaves, and
vulnerability to illness, as well as increase hor- small flowers in flat-topped or rounded um-
mones that have been shown to produce restful bels that are further grouped into a compound
sleep. Laughter is like an instant vacation in cluster. The family is important for such foods
the way it changes our psychobiology. as carrots, parsnips, and celery and such spices
and seasonings as coriander, caraway, anise,
To make laughter a regular part of your life, parsley, and dill. However, some species are
try keeping a humor journal in which you very poisonous.
record some of the amusing things that happen
to you. Another technique is to create a weekly 5. All of the following statements de-
fun time to look forward to, such as watching a scribe the Apiaceae family EXCEPT
comedy video or having a dinner with friends A. This family has three thousand species
that features joke telling. Another sure source in the Northern Hemisphere.
of laughter is spending time with children and B. Plants in this family are native to one-
animals. fourth of the United States.
C. This family includes vegetables, herbs,
3. According to the passage, laughter spices, and poisons.
provides all of the following benefits D. Most members of this family have
EXCEPT small flowers grouped in clusters.
A. elevating brain chemicals that prevent
pain 6. All of the following are members of the
B. increasing the body’s vulnerability to Apiaceae family EXCEPT
illness A. parsnips
C. promoting a more restful kind of sleep B. potatoes
D. reducing feelings of stress and anger C. carrots
D. parsley
4. The author recommends all of the fol-
lowing EXCEPT
A. playing tricks on family and friends
B. planning a special fun time every week
C. enjoying time with pets and children
D. writing down humorous experiences

Negative Factual Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Questions 7-8 Questions 9-10
Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray is still regard- Archeology is the study of prehistoric and his-
ed by many film critics as one of the world’s toric cultures through the analysis of material
greatest directors. Ray’s films are known for remains. Archeologists interpret the past from
their compassion, honesty, and quiet dignity. the objects made by past peoples. Often these
His Apu Trilogy, three films about Bengali life, objects lie buried in the ground, so our image of
5
was hailed as a national epic in the 1950s. The the archeologist is of a scientist who is always
first film, Pather Panchali, is the story of a digging. Archaeological digs include ruins of
Bengali family’s noble struggle against poverty buildings and monuments, and also objects
and the heartbreaks of life. It was followed by made by people who often had no written
Aparajito, in which the son of the family, Apu, language and therefore no other record of their
grows to manhood. In the final film, the World way of life. Tools, weapons, body ornaments,
of Apu, the young man marries, but fails at his household furnishings, and items used in reli-
life’s ambitions, and then, after losing his wife, gious ceremonies are all examples of artifacts
he wanders across the country for several years that typically turn up in digs.
before returning home to claim his son.
Like historians, archeologists establish the
Satyajit Ray’s movies have never been popular sequence of events that occurred in a given
in India itself, but those who appreciate his place and time period. But unlike historians,
unobtrusive technique and his compassion for they take on a time span of roughly half a mil-
his characters view his films as a poetic record lion years. Archeologists try not only to piece
of Indian life. together what happened in a particular setting
but also to fit these small pieces into a much
7. According to the passage, the films of bigger picture. They aim to document how big
Satyajit Ray are characterized by all changes occurred in the way peoples exploited
of the following EXCEPT their environment and one another.
A. adventure
B. honesty 9. The passage mentions all of the fol-
C. compassion lowing as studied by archeologists
D. dignity EXCEPT
A. weapons
8. The third film of the Apu Trilogy deals B. religious objects
with all of the following themes EX- C. diaries
CEPT D. remains of buildings
A. failure at a major goal
B. loss of a spouse 10. Archeologists do all of the following
C. struggle against poverty EXCEPT
D. going home after a long absence. A. plan and design more efficient uses for
objects and materials
B. determine what took place in a specific
place and time period
C. dig up the remains of objects that are
buried in the ground.
D. explain how past humans related to
others and their environment.

§ 5. READING SECTION Vocabulary Questions
Vocabulary Questions 1. The word “utensils” is closest in mean-

ing to
A. gadgets
B. cutlery
Exercise 3 C. hammers
D. weapons
Read the passage and choose the best
answer to each question. 2. The word “adept” is closest in mean-
ing to
Questions 1-6 A. cultivated
B. agreeable
The fork, which did not become a C. cumbersome
standardized item in Europe until the D. proficient
eighteenth century, was almost unheard
of in America. With the absence of forks, it 3. The word “morsel” is closest in mean-
can be assumed that colonists used a spoon ing to
instead. The knife was probably held in the A. piece
right hand, generally the preferred hand for B. meat
manipulating utensils. The spoon would
C. food
have been held in the left hand with the
D. spoon
concave part of the bowl facing downward.
In this position, the diner would be more
adept at securing a piece of meat against 4. The phrase “scooping up” is closest in
a plate while the cutting took place. Once meaning to
the meat was cut, the down-turned spoon A. packing up
would not have been suitable for picking up B. hoisting up
the morsel. Probably the diner would have C. messing up
put the knife down and shifted the spoon to D. picking up
the right hand. This action would bring the
spoon into the correct position for scooping 5. The word “tines” is closest in meaning
up the bite of food. to
This practice of shifting utensils back and A. handles
forth between hands continued when the fork B. blades
made its way to America and replaced the C. prongs
spoon as the tool to secure the food being cut. D. bowls
The fork kept the food against the plate more
adequately, and its curving tines served 6. The word “persists” is closest in mean-
the same function as the bowl of the spoon. ing to
The custom of shifting the fork from the left
A. continues
hand to the right was no longer necessary,
B. operates
but people continued to use the style that
they were used to. This American style of C. traces
handling eating utensils persists to this day. D. impresses

Vocabulary Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Questions 7-12 7. The word “renowned” is closest in

meaning to
When Jessye Norman’s parents were knock- A. infamous
ing on the wall of their young daughter’s B. celebrated
room as a signal for her to stop singing and C. notorious
to go to sleep, little did they dream that this D. precocious
small child who seemed to have been born
5
singing would grow up to be an internation- 8. The word “integral” is closest in mean-
ally renowned opera singer. ing to
A. demanding
It is not surprising that Jessye loved to sing. B. persistent
Music was an integral part of her family’s C. essential
lifestyle. Although Jessye remembers her D. intuitive
mother singing spirituals, it was her grand-
mother who was always singing. Every hour 9. The word “highlighted” is closest in
of her day and every mood was highlighted meaning to
with a song that fit the occasion. As Jessye A. emphasized
was growing up, her piano-playing mother B. contradicted
and trumpet- and trombone-playing brothers C. conveyed
accompanied her when the family was called D. belittled
upon to provide special music for church
services, parent-teacher meetings, and rib- 10. The word “scores” is closest in mean-
bon-cutting ceremonies. ing to
A. points
During her childhood, Jessye knew only B. experts
three operatic songs: one that she learned C. voice lessons
from a recording and two others – the only D. sheet music
opera scores she could find at the local mu-
sic store. Although singing was in her blood, 11. The word “channel” is closest in mean-
it was not until she attended Howard Univer- ing to
sity that Jessye Norman took her first voice A. station
lesson with Carolyn Grant, who recognized B. irrigate
her talent and knew how to channel it. It C. exploit
was almost immediately after leaving the D. direct
university in 1968, on her first visit to Eu-
rope, that Jessye won the singing prize in the 12. The word “singular“ is closest in
International Music Competition of German meaning to
Radio. The following year, she was invited A. flattering
to go to Berlin to perform at the Deutsche B. exceptional
Opera. Since that time, Jessye Norman has C. fluctuating
become a world superstar whose singular D. different
voice reaches audiences all over the world.

§ 5. READING SECTION Vocabulary Questions
Questions 13-18 13. The word “ludicrous” is closest in

meaning to
A. insipid
Many laws that were passed in the various B. demeaning
states of the United States over the years C. ridiculous
are now out of date or seem ludicrous. For D. incomprehensible
example, the laws in one state make it illegal
for women to expose their ankles and for 14. The word “expose” is closest in mean-
men to go without their guns. Obviously, ing to
these laws are broken daily. With current A. sprain
trends in fashion, every woman who walks B. conceal
down the street or goes to a beach or public C. decorate
swimming pool is committing a crime. While D. display
it was once considered of utmost importance
that a man be armed and ready for action on 15. The word “tether” is closest in mean-
the frontier, it is hardly necessary for a man ing to
to tote guns to work today. However, a man A. gallop
without a gun is also technically breaking B. fasten
the law. C. saddle
D. conduct
On the other hand, other laws aren’t ever
likely to be broken. For example, another 16. The word “debate” is closest in mean-
law makes it illegal to tether one’s horse to ing to
the fence surrounding the capitol building. A. challenge
It is hard to imagine anyone riding a horse B. contemplate
into the city and leaving it tied outside of the C. discuss
capitol building today. One would have to go D. overturn
to great lengths in order to break this law.
17. The word “ relevant” is closest in
These outdated laws remain on the record meaning to
because the time needed for state legisla- A. pertinent
tures to debate the issues and make changes B. fashionable
in the existing laws would keep the members C. extraneous
from attending to more important current D. inadequate
and relevant issues. It would be hard to
calculate the cost to the taxpayers for these 18. The word “ purged “ is closest in
laws to be purged or updated. Consequently, meaning to
it is likely that these laws will remain on the A. eliminated
books. B. restored
C. remedied
D. amended

Understanding the author’s meaning § 5. READING SECTION
Understanding the author’s meaning
Exercise 4 hypothesized the construction of a

variety of flying devices. Leonardo da
Read each passage. Choose the letter of Vinci, in particular, studied aspects
5
the word or phrase that best completes of flight and made sketches for flying
the sentence that follows it. machines. It was not until 1783 that
the first people, PilStre de Rozier and
1. Astronomers have recently gained the Marquis d’Arlandes, successfully
new knowledge of the behavior of took off from the ground, in a balloon
galaxies. It has been discovered that designed by the Montgolfier brothers.
spiral galaxies sometimes collide with
each other. The huge forces created In stating that “Roger Bacon … postu-
in such a cosmic event can tug long lated that humankind could fly,” the
trails of stars and create new ones author means that Roger Bacon
from compressed gases. After repeat- A. witnessed human flight
ed collisions, galaxies may eventual- B. wanted to show how humans could fly
ly merge, forming a single elliptical C. knew why it was important that hu-
shape. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, mans fly
is on a collision course with the near- D. thought that human flight was possible
by Andromeda Galaxy. Hundreds of
millions of years from now, these two 3. Christmas Island, discovered by
star systems may combine to form one Captain James Cook on Christmas
giant configuration. Eve in 1777, was once populated by a
wide variety of bird species. In recent
In stating that “the Milky Way is on years, at least 18 species of birds – a
a collision course,” the author means total of 17 million birds – have been
that observed to leave or to perish on the
A. the Milky Way is going to crash into island. It is suspected that the cause
our own galaxy of the disappearance may be related
B. the Milky Way is heading toward the to a cyclical weather phenomenon in
Andromeda Galaxy the Pacific that alters winds, salinity,
C. the Milky Way is the result of an and ocean currents. These variously
impact that created one giant configu- repeating conditions have resulted
ration in higher water temperatures, which
D. the Milky Way will crash into two star may have caused the fish and squid
systems in hundreds of millions of that the birds live on to die.
years
In stating that “the cause of the disap-
2. As long ago as the thirteenth century, pearance may be related to a cyclical
Roger Bacon, the celebrated philoso- weather phenomenon,” the author
pher and Franciscan friar, postulated means that the cause is related to
that humankind could fly with the A. hurricanes and cyclones
aid of a large ball constructed of thin B. recurring climatic conditions
copper filled with air. Throughout the C. a succession of environmental patterns
centuries, other scientific dreamers D. a combination of wind, salt, and ocean

§ 5. READING SECTION Understanding the author’s meaning
currents
4. The historic centers of the American

sister cities Savannah, Georgia, and
Charleston, South Carolina, have for-
tunately been saved from demolition
or neglect and now attract tourists
eager to view the gracious old houses.
Of particular interest for the visitor
is the exquisite decorative ironwork
found throughout the older parts of
both cities, especially on porch and
stair railings and banisters. Both
wrought and cast iron became popu-
lar there in the early 1800s, since fire
was a constant threat and iron would
not burn. Pig iron, which was used as
ballast in ships coming from Europe to
pick up cargoes of cotton, was bought
cheaply, and a local industry produc-
ing beautiful ironwork developed.
In stating that “the historic centers

of the American sister cities … fortu-
nately been saved from demolition,”
the author means that the city centers
have
A. been kept intact
B. remained neglected
C. been elegantly restored
D. saved the tourist industry

Reading Mini-test 1 § 5. READING SECTION
Reading Mini-test 1
Questions 1-4 A. revision

B. fulfillment
5
The incorporation of broken-down scrap tires C. reduction
into asphalt to produce a blend suitable for the D. eradication
construction of road surfaces is becoming wide-
spread. The resulting material, asphalt-rub- Questions 5-8
ber, has several advantages over customary
road-building materials. It can be applied in Emily Dickinson published only a handful
a reduced thickness, and this means that less of poems during her lifetime, and she was so
material has to be mined and transported to secretive about her writing that even her own
the road site. Furthermore, roads constructed family was not aware of her literary activities.
with this material require less maintenance Emily never married, and after the age of 30
than more conventional roads. Another she became increasingly reclusive, rarely
benefit is the abatement of traffic noise, venturing out of her family home in Amherst,
a serious issue in urban areas. Perhaps most Massachusetts. She did, however, take a keen
important, the reduction and possible eventual interest in contemporary culture and science
elimination of waste tires with all their at- and was a lively and prolific correspondent.
tendant environmental problems may one day
become a reality. Her poetry was also abundant, and it was much
concerned with the themes of religious conflict,
1. The word “scrap” is closest in meaning to nature, love, and death. Technically her poems
A. waste show innovative use of rhyme and rhythm and
B. outdated exhibit intense emotion clearly and concisely
C. rough expressed. After her death in 1886, her sister,
D. broken Lavinia, discovered her entire unpublished
output, over 1,700 poems in all, concealed in
2. The word “customary” is closest in drawers. Four years after Emily’s death, a selec-
meaning to tion of these was published, and since then her
A. special reputation has grown immensely. Her poetry is
B. unusual now acclaimed throughout the world.
C. regular
D. suitable 5. The word “reclusive” is closest in
meaning to
3. In stating that “Another benefit is the A. solitary
abatement of traffic noise,” the author B. distinct
means that the traffic noise has C. hostile
A. subsided D. lonely
B. become beneficial
C. become a serious issue 6. In stating that Emily Dickinson was
D. benefited from the construction a prolific correspondent, the author
means that
4. The word “elimination” is closest in A. her letters were profound
meaning to B. her letters were entertaining

§ 5. READING SECTION Reading Mini-test 1
C. she held many serious discussions A. situation

D. she communicated a lot through letters B. toxin
C. disease
7. The word “intense” is closest in mean- D. seizure
ing to
A. focused 10. In stating “The green sea turtle has
B. inhibited expired in large numbers,” the author
C. weird means that the sea turtles have
D. strong A. died from an illness
B. declined in numbers
8. The word “concisely” is closest in C. quit coming to the Caribbean
meaning to D. become extinct in the Baltic and North
A. accurately Seas
B. cryptically
C. movingly 11. The word “ incidence” is closest in
D. succinctly meaning to
A. rate of occurrence
Questions 9-12 B. degree of circumstance
C. degree of severity
In the last couple of decades, marine research- D. rate of exposure
ers have observed that epidemic diseases are
attacking a variety of sea creatures. Some of 12. The word “ susceptible” is closest in
them are affecting rare species that are already meaning to
at risk of extinction. For example, in the 1980s A. attractive
a mysterious epidemic struck a species of sea B. heedful
urchin in the Caribbean, wiping out over 90 C. perilous
percent of the population. Later in the same D. vulnerable
decade, harbor seals in the Baltic and North
Seas succumbed to an unidentified affliction. Questions 13-16
The green sea turtle has expired in large
numbers as a result of developing tumors, Psychologists have found that privately made
known as fibropapillomas, which eventually resolutions are rarely followed, whereas a
cover the creature and prevent it from seeing public commitment to achieve some goal, such
or eating. as losing weight or giving up smoking, is likely
to be much more effective. This is because the
Coral reefs and the species that inhabit them approval of others for reaching one’s target is
have also witnessed an explosion of new valued. In contrast, disapproval for failure can
diseases. Most of these reported diseases are lead to feelings of shame.
infections that have appeared recently or are
increasing in incidence or geographic range. Advertising agencies have designed studies
Some scientists infer that human activity is bearing out the truth of this observation. In
responsible for spreading these afflictions. their research, a group of strangers was bom-
Perhaps industrial pollution is weakening the barded with information about the qualities
immune systems of marine populations and of a particular product. They were then asked
making them more susceptible to pathogens. to either announce out loud or write down
privately whether they intended to buy the
9. The word “affliction” is closest in product. It was later discovered that those who
meaning to publicly declared their intention to buy were

Reading Mini-test 1 § 5. READING SECTION
considerably more likely to do so than those 16. The word “ consent” is closest in
who affirmed their intentions in private. meaning to
A. permission
In another study, an experimenter claim- B. submission
ing to represent a local utility company C. justification
interviewed homeowners, telling them D. consideration
he was investigating ways in which energy
5
consumption could be reduced. Half the sub-
jects, randomly selected, were told that if they
agreed to conserve energy, their names would
be mentioned in an article published in the
local newspaper; the remaining half were told
their names would not be used. All those inter-
viewed agreed to cooperate and signed a form
either giving consent for their names to be
used or stating that their names would not be
used. Later in the year, the amount of gas con-
sumed in each house was recorded. The owners
who had agreed to their names being published
had used significantly less gas than those who
remained anonymous.
13. The word “ resolutions “ is closest in

meaning to
A. declarations
B. explanations
C. speculations
D. persuasions
14. The word “ bombarded “ is closest in

meaning to
A. bombed
B. attacked
C. saturated
D. hampered
15. In stating “ an experimenter claiming

to represent a local utility company
interviewed homeowners,” the author
means that the experimenter who in-
terviewed the homeowners was
A. committing fraud
B. working for a state utility company
C. hiding his identity from the people in
the study
D. representing a claimant in a law case
against the utility company

§ 5. READING SECTION Understanding transition words
Understanding transition words
You will not be asked to identify transition 4. Children dress up in witches’ hats or
words in a separate type of question; however ghost costumes to play pranks when
this skill is useful for any type of task on the celebrating the fun October holiday of
TOEFL. Halloween. In contrast,
A. Thanksgiving is a traditional holiday
B. Thanksgiving is always celebrated on
Exercise 5 the fourth Thursday of November
C. families dress more formally and set
Complete the sentences by choosing the elegant tables for the more serious
letter of the phrase or clause that would occasion of Thanksgiving
most likely follow the underlined transi- D. children enjoy Thanksgiving
tion words.
5. Everything from chairs and fishing
1. Glass was precious to Egyptians, who poles to rope and paper can be made
used it interchangeably with gem- from bamboo. Equally important,
stones, but A. this giant grass grows in warm cli-
A. it is over 4,000 years old mates
B. its novelty as an artist’s material pre- B. fresh spring bamboo shoots take longer
vents its being taken seriously to cook than winter ones
C. today it has come out of factories and C. variety of foods can be made from this
into the workshops giant grass
D. today it is so commonplace that it is D. preserved bamboo shoots can be used
seldom given a second thought in soups instead of fresh ones
2. Glimpses into the prenatal world via 6. Earth satellites transmit telephone
ultrasound imaging occasionally show and television signals, relay informa-
behavior such as tion about weather patterns, and ena-
A. the development of the central nervous ble scientists to study the atmosphere.
system This information has helped people
B. the sex of the baby-to-be communicate ideas and expand their
C. fetus sucking its thumb knowledge. In conclusion,
D. structures as small as the pupil of an A. satellites have enriched the lives of
eye of a second-trimester fetus humankind
B. satellites are expensive to send into
3. Although the animals and plants that space and sometimes are difficult to
live in the world’s various deserts maintain
come from different ancestral stocks, C. dish antenna can pick up 300 TV chan-
A. they have solved their problems of nels from satellites
survival differently D. satellites are placed in an orbital
B. none of them have adapted to the region around Earth called the geosta-
jungles tionary belt
C. they are from different deserts
D. they resemble one another to a surpris- 7. In the 1940s, when today’s astronauts
ing degree hadn’t even been born, comic-strip
detective Dick Tracy fought crime in

Understanding transition words § 5. READING SECTION
an atomic-powered space vehicle. In Einstein’s brain had been more active,

addition to that, more glial cells would be found there.
A. many of today’s astronauts have used a Indeed,
kind of atomic-powered space vehicle A. scientists found that the physicist’s
B. he used lasers to process gold and a brain contained more glial cells per
two-way wrist TV for communication neuron than the brains of eleven nor-
C. “Dick Tracy” was a very popular comic mal males
5
strip in the United States B. scientists’ previous work had shown
D. astronauts used lasers to process gold that animals put in environments that
and communicated on long-distance stimulate mental activity develop more
flights using two-way wrist TVs glial cells per neuron
C. scientists examined sections of the
8. According to dental researchers, a upper front and lower rear of both
vaccine that could significantly re- hemispheres because these areas are
duce the number of microorganisms involved in “higher” thinking
thought to cause cavities will soon be D. scientists found that even though there
ready for human trials. Consequently, was evidence he had greater intellectu-
A. cavity prevention programs may soon al processing, it cannot be determined
be eliminated whether Einstein was born with this or
B. immunization of test animals will no developed it later
longer be necessary
C. children will be able to consume more
sugary foods and drinks
D. long-term protection against tooth
decay could soon be available on the
market
9. Medical researchers have recently

developed a nonsurgical method of
treating heart disease that, in some
cases,
A. is just as effective as coronary bypass
surgery but is much less expensive and
disabling
B. can replace a clogged artery by the
transplantation of a vein or artery from
another part of the body
C. continues to be underused because cor-
onary bypass operations are lucrative
for hospitals and surgeons
D. requires opening up the chest and op-
erating under local anesthesia
10. Neurons, which cannot divide, are

the basic cells of the brain. Glial cells,
which can increase in number, pro-
vide support and nourishment to the
neurons. It was hypothesized that if

§ 5. READING SECTION Sentence Restatement (Simplification) Questions
Sentence Restatement (Simplification) Questions
Exercise 6 Question 2
Read the passages and choose the best Because they absorb heat from the environ-
answer to each question. ment rather than generate much of their own,
reptiles are said to be ectotherms, a term
Question 1 identifying their major source of body heat as
being external. Ectotherms heat directly with
In a typical business conference, associates solar energy by basking in the sun, rather than
meet to discuss policy or to solve problems. The through the metabolic breakdown of food, as in
average participants do not do much specific mammals and birds. This means that a rep-
preparing; their background and thinking usu- tile can survive on less than 10 percent
ally formulate their contribution. But it is best of the calories required by a mammal of
if all participants know in advance the purpose equivalent size.
of the conference. Some general preparation
may be in order, and participants may 2. Which sentence below best expresses
want to take into the conference materi- the essential information in the high-
als and or data that might be useful if a lighted sentence in the passage?
matter comes up. A. Because a reptile heats with solar
energy, it requires less than 10 percent
1. Which sentence below best expresses of calories that a mammal of the same
the essential information in the high- size needs.
lighted sentence in the passage? B. A reptile obtains only 10 percent of its
A. Although participants cannot be ex- calories from the metabolic breakdown
pected to do too much, they should do of food; it obtains the rest by basking in
some general preparation. the sun.
B. The conference leader should prepare C. Some reptiles and mammals are equal
all of the materials and data that will in size, but they require vastly differ-
be used in the conference. ent quantities of calories for survival.
C. There is a general order to most confer- D. Reptiles need to spend only 10 percent
ences, with participants contributing of their time eating because they do not
ideas and information. need as many calories as mammals of
D. As general preparation, participants equal size.
can bring materials or data that might
be a part of the discussion.

Sentence Restatement (Simplification) Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Question 3 Question 4
Architecture is concerned with the large-scale The first great collector of Canadian folk tra-
manipulation of elements in the dimensions ditions was Marius Barbeau, who oversaw the
of length, width and height. These dimensions preservation of thousands of texts in what is
may apply to a solid, such as the Egyptian now the National Museum of Canada. Fearing
pyramids, or to hollow interior spaces, ranging that these traditions would disappear unless
5
in size and complexity from a domestic room gathered and catalogued, Barbeau preserved
to a vast cathedral. They may also apply to the the folklore and folk songs of cultures ranging
spaces around or between the buildings. More- from rural Quebec to the Tsimshian Indians of
over, every building has a physical context in British Columbia. These folkways – songs, dia-
relation to other buildings. Sometimes the lects, legends, tall tales, riddles, and children’s
designer disregards the context on the rhymes – were all part of Canada’s traditional
assumption that surrounding structures rural experience. They provided evidence
will later be replaced. However, it is more of the everyday life of the people that was
often posterity that destroys the once appropri- far richer than that in most other histori-
ate original context. cal texts.
3. Which sentence below best expresses 4. Which sentence below best expresses
the essential information in the high- the essential information in the high-
lighted sentence in the passage? lighted sentence in the passage?
A. Some architects do not like other build- A. There is a lot of information in histor-
ings to be too close to the building they ical texts, but most of it does not deal
are designing. with real life.
B. Most buildings eventually have to be B. Canada’s folkways give us a much bet-
replaced, so the physical context is not ter description of daily life than most
very important. histories do.
C. Architects often believe that nearby C. The texts collected by Barbeau reveal
structures will not always be there, so that some rural Canadians were richer
they ignore them. than others.
D. Designers should ignore the assump- D. The Canadian people provided a lot of
tions of people who plan to destroy the materials that illustrate their tradi-
original context. tional values.

§ 5. READING SECTION Sentence Restatement (Simplification) Questions
Question 5 Question 6
Ruminants – cattle, bison, sheep, goats, Cities differ from towns in the size, density,
deer, antelopes, and giraffes – have a large and diversity of their population. The city
four-chambered stomach that enables them to offers a wider variety of goods and services, as
digest fibrous plant matter. When a ruminant well as more extensive employment and cul-
first swallows a mouthful of grass or leaves, tural opportunities. City life is characterized
the food enters the stomach’s first chamber, by impersonal and formal social relationships,
the rumen, where bacteria start to break down greater privacy, and more lifestyle choices —a
the cellulose-rich matter and form it into small way of life referred to as urbanism. The urban
balls of cud. The ruminant periodically spirit is sophisticated and dynamic, stimulat-
returns the cud to its mouth where it is ing the mind through contrasts and encourag-
chewed at length to crush the fibers, making tolerance of differences. However, ur-
ing them more accessible to further bac- banism is not restricted to city dwellers;
terial action. The ruminant then reswallows it can be considered a trait of all modern
the cud, which passes through the other three societies at a high level of technologi-
chambers of the stomach for future digestion. cal development. The urban spirit spreads
beyond the city via the mass media: television,
5. Which sentence below best expresses movies, CDs, and the Internet.
the essential information in the high-
lighted sentence in the passage? 6. Which sentence below best expresses
A. Ruminants eat continuously, spending the essential information in the high-
long periods eating grass and chewing lighted sentence in the passage?
their cud in order to access the nutri- A. City dwellers do not let urbanism
ents. restrict their ability to develop new
B. The bacterial action begins when the technology.
ruminant puts the cud in its mouth B. Urbanism characterizes all highly
and starts the long process of chewing. developed societies, not just people who
C. The ruminant’s strong teeth must live in cities.
crush the plant fibers in the cud in C. All modem societies have a sophisti-
order to neutralize the cud’s harmful cated level of technology; this is the
bacteria. primary goal of urbanism.
D. The cud is sent back to the ruminant’s D. Living in the city limits one’s knowl-
mouth and chewed extensively so that edge to only the most advanced tech-
the fibers can be digested more easily. nology.

Sentence Restatement (Simplification) Questions § 5. READING SECTION
Questions 7-8 8. Which sentence below best expresses

Alligators have no natural predators except lighted sentence in paragraph 2?
humans. In fact, humans drove alligators A. Alligators are still protected, but hunt-
to near extinction in many of their marsh ers are allowed to kill a certain number
and swamp habitats in North America. to control their population in some
Hunters once killed large numbers of these an- places.
5
imals for their meat and soft belly skin, which B. In order to prevent alligators from
was used to make shoes, belts, and wallets. growing too large, hunters can harvest
Between 1950 and 1960, hunters wiped out adult alligators that exceed a specified
90 percent of the alligators in Louisiana and size.
greatly reduced the alligator population in the C. Hunting is restricted to areas where
Florida Everglades. alligators are no longer a threatened
species and therefore do not need
In 1967 the federal government placed the protection.
American alligator on the endangered species D. Alligators are more threatened than
list. In the next decade, protected by hunt- ever by excessive hunting, and hunt-
ers and averaging about 40 eggs per nest, ers should not be allowed to destroy all
the alligator made a strong comeback. It was of them.
reclassified from endangered to threatened in
Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, where the vast
majority of the animals live. As a threatened
species, it is still protected from excessive
harvesting by hunters; however, limited
hunting is allowed in some areas to keep
the population from growing too large.
7. Which sentence below best expresses

lighted sentence in paragraph 1?
A. It is a fact that humans forced alliga-
tors to live in North America’s marshes
and swamps.
B. Many alligators were killed when peo-
ple built roads and drove cars through
their habitats.
C. People almost destroyed the native
alligator population in many North
American environments.
D. In North America, humans and alliga-
tors rarely choose to live together in
the same area.

§ 5. READING SECTION Inserting sentences (Recognising Coherence)
Inserting sentences (Recognising Coherence)
Exercise 7 consequences and that the truth of a

proposition should be judged on how
For each passage, choose the letter of the well it corresponds with experimental
square where the bold sentence would best fit. results.
1. For more than 2000 years, nomads of Cen- 3. In the early years of the twentieth century,
tral Asia and the Far East have lived in the American art scene was dominated by
portable, circular dwellings called yurts. painters who had established their repu-
A These structures are highly durable tations in the previous century. A At this
and use resources very efficiently. B They time, there was a general intolerance both
typically have a low profile and circu- by critics and by the public of any devi-
lar shape. C This allows the wind to slip ation from the kind of work championed
around and over so they can withstand by academic institutions. B Acceptable
very high winds. The basic shape is formed art generally employed detailed realistic
from wooden poles crisscrossed to form a technique and focused on subject matter of
circular lattice frame in which a wooden historical or mythological scenes or senti-
door is set. D The outside covering is made mental landscapes. C In 1908 a group of
of fabric that is supplemented with animal artists organized an exhibition in a New
skins during cold weather. York gallery that constituted a revolt
against these current orthodoxies. D Their
Roof poles are made from wooden unconventional work often depicted the
beams that are tied at the lower end to seamy side of urban life in settings such as
the lattice and are secured to a central backyards, saloons, dance halls, and theat-
roof ring. ers. Surprisingly, the show was a success,
and for a time these artists enjoyed wide-
2. A Pragmatism is essentially an Amer- spread popularity.
ican school of thought that has had few
supporters elsewhere. B One of the first The artists, who came to be called
pragmatists, William James, wrote that it “the Eight” and were later dubbed the
was impossible to discover the real world “Ashcan School,” used vigorous brush
outside our senses and therefore we must strokes and dramatic lighting.
concern ourselves primarily with human
experience. C Because the world would be 4. Seeds are dispersed to new sites by various
a worse place without a belief in human means. Many, such as dandelion or thistle
responsibility, morals, and free will, it seeds, have fine tufts that allow them to be
was necessary, he considered, to believe scattered by the action of the wind.
in these concepts. D Another pragma- A Some seeds such as the coconut can
tist, John Dewey, held that since truth float and are dispersed by currents around
is an instrument for solving problems, it the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Other
must change as the problems it confronts seeds have evolved ways of getting around
change. through the activities of an intermediary
animal. B This can happen in a number of
Pragmatists believe that the test of different ways. For example, animals may
any belief should be its practical devour the fruit containing seeds. C Some-

Inserting sentences (Recognising Coherence) § 5. READING SECTION
times a seed needs to be buried before it talking. However, many will need help in
can germinate. This might happen when a becoming good listeners. B Some sort of
hoarding animal such as a squirrel fails to rotation scheme is usually necessary to
return for its hidden meal. D Some seeds divide talking opportunities between the
have sticky or spiky surfaces, often called talkative and silent extremes. C Teachers
burrs, which may catch on the coat of a can provide activities or experiences for
passing animal and later drop off at a con- less confident children to talk about, such
5
siderable distance from their origin. as a field trip, a book, or a film. D
In fact, a seed may require passage Most of them like to talk, especially in
through the gut of the bird or animal front of a group.
before it can germinate.
7. Bogs are a distinctive type of wetland.
5. The technique of using wind power to grind A They appear relatively dry, with only
grain between stones to produce flour is small amounts of shallow water visible.
ancient and was widely practiced. Exactly B The surface material is largely sphag-
where the first windmill was constructed is num moss or other organic matter rather
unknown, although certainly the Persians than mineral soil. C Bogs are usually char-
ground corn more than 2,000 years ago. acterized by evergreen trees and shrubs
A Tradition has it that the knowledge and are underlain by deep peal deposits.
spread to the Middle East and from there D Bogs will develop in former glacial lakes
to Northern Europe during the Middle by the gradual accumulation of organic
Ages. B The power of the wind replaced matter falling from beneath a floating mat
animal power in several regions of Europe of vegetation advancing out over the water.
where millwrights became highly skilled
craftsmen and rapidly developed the tech- However, the ground surface is
nology. C In England the device became a spongy and wet to the touch.
ubiquitous feature of the landscape, and by
1400 there were 10,000 windmills concen- 8. While all living things need sunlight, too
trated in the southeast part of the country, much of it can be oppressive, even dam-
each capable of grinding 10,000 bushels of aging. A Any overheated dog or cat can
grain a week. Starting in the nineteenth appreciate the relief provided by a mature
century the mill started to decline in im- shade tree on a sunny day. B The densest
portance with the advent of steam power. foliage, and so the densest shade, is found
D By the mid-twentieth century few work- under the broad leaves of deciduous trees
ing mills remained in use, but in recent like oaks and maples. C By cooling the sur-
years efforts have been made to restore rounding air, the shade from trees reduces
and maintain these romantic souvenirs of a the demand for air conditioning in nearby
bygone age. homes. D This translates into reduced
emissions of carbon dioxide from oil- or
The Dutch in particular made con- coal-fired electrical generators.
siderable improvements and used
windmills to pump water as well as to The narrower leaves of trees like wil-
produce flour. lows and mimosa provide a dappled
shade, which may be more beneficial
6. Kindergartners are quite skillful with to lawns and garden plants.
language. A Providing a “sharing time”
gives children a natural opportunity for

§ 5. READING SECTION Inserting sentences (Recognising Coherence)
9. The highest of the standard orchestral No one can be made better off without
instruments, the flute is unlike the other making someone else worse off.
woodwinds because it is shed across the
player’s mouth. A The air inside is set in 12. For people with a condition called synes-
vibration by the action of the airstream thesia, sound is directly linked to the sense
against the edge of the hole. B The flute of sight, and they experience sounds by
has no reed, so its tone is pure and creamy seeing them as colors. A However, differ-
C In contrast, the oboe has a rasping, ent sounds sometimes remind everyone of
“sawtooth” configuration to its sound when different colors. B In one study, students
played loud. D However, the oboe can were asked to relate colors of different
produce a quiet and gentle sound when tones to music. C White, yellow, and pink
called for, and it can even approximate the were associated with tones in the 4,000-Hz
human voice. range; blue and green were associated with
tones in the 1,000-Hz range; and brown,
This is due to the beating of the dou- gray, and black were associated with tones
ble reed through which the air travels in the 200-Hz range. D
as it leaves the player’s mouth.
Researchers found that high-pitched
10. For centuries, bamboo has provided build- notes made people think of bright
ing materials for Eastern cultures. Now it colors, while low tones brought dark
is becoming more popular and available in colors to mind.
the West, particularly as a substitute for
expensive hardwood flooring. A As a floor- 13. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bron-
ing material, natural honey-colored bam- chial tubes in the lungs. A It often appears
boo is more stable than carbonized bamboo. after a cold or an upper respiratory infec-
B Carbonizing is a technique of steaming tion that does not heal completely. It also
and pressurizing the bamboo to introduce may accompany childhood infections such
carbon fibers that darken the original ma- as measles, whooping cough, and typhoid
terial. C However, it lowers the hardness fever. B The inflamed bronchial tubes
factor, making the darker bamboo more secrete a sticky mucus called sputum. It is
susceptible to damage. D difficult for the tiny hairs on the bronchi
to clear out this sputum. C The cough that
It is the only method available for ob- comes with bronchitis is the body’s attempt
taining a variety of colors in bamboo. to eliminate it. D Other symptoms include
discomfort or tightness in the chest, low
11. An economy is efficient if there is no way of fever, sore throat, and sometimes wheez-
reorganizing production and distribution ing. Severe cases of bronchitis may lead to
to improve everyone’s satisfaction. Econo- pneumonia.
mists call such a state allocative efficiency.
A When people come to a market with This irritation is caused by viruses or
goods they have produced, they trade their bacteria, exposure to tobacco smoke,
goods for those of others. B Every com- or air pollution.
pleted trade raises the satisfaction of both
sides. C When all of the beneficial trades 14. Among the modern dance innovators of the
have been completed, no one can find an- early twentieth century was Ruth St. Den-
other trade to improve his situation. is, whose dances were lush and graceful,
D Under such conditions, the economy has tinged with exoticism and mysticism.
attained allocative efficiency. A St. Denis was particularly expert in the

Inserting sentences (Recognising Coherence) § 5. READING SECTION
manipulation of draperies and veils so that

the moving fabrics seemed like magical
extensions of her own body. B St. Denis’s
1914 marriage to dancer-choreographer
Ted Shawn resulted in a wedding of names,
Denishawn, which first became a school
and then a dance company. C Denishawn
5
drew its inspiration and derived its curric-
ulum from a variety of ethnic sources.
D The touring Deniswawn company might
offer on a single program a Hindu dance, a
rhythmic interpretation of concert music, a
romantic duet, a hula, and a demonstration
of the latest ballroom craze.
Courses included Far Eastern, Span-

ish, and Native American dances as
well as basic ballet.
15. A Within the field of oceanography, the

major areas stressed are physical, biologi-
cal, chemical, geological, engineering, and
technological. However, each of thee areas
is interdependent of the others. Both phys-
ical oceanographers and ocean engineers
are involved in harnessing the energies of
the ocean to fill the demand for electrical
power. B Even if oceanographers have an
area of major interest, they are consistently
forced to take a more interdisciplinary view
of their work because the various sciences
overlap. C Oceanographers of different
backgrounds depend on each other to fur-
ther their own research. D A conference of
marine scientists might include discussions
of plate tectonics, effects of offshore mining
on fisheries, effects of climatic change on
marine life, technology for deep-sea explo-
ration, and other related topics.
Both biological and chemical oceanog-

raphers are trying to make ocean life
and industrial progress compatible so
marine ecosystems will not be endan-
gered.

§ 5. READING SECTION Inference Questions
Inference Questions
Exercise 8 geous to the Latin American beekeep-

ing industry.
Identifying Inferences B. African bees are ferocious and destruc-
tive.
Choose the letter of those inferences that can C. The Latin American beekeeping indus-
be made from the information given in the try will become gentler as African bees
statement. More than one inference may be and European bees interbreed.
possible. D. African bees, as well as European bees,
live in Latin America.
1. Three of the published reports came
from official investigations, but the 4. No partner helps the male pheas-
other two came from private individ- ant-tailed jacana protect and nurture
uals. his chicks in their floating nest.
A. Private individuals cannot submit A. The female pheasant-tailed jacana does
reports for publication. not take care of her babies.
B. Only the three official reports were B. The pheasant-tailed jacana is an
considered for publication. aquatic bird.
C. Five reports were published. C. The male pheasant-tailed jacana
D. Official investigations were made on doesn’t help to protect and nurture its
private individuals. partner.
D. The male pheasant-tailed jacana does
2. The Institute of Anthropology plans not mate.
to computerize archaeological data
to help restore the Native American 5. Elephants are slowly becoming
villages in Chaco Canyon. trapped in isolated forest enclaves
A. The Chaco Canyon Native American completely surrounded by land
villages were destroyed by European cleared for agriculture.
people. A. Hunters are trapping elephants in iso-
B. The Institute of Anthropology collects lated forest enclaves to get their ivory
information about Native American tusks.
villages that are in ruins. B. People are destroying the elephants’
C. The Native Americans in Chaco Can- habitat to make farms.
yon have computers to help them store C. Elephants would have to cross over
data. farmland to migrate to different forest
D. Computers can be helpful in restoring areas.
archaeological plans. D. People are trapping elephants to use
them for clearing land for agriculture.
3. Some scientists believe that the Af-
rican bees that have devastated the 6. To safeguard sunken ships from
Latin American beekeeping industry adventurers or thieves, ship salvag-
will become gentler as they interbreed ers keep the wrecks under constant
with the previously introduced Euro- surveillance by electronic and other
pean varieties. means.
A. European bees will not be advanta- A. Thieves sink ships to steal the cargo.

Inference Questions § 5. READING SECTION
B. Sunken ships contain things that are Exercise 9

valuable.
C. Ship salvagers are usually caught Locating sources for inferred
before they steal anything because of information
safeguards.
D. There are various ways to guard sunk- Read the passage and the statement about
en ships from pilferers. inferences that follows it. Underline the part or
5
parts of the passage from which the inference
7. A species of weed known as the go- can be made.
pher plant has earned a new name –
the gasoline plant – because it yields a Is it true that crime, doesn’t pay? Although it
milky latex containing hydrocarbons is impossible to report every dollar that was
that can be refined into substitutes for generated in the U.S. economy bv Watergate,
crude oil and gasoline. figures pointed at what could be termed a first-
A. Some weeds have been renamed “gaso- class growth industry. Fees, royalties, fines,
line plants” because their latex can be bills, and other miscellaneous payments added
made into a gasoline substitute. up into the millions of dollars moving around
B. Gasoline refined from the gasoline in the U.S. economy.
plant will soon replace the need for
gasoline from other sources. It can be inferred from this passage that
C. Substitutes for crude oil and gasoline Watergate is the name for a crime that
can come from hydrocarbons. took place in the United States.
D. Milk contains hydrocarbons necessary
for crude oil and gasoline substitutes. You should underline crime and dollar that
was generated in the U.S. economy by Water-
8. Not yet profitably synthesized, mor- gate because it can be inferred that Watergate
phine, a drug unsurpassed for con- was a crime or else it wouldn’t have been cited
trolling pain, is still being scraped in the discussion of whether or not crime pays.
from opium poppy heads as it was at The passage goes on to discuss how crime has
least 5,000 years ago. paid by generating money in the U.S. economy.
A. Morphine, a drug from the poppy plant,
is no longer profitable to cultivate. 1. Unlike other toads, the male golden toad
B. Cocaine is not as effective as morphine is nearly voiceless. It attracts its mate
for stopping pain. through its unmistakable orange color.
C. Morphine has been used for pain con- When the clouds are thick in the rain
trol for at least 5,000 years. forest, usually in April and May, the male
D. It is possible to make artificial mor- toads appear like flashing neon signals,
phine economically. which is as effective as croaking in luring
females during the mating season.
It can be inferred from this passage

that most toads attract their mates by
making sounds.
2. The great temple of Borobudur is a stepped

pyramid of unmortared andesite and basalt
volcanic stone, with a perimeter of 403 feet
and standing 105 feet high. This holy place

lay abandoned and forgotten for more than 5. Prior to 1870, little stone decoration was
800 years after a devastating earthquake done on New York buildings, except for
and an eruption of one of the four sur- churches and public buildings. With the
rounding volcanoes caused its population arrival of artisans among the groups of
to flee in 1006. Besides earthquakes and European immigrants, architectural carv-
volcanoes, torrential rains, encroaching ing began to flourish. Architects would buy
tropical vegetation, and time have all taken sculptures already done or show sketches
their toll. of what they wanted carved. Away from the
master carver, who had dictated what was
It can be inferred from this passage to be carved, the artisans created eclectic
that the temple of Borobudur is in and uninhibited sculptures, which became
ruins. integrated into a purely American style.
3. Some multiple sclerosis victims are ex- It can be inferred from this passage
perimenting with deadly snake venom to that in Europe, artisans did not carve
ease the pain and tiredness caused by their what they wanted to carve.
disease. First, the poison is milked from
cobra, krait, and viper snakes. One part of 6. The Society for Creative Anachronism is a
it is then mixed to 4,000 parts of a saline nonprofit club that joins together people who
solution. Although medical authorities are enjoy reenacting life as it was lived before the
skeptical of the treatment, those using it 1700s. Members of both sexes not only learn
claim that the venom has startling healing the art of sword fighting in mock combat but
qualities. learn a wide range of authentic medieval
skills as well. These include such skills as ar-
It can be inferred from this passage mor making, equestrian arts, games, jewelry
that snake venom for the treatment making, astrology, and magic. Since the first
of multiple sclerosis has not yet been tournament held in 1966, in which a dozen
approved by doctors. fighters took part, the society has increased
by thousands of members.
4. The cassowary, one of the world’s largest
and least known birds, grows to a height It can be inferred from this passage
of 6 feet and a weight of 120 pounds. Its that female members of the Society for
powerful legs, which it uses for defense, Creative Anachronism fight in battles.
are fearful weapons because the inner toe
of each foot is equipped with a sharp claw, 7. Computer-driven cameras, lights, and
four inches long. The cassowary has glossy servomotors, as well as lasers and tiny lens
black plumage, which hangs coarse and assemblies, are just a few of the complex
brushlike because it lacks the barbules instruments that have brought to today’s
that are needed to lock feathers into a television viewers effective scientific infor-
flat vane. The naked neck is of iridescent mational films. Two crucial problems in
blue on the sides and pink on the back. Its such films are finding arresting visuals and
head is crowned by a leathery helmet that creating special effects to illustrate com-
protects it when it is charging through the plex scientific concepts. Computer-generat-
jungle. ed motion pictures allow the viewer to see
the meaning of data and complex relation-
It can be inferred from this passage ships instantly and are a new aid to human
that the cassowary probably doesn’t understanding of almost limitless power.
fly.

It can be inferred from this passage years, it is within the last five decades that
that computers used in the film indus- skating has gained recognition as a form
try have enabled people to understand of art. Champion athletes combine new
science better. heights of athleticism with the elegance of
dance in what is now called figure skating.
8. Fish rubbings and nature printing have Ice-skaters performing daring jumps in
been developing as art forms in North flamboyant costumes have brought ballet
5
America over the past several decades, to the ice rink. Ice-skating is now seen as
although the techniques may date as far an exciting and innovative sport that has
back as the time of early cave dwellers. To won millions of new admirers.
make a fish print, one should choose a very
fresh fish with large rough scales and a flat It can be inferred from this passage
body. Other needed materials are several that ice-skaters are both athletes and
brushes, including a fine brush for painting artists.
the eyes on the print, a thick water-based
ink, newspaper, modeling clay for sup-
porting the fins, straight pins, and cloth or
absorbent paper such as newsprint. Hand-
made paper is best, but it is more expen-
sive and not recommended for beginners.
The fish should be washed, dried, and laid
out on the newspaper. A thin layer of ink
should be brushed on in both directions.
The paper is then placed over the fish and
pressed carefully with the fingers, avoiding
wrinkles or movement of the paper.

that it takes practice to become profi-
cient in using this technique.
9. Characteristics of tropical rain forests are

high and steady levels of heat and mois-
ture, as well as a wide variety of organ-
isms. It is believed that two-thirds of all
species live in the tropics, and half of those
live in the tropical rain forests. Nowhere
else, except perhaps in tropical coral reefs,
is nature so great in its
diversity of organisms and complex in its
biological interaction.

that tropical coral reefs contain a
wide variety of organisms.
10. Even though historians think that ice-skat-

ing has been a sport for the last 2,000

Exercise 10 4. Of the twelve sulfite-associated deaths, one

was caused by wine, one by beer, and one
Checking if an inference is correct by hashed brown potatoes; the rest were
linked to fresh fruits or vegetables.
Read each sentence and answer Yes or No to
the question that follows. Can it be inferred that nine people
died from sulfite-contaminated fresh
1. Each day, more and more communities foods?
discover that they have been living near
dumps or on top of ground that has been 5. Quinolone, a recently discovered antibiotic,
contaminated by toxic chemicals. inhibits an enzyme that controls the way
bacterial DNA unravels and rewinds when
Can it be inferred that communities microbes reproduce.
aren’t always told when and where
toxic wastes are being disposed? Can it be inferred that quinolone will
eventually replace all other antibiot-
2. E. B. White’s death, at 86, was cause for ics?
sadness in millions of homes.
6. For people whose nerves have been dam-
Can it be inferred that E. B. White was aged by illness or injuries, actions such
famous? as walking or grasping an object may be
impossible.
3. There is evidence that a global firestorm
raged about the time the dinosaurs disap- Can it be inferred that the nervous
peared. system is important for muscle con-
trol?
Can it be inferred that dinosaurs
became extinct because of a global
firestorm?

Exercise 11 1. Which of the following can be inferred

from paragraph 1 about European im-
Read the passages and choose the best migration to the United States in the
answer to each question. nineteenth century?
A. The sources of immigrants shifted to
Questions 1-2 different parts of Europe.
B. Most of the European immigrants
5
In the early nineteenth century, most of the Eu- could not speak English.
ropeans who immigrated to the United States C. More immigrants came from Europe
were from northern and western European than from other continents.
countries such as England, Germany, France, D. Northern and western Europeans did
and Sweden. However, most of the fifteen mil- not immigrate after 1890.
lion Europeans arriving between 1890 and 1914
came from southern and eastern Europe, with 2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2
the largest numbers coming from Russia, Italy, that the Doukhobors
Greece, Austria-Hungary, and Armenia. A. were the largest immigrant group in
North America
A similar pattern occurred in Canada, where B. also immigrated to the United States
most immigrants were traditionally from C. mainly settled in the Canadian prairies
England and the United States. After 1890, an D. helped to build Canada’s railroad net-
increasing number came from eastern Europe, work
particularly Russia and Ukraine. Many of
these headed for the Prairie Provinces. The
Doukhobors, a pacifist sect from southern
Russia, established communal settlements
in Saskatchewan. Together with other immi-
grants, they arrived in such numbers that in
the two decades between the completion of the
main railroad network and the outbreak of
war in 1914, the population of the prairies had
increased from about 150,000 to 1.5 million.

Questions 3-5 3. Which of the following can be inferred

from paragraph 1 about David Smith’s
David Smith worked primarily in iron, ex- background?
ploring its possibilities more fully than any A. He gained experience while working in
other sculptor before or since. To Smith, iron a blacksmith factory.
spoke of the power, mobility, and vigor of the B. His childhood exposed him to the uses
industrial age. Smith was born in Indiana in and possibilities of iron.
1906, the descendant of a nineteenth-century C. His early sculptures revealed his desire
blacksmith. His iron sculptures flowed natu- to be a landscape painter.
rally out of the mechanized heart of America, a D. He first learned about metals by seeing
landscape of railroads and factories. As a child pictures in a magazine.
Smith played on trains and around factories,
as well as in nature on hills and near creeks. 4. What can be inferred about the Senti-
He originally wanted to be a painter, but after nels and the Cubis?
seeing photographs of the metal sculpture of A. They are the best-known examples of
Picasso in an art magazine, he began to realize Smith’s “totem” sculptures.
that iron could be handled as directly as paint. B. Smith originally intended to use iron
instead of stainless steel.
Many of Smith’s sculptures are ‘totems’ that C. The Sentinels are made of blue steel,
suggest variations on the human figure. They and the Cubis are of gold steel.
are not large iron dolls, although several have D. They each consist of a number of pieces
‘heads’ or ‘legs’. Still, they forcefully convey placed in outdoor settings.
posture and gesture. Their message flows from
the internal relations of the forms and from the 5. It can be inferred from the passage
impression of tension, spring, and alertness set that the author most likely believes
up by their position in space. which of the following about David
Smith’s works?
Later in his career, Smith produced two series A. His metal sculptures are more interest-
of sculptures in stainless steel: the Sentinels ing than are those of Picasso.
in the 1950s and the Cubis in the 1960s. He B. His sculptures attempt to portray the
also began placing his sculptures outdoors, proportions of the human body.
in natural light, where the highly reflective C. His pieces capture the power of indus-
stainless steel could bring sunlight and color try and the beauty of natural light.
into the work. In the late afternoon sun, the D. His works are best appreciated when
steel planes of the Cubis reflect a golden color; viewed all at once in a museum.
at other times, they have a blue cast. The mir-
ror-like steel creates an illusion of depth, which
responds better to sunshine than it would to
the static lighting of a museum.

Questions 6-9 7. Which of the following can be inferred

from paragraph 2?
Baseball fans love statistics. There is absolute- A. Baseball fans invented statistics about
ly no doubt about it: baseball is the greatest fifty years ago.
statistics game there is. Because baseball goes B. Hitting with runners in scoring posi-
back so far in history, it is embedded in most of tion is a complex statistic.
the population. Fans really understand a home C. The pitcher is the most sophisticated
5
run, a batting average, and an earned run player on every team.
average — all those basics that have been with D. There is a limit to the possible number
baseball throughout its history. of statistics.
The basics have never changed, so people know 8. Which of the following can be inferred
and love them. from paragraph 3?
A. Baseball players are frequently guests
In the last half century, many new statistics on talk shows.
have evolved: hitting with runners in scoring B. B. Sammy Sosa could have played
position; the percentages of men driven in with baseball with Ty Cobb.
runners on second and third base; a pitcher’s C. Joe Dimaggio’s career inspired new
saves, as opposed to the percentage of times he kinds of statistics.
has the opportunity to make a save. These are D. Ty Cobb and Mickey Cochran were
the so-called sophisticated statistics. great baseball players.
There is a whole lore of baseball history 9. It can be inferred from the passage
involving statistics. One ‘game’ is to compare that the author most likely believes
the players of old with the players of today. which of the following about baseball
Many times on talk shows people will say, statistics?
“Could Sammy Sosa or Alex Rodriguez have A. Statistics will replace baseball as the
played with Ty Cobb or Mickey Cochran or Joe greatest game there is.
Dimaggio?” What they have to argue with is B. Baseball provides a fascinating way to
statistics. They have to go back and examine look at statistics.
Dimaggio’s years in the big leagues. They look C. Someone is always inventing a better
at what he did year by year: he was on average statistics game.
a .300-and some hitter; he drove in so many D. Statistics are too complex for many
home runs; he did such-and-such defensively in baseball fans to understand.
the outfield. The statistics are all that remain
of the career of that star player of the past.
So, the statistics are laid out and compared

with those of a player of today — this is what
makes the game fun.
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 1

that an earned run average is
A. a statistic
B. difficult to achieve
C. a baseball game
D. not well known

§ 5. READING SECTION Summary Questions
Summary Questions
Exercise 12 B. ___New rice varieties have prevented

many people from going hungry.
Read each passage and the statements that C. ___Genetic advances have led to high-
follow it. Write S in the blank if the sentence yield rice varieties.
summarizes the passage. Write D if the sen-
tence expresses a detail in the passage. If 3. Addiction to cigarette smoking is ba-
the sentence expresses ideas not found in the sically an addiction to nicotine. Those
passage, write N. who are attempting to overcome their
addiction have found the most com-
1. Because winning or losing a race in mon cures ineffective. Switching to
skiing can be a matter of a tiny frac- low-nicotine cigarettes simply caus-
tion of a second, skiing equipment es problem smokers to smoke more.
has undergone many changes. Even Cigarettes without any of this chem-
clothing has changed as skiers search ical substance are usually rejected
for ways to increase speed. Now they because they don’t satisfy smokers’
wear one-piece suits that cling to their needs. One aid, which some quitters
bodies in order to reduce wind resist- have found effective, is a chewing
ance. Nothing is worn under these gum containing nicotine, which allows
tight-fitting suits as anything extra them to stop without the unpleasant
may mean the loss of an important withdrawal symptoms. A similar kind
millisecond. of treatment provides a measured nic-
A. ___ Skiers are always searching for otine dose through an inhaler.
ways to change their appearance for an A. ___Smokers have tried to overcome
important race. their addiction to cigarettes using vari-
B. ___Skiing equipment and clothing have ous methods.
been developed specifically to increase B. ___Nicotine is the chemical substance
racing speeds. that all cigarettes contain.
C. ___ Clothes that cling to a skier’s body C. ___Methods that provide those trying
cause less wind resistance. to quit smoking with a way to get nico-
tine without smoking a cigarette have
2. Rice is the only major grain crop that been effective in some cases.
is grown almost exclusively as hu-
man food. Some remarkable genetic 4. Two-thirds of China’s vast territo-
advances have made it possible to ry is either mountainous or covered
cultivate high-yield varieties that are by desert. Every spring, windstorms
resistant to disease and insect pests. come raging out of the mountains
Because rice constitutes an essen- and cross the great deserts, gathering
tial part of the diet for much of the dust. A dense cloud of dust forms that
world’s population, these advances is hundreds of miles wide. It is blown
have averted disasters that otherwise thousands of miles, traveling from the
would have left millions of people se- North Pacific to the Gulf of Alaska
verely underfed. and from there moving south and then
A. ___Rice has been genetically modified east. As the prevailing winds lose their
for use as animal feed. velocity, dust particles fall from the

Summary Questions § 5. READING SECTION
cloud. It is believed that as much as Exercise 13

10 percent of the soil in Hawaii com-
prises dust particles collected from Identifying summary ideas
China’s deserts and dispersed in the
journey across the Pacific. Each of the passages below is followed by an
A. ___As the winds abate, dust particles introductory sentence that begins a brief summa-
drop from the clouds. ry of the passage. Choose the letters of the three
5
B. ___The raging windstorms are increas- statements that express the most important
ing the great deserts in China. ideas in the passage. Incorrect choices express
C. ___The winds coming out of China minor details or are not presented in the passage.
scatter dust particles across the Pacific.
1. A recent survey found that nine out of ten driv-
ers admit to having felt intense anger toward
other drivers at some time. “Road rage” seems
to be on the rise, and several explanations for
this have been presented. First, there are more
cars today competing for road space. People
also are far more subject to time constraints. A
person who must meet a time deadline, but is
caught in a tangle of traffic, may feel increas-
ingly frustrated. Soon this stress may result
in an outburst of road rage ranging anywhere
from pounding on the car horn to getting out of
the car and attacking another driver.
Of the three major responses to stress

which have evolved – fight, flight, or freeze
– only one is available to the driver who is
suddenly caught behind a dawdler in the
fast lane. The car itself prohibits the driver
from fleeing the situation or freezing in one
place. The only stress response left is fight.
Another explanation may be that people

are not as courteous as they used to be.
A person who is worried about getting to
work on time, having a report ready for the
afternoon mail, and running into the boss
while coming into the office late may forget
how to be polite. Other drivers become the
enemy and the car, a weapon.
Road rage has become a serious prob-

lem that is on the rise.
A. These days the roads are very congested.
B. Stress caused by the frustration of
dealing with the traffic is a major rea-
son for people to succumb to road rage.

C. The major responses to stress are fight, cliff, and locate the fossil and recover it.
flight, or freeze. The time frame for this recovery varies, but
D. The fight response is the only recourse it is necessarily short. The fossil is protect-
for the driver who cannot flee nor ed, but also invisible, until it is exposed.
freeze because of the situation the car As soon as it is exposed, wind and water
puts him or her in. attack it, and they can destroy it quickly.
E. The car is now a weapon and all other The best fossils are found when someone
drivers are the enemy. spots an exposed bone that turns out to be
F. The stresses of modern-day living may part of a buried skeleton and is therefore
cause people to forget courtesy and still well preserved. But many fine fossils
give in to road rage. have been washed away because no one
happened to see them when they were first
2. For a fossil to be found, a complicated exposed, or the people who saw them didn’t
series of steps must occur in sequence. The realize what they were seeing.
first is that the animal (or plant) must be
buried quickly. Animals that die on the The conditions that have to be met in
plains or in the mountains are soon found order for a fossil to be found are rela-
by scavengers, such as hyenas or cerato- tively rare.
saurs, and rapidly reduced to bone chips. A. Animals that die are quickly eaten by
Most animals that are fossilized are caught scavengers and reduced to bone chips
in a flash flood, or die in or near a river and within a short period of time.
are buried in a sand bar, or are caught in B. For an animal or a plant to become
a sandstorm. If the current in the river is fossilized, it must be buried before
fairly strong, even those few animals that other animals or the elements destroy
die in the water are soon torn apart and the body.
their bones scattered over acres of river C. A fossilized animal must first be
bottom. It is estimated that perhaps one covered by layers of soil for a length of
animal in a thousand is fossilized, likely a time and then be uncovered by erosion-
generous estimate. al forces.
D. A fossil must be protected from the
The second condition necessary for an elements for as long as it is buried.
animal to be fossilized is that it must be E. The best fossils are those that have not
buried in a depositional area: that is, more been washed away and scattered before
and more layers of mud or gravel must be they are found.
laid down over it. If the area is subject to F. An exposed fossil needs to be found and
erosion – and nearly all land surfaces are recognized by someone for what it is
– the fossil will soon be washed out and before it is destroyed by the elements.
destroyed.
3. One of the major hazards for deep-sea
The third step is that this depositional area divers is decompression sickness (DCS),
must at some time become an erosional more commonly known as “the bends.” This
area, so that wind and water wear it down sometimes fatal condition is caused by gas
and uncover the buried remains. bubbles forming in the bloodstream if the
diver ascends too rapidly. These bubbles
The fourth step necessary for the recovery travel in the blood and may become lodged
of a fossil is that when the fossil is uncov- anyplace in the body. Most commonly, they
ered, someone knowledgeable has to walk get trapped in joints, particularly the spine.
along that ridge, or study the face of that The resulting pain causes the diver to bend

over, hence the name of the condition. tomed activity. Because even professionals
can have difficulty diagnosing DCS, the
The reason gas bubbles form has to do most reliable test is to recompress the pa-
with the saturation and desaturation of tient and see whether the symptoms abate.
body tissues with various gases. At in-
creasingly great depths, the diver breathes Decompression sickness (DCS) is a
air at higher pressures. This results in an sometimes fatal condition that affects
5
increased quantity of air being dissolved deep-sea divers.
in the bloodstream. Different body tissues A. DCS is the formation of gas bubbles in
are saturated with different gases from the the bloodstream caused by the differ-
air at different rates. When the diver rises ent saturation and desaturation rates
to the surface, oxygen is used by the body of gases under pressure.
tissues, carbon dioxide is released quickly, B. Most people are more familiar with the
and nitrogen remains. The nitrogen needs term “the bends,” referring to the way
to be released gradually from the blood- a diver bends over in pain.
stream and body tissues. If nitrogen is C. Body tissues die when nitrogen pre-
subjected to a too rapid pressure reduction, vents blood and oxygen from bringing
it forms bubbles. Not only do these bub- important nutrients.
bles collect in joints, but they also become D. Saturation and desaturation rates of
trapped in capillaries. This prevents blood gases are affected by factors that di-
and oxygen from supplying necessary nu- vers need to take into consideration.
trients to body tissues, which consequently E. DCS can be misdiagnosed as the flu.
begin to die. F. The best way to diagnose DCS is to put
the patient through recompression.
Saturation and desaturation are affected
by various factors such as the depth, length 4. One of the most basic laws of economics
of time, and amount of exertion under is that nothing of value is free. Some-
water. There are other factors that must times this is dubbed “tanstaafl.” The word
be taken into account when determining a tanstaafl is formed from the initials of
safe ascent rate. These include the diver’s the statement: “There ain’t no such thing
sex and body build, the number of dives as a free lunch.” What this means is that
undertaken within the previous 12 hours, everything that has value must be paid for
the time spent at the dive location before in currency, labor, or by some other means.
the dive, and the composition of the respi-
ration gas. Not only do people have to pay for
everything that has value, but govern-
Diving tables set guidelines based on sta- ments do as well. Governments have a lot
tistical probabilities of getting the bends. of expenditures – public buildings, roads,
However, someone who stays within the military, etc. – and to get the necessary
suggested limits can still get DCS. Since money, they tax their citizens. Nobody
even a mild case can leave a diver perma- likes to pay taxes, and history has shown
nently disabled, it is imperative that divers that when taxes get too high, people even-
recognize the symptoms. Unfortunately, tually revolt and overthrow the offending
such symptoms can be similar to those of government. To avoid raising taxes, a
the flu or a strained muscle, something government must find another way to deal
that occurs frequently when divers are with the problem of getting money to meet
handling heavy equipment, using improp- its expenses.
erly fitted gear, or engaging in unaccus-

A case in point is the government of the A. The Roman officials understood the
Roman Empire. The Roman government concept of tanstaafl – that nothing of
taxed its citizens in order to pay for the value is free.
expenses of running such a vast empire. It B. Like Roman people, the Roman govern-
became apparent that if it raised taxes fur- ment had expenses, which in the case
ther, it risked provoking unrest. So it came of the Empire included building cities,
up with the idea of clipping the denarius, maintaining roads, and keeping an
a coin made of 94 percent silver. When the army.
tax collectors brought in people’s taxes paid C. The Roman Treasury met expenditures
in silver coins, the Roman treasury clipped, by taxing citizens until further tax in-
or shaved the edges off, the coins. The creases would have caused discontent.
clippings were minted into new coins. For a D. The Roman currency was the denari-
time, this gave the government the mon- us, which was composed of 94 percent
ey necessary for its budget. But it did not silver.
take the Roman people long to realize that E. By clipping silver from an old coin, the
some of their coins were missing silver. Treasury was able to mint new coins
Therefore, they either refused to accept until the people became wise and the
the clipped coins or charged more coins for coins had to be reeded.
their goods or services. F. A further need for money caused the
Roman Treasury to start the practice of
In later centuries a system called reed- minting coins that were debased
ing came into practice. A reeded coin has
grooves along its edge making it easy to 5. World Climatic Patterns
see whether or not clipping has taken
place. But since the Roman government Climate is the general pattern of atmos-
still needed money and clipping no longer pheric conditions, seasonal variations, and
served its purpose, the Roman treasury weather extremes in a region over a period
started melting down coins and remint- of decades. One major factor determining the
ing them with a mixture of base metal, uneven patterns of world climates is the var-
such as copper. However, each time a coin iation in the amount of solar energy striking
was melted down and reminted with a different parts of the earth. The amount of
base-metal mixture, the content of precious incoming solar energy reaching the earth’s
metal became less and that of base metal, surface varies with latitude, the distance
more. When the Roman people realized north or south from the equator. Air in the
that their money was being debased, they troposphere is heated more at the equator
responded by hoarding coins. Whenev- (zero latitude), where the sun is almost
er they got a good coin, one with a high directly overhead, than at the high-latitude
percentage of silver in it, they kept it. poles, where the sun is lower in the sky and
They spent only bad coins, those with a strikes the earth at a low angle.
low percentage of silver. This behavior is
explained by Gresham’s Law, which states: The large input of heat at and near equator
Bad money drives good money out of circu- warms large masses of air. These warm
lation. When debasement happens, money masses rise and spread northward and
loses its value and prices inevitably rise. southward, carrying heat from the equator
toward the poles. At the poles, the warm air
The Roman government tried various becomes cool and falls to the earth. These
ways of dealing with the economic cool air masses then flow back toward the
problem of running their Empire. equator near the ground level to fill the space

left by rising warm air masses. This general answer choices that express the most impor-
air circulation pattern in the troposphere re- tant ideas in the passage. Some sentences
sults in warm average temperature near the do not belong in the summary because they
equator, cold average temperatures near the express ideas that are not presented in the
poles, and moderate average temperatures at passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
the middle latitudes. This question is worth 2 points.
5
The larger input of solar energy near the Several factors influence the earth’s
equator evaporates huge amounts of water climatic patterns.
from the earth’s surface into the tropo- A. The variation in the amount of solar en-
sphere. As the warm, humid air rises, it ergy reaching different parts of the earth
cools rapidly and loses most of its moisture has a great influence on global climate.
as rain near the equator. The abundant B. Warm air flows from the equator flows
rainfall and the constant warm tempera- from the equator toward both poles,
tures near the equator create the world’s where it cools and then flows back
tropical rain forests. toward the equator, creating a general
air circulation.
Two major factors cause seasonal changes C. The moisture-holding capacity of
in climate. One is the earth’s annual orbit air, humidity, increases when air
around the sun; the other is the earth’s is warmed and decreases when it is
daily rotation around its tilted axis, the cooled.
imaginary line connecting the two poles. D. The consistently warm temperatures
When the North Pole leans toward the and heavy rainfall near the equator
sun, the sun’s rays strike the Northern result in tropical rain forests.
Hemisphere more directly per unit of area, E. The earth’s annual circling of the sun
bringing summer to the northern half of and its daily spinning around its axis
the earth. At the same time, the South Pole cause its seasonal changes in climate.
is tilted away from the sun; thus, winter F. The chemical content of the tropo-
conditions prevail throughout the Southern sphere is another factor determining
Hemisphere. As the earth makes its annual the earth’s average temperatures and
rotation around the sun, these conditions thus its climates.
shift and cause a change of seasons.
6. Life Expectancy
As the earth spins around its axis, the The greatest demographic story of the twen-
general air circulation pattern between the tieth century was the enormous increase in
equator and each pole breaks into three life expectancy, the average number of years
separate belts of moving air, or prevailing a person can expect to live. In most modern
surface winds, which affect the distribution societies, life expectancy rose dramatically,
of precipitation over the earth. from about 47 years in 1900 to about 76
years in 2000. This does not mean, however,
Glossary: that people suddenly died on their forty-sev-
enth birthday in 1900. It means that if half
Troposphere: the lowest region of the earth’s of the people born in 1900 died in childhood
atmosphere and the rest lived 95 years, the average age
at death was around 47. The data for 1900
An introductory sentence for a brief summa- reflect high infant and childhood mortality
ry of the passage is provided below. Com- rates. At that time, surviving the first fifteen
plete the summary by selecting the THREE years of life was the key to living to old age.

Over the century, several factors increased

life expectancy, most notably improvements
in public health, such as pasteurized milk,
sewers, and indoor plumbing. Advances in
medical practices, including the use of anti-
biotics and vaccinations for childhood illness-
es, made it increasingly likely that infants
would reach adulthood.
On the one hand, increased life expectancy

is a sign of societal well being; on the other
hand, an aging population poses its own
set of problems. Large numbers of elder-
ly, many with chronic diseases, become a
burden on the health care system and on
their families. In societies where care of the
elderly is a family responsibility, adult chil-
dren caring for aging parents experience
great personal and financial stress.
An introductory sentence for a brief summa-

ry of the passage is provided below. Com-
plete the summary by selecting the THREE
answer choices that express the most impor-
tant ideas in the passage. Some sentences
do not belong in the summary because they
express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
This question is worth 2 points.
Life expectancy in modern societies

has increased dramatically.
A. Around half of the population died on
their forty-seventh birthday in 1900.
B. The average number of years a person
could expect to live rose from 47 to 76
in only one century.
C. The leading causes of death in 1900
were epidemic diseases.
D. Mortality rate is the number of deaths
in a period as a proportion of the entire
population.
E. Improvements in public health and
medical practices significantly raised
life expectancy.
F. An aging population increases the
stress on a society’s health care system
and on families.

Exercise 14
Read the passages and answer each question based on what is stated or implied in that passage.
Winslow Homer
Winslow Homer, one of the most prominent nineteenth-century painters, was responsible for
5
raising watercolor to its position as an important medium in American art. Homer was a master of
watercolor, and his best watercolor paintings equal his larger oil paintings in both structure and
intensity. Through long practice, Homer understood and exploited the requirements of watercolor,
which he applied where most appropriate — to the recording of immediate experience. He had great
powers of visual analysis and never looked at a scene without seeing its underlying structure.
Some of Homer’s watercolors of the Adirondack woods, with their complicated weaving of vertical
tree trunks against a background of deep autumnal tones, are demonstrations of masterful com-
pleteness. In one particular Adirondack painting, The Blue Boat (1892), all elements come togeth-
er with perfect unity: the deep blue of the boat’s hull, the green and gold landscape, the alertness
of the fishermen, the brilliant clouds and their reflections on the water. Furthermore, its design
unites the structural elements with the artist’s enjoyment of marking and coloring the paper —
all are blended as though in a single moment of vision and action.
1-2. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the
summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the
passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The painter Winslow Homer made watercolor an important medium in American art.
Answer choices
A. Homer was a master of watercolor and used it to record immediate experience.

B. Homer is best known for his dramatic oil paintings of seascapes.
C. His understanding of structure is shown in watercolors of masterful completeness
D. Winslow Homer was born in Massachusetts in 1836.
E. The Blue Boat is a watercolor painting of fishermen in a boat on the water.
F. Homer’s Adirondack watercolors combine structural elements and color in perfect unity.

Moraines
The term moraine refers to the rock debris carried or deposited by a glacier. The term applies to
the debris moved along within the glacier or on its surface, the debris left behind after the glacier
melts, and the landforms made up of these debris deposits. The debris transported by a glacier is
produced either by erosion of the rock beneath the glacier or by erosion on the slopes rising above
the surface of the glacier. Material eroded by the glacier is carried primarily at the base of the
glacier and along the outer margins of the glacier.
While rivers sort transported rock according to size, a glacier transports its material like a factory
conveyer belt, moving the largest blocks and the finest dust next to each other at the same rate of
movement over the same distance. Thus, moraine debris remains unsorted both during its trans-
port and after it has been deposited. This unsorted glacial material is called drift. Some moraines
are composed only of coarse material and large boulders, while others contain large quantities of
finer-grained material such as silt and clay.
Once the glacial ice has retreated, the moraine deposits are left exposed on the land surface. The
various landforms —moraines— indicate the position of the debris within or on the glacier during
the glacier’s movement. Their shape and composition also provide information about the shape,
mass, and ice flow of the glacier.
A moraine is the rock debris carried or deposited by a glacier.
Answer choices
A. The mapping of moraines is an important part of fieldwork in the study of glaciers

B. Glaciers transport debris from the erosion of rock below the glacier or from the slopes above
the glacier.
C. Rivers sort rocks according to size while the rocks are being transported.
D. We can compare the movement of a glacier to that of a factory conveyer belt.
E. Moraine debris may include large and small rocks that remain unsorted both during and after
transport
F. After a glacier melts, the moraine deposits remain as various landforms that are also called
moraines.

Cultural Evolution
The history of life is the story of biological evolution on a changing planet, and at no time has
change ever been as rapid as in the age of humans. The evolution of humans and their culture has
had enormous consequences, making humans a new force in the history of life.
Cultural evolution has occurred in stages, beginning with the nomads who hunted and gathered
5
food on the African grasslands two million years ago. These hunter-gatherers made tools, organ-
ized communal activities, and divided labor. Next came the development of agriculture in several
parts of the world 10 to 15 thousand years ago. Agriculture led to permanent settlements, the
first cities, and trade among societies. An important cultural leap was the Industrial Revolution,
which began in the eighteenth century. Since then, new technology has escalated exponentially,
and so has the human impact on the planet.
Throughout this cultural evolution, from simple hunter-gatherers to high-tech societies, humans
have not changed much biologically. Our knowledge is stored not in our genes but in the product
of thousands of years of human experience. Cultural evolution has enabled us to defy our physical
limitations and shortcut biological evolution. We no longer have to wait to adapt to our environ-
ment through natural selection; we simply change the environment to meet our needs. We are the
dominant species of life and bring environmental change wherever we go.
Cultural evolution has made humans a new force in the history of life.
Answer choices
A. Biological evolution is the most important force in the history of life.

B. There have been several stages in the evolution of human culture.
C. The development of agriculture 10 to 15 thousand years ago resulted in permanent settle-
ments, the first cities, and trade.
D. Human technology has advanced rapidly, increasing the human role in environmental
change.
E. Cultural evolution has allowed humans to change their environment, thus avoiding the need
for biological evolution.
F. Humans are changing the world faster than many other species can adapt.

Shakespeare’s Romances
Shakespeare’s late comedies—including Cymbeline, The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale—are
classified as romances. They are based on a tradition of romantic literature going back at least to
ancient Greece, in which the central theme of love serves as the trigger for extraordinary adven-
tures. Love is subjected to abnormal strains, often involving separation, jealousy, and other ele-
ments of tragedy. There are also fantastic journeys to exotic lands, and absurd coincidences and
mistaken identities that complicate the plot, but everything is resolved in the traditional happy
ending of comedy.
All of Shakespeare’s romances share a number of these classical themes, such as the theme of
separation and reunion of loved ones, particularly family members. Daughters are separated from
parents, and wives from husbands, in Cymbeline and The Winter’s Tale. Sons are separated from
fathers in The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. The related idea of exile also occurs, with the ban-
ished characters—usually rulers or future rulers— restored to their rightful position at the end
of the play. The theme of jealousy is prominent, with the conclusion that love requires patience
in times of adversity. The characters are frequently subjected to long journeys, many involving
shipwrecks. Magical developments arise and supernatural beings appear, most notably in The
Tempest, in which the leading character is a sorcerer.
Shakespeare’s late comedies are considered romances because they are based on an
older romantic tradition.
Answer choices
A. The main theme of love provides the characters with remarkable adventures in strange lands.
B. The romances involve many elements of tragedy but have the traditional happy ending of
comedy.
C. Shakespeare’s romances are less well known than his comedies, tragedies, and history plays.
D. Cymbeline, The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale are examples of Shakespeare’s romances.
E. In many of the plays, love is subjected to jealousy and separation but ultimately to resolution
and reunion.
F. The romances often feature shipwrecks that separate characters from family members and
lovers.

FEEDING HABITS OF EAST AFRICAN HERBIVORES food from its stomach back to its mouth to chew
it up further (that is what a cow is doing when
1) Buffalo, zebras, wildebeests, topi, and Thom- “chewing cud”). Only when it has been chewed
son’s gazelles live in huge groups that together up and digested almost to a liquid can the food
make up some 90 percent of the total weight pass through the rumen and on through the
of mammals living on the Serengeti Plain of gut. Larger particles cannot pass through until
East Africa. They are all herbivores (plant-eat- they have been chewed down to size. Therefore,
5
ing animals), and they all appear to be living when food is in short supply, a ruminant can
on the same diet of grasses, herbs, and small last longer than a nonruminant because it can
bushes. This appearance, however, is illusory. derive more energy out of the same food. The
When biologist Richard Bell and his colleagues difference can partially explain the eating habits
analyzed the stomach contents of four of the five of the Serengeti herbivores. The zebra chooses
species (they did not study buffalo), they found areas where there is more low-quality food. It
that each species was living on a different part migrates first to unexploited areas and chomps
of the vegetation. The different vegetational the abundant low-quality stems before moving
parts differ in their food qualities: lower down, on. It is a fast-in/fast-out feeder, relying on a
there are succulent, nutritious leaves; higher up high output of incompletely digested food. By
are the harder stems. There are also sparsely the time the wildebeests (and other ruminants)
distributed, highly nutritious fruits, and Bell arrive, the grazing and trampling of the zebras
found that only the Thomson’s gazelles eat will have worn the vegetation down. As the ru-
much of these. The other three species differ in minants then set to work, they eat down to the
the proportion of lower leaves and higher stems lower, leafier parts of the vegetation. All of this
that they eat: zebras eat the most stem matter, fits in with the differences in stomach contents
wildebeests eat the most leaves, and topi are with which we began.
intermediate.
3) The other part of the explanation is body size.
2) How are we to understand their different feed- Larger animals require more food than smaller
ing preferences? The answer lies in two asso- animals, but smaller animals have a higher
ciated differences among the species, in their metabolic rate. Smaller animals can therefore
digestive systems and body sizes. According to live where there is less food, provided that
their digestive systems, these herbivores can be such food is of high energy content. That is why
divided into two categories: the nonruminants the smallest of the herbivores, Thomson’s ga-
(such as the zebra, which has a digestive system zelle, lives on fruit that is very nutritious but too
like a horse) and the ruminants (such as the thin on the ground to support a larger animal.
wildebeest, topi, and gazelle, which are like By contrast, the large zebra lives on the masses
the cow). Nonruminants cannot extract much of low-quality stem material.
energy from the hard parts of a plant; however,
this is more than made up for by the fast speed 4) The differences in feeding preferences lead,
at which food passes through their guts. Thus, in turn, to differences in migratory habits.
when there is only a short supply of poor-qual- The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the
ity food, the wildebeest topi, and gazelle enjoy pattern of local rainfall. The other species do
an advantage. They are ruminants and have a likewise. But when a new area is fueled by rain,
special structure (the rumen) in their stomachs, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order
which contains microorganisms that can break to exploit it. The larger, less fastidious feeders,
down the hard parts of plants. Food passes only the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller
slowly through the ruminant’s gut because wildebeests come later; and the smallest species
ruminating—digesting the hard parts—takes of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later
time. The ruminant continually regurgitates species all depend on the preparations of the

earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the C. illustrate differences between rumi-
vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wilde- nants and nonruminants through the
beest, topi, and gazelle. use of animals likely to be familiar to
most readers
Directions: Mark your answer by filling in D. emphasize similarities between the
the oval next to your choice. diets of cows and horses and the diets
of East African mammals
1. The word illusory in the passage is closest
in meaning to 6. According to paragraph 2, which of the
A. definite following herbivores has to eat large
B. illuminating quantities of plant stems because it gains
C. misleading relatively little energy from each given
D. exceptional quantity of this food?
A. The gazelle
2. The word sparsely in the passage is clos- B. The wildebeest
est in meaning to C. The zebra
A. widely D. The topi
B. thinly
C. clearly 7. Paragraph 2 suggests that which of the
D. freshly following is one of the most important fac-
tors in determining differences in feeding
3. Which of the following questions about preferences of East African herbivores?
Richard Bell’s research is NOT answered A. The availability of certain foods
in paragraph 1? B. The differences in stomach structure
A. Which of the herbivores studied is the C. The physical nature of vegetation in
only one to eat much fruit? the environment
B. Which part of the plants do wildebeests D. The ability to migrate when
prefer to eat? food supplies are low
C. Where did the study of herbivores’
eating habits take place? 8. According to paragraph 2, all of the fol-
D. Why were buffalo excluded from the lowing are true of East African gazelles
research study? EXCEPT:
A. They digest their food very quickly.
4. The word associated in the passage is B. Microorganisms help them
closest in meaning to digest their food.
A. obvious C. They are unable to digest large food
B. significant particles unless these are chewed down
C. expected considerably.
D. connected D. They survive well even if food supplies
are not abundant.
5. The author mentions the cow and the horse
in paragraph 2 in order to 9. The phrase provided that in the passage
A. distinguish the functioning of their is closest in meaning to
digestive systems from those of East A. as long as
African mammals B. unless
B. emphasize that their relatively large body C. as if
size leads them to have feeding practices D. even though
similar to those of East African mammals

10. The word fastidious in the passage is clos- last. The later species all depend on the prepa-
est in meaning to rations of the earlier one, for the actions of the
A. rapid zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs
B. determined of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.
C. flexible
D. demanding 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for
a brief summary of the passage is provided
5
11. According to paragraph 4, which of the fol- below. Complete the summary by selecting
lowing mammals exhibits a feeding behav- the THREE answer choices that express
ior that is beneficial to the other herbivores the most important ideas in the passage.
that share the same habitat? Some sentences do not belong in the sum-
A. Topi mary because they express ideas that are
B. Zebra not presented in the passage or are minor
C. Wildebeest ideas in the passage. This question is
D. Gazelle worth 2 points.
12. According to the passage, which of the East African herbivores, though they
following is true of wildebeests? all live in the same environment, have
A. They eat more stem matter than ze- a range of feeding preferences.
bras do.
B. They are able to digest large food parti- Answer Choices
cles if the food is of a high quality.
C. They tend to choose feeding areas in A. The survival of East African mammals
which the vegetation has been worn depends more than anything else on
down. the quantity of highly nutritious fruits
D. They are likely to choose low-quality that they are able to find.
food to eat in periods when the quanti- B. A herbivore’s size and metabolic rate
ty of rainfall is low. affect the kinds of food and the quanti-
ties of food it needs to eat.
13. Look at the four squares that indicate C. Zebras and wildebeests rarely compete
where the following sentence could be add- for the same food resources in the same
ed to the passage. locations.
D. The different digestive systems of her-
The sequence in which they migrate cor- bivores explain their feeding preferenc-
relates with their body size. es.
E. Migratory habits are influenced by
Where would the sentence best fit? feeding preferences.
F. Patterns in the migratory habits of
The differences in feeding preferences lead, East African herbivores are hard to
in turn, to differences in migratory habits. A establish
The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the
pattern of local rainfall. B The other species do
likewise. C But when a new area is fueled by
rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set
order to exploit it. D The larger, less fastidious
feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier,
smaller wildebeests come later; and the small-
est species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives

LOIE FULLER 4) Fuller had scientific leanings and constant-

ly experimented with electrical lighting
1) The United States dancer Loie Fuller (which was then in its infancy), colored
(1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the gels, slide projections, and other aspects of
late nineteenth century artistically un- stage technology. She invented and pat-
fulfilling. She considered herself an artist ented special arrangements of mirrors and
rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in concocted chemical dyes for her draperies.
turn, attracted the notice of other artists. Her interest in color and light paralleled
the research of several artists of the period,
2) Fuller devised a type of dance that focused notably the painter Seurat, famed for his
on the shifting play of lights and colors Pointillist technique of creating a sense
on the voluminous skirts or draperies of shapes and light on canvas by applying
she wore, which she kept in constant extremely small dots of color rather than
motion principally through movements by painting lines. One of Fuller’s major
of her arms, sometimes extended with inventions was underlighting, in which she
wands concealed under her costumes. stood on a pane of frosted glass illuminated
She rejected the technical virtuosity of from underneath. This was particularly ef-
movement in ballet, the most prestigious fective in her Fire Dance (1895), performed
form of theatrical dance at that time, to the music of Richard Wagner’s “Ride of
perhaps because her formal dance the Valkyries.” The dance caught the eye
training was minimal. Although her of artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who
early theatrical career had included depicted it in a lithograph.
stints as an actress, she was not
primarily interested in storytelling or 5) As her technological expertise grew more
expressing emotions through dance; sophisticated, so did the other aspects
the drama of her dancing emanated of her dances. Although she gave little
from her visual effects. thought to music in her earliest dances,
she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven,
3) Although she discovered and introduced Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually
her art in the United States, she achieved graduating to Stravinsky, Faure, Debussy,
her greatest glory in Paris, where she was and Mussorgsky, composers who were then
engaged by the Folies Bergиre in 1892 considered progressive. She began to ad-
and soon became “La Loie,” the darling of dress more ambitious themes in her dances
Parisian audiences. Many of her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers
represented elements or natural objects— invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk,
Fire, the Lily, the Butterfly, and so on— played upon by colored lights. Always open
and thus accorded well with the fashion- to scientific and technological innovations,
able Art Nouveau style, which emphasized she befriended the scientists Marie and
nature imagery and fluid, sinuous lines. Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radi-
Her dancing also attracted the attention um and created a Radium Dance, which
of French poets and painters of the period, simulated the phosphorescence of that ele-
for it appealed to their liking for mystery, ment. She both appeared in films—then in
their belief in art for art’s sake, a nine- an early stage of development—and made
teenth-century idea that art is valuable them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film
in itself rather than because it may have Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by Rene
some moral or educational benefit, and Clair, later a leading French film director.
their efforts to synthesize form and con-
tent.

6) At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had D. technical virtuosity of movement

her own theater, where, in addition to her
own dances, she presented pantomimes by 3. The word prestigious in the passage is
the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. She as- closest in meaning to
sembled an all-female company at this time A. highly regarded
and established a school around 1908, but B. financially rewarding
neither survived her. Although she is re- C. demanding
5
membered today chiefly for her innovations D. serious
in stage lighting, her activities also touched
Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two 4. Which of the sentences below best express-
other United States dancers who were es the essential information in the high-
experimenting with new types of dance. lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect
She sponsored Duncan’s first appearance choices change the meaning in important
in Europe. Her theater at the Paris Expo- ways or leave out essential information.
sition was visited by St. Denis, who found A. Fuller was more interested in dance’s
new ideas about stagecraft in Fuller’s work visual impact than in its narrative or
and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yoc- emotional possibilities.
co’s plays. In 1924 St. Denis paid tribute to B. Fuller used visual effects to dramatize
Fuller with the duet Valse а la Loie. the stories and emotions expressed in
her work.
7) The United States dancer Loie Fuller C. Fuller believed that the drama of her
(1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the dancing sprang from her emotional
late nineteenth century artistically un- style of storytelling.
fulfilling. She considered herself an artist D. Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of
rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in dance resulted from her early theatri-
turn, attracted the notice of other artists. cal training as an actress.
Directions: Mark your answer by filling in 5. The word engaged in the passage is clos-
the oval next to your choice. est in meaning to
A. noticed
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 B. praised
about theatrical dance in the late nine- C. hired
teenth century? D. attracted
A. It influenced many artists outside of
the field of dance. 6. The word synthesize in the passage is
B. It was very similar to theatrical dance closest in meaning to
of the early nineteenth century. A. improve
C. It was more a form of entertainment B. define
than a form of serious art. C. simplify
D. It was a relatively new art form in the D. integrate
United States.
7. According to paragraph 3, why was Fuller’s
2. According to paragraph 2, all of the follow- work well received in Paris?
ing are characteristic of Fuller’s type of A. Parisian audiences were particularly
dance EXCEPT interested in artists and artistic move-
A. experimentation using color ments from the United States.
B. large and full costumes B. Influential poets tried to interest danc-
C. continuous movement of her costumes ers in Fuller’s work when she arrived

in Paris. 12. The passage mentions which of the follow-

C. Fuller’s work at this time borrowed ing as a dance of Fuller’s that was set to
directly from French artists working in music?
other media. A. Fire Dance
D. Fuller’s dances were in harmony with B. Radium Dance
the artistic values already present in C. Le Lys de la Vie
Paris. D. Valse a la Loie
8. According to paragraph 4, Fuller’s Fire 13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate
Dance was notable in part for its where the following sentence could be add-
A. use of colored gels to illuminate glass ed to the passage.
B. use of dyes and paints to create an
image of fire For all her originality in dance, her
C. technique of lighting the dancer from interests expanded beyond it into newly
beneath emerging artistic media.
D. draperies with small dots resembling
the Pointillist technique of Seurat Where would the sentence best fit?
9. Why does the author mention Fuller’s The As her technological expertise grew more
Sea? sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her
A. To point out a dance of Fuller’s in dances. A Although she gave little thought to
which music did not play an important music in her earliest dances, she later used
role scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin,
B. To explain why Fuller sometimes used and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravin-
music by progressive composers sky, Faur, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, compos-
C. To illustrate a particular way in which ers who were then considered progressive. B
Fuller developed as an artist She began to address more ambitious themes
D. To illustrate how Fuller’s interest in in her dances such as The Sea, in which her
science was reflected in her work dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of
silk, played upon by colored lights. C Always
10. The word agitated in the passage is clos- open to scientific and technological innova-
est in meaning to tions, she befriended the scientists Marie and
A. emerged from beneath Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium
B. created movement in and created a Radium Dance, which simulated
C. arranged themselves in the phosphorescence of that element. D She
D. pretended to be both appeared in films—then in an early stage
of development—and made them herself; the
11. According to paragraph 6, what was true of hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie
Fuller’s theater at the Paris Exposition? (1919) was played by Ren Clair, later a leading
A. It presented some works that were not French film director.
by Fuller.
B. It featured performances by prominent 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for
male as well as female dancers. a brief summary of the passage is provided
C. It became a famous school that is still below. Complete the summary by selecting
named in honor of Fuller. the THREE answer choices that express
D. It continued to operate as a theater the most important ideas in the passage.
after Fuller died. Some sentences do not belong in the sum-
mary because they express ideas that are

not presented in the passage or are minor

ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.
Loie Fuller was an important and in-

novative dancer.
5
Answer Choices
A. Fuller believed that audiences in the

late nineteenth century had lost inter-
est in most theatrical dance.
B. Fuller transformed dance in part by
creating dance interpretations of works
by poets and painters.
C. Fuller’s work influenced a number of
other dancers who were interested in
experimental dance.
D. Fuller introduced many technical
innovations to the staging of theatrical
dance.
E. Fuller continued to develop through-
out her career, creating more complex
works and exploring new artistic
media.
F. By the 1920’s, Fuller’s theater at the
Paris Exhibition had become the world
center for innovative dance.

GREEN ICEBERGS is formed from the compaction of snow

and contains air bubbles—and to continue
1) Icebergs are massive blocks of ice, irregu- into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from
lar in shape; they float with only about 12 seawater that freezes onto the bottom of
percent of their mass above the sea surface. the glacial ice. The properties of this clear
They are formed by glaciers—large rivers sea ice were very similar to the ice from
of ice that begin inland in the snows of the green iceberg. The scientists concluded
Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaska—and that green icebergs form when a two-layer
move slowly toward the sea. The forward block of shelf ice breaks away and cap-
movement, the melting at the base of the sizes (turns upside down), exposing the
glacier where it meets the ocean, and bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from
waves and tidal action cause blocks of ice seawater.
to break off and float out to sea.
5) A green iceberg that stranded just west
2) Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two dis-
although they sometimes appear dark or tinct layers: bubbly blue-white ice and
opaque because they carry gravel and bits bubble-free green ice separated by a
of rock. They may change color with chang- onemeter-long ice layer containing sedi-
ing light conditions and cloud cover, glow- ments. The green ice portion was textured
ing pink or gold in the morning or evening by seawater erosion. Where cracks were
light, but this color change is generally present, the color was light green because
related to the low angle of the Sun above of light scattering; where no cracks were
the horizon. However, travelers to Antarc- present, the color was dark green. No air
tica have repeatedly reported seeing green bubbles were present in the green ice, sug-
icebergs in the Weddell Sea and, more gesting that the ice was not formed from
commonly, close to the Amery Ice Shelf in the compression of snow but instead from
East Antarctica. the freezing of seawater. Large concentra-
tions of single-celled organisms with green
3) One explanation for green icebergs attrib- pigments (coloring substances) occur along
utes their color to an optical illusion when the edges of the ice shelves in this region,
blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon and the seawater is rich in their decompos-
red Sun, but green icebergs stand out ing organic material. The green iceberg did
among white and blue icebergs under a not contain large amounts of particles from
great variety of light conditions. Anoth- these organisms, but the ice had accumu-
er suggestion is that the color might be lated dissolved organic matter from the
related to ice with high levels of metallic seawater. It appears that unlike salt, dis-
compounds, including copper and iron. solved organic substances are not excluded
Recent expeditions have taken ice samples from the ice in the freezing process. Analy-
from green icebergs and ice cores—vertical, sis shows that the dissolved organic mate-
cylindrical ice samples reaching down to rial absorbs enough blue wavelengths from
great depths—from the glacial ice shelves solar light to make the ice appear green.
along the Antarctic continent. Analyses of
these cores and samples provide a different 6) Chemical evidence shows that platelets
solution to the problem. (minute flat portions) of ice form in the
water and then accrete and stick to the
4) The ice shelf cores, with a total length of bottom of the ice shelf to form a slush
215 meters (705 feet), were long enough (partially melted snow). The slush is com-
to penetrate through glacial ice—which pacted by an unknown mechanism, and

solid, bubblefree ice is formed from water choices change the meaning in important
high in soluble organic substances. When ways or leave out essential information.
an iceberg separates from the ice shelf and A. One explanation notes that green
capsizes, the green ice is exposed. icebergs stand out among other ice-
bergs under a great variety of light
7) The Amery Ice Shelf appears to be uniquely conditions, but this is attributed to an
suited to the production of green icebergs. optical illusion.
5
Once detached from the ice shelf, these B. One explanation for the color of green
bergs drift in the currents and wind systems icebergs attributes their color to an op-
surrounding Antarctica and can be found tical illusion that occurs when the light
scattered among Antarctica’s less colorful from a near-horizon red Sun shines on
icebergs. Icebergs are massive blocks of a blue iceberg.
ice, irregular in shape; they float with only C. One explanation for green icebergs
about 12 percent of their mass above the sea attributes their color to a great variety
surface. They are formed by glaciers—large of light conditions, but green icebergs
rivers of ice that begin inland in the snows stand out best among other icebergs
of Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaska—and when illuminated by a near-horizon
move slowly toward the sea. The forward red Sun.
movement, the melting at the base of the D. One explanation attributes the color of
glacier where it meets the ocean, and waves green icebergs to an optical illusion un-
and tidal action cause blocks of ice to break der special light conditions, but green
off and float out to sea. icebergs appear distinct from other
icebergs under a great variety of light
Directions: Mark your answer by filling in conditions.
the oval next to your choice.
4. The word penetrate in the passage is clos-
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the follow- est in meaning to
ing are true of icebergs EXCEPT: A. collect
A. They do not have a regular shape. B. pierce
B. They are formed where glaciers meet C. melt
the ocean. D. endure
C. Most of their mass is above the sea
surface. 5. According to paragraph 4, how is glacial ice
D. Waves and tides cause them to break formed?
off glaciers. A. By the compaction of snow
B. By the freezing of seawater on the bot-
2. According to paragraph 2, what causes ice- tom of ice shelves
bergs to sometimes appear dark or opaque? C. By breaking away from the ice shelf
A. A heavy cloud cover D. By the capsizing of a two-layer block of
B. The presence of gravel or bits of rock shelf ice
C. The low angle of the Sun above the
horizon 6. According to paragraph 4, ice shelf cores
D. The presence of large cracks in their helped scientists explain the formation of
surface green icebergs by showing that
A. the ice at the bottom of green icebergs
3. Which of the sentences below best express- is bubble-free ice formed from frozen
es the essential information in the high- seawater
lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect B. bubble-free ice is found at the top of

the ice shelf C. Why green icebergs are commonly pro-

C. glacial ice is lighter and floats better duced in some parts of Antarctica
than sea ice D. Why green icebergs contain large
D. the clear sea ice at the bottom of the amounts of dissolved organic pigments
ice shelf is similar to ice from a green
iceberg 12. The passage supports which of the follow-
ing statements about the Amery Ice Shelf?
7. Why does the author mention that “The A. The Amery Ice Shelf produces only
green ice portion was textured by seawater green icebergs.
erosion”? B. The Amery Ice Shelf produces green
A. To explain why cracks in the iceberg icebergs because its ice contains high
appeared light green instead of dark levels of metallic compounds such as
green copper and iron.
B. To suggest that green ice is more easily C. The Amery Ice Shelf produces green
eroded by seawater than white ice is icebergs because the seawater is rich
C. To support the idea that the green in a particular kind of soluble organic
ice had been the bottom layer before material.
capsizing D. No green icebergs are found far from
D. To explain how the air bubbles had the Amery Ice Shelf.
been removed from the green ice
13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate
8. The word accumulated in the passage is where the following sentence could be add-
closest in meaning to ed to the passage.
A. collected
B. frozen Scientists have differed as to whether
C. released icebergs appear green as a result of light
D. covered conditions or because of something in the
ice itself.
9. The word excluded in the passage is clos-
est in meaning to Where would the sentence best fit?
A. kept out
B. compressed Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, although
C. damaged they sometimes appear dark or opaque because
D. gathered together they carry gravel and bits of rock. They may
change color with changing light conditions
10. The word accrete in the passage is closest and cloud cover, glowing pink or gold in the
in meaning to morning or evening light, but this color change
A. advance is generally related to the low angle of the
B. transfer Sun above the horizon. A However, travelers
C. flatten out to Antarctica have repeatedly reported seeing
D. come together green icebergs in the Weddell Sea and, more
commonly, close to the Amery Ice Shelf in East
11. Which of the following is NOT explained in Antarctica.
the passage?
A. Why blocks of ice break off where gla- B One explanation for green icebergs attrib-
ciers meet the ocean utes their color to an optical illusion when blue
B. Why blocks of shelf ice sometimes cap- ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun,
size after breaking off but green icebergs stand out among white and

blue icebergs under a great variety of light 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for
conditions. C Another suggestion is that the a brief summary of the passage is provided
color might be related to ice with high levels of below. Complete the summary by selecting
metallic compounds, including copper and iron. the THREE answer choices that express
D Recent expeditions have taken ice samples the most important ideas in the passage.
from green icebergs and ice cores—vertical, Some sentences do not belong in the sum-
cylindrical ice samples reaching down to great mary because they express ideas that are
5
depths—from the glacial ice shelves along the not presented in the passage or are minor
Antarctic continent. Analyses of these cores ideas in the passage. This question is
and samples provide a different solution to the worth 2 points.
problem.
Several suggestions, ranging from
light conditions to the presence of me-
tallic compounds, have been offered
to explain why some icebergs appear
green.
Answer Choices
A. Ice cores were used to determine that green

icebergs were formed from the compaction
of metallic compounds, including copper
and iron.
B. All ice shelves can produce green icebergs,
but the Amery Ice Shelf is especially well
suited to do so.
C. Green icebergs form when a twolayer block
of ice breaks away from a glacier and cap-
sizes, exposing the bottom sea ice to view.
D. Ice cores and samples revealed that both
ice shelves and green icebergs contain a
layer of bubbly glacial ice and a layer of
bubble-free sea ice.
E. Green icebergs are white until they come
into contact with seawater containing
platelets and soluble organic green pig-
ments.
F. In a green iceberg, the sea ice contains
large concentrations of organic matter from
the seawater.

THE IMPRESSIONINSTS 4) This spirit is clear when you compare

Impressionist paintings with traditional
1) In April 1870, an art exhibit opened in French paintings of the time. Traditional
Paris featuring famous and priceless works painters tended to paint rather serious
of art. However, at the time, no one knew scenes from history and mythology. Many
that these paintings would one day be Impressionist paintings feature pleasant
considered masterpieces. The paintings scenes of urban life, celebrating the lei-
and the painters were virtually unknown sure time that the Industrial Revolution
at the time and would remain that way for had won for the middle class, as shown in
several years. Renoir’s luminous painting Luncheon of
the Boating Party. In that famous painting,
2) In the nineteenth century, French art was the sun filters through the orange-striped
dominated by the Academy of Fine Arts. awning, bathing everything and everyone
Every year the academy held an art show at the party in its warm light. Renoir once
called Le Salon. In 1863, the Academy said that paintings should be “. . . likable,
rejected one of the paintings of Edouard joyous, and pretty.” He said, “There are
Manet. Manet and a group of other inde- enough unpleasant things in this world.
pendent artists organized their own show, We don’t have to paint them as well.” It is
which they called Salon des Refuses (Salon this joy of life that makes Renoir’s paint-
of the Rejected), which opened on April ings so distinctive.
15, 1874. A newspaper critic named Lou-
is Leroy visited the gallery and was not 5) The Impressionists delighted in painting
pleased with what he saw. One painting of landscapes (except for Edgar Degas, who
boats in a harbor at dawn by Claude Monet preferred painting indoor scenes, and Mary
particularly enraged him. It was called Cassatt, who mainly painted portraits of
Impression: Sunset. Leroy wrote that this mothers and children). Traditional paint-
piece, and in fact most of the pieces in the ers, too, painted landscapes, but their
show, looked like “impressions”—a term for landscapes tended to be somber and dark.
a preliminary, unfinished sketch made be- The Impressionists’ landscapes sparkle
fore a painting is done. Leroy’s newspaper with light. Impressionists insisted that
review was jokingly called “The Exhibition their works be “true to nature.” When they
of the Impressionists.” Within a few years painted landscapes, they carried their
of Leroy’s review, the term Impressionists paints and canvases outdoors in order to
had clearly stuck, not as a term of deri- capture the ever-changing light. Tradition-
sion but as a badge of honor, and a new al painters generally made preliminary
movement was born. sketches outside but worked on the paint-
ings themselves in their studios.
3) The Impressionist movement included the
French painters Edouard Manet, Claude 6) ”Classic” Impressionist paintings are often
Monet, Pierre- Auguste Renoir, Edgar easy to spot because of the techniques used
Degas, Paul Cezanne, and the American by the painters. One of the first “rules” of
painter Mary Cassatt. The techniques and the Impressionists, that the colors should
standards employed within the Impression- be dropped pure on the canvas instead of
ist movement varied widely, and though getting mixed on the palette, was respected
the artists shared a core of values, the real by only a few of them and for only a couple
glue which bound the movement together of years, but most Impressionists mixed
was its spirit of rebellion and independ- their paints as little as possible. They
ence. believed that it was better to allow the eye

to mix the colors as it viewed them on the 3. According to the author, Louis Leroy used
canvas. The traditional technique at the the term “Impressionists” because
time was to make sketches or outlines of A. He understood that these artists did
the subject before painting them. General- not carefully study their subjects, but
ly, Impressionists painted directly onto the only got a quick impression of what
canvas without sketches. Impressionists they painted.
tended to paint with short, thick strokes of B. He thought that Monet’s painting, and
5
paints shaped like commas. While tradi- all of the paintings at the show, looked
tional painters paid attention to details, like unfinished drawings.
Impressionists valued overall effect. C. He believed that giving these artists a
Traditional painters always tried to hide group name would help them become
their brush strokes, but Impressionists left famous.
brush strokes on the canvas for the world D. He thought that the painting Impres-
to see. Unlike traditional painters, Impres- sion: Sunset was the best painting at
sionists applied one layer of paint on top of the show.
the last one without waiting for the paint
to dry. These techniques created paintings 4. The word derision in the passage is clos-
that seemed strange and unfinished to the est in meaning to
general public when they were first paint- A. ridicule
ed, but are much loved in our time. B. sincerity
C. respect
Glossary D. sorrow
palette: a board with a hole for the thumb 5. Which of the following sentences best
on which painters mix their colors expresses the essential information in the
sentence below? Incorrect answer choices
1. What point does the author make about the omit important information or change the
art show that opened on April 15, 1874, at meaning of the original sentence in an
the Salon des Refuses in Paris? important way.
A. It was more popular with visitors and
critics than the official show called “Le The techniques and standards em-
Salon.” ployed within the Impressionist
B. It made the painters and paintings movement varied widely, and though
shown there instantly successful. the artists shared a core of values, the
C. Its organizers refused to allow Edouard real glue which bound the movement
Manet to display his paintings there. together was its spirit of rebellion and
D. It featured famous paintings and independence.
painters before they became well A. The core of values shared by the Im-
known. pressionists was the most important
connection between them.
2. The word virtually in the passage is clos- B. Although there were artistic differenc-
est in meaning to the word es among the Impressionists, they were
A. almost united by an independent spirit and
B. infinitely shared values.
C. seemingly C. At first the Impressionist movement
D. forever was held together by a shared set of
techniques and standards, but in time
they rebelled against these core values.

D. Although the Impressionists’ values 11. The phrase the last one in the passage
differed, their techniques and stand- refers to
ards helped create a strong, independ- A. an artist
ent spirit. B. a painting
C. a brush stroke
6. Renoir’s painting Luncheon of the Boating D. a layer of paint
Party is given in paragraph 4 as an exam-
ple of 12. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate
A. an industrial scene where the following sentence can be insert-
B. a study of some urban buildings ed in the passage:
C. a picture of people enjoying their lei-
sure time This play of light can be seen in
D. a traditional French painting Claude Monet’s paintings Water Lilies,
Green Harmony, and The Bridge at
7. According to the information in paragraph Argenteuil.
5, what did the painters Edgar Degas and
Mary Cassatt have in common? The Impressionists delighted in painting
A. They both painted portraits of children landscapes (except for Edgar Degas, who
and mothers. preferred painting indoor scenes, and Mary
B. Neither of them was originally from Cassatt, who painted portraits of mothers
France. and children). ■ Traditional painters, too,
C. Neither of them was primarily inter- painted landscapes, but their landscapes
ested in landscapes. tended to be somber and dark. ■ The Im-
D. They both preferred painting unpleas- pressionists’ landscapes sparkle with light.
ant scenes. ■ Impressionists insisted that their works
be “true to nature.” ■ When they painted
8. According to paragraph 5, when traditional landscapes, they carried their paints and
painters worked on landscape paintings, canvases outdoors in order to capture the
they ever-changing light. Traditional painters
A. studied the ever-changing light generally made preliminary sketches out-
B. did not make any preliminary sketches side but worked on the paintings them-
C. never left their studios selves in their studios.
D. sketched outdoors but painted indoors
Circle the square ■ that indicates the best
9. It can be inferred from the information in place to add the sentence.
paragraph 6 that in the author’s view, the
first “rule” of Impressionism
A. was not really a rule at all
B. was the most important rule of all
C. led Impressionists to mix their colors
D. lasted longer than other rules
10. The word spot in paragraph 6 is closest in

meaning to
A. paint
B. identify
C. admire
D. ignore

13. DIRECTIONS: Select phrases from the

answer choices and match them to the
category to which they relate. Two answer
choices will not be used. This question is
worth 4 points.
Impressionist Painters Traditional Painters
●
●
●
●
●
●
5
●
Answer Choices
A. Their classic pieces are very distinctive

because of the methods they used to
create them.
B. They often painted serious scenes from
history and mythology
C. Their works were considered unusual
at the time but are prized today.
D. They used darker colors when painting
landscapes.
E. They celebrated middle-class people
enjoying their leisure time.
F. They seldom completely finished their
paintings.
G. They concentrated on details.
H. They painted abstract scenes with no
recognizable figures in them.
I. Their landscape paintings were filled
with light.

NOISE POLLUTION ted and on which it travels is “a commons.”

It belongs not to an individual person or a
1) The word noise is derived from the Latin group, but to everyone. People, businesses,
word nausea, meaning “seasickness.” Noise is and organizations, therefore, do not have
among the most pervasive pollutants today. unlimited rights to broadcast noise as they
Noise pollution can broadly be defined as un- please, as if the effects of noise were limited
wanted or offensive sounds that unreasonably only to their private property. Those that
intrude into our daily activities. Noises from disregard the obligation to not interfere with
traffic, jet engines, barking dogs, garbage others’ use and enjoyment of the commons by
trucks, construction equipment, factories, producing noise pollution are, in many ways,
lawn mowers, leaf blowers, televisions, boom acting like a bully in a school yard. Although
boxes, and car radios, to name a few, are they may do so unknowingly, they disregard
among the audible litter that is routinely the rights of others and claim for themselves
broadcast into the air. rights that are not theirs.
2) One measure of pollution is the danger it poses 6) Noise pollution differs from other forms of
to health. Noise negatively affects human pollution in a number of ways. Noise is tran-
health and well-being. Problems related to sient; once the pollution stops, the environ-
noise include hearing loss, stress, high blood ment is free of it. This is not the case with air
pressure, sleeplessness, fright, distraction, and pollution, for example. We can measure the
lost productivity. Noise pollution also contrib- amount of chemicals and other pollutants
utes to a general reduction in the quality of life introduced into the air. Scientists can esti-
and eliminates opportunities for tranquility. mate how much material can be introduced
into the air before harm is done. The same
3) A number of factors contribute to problems is true of water pollution and soil pollution.
of growing noise levels. One is increasing Though we can measure individual sounds
population, particularly when it leads to that may actually damage human hearing,
increasing urbanization and urban consolida- it is difficult to monitor cumulative exposure
tion, because activities associated with urban to noise or to determine just how much noise
living generally lead to increased noise levels. is too much. The definition of noise pollution
Another is the increasing volume of road, itself is highly subjective. To some people the
rail, and air traffic. Some people would add to roar of an engine is satisfying or thrilling; to
this list a diminishing sense of civility and a others it is an annoyance. Loud music may
growing disrespect for the rights of others. be a pleasure or a torment, depending on the
listener and the circumstances.
4) We experience noise in a number of ways. On
some occasions, we can be both the cause and 7) The actual loudness of a sound is only one
the victim of noise, such as when we are op- component of the negative effect noise pollu-
erating noisy appliances or equipment. There tion has on human beings. Other factors that
are also instances when we experience noise have to be considered are the time and place,
generated by others, just as people experience the duration, the source of the sound, and
secondhand smoke. In both instances, noise even the mood of the affected person. Most
is equally damaging physically. Secondhand people would not be bothered by the sound
noise is generally more troubling, however, of a 21-gun salute on a special occasion. On
because it is put into the environment by the other hand, the thump-thump of music
others, without our consent. coming from the apartment downstairs at 2
A.M., even if barely audible, might be a major
5) The air into which secondhand noise is emit- source of stress. The sound of a neighbor’s

lawn mower may be unobjectionable on a 5. In paragraph 5, the author explains the

summer afternoon, but if someone is hoping concept of interfering with others’ use and
to sleep late on a Saturday morning, the enjoyment of a commons by
sound of a lawn mower starting up just after A. comparing it to another common nega-
sunrise is an irritant. tive experience
B. pointing out ways in which people, busi-
Glossary nesses, and organizations sometimes
5
interfere with the rights of others
boom boxes: portable (but still large) radi- C. explaining that sometimes this inter-
os or CD players ference is intentional and sometimes
secondhand smoke: smoke that comes unintentional
from someone else’s cigarette D. giving examples of various forms of
commons and of ways people interfere
1. The word routinely in the passage is clos- with them
est in meaning to
A. regularly 6. The word transient in the passage is clos-
B. accidentally est in meaning to
C. recently A. irritating
D. unfortunately B. persistent
C. temporary
2. The phrase this list in the passage refers D. immeasurable
to a list of
A. types of noise pollution 7. Which of the following sentences best express-
B. factors that explain why noise pollu- es the essential information in the sentence
tion is getting worse below? (Incorrect answer choices omit impor-
C. activities that are associated with life tant information or change the meaning of the
in the city original sentence in an important way.)
D. methods of transportation
Though we can measure individual
3. In paragraph 4, the author implies that sounds that may actually damage human
secondhand noise pollution hearing, it is difficult to monitor cumu-
A. is not as damaging physically as noise lative exposure to noise or to determine
that one generates oneself just how much noise is too much.
B. damages a person’s health as much as A. It’s hard to monitor cumulative expo-
secondhand smoke sure to sound because it is difficult to
C. makes people both the cause and the measure individual sounds.
victim of noise pollution B. The louder the sound, the more diffi-
D. is usually more annoying because it is cult it is to measure.
out of one’s control C. Individual sounds can be measured,
but not the effects of long-term expo-
4. Which of the following is NOT an exam- sure to noise, and it’s hard to say what
ple of a “commons” as it is defined by the level of sound is safe.
author in paragraph 5? D. Individual sounds are not usually
A. a national park very damaging to human hearing, but
B. a factory multiple sounds that occur at the same
C. the air over a city time can be very harmful.
D. the water supply for a city

8. The word thrilling in the passage is closest commons.” ■ It belongs not to an individ-
in meaning to ual person or a group, but to everyone.
A. unusual ■ People, businesses, and organizations,
B. exciting therefore, do not have unlimited rights to
C. irritating broadcast noise as they please, as if the
D. unexpected effects of noise were limited only to their
private property. ■ Those that disregard
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the the obligation to not interfere with others’
components of the negative effects that use and enjoyment of the commons by pro-
noise pollution has on people? ducing noise pollution are, in many ways,
A. The volume of the sound acting like a bully in a schoolyard. ■ Al-
B. The time when the sound is heard though they may do so unknowingly, they
C. The source of the sound disregard the rights of others and claim for
D. The combination of one sound and themselves rights that are not theirs.
another
Circle the square ■ that indicates the best
10. .In paragraph 7, the author mentions a 21- place to add the sentence.
gun salute as an example of
A. a particularly irritating form of noise 12. DIRECTIONS: Select phrases from the answer
pollution choices and match them to the category to
B. a type of noise pollution that can cause which they relate. One answer choice will not
physical damage and fright be used. This question is worth 2 points.
C. a loud noise that most people tolerate
on special occasions Answer Choices
D. a noise that is much more annoying
than soft music A. After this form of pollution has stopped
being created, the environment is no longer
11. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate damaged by it.
where the following sentence could be add- B. It is simple to determine at what level it
ed to the passage. becomes dangerous.
C. Its definition changes from person to person.
On the contrary, they have an obliga- D. It is similar to water pollution in that the
tion to use the commons in ways that level at which it becomes dangerous is
are compatible with or do not detract known.
from other uses. E. It can be reduced in a number of ways that
are proposed in the passage by the author.
The air into which secondhand noise F. Its effects on a person may vary depending
is emitted and on which it travels is “a on what kind of mood that person is in.
Noise Pollution
•
•
•
Air Pollution
•
•

IN A NEW LIGHT: LEDs 4) Arrays of colored LEDs are beginning to be

used in traffic lights and automotive lights.
1) At the end of the 1800’s, Thomas Edison Today, colored light such as a red brake light
introduced the incandescent light bulb and is created by shining a white incandescent
changed the world. Remarkably, the incan- light through a colored plastic filter. This is
descent bulb used today has changed little in incredibly inefficient because only the red
over a hundred years. An incandescent light light that passes through the filter is used.
5
consists of a glass bulb filled with an inert The rest is wasted. Because LEDs actually
gas such as argon. Inside the bulb, electricity produce red light, no filter is needed and no
passes through a metal filament. Because of light is wasted. LEDs have other practical
resistance, the filament becomes so hot that applications as well. For example, they can
it glows. Given that 20% of the world’s elec- be used to light heat-sensitive materials like
tricity is used to power lights, this represents food or important documents.
an enormous amount of wasted energy.
5) The next challenge for researchers is to de-
2) In the 1940’s a new, more efficient form of velop an efficient, bright, inexpensive WLED.
lighting, the fluorescent bulb, was intro- A few years ago, a Japanese scientist named
duced. Fluorescents work by passing electri- Shuji Nakamura discovered that, by using
cal current through gas in a tube, producing layers of gallium nitride, he could create a
invisible ultraviolet light. A phosphor coating powerful blue LED. Later, engineers devised
on the inside of the tube then converts the ul- two ways to use this blue LED to create a
traviolet to visible light. Little heat is wasted. WLED. Red, green, and blue LEDs can be
Fluorescents have proved popular in offices, combined, creating a pleasant white light.
factories, and stores, but they never took over Another way is to use a chemical coating
the residential lighting market. The harsh similar to that inside a fluorescent bulb that
color isn’t as pleasing as the warmer glow converts the blue light to white.Neverthe-
of incandescent lamps. Besides, they have a less, it will still be some time before WLEDs
tendency to flicker on and off and to produce are commonly used in homes. WLEDs are
an annoying buzz. currently only twice as energy efficient as
incandescent. They are also very expensive.
3) Now, lighting engineers are developing a But researchers believe that they can create
new form of lighting that is both pleasing WLEDs that are ten times as efficient and
to the eyes and energy efficient. This is the one thousand times as long-lasting as incan-
light-emitting diode, or LED. LEDs are made descent lights, making them cost effective.
up of layers of electron charged substances.
When an electrical current passes through 6) LEDs may someday have an even greater
the layers, electrons jump from one layer to impact on developing countries than in the
another and give off light without produc- developed world. Worldwide, an estimated
ing heat. Different types of materials result 2 billion people lack access to electricity.
in light of different colors. Red, green, and Lighting is usually provided by kerosene
orange LEDs have been used for decades in lamps. Kerosene is expensive, creates indoor
devices such as digital clocks, calculators, pollution, does not provide very bright light,
and electronic toys. In the future, however, and worst of all, causes many fires. In India
white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) may be alone, 2.5 million people are killed or injured
used to light homes. Engineers say that they annually in fires caused by overturned ker-
are significantly more efficient than either osene lamps. A low-energy (1-watt) WLED
incandescent or fluorescent lights. can provide enough light for a person to read
by—more light, in fact, than most kerosene

lamps. An entire rural village could be 5. In paragraph 5, what achievement of Shuji

lighted with less energy than that used by Nakamura does the author mention?
a single conventional 100-watt light bulb. A. He discovered the chemical compound
Energy to light these efficient LEDs can be gallium nitride.
provided by batteries that are charged by B. He invented the first WLED.
pedal-driven generators, by hydroelectricity C. He found a way to combine blue, green,
from rivers or streams, by wind-powered and yellow LED light.
generators, or by solar energy. LEDs could D. He developed a bright blue LED.
revolutionize lighting to the same extent that
the cell phone has revolutionized communi- 6. It can be inferred from the passage that the
cation in places where land telephone lines most recently developed type of LED is a
are unavailable. powerful
A. red LED
Glossary B. white LED
C. blue LED
kerosene: a type of fuel mode from petrole- D. green LED
um that is often used in lamps or heaters
7. In paragraph 5, the author compares one
1. The word remarkably in the passage is type of WLED with fluorescent light be-
closest in meaning to cause they both
A. logically A. use ultraviolet light
B. generally B. are filled with gas
C. amazingly C. employ a chemical coating
D. naturally D. are energy efficient
2. In paragraph 2, which of the following is 8. From the information in paragraph 5, it is

NOT mentioned as one of the problems clear that WLEDs could be used in homes
with fluorescent lights? today if they were
A. The need to replace them often A. not so expensive
B. An annoying sound B. easier to install
C. The harsh quality of the light they C. twice as efficient as incandescent lights
produce D. available in various colors
D. Their tendency to flicker
9. The author gives details about the use of
3. According to the passage, a red LED is kerosene lights in paragraph 6 in order to
different from a green LED because it A. explain why people in developing coun-
A. is made from different materials tries prefer kerosene to electrical light
B. uses a different amount of energy B. show the problems and dangers associ-
C. uses a red plastic filter, not a green one ated with this form of lighting
D. produces less heat C. give an example of a type of lighting
that is not as important as it once was
4. The word they in the passage refers to D. demonstrate that kerosene is brighter
A. white-light-emitting diodes and easier to use than WLEDs
B. digital clocks, calculators, toys, and
similar devices 10. According to the information in paragraph
C. engineers 6, the electricity to power WLEDs in rural
D. red, orange, and green LEDs villages would come directly from
A. the energy of the sun

B. batteries 14. Below is an introductory sentence for a

C. water power brief summary of the passage. Complete
D. a human-powered generator the summary by writing the letters of
three of the answer choices that express
11. The word conventional in the passage is the most important ideas of the passage.
closest in meaning to Some of the answer choices are incorrect
A. inexpensive because they express ideas that are not giv-
5
B. powerful en in the passage or because they express
C. standard only details from the passage.
D. experimental
Incandescent lights and fluorescent
12. What opinion about cell phones in the de- lights are two common types of lighting,
veloping world does the author express in but incandescents are wasteful and flu-
paragraph 6? orescents are not popular for home use.
A. They are an important form of commu-
nication, but are still too expensive for
•
many people.
B. They are a much more important tech- •
nological development than LEDs.
C. They are not as useful as phones that •
use land lines.
D. They have changed communication in Answer Choices
the way LEDs may change lighting.
A. There are two ways to create WLEDs but
13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate neither type is commonly used in homes at
where the following sentence could be add- present.
ed to the passage. B. An entire rural village can be lit with LEDs
using no more energy than a 100-watt
But 95% of the energy goes to produce bulb.
heat and is basically wasted. C. Color LEDs are in use today, and white
At the end of the 1800’s, Thomas Edison LEDs may be used to light homes in the
introduced the incandescent light bulb and near future.
changed the world. Remarkably, the incan- D. LEDs are much more efficient than in-
descent bulb used today has changed little candescent lights but not as efficient as
in over a hundred years. ■ A glass bulb fluorescent lights.
is filled with an inert gas such as argon. E. The greatest impact of LEDs will probably
Inside the bulb, electricity passes through be in rural areas of the developing world.
a metal filament. ■ Because of resistance, F. LEDs, a relatively new form of lighting, are
the filament becomes so hot that it glows. efficient and produce a pleasant light.
■ Given that 20% of the world’s electricity
is used to power lights, this is an enormous
amount of wasted energy. ■
Circle the square■ that indicates the

best place to add the sentence.

THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS diving. Other features, however, show ex-

perts that Pakicetus is a transitional form
1) It should be obvious that cetaceans— between a group of extinct flesh-eating
whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals, the mesonyehids, and cetaceans.
mammals. They breathe through lungs, not It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed
through gills, and give birth to live young. on fish in shallow water and was not yet
Their streamlined bodies, the absence of adapted for life in the open ocean. It proba-
hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and bly bred and gave birth on land.
blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities
with land-dwelling mammals. However, 4) Another major discovery was made in
unlike the cases of sea otters and pinni- Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another
peds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in
limbs are functional both on land and at sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now
sea), it is not easy to envision what the first exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale
whales looked like. Extinct but already lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million
fully marine cetaceans are known from the years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete
fossil record. [■] How was the gap between skeletons were found but they included, for
a walking mammal and a swimming whale the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete
bridged? [■] Missing until recently were hind leg that features a foot with three tiny
fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, toes. Such legs would have been far too
between land mammals and cetaceans. small to have supported the 50-foot-long
Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was un-
2) [■] Very exciting discoveries have finally doubtedly a fully marine whale with possi-
allowed scientists to reconstruct the most bly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
likely origins of cetaceans. [■] In 1979, a
team looking for fossils in northern Pa- 5) An even more exciting find was reported in
kistan found what proved to be the old 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct
est fossil whale. The fossil was officially whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking
named Pakicetus in honor of the country whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49
where the discovery was made. Pakicetus million years ago. It lived around 3 million
was found embedded in rocks formed from years after Pakicetus but 9 million before
river deposits that were 52 million years Basilosaurus.The fossil luckily includes a
old. The river that formed these deposits good portion of the hind legs. The legs were
was actually not far from an ancient ocean strong and ended in long feet very much like
known as the Tethys Sea. those of a modern pinniped. The legs were
certainly functional both on land and at sea.
3) The fossil consists of a complete skull of an The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke,
archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors the major means of locomotion in modern
of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a cetaceans. The structure of the backbone
skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides pre- shows, however, that Ambulocetus
cious details on the origins of cetaceans. swam like modern whales by moving
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones the rear portion of its body up and
lack the enlarged space that is filled with down, even though a fluke was missing.
fat or oil and used for receiving underwater The large hind legs were used for propul-
sound in modern whales. Pakicetus proba- sion in water. On land, where it probably
bly detected sound through the ear opening bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have
as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a moved around very much like a modern sea
blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked

life on land with life at sea. 6. The word exposed in the passage is closest
in meaning to
6) Glossary A. explained
B. visible
1
Fluke: the two parts that constitute the C. identified
large triangular tail of a whale D. located
г
Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head
5
used for breathing 7. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred
and gave birth in which of the following
1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say locations?
about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? A. On land
A. A. It clearly indicates that cetaceans B. Both on land and at sea
are mammals C. In shallow water
B. B. It cannot conceal the fact that ceta- D. In a marine environment
ceans are mammals
C. C. It is the main difference between 8. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a signif-
cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals. icant find because it showed that Basilo-
D. D. It cannot yield clues about the ori- saurus
gins of cetaceans. A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
2. Which of the following can be inferred from C. was able to swim well
paragraph 1 about early sea otters? D. could not have walked on land
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they
looked like 9. Why does the author use the word luckily
B. There were great numbers of them. in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans
C. They lived in the sea only. fossil included hind legs?
D. They did not leave many fossil re- A. Fossil legs of early whales are a rare
mains. find.
B. The legs provided important informa-
3. The word precious in the passage is clos- tion about the evolution of cetaceans.
est in meaning to C. The discovery allowed scientists to
A. A. exact reconstruct a complete skeleton of the
B. B. scarce whale.
C. C. valuable D. Until that time, only the front legs of
D. D. initial early whales had been discovered.
4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have 10. Which of the sentences below best express-
similar es the essential information in the high-
A. hearing structures lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect
B. adaptations for diving choices change the meaning in important
C. skull shapes ways or leave out essential information.
D. breeding locations A. Even though Ambulocetus swam by
moving its body up and down, it did not
5. The word it in the passage refers to have a backbone.
A. Pakicetus B. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which
B. fish allowed it to swim, provides evidence of
C. life its missing fluke.
D. ocean C. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its

backbone structure shows that it swam an area rich in fossil evidence.

like modern whales. D. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet
D. By moving the rear parts of their bod- to be found.
ies up and down, modern whales swim E. Fossils thought to be transitional forms
in a different way from the way Ambu- between walking mammals and swim-
locetus swam. ming whales were found.
F. Ambulocetus hind legs were used for
11. The word propulsion in the passage is propulsion in the water.
closest in meaning to
A. staying afloat
B. changing direction
C. decreasing weight
D. moving forward
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate

where the following sentence can be added
to the passage.
This is a question that has puzzled

scientists for ages.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for

below. Complete the summary by selecting
the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage.
Some answer choices do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that
are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This question
is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fossils that

help to explain the likely origins of
cetaceans— whales, porpoises, and
dolphins.
Answer Choices
A. Recent discoveries of fossils have
helped to show the link between land
mammals and cetaceans.
B. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans
provided evidence for a whale that
lived both on land and at sea.
C. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was
found in what has been the Tethys Sea,

DESERT FORMATION 5) There is little doubt, however, that deser-

tification in most areas results primarily
1) The deserts, which already occupy approxi- from human activities rather than natural
mately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, processes. The semiarid lands bordering
have in recent decades been increasing at the deserts exist in a delicate ecological
an alarming pace. The expansion of de- balance and are limited in their poten-
sertlike conditions into areas where they tial to adjust to increased environmental
5
did not previously exist is called deser- pressures. Expanding populations are
tification. It has been estimated that an subjecting the land to increasing pressures
additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land to provide them with food and fuel. In wet
surface is threatened by this process. periods, the land may be able to respond to
these stresses. During the dry periods that
2) Desertification is accomplished primari- are common phenomena along the desert
ly through the loss of stabilizing natural margins, though, the pressure on the land
vegetation and the subsequent accelerated is often far in excess of its diminished ca-
erosion of the soil by wind and water. In pacity, and desertification results.
some cases the loose soil is blown complete-
ly away, leaving a stony surface. In other 6) Four specific activities have been identified
cases, the finer particles may be removed, as major contributors to the desertification
while the sand-sized particles are accumu- processes: overcultivation, overgrazing,
lated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. firewood gathering, and overirrigation.
The cultivation of crops has expanded into
3) Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, progressively drier regions as population
the reduction of vegetation typically results densities have grown. These regions are
in the loss of the soil’s ability to absorb sub- especially likely to have periods of severe
stantial quantities of water. The impact of dryness, so that crop failures are common.
raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer Since the raising of most crops necessitates
fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spac- the prior removal of the natural vegetation,
es, sealing them and producing a surface crop failures leave extensive tracts of land
that allows very little water penetration. devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to
Water absorption is greatly reduced, conse- wind and water erosion.
quently runoff is increased, resulting in ac-
celerated erosion rates. The gradual drying 7) [■]The raising of livestock is a major
of the soil caused by its diminished ability economic activity in semiarid lands, where
to absorb water results in the further loss grasses are generally the dominant type of
of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive natural vegetation. [■]The consequences of
surface deterioration is established. an excessive number of livestock grazing in
an area are the reduction of the vegetation
4) In some regions, the increase in desert cover and the trampling and pulverization
areas is occurring largely as the result of of the soil. [■]This is usually followed by
a trend toward drier climatic conditions. the drying of the soil and accelerated ero-
Continued gradual global warming has sion. [■]
produced an increase in aridity for some ar-
eas over the past few thousand years. The 8) Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking
process may be accelerated in subsequent and heating in many countries. The in-
decades if global warming resulting from creased pressures of expanding populations
air pollution seriously increases. have led to the removal of woody plants so
that many cities and towns are surrounded

by large areas completely lacking in trees A. fragile

and shrubs. The increasing use of dried B. predictable
animal waste as a substitute fuel has also C. complex
hurt the soil because this valuable soil con- D. valuable
ditioner and source of plant nutrients is no
longer being returned to the land. 4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods,
border areas have difficulty
9) The final major human cause of deserti- A. adjusting to stresses created by settle-
fication is soil salinization resulting from ment
overirrigation. Excess water from irriga- B. retaining their fertility after desertifi-
tion sinks down into the water table. If no cation
drainage system exists, the water table ris- C. providing water for irrigating crops
es, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. D. attracting populations in search of food
The water evaporates and the salts are left and fuel
behind, creating a white crustal layer that
prevents air and water from reaching the 5. The word progressively in the passage is
underlying soil. The extreme serious- closest in meaning to
ness of desertification results from the A. openly
vast areas of land and the tremendous B. impressively
numbers of people affected, as well as C. objectively
from the great difficulty of reversing D. increasingly
or even slowing the process. Once the
soil has been removed by erosion, only 6. The phrase devoid of in the passage is
the passage of centuries or millennia will closest in meaning to
enable new soil to form. In areas where A. consisting of
considerable soil still remains, though, a B. hidden by
rigorously enforced program of land protec- C. except for
tion and cover-crop planting may make it D. lacking in
possible to reverse the present deteriora-
tion of the surface. 7. According to paragraph 6, which of the
following is often associated with raising
1. The word threatened in the passage is crops?
closest in meaning to A. Lack of proper irrigation techniques
A. restricted B. Failure to plant crops suited to the
B. endangered particular area
C. prevented C. Removal of the original vegetation
D. rejected D. Excessive use of dried animal waste
2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of nat- 8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s

ural vegetation has which of the following absorption of excess water is a factor in
consequences for soil? desertification because it can
A. Increased stony content A. interfere with the irrigation of land
B. Reduced water absorption B. limit the evaporation of water
C. Increased numbers of spaces in the soil C. require more absorption of air by the
D. Reduced water runoff soil
D. bring salts to the surface
3. The word delicate in the passage is closest
in meaning to 9. All of the following are mentioned in the

passage as contributing to desertification Where would the sentence best fit?

EXCEPT
A. soil erosion 13. Directions: An introductory sentence for
B. global warming a brief summary of the passage is provided
C. insufficient irrigation below. Complete the summary by selecting
D. the raising of livestock the THREE answer choices that express
5
10. Which of the sentences below best express- Some answer choices do not belong in the
es the essential information in the high- summary because they express ideas that
lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect are not presented in the passage or are
choices change the meaning in important minor ideas in the passage. This question
ways or leave out essential information. is worth 2 points.
A. Desertification is a significant problem
because it is so hard to reverse and Many factors have contributed to the
affects large areas of land and great great increase in desertification in
numbers of people. recent decades.
B. Slowing down the process of desertifi-
cation is difficult because of population Answer Choices
growth that has spread over large
areas of land. A. Growing human populations and the
C. The spread of deserts is considered a agricultural demands that come with such
very serious problem that can be solved growth have upset the ecological balance in
only if large numbers of people in vari- some areas and led to the spread of deserts.
ous countries are involved in the effort. B. As periods of severe dryness have become
D. Desertification is extremely hard to re- more common, failures of a number of dif-
verse unless the population is reduced ferent crops have increased.
in the vast areas affected. C. Excessive numbers of cattle and the need
for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses
11. It can be inferred from the passage that the and trees, leaving the land unprotected
author most likely believes which of the fol- and vulnerable.
lowing about the future of desertification? D. Extensive irrigation with poor drainage
A. Governments will act quickly to control brings salt to the surface of the soil, a pro-
further desertification. cess that reduces water and air absorption.
B. The factors influencing desertification E. Animal dung enriches the soil by providing
occur in cycles and will change in the nutrients for plant growth.
future. F. Grasses are generally the dominant type of
C. Desertification will continue to in- natural vegetation in semiarid lands.
crease.
D. Desertification will soon occur in all
areas of the world.

to the passage.
This economic reliance on livestock in

certain regions makes large tracts of
land susceptible to overgrazing.

EARLY CINEMA 25 to 50 cents admission. [■]About a year

after the opening of the first Kinetoscope
1) The cinema did not emerge as a form of parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis
mass consumption until its technology and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and
evolved from the initial “peepshow” format Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and
to the point where images were project- Woodville Latham (with the assistance
ed on a screen in a darkened theater. In of Edison’s former assistant, William
the peepshow format, a film was viewed Dickson) perfected projection devices. [■]
through a small opening in a machine These early projection devices were used in
that was created for that purpose. Thomas vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, lo-
Edison’s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, cal town halls, makeshift storefront theat-
was introduced to the public in 1894. ers, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to
It was designed for use in Kinetoscope show films to a mass audience. [■]
parlors, or arcades, which contained only
a few individual machines and permitted 4) With the advent of projection in 1895-1896,
only one customer to view a short, 50-foot motion pictures became the ultimate form
film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope of mass consumption. Previously, large
parlors contained five machines. For the audiences had viewed spectacles at the
price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), theater, where vaudeville, popular dra-
customers moved from machine to machine mas, musical and minstrel shows, classi-
to watch five different films (or, in the case cal plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern
of famous prizefights, successive rounds of shows had been presented to several hun-
a single fight). dred spectators at a time. But the movies
differed significantly from these other
2) These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled forms of entertainment, which depended
on phonograph parlors, which had proven on either live performance or (in the case
successful for Edison several years earli- of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active
er. In the phonograph parlors, customers involvement of a master of ceremonies who
listened to recordings through individual assembled the final program.
ear tubes, moving from one machine to the
next to hear different recorded speeches or 5) Although early exhibitors regularly accom-
pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors panied movies with live acts, the substance
functioned in a similar way. Edison was of the movies themselves is mass-produced,
more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes prerecorded material that can easily be
(for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors reproduced by theaters with little or no
than in the films that would be run in them active participation by the exhibitor. Even
(which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). though early exhibitors shaped their film
He refused to develop projection tech- programs by mixing films and other en-
nology, reasoning that if he made and tertainments together in whichever way
sold projectors, then exhibitors would they thought would be most attractive to
purchase only one machine—a projec- audiences or by accompanying them with
tor—from him instead of several. lectures, their creative control remained
limited. What audiences came to see was
3) [■]Exhibitors, however, wanted to max- the technological marvel of the movies; the
imize their profits, which they could do lifelike reproduction of the commonplace
more readily by projecting a handful of motion of trains, of waves striking the
films to hundreds of customers at a time shore, and of people walking in the street;
(rather than one at a time) and by charging and the magic made possible by trick

photography and the manipulation of the developing a technology based on only

camera. one.
B. Edison refused to work on projection
6) With the advent of projection, the viewers technology because he did not think ex-
relationship with the image was no longer hibitors would replace their projectors
private, as it had been with earlier peep- with newer machines.
show devices such as the Kinetoscope and C. Edison did not want to develop projec-
5
the Mutoscope, which was a similar mation technology because it limited the
chine that reproduced motion by means of number of machines he could sell.
successive images on individual photograph- D. Edison would not develop projection
ic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It technology unless exhibitors agreed to
suddenly became public—an experience purchase more than one projector from
that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, him.
and even hundreds of others. At the same
time, the image that the spectator looked at 4. The word readily in the passage is closest
expanded from the minuscule peepshow in meaning to
dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the A. frequently
life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. B. easily
C. intelligently
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the follow D. obviously
ing were true of viewing films in Kineto-
scope parlors EXCEPT: 5. The word assistance in the passage is clos-
A. One individual at a time viewed a film. est in meaning to
B. Customers could view one film after A. criticism
another. B. leadership
C. Prizefights were the most popular sub- C. help
jects for films. D. approval
D. Each film was short.
6. According to paragraph 4, how did the ear-
2. The author discusses phonograph parlors ly movies differ from previous spectacles
in paragraph 2 in order to that were presented to large audiences?
A. explain Edison’s financial success A. They were a more expensive form of
B. describe the model used to design Ki- entertainment.
netoscope parlors B. They were viewed by larger audiences.
C. contrast their popularity to that of C. They were more educational.
Kinetoscope parlors D. They did not require live entertainers.
D. illustrate how much more technolog-
ically advanced Kinetoscope parlors 7. According to paragraph 5, what role did
were early exhibitors play in the presentation of
movies in theaters?
3. Which of the sentences below best express- A. They decided how to combine various
es the essential information in the high- components of the film program.
lighted sentence from the passage? Incor- B. They advised film-makers on appropri-
rect answer choices change the meaning ate movie content.
in important ways or leave out essential C. They often took part in the live-action
information. performances.
A. Edison was more interested in devel- D. They produced and prerecorded the ma-
oping a variety of machines than in terial that was shown in the theaters.

8. Which of the following is mentioned in par- 13. Directions: An introductory sentence for
agraph 6 as one of the ways the Mutoscope a brief summary of the passage is provided
differed from the Kinetoscope? below. Complete the summary by selecting
A. Sound and motion were simultaneously the THREE answer choices that express
produced in the Mutoscope. the most important ideas in the passage.
B. More than one person could view the Some answer choices do not belong in the
images at the same time with the Mu- summary because they express ideas that
toscope. are not presented in the passage or are
C. The Mutoscope was a less sophisticated minor ideas in the passage. This question
earlier prototype of the Kinetoscope. is worth 2 points.
D. Different type of material was used to
produce the images used in the Muto- The technology for modern cinema
scope. evolved at the end of the nineteenth
century.
9. The word it in the passage refers to
A. the advent of projection Answer Choices
B. the viewer’s relationship with the image
C. a similar machine A. Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films
D. celluloid were modeled on phonograph parlors.
B. Thomas Edison’s design of the Kineto-
10. According to paragraph 6, the images scope inspired the development of large
seen by viewers in the earlier peepshows, screen projection.
compared to the images projected on the C. Early cinema allowed individuals to
screen, were relatively use special machines to view films
A. small in size privately.
B. expensive to create D. Slide-and-Lantern shows had been
C. unfocused presented to audiences of hundreds of
D. limited in subject matter spectators.
E. The development of projection technol-
11. The word expanded in the passage is clos- ogy made it possible to project images
est in meaning to on a large screen.
A. was enlarged F. Once film images could be projected,
B. was improved the cinema became a form of mass
C. was varied consumption.
D. was rejected

to the passage.
When this widespread use of projec-

tion technology began to hurt his Ki-
netoscope business, Edison acquired
a projector developed by Armat and
introduced it as “Edison’s latest mar-
vel, the Vitascope.”

AGGRESSION they are dominated by, or at the mercy of,

aggressive impulses.
1) When one animal attacks another, it engages
in the most obvious example of aggressive 5) The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists
behavior. Psychologists have adopted sever- adopting the psychodynamic approach hold
al approaches to understanding aggressive that inner conflicts are crucial for understand-
behavior in people. ing human behavior, including aggression.
5
Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that ag-
2) The Biological Approach. Numerous gressive impulses are inevitable reactions to
biological structures and chemicals appear to the frustrations of daily life. Children normal-
be involved in aggression. One is the hypo- ly desire to vent aggressive impulses on other
thalamus, a region of the brain. In response to people, including their parents, because even
certain stimuli, many animals show instinc- the most attentive parents cannot gratify all
tive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus of their demands immediately. [■]Yet chil
appears to be involved in this inborn reaction dren, also fearing their parents’ punishment
pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the and the loss of parental love, come to repress
hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggres- most aggressive impulses. [■]The Freudian
sive behaviors in many animals. In people, perspective, in a sense, sees us as “steam en-
however, whose brains are more complex, gines.” [■]By holding in rather than venting
other brain structures apparently moderate “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.
possible instincts. [■]Pent-up aggressive impulses demand out-
lets. They may be expressed toward parents
3) An offshoot of the biological approach called in indirect ways such as destroying furniture,
sociobiology suggests that aggression is natu- or they may be expressed toward strangers
ral and even desirable for people. Sociobiology later in life.
views much social behavior, including aggres-
sive behavior, as genetically determined. Con- 6) According to psychodynamic theory, the best
sider Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin ways to prevent harmful aggression may
held that many more individuals are produced be to encourage less harmful aggression. In
than can find food and survive into adulthood. the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression
A struggle for survival follows. Those individ- may vent some of the aggressive steam. So
uals who possess characteristics that provide might cheering on one’s favorite sports team.
them with an advantage in the struggle Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psy-
for existence are more likely to survive and chodynamic approach, refer to the venting of
contribute their genes to the next generation. aggressive impulses as “catharsis.” Catharsis
In many species, such characteristics include is theorized to be a safety valve. But research
aggressiveness. Because aggressive individu- findings on the usefulness of catharsis are
als are more likely to survive and reproduce, mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis
whatever genes are linked to aggressive leads to reductions in tension and a lowered
behavior are more likely to be transmitted to likelihood of future aggression. Other studies,
subsequent generations. however, suggest that letting some steam
escape actually encourages more aggression
4) The sociobiological view has been attacked on later on.
numerous grounds. One is that people’s capac-
ity to outwit other species, not their aggres- 7) The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psy-
siveness, appears to be the dominant factor in chologists assert that our behavior is influ-
human survival. Another is that there is too enced by our values, by the ways in which
much variation among people to believe that we interpret our situations, and by choice.

For example, people who believe that C. many more individuals are born than
aggression is necessary and justi- can survive until the age of reproduction
fied—as during wartime—are likely to D. individuals with certain genes are
act aggressively whereas people who more likely to reach adulthood
believe that a particular war or act of
aggression is unjust, or who think that 3. The word inevitable in the passage is
aggression is never justified, are less closest in meaning to
likely to behave aggressively. A. unavoidable
B. regrettable
8) One cognitive theory suggests that aggra- C. controllable
vating and painful events trigger unpleasant D. unsuitable
feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead
to aggressive action, but not automatically. 4. The word gratify in the passage is closest
Cognitive factors intervene. People decide in meaning to
whether they will act aggressively or not on A. identify
the basis of factors such as their experiences B. modify
with aggression and their interpretation of C. satisfy
other people’s motives. Supporting evidence D. simplify
comes from research showing that aggressive
people often distort other people’s motives. 5. The word they in the passage refers to
For example, they assume that other people A. future explosions
mean them harm when they do not. B. pent-up aggressive impulses
C. outlets
9) Glossary D. indirect ways
Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the 6. According to paragraph 5, Freud believed that

purging of strong emotions or the relieving children experience conflict between a desire
of tensions. to vent aggression on their parents and
A. a frustration that their parents do not
1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence give them everything they want
indicates that aggression in animals is B. a fear that their parents will punish
related to the hypothalamus? them and stop loving them
A. Some aggressive animal species have a C. a desire to take care of their parents
highly developed hypothalamus. D. a desire to vent aggression on other
B. Artificial stimulation of the hypothala- family members
mus results in aggression in animals.
C. Animals behaving aggressively show 7. Freud describes people as steam engines in
increased activity in the hypothalamus. order to make the point that people
D. Animals who lack a hypothalamus dis- A. deliberately build up their aggression
play few aggressive tendencies. to make themselves stronger
B. usually release aggression in explosive
2. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, ways
members of a species are forced to struggle C. must vent their aggression to prevent
for survival because it from building up
A. not all individuals are skilled in finding D. typically lose their aggression if they
food do not express it
B. individuals try to defend their young
against attackers 8. Which of the sentences below best expresses

the essential information in the highlighted A. moral values

sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer B. previous experiences with aggression
choices change the meaning in important C. instinct to avoid aggression
ways or leave out essential information. D. beliefs about other people’s intentions
A. People who believe that they are fight-
ing a just war act aggressively while 10. The word distort in the passage is closest
those who believe that they are fight- in meaning to
5
ing an unjust war do not. A. mistrust
B. People who believe that aggression is B. misinterpret
necessary and justified are more likely C. criticize
to act aggressively than those who D. resent
believe differently.
C. People who normally do not believe 11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
that aggression is necessary and where the following sentence can be added
justified may act aggressively during to the passage.
wartime.
D. People who believe that aggression is According to Freud, however, impuls-
necessary and justified do not necessar- es that have been repressed continue
ily act aggressively during wartime. to exist and demand expression.
9. According to the cognitive approach de- Where would the sentence best fit?
scribed in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the fol-
lowing may influence the decision whether 12. Directions: Complete the table below by
to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s matching five of the six answer choices with
the approach to aggression that they exem-
plify. This question is worth 3 points.
Approach to Understanding Aggression Associated Claims
Biological Approach >
>
Psychodynamic Approach
>
>
Cognitive Approach
>
Answer Choices
A. Aggressive impulses toward people are E. Acting aggressively is the result of a choice
sometimes expressed in indirect ways. influenced by a person’s values and beliefs.
B. Aggressiveness is often useful for individu- F. Repressing aggressive impulses can result
als in the struggle for survival. in aggressive behavior.
C. Aggressive behavior may involve a misun-
derstanding of other people’s intentions.
D. The need to express aggressive impulses
declines with age.

ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION alism demanded a worker who was alert,

dependable, and self-disciplined. Absen-
1) Before 1815 manufacturing in the United teeism and lateness hurt productivity and,
States had been done in homes or shops by since work was specialized, disrupted the
skilled artisans. [■]As master craftwork- regular factory routine. Industrialization
ers, they imparted the knowledge of their not only produced a fundamental change
trades to apprentices and journeymen. [■] in the way work was organized; it trans-
In addition, women often worked in their formed the very nature of work.
homes part-time, making finished articles
from raw material supplied by merchant 4) The first generation to experience these
capitalists. [■]After 1815 this older form changes did not adopt the new attitudes
of manufacturing began to give way to easily. The factory clock became the symbol
factories with machinery tended by un- of the new work rules. One mill worker
skilled or semiskilled laborers. [■]Cheap who finally quit complained revealingly
transportation networks, the rise of cities, about “obedience to the ding-dong of the
and the availability of capital and credit all bell—just as though we are so many living
stimulated the shift to factory production. machines.” With the loss of personal free-
dom also came the loss of standing in the
2) The creation of a labor force that was community. Unlike artisan workshops in
accustomed to working in factories did which apprentices worked closely with the
not occur easily. Before the rise of the masters supervising them, factories sharp-
factory, artisans had worked within the ly separated workers from management.
home. Apprentices were considered Few workers rose through the ranks to
part of the family, and masters were supervisory positions, and even fewer could
responsible not only for teaching achieve the artisan’s dream of setting up
their apprentices a trade but also for one’s own business. Even well-paid workers
providing them some education and sensed their decline in status.
for supervising their moral behavior.
Journeymen knew that if they perfected 5) In this newly emerging economic order,
their skill, they could become respected workers sometimes organized to protect
master artisans with their own shops. their rights and traditional ways of life.
Also, skilled artisans did not work by the Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers,
clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts and tailors formed unions, and in 1834
of intense labor alternating with more individual unions came together in the
leisurely time. National Trades’ Union. The labor move-
ment gathered some momentum in the
3) The factory changed that. Goods produced decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the
by factories were not as finished or ele- depression that followed, labor’s strength
gant as those done by hand, and pride in collapsed. During hard times, few workers
craftsmanship gave way to the pressure were willing to strike* or engage in collec-
to increase rates of productivity. The new tive action. And skilled craftworkers, who
methods of doing business involved a new spearheaded the union movement, did
and stricter sense of time. Factory life not feel a particularly strong bond with
necessitated a more regimented schedule, semiskilled factory workers and unskilled
where work began at the sound of a bell laborers. More than a decade of agitation
and workers kept machines going at a con- did finally bring a workday shortened to 10
stant pace. At the same time, workers were hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and
required to discard old habits, for industri- the courts also recognized workers’ right to

strike, but these gains had little immediate them irresponsibly.

impact. B. The responsibilities of the master to
the apprentice went beyond the teach-
Workers were united in resenting the ing of a trade.
industrial system and their loss of status, C. Masters preferred to maintain the
but they were divided by ethnic and racial trade within the family by supervis-
antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious ing and educating the younger family
5
perspectives, occupational differences, members.
political party loyalties, and disagreements D. Masters who trained members of their
over tactics. For them, the factory and in- own family as apprentices demanded
dustrialism were not agents of opportunity excellence from them.
but reminders of their loss of independence
and a measure of control over their lives. 3. The word disrupted in the passage is clos-
As United States society became more est in meaning to
specialized and differentiated, greater ex- A. prolonged
tremes of wealth began to appear. And as B. established
the new markets created fortunes for the C. followed
few, the factory system lowered the wages D. upset
of workers by dividing labor into smaller,
less skilled tasks. 4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the
quotation from a mill worker in order to
Glossary A. support the idea that it was difficult for
workers to adjust to working in facto-
*strike: a stopping of work that is organized ries
by workers B. to show that workers sometimes quit
because of the loud noise made by fac-
1. Which of the following can be inferred from tory machinery
the passage about articles manufactured C. argue that clocks did not have a useful
before 1815? function in factories
A. They were primarily produced by D. emphasize that factories were most
women. successful when workers revealed their
B. They were generally produced in shops complaints
rather than in homes.
C. They were produced with more concern 5. All of the following are mentioned in para-
for quality than for speed of produc- graph 4 as consequences of the new system
tion. for workers EXCEPT a loss of
D. They were produced mostly in large A. freedom
cities with extensive transportation B. status in the community
networks. C. opportunities for advancement
D. contact among workers who were not
2. Which of the sentences below best express- managers
es the essential information in the high-
lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect 6. The phrase gathered some momentum
answer choices change the meaning in in the passage is closest in meaning to
important ways or leave out essential infor- A. made progress
mation. B. became active
A. Masters demanded moral behavior C. caused changes
from apprentices but often treated D. combined forces

7. The word spearheaded in the passage is D. increased workers’ resentment of the

closest in meaning to industrial system
A. led
B. accepted 10. The word them in the passage refers to
C. changed A. workers
D. resisted B. political party loyalties
C. disagreements over tactics
8. Which of the following statements about D. agents of opportunity
the labor movement of the 1800’s is sup-
ported by paragraph 5? 11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
A. It was most successful during times of where the following sentence can be added
economic crisis. to the passage.
B. Its primary purpose was to benefit
unskilled laborers. This new form of manufacturing
C. It was slow to improve conditions for depended on the movement of goods
workers. to distant locations and a centralized
D. It helped workers of all skill levels source of laborers.
form a strong bond with each other
9. The author identifies political party loyal
ties, and disagreements over tactics as two 12. Directions: Complete the table below by
of several factors that indicating which of the answer choices
A. encouraged workers to demand higher describe characteristics of the period before
wages 1815 and which describe characteristics
B. created divisions among workers of the 1815-1860 period. This question is
C. caused work to become more specialized worth 3 points.
Before 1815 1815-1850
> >
> >
>
Answer Choices
A. A united, highly successful labor movement

took shape.
B. Workers took pride in their workmanship.
C. The income gap between the rich and the
poor increased greatly.
D. Transportation networks began to decline.
E. Emphasis was placed on following sched-
ules.
F. Workers went through an extensive period
of training.
G. Few workers expected to own their own
businesses.

SWIMMING MACHINES most of their scales have been lost, tunas

and mackerels retain a patch of coarse
1) Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, scales near the head called the corselet.
sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continu- The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct
ously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, the flow of water over the body surface in
and even “rest” are carried out while in such as way as to reduce resistance (see
constant motion. As a result, practically the figure). Again, supersonic jets have
5
every aspect of the body form and function similar features. [■] Because they are
of these swimming “machines” is adapted always swimming, tunas simply have to
to enhance their ability to swim. open their mouths and water is forced in
and over their gills. [■] Accordingly, they
2) Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve have lost most of the muscles that other
to reduce water resistance (drag). Interest- fishes use to suck in water and push it past
ingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic the gills. [■] In fact, tunas must swim to
adaptations resemble features designed to breathe. [■] They must also keep swim-
improve the aerodynamics of high-speed ming to keep from sinking, since most have
aircraft. Though human engineers are new to largely or completely lost the swim bladder,
the game, tunas and their relatives evolved the gas-filled sack that helps most other
their “high-tech” designs long ago. fish remain buoyant.
3) Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have 6) One potential problem is that opening
made streamlining into an art form. Their the mouth to breathe detracts from
bodies are sleek and compact. The body the streamlining of these fishes and
shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal tends to slow them down. Some species
from an engineering point of view. Most of tuna have specialized grooves in their
species lack scales over most of the body, tongue. It is thought that these grooves
making it smooth and slippery. The eyes help to channel water through the mouth
lie flush with the body and do not protrude and out the gill slits, thereby reducing
at all. They are also covered with a slick, water resistance.
transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins
are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities 7) There are adaptations that increase the
that also help cut drag. When not in use, amount of forward thrust as well as those
the fins are tucked into special grooves or that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are
depressions so that they lie flush with the the envy of engineers. Their high, nar-
body and do not break up its smooth con- row tails with swept-back tips are almost
tours. Airplanes retract their landing perfectly adapted to provide propulsion
gear while in flight for the same reason. with the least possible effort. Perhaps
most important of all to these and other
4) Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even fast swimmers is their ability to sense and
more sophisticated adaptations than make use of swirls and eddies (circular
these to improve their hydrodynamics. The currents) in the water. They can glide past
long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and sword- eddies that would slow them down and
fish probably helps them slip through the then gain extra thrust by “pushing off” the
water. Many supersonic aircraft have a eddies. Scientists and engineers are begin-
similar needle at the nose. ning to study this ability of fishes in the
hope of designing more efficient propulsion
5) Most tunas and billfishes have a series of systems for ships.
keels and finlets near the tail. Although

8) The muscles of these fishes and the mech- A. increasing their ability to defend them-
anism that maintains a warm body tem- selves
perature are also highly efficient. A bluefin B. allowing them to change direction
tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain easily
a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). C. increasing their ability to detect odors
This warm body temperature may help not D. reducing water resistance as they swim
only the muscles to work better, but also
the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have 6. According to the passage, which of the fol-
gone one step further. They have evolved lowing is one of the reasons that tunas are
special “heaters of modified muscle tissue in constant motion?
that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining A. They lack a swim bladder.
peak performance of these critical organs. B. They need to suck in more water than
other fishes do.
1. The word enhance in the passage is clos- C. They have large muscles for breathing.
est in meaning to D. They cannot open their mouths unless
A. use they are in motion.
B. improve
C. counteract 7. Which of the sentences below best express-
D. balance es the essential information in the high-
lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect
2. The word they in the passage refers to answer choices change the meaning in
A. qualities important ways or leave out essential infor-
B. fins mation.
C. grooves A. These fishes often have a problem
D. depressions opening their mouths while swimming.
B. The streamlining of these fishes pre-
3. Why does the author mention that Airplanes vents them from slowing down.
retract their landing gear while in flight? C. The streamlining of these fishes tends
A. To show that air resistance and water to slow down their breathing.
resistance work differently from each D. Opening the mouth to breathe can
other reduce the speed of these fishes.
B. To argue that some fishes are better
designed than airplanes are 8. The word channel in the passage is closest
C. To provide evidence that airplane engine in meaning to
have studied the design of fish bodies A. reduce
D. To demonstrate a similarity in design B. remove
between certain fishes and airplanes C. direct
D. provide
4. The word sophisticated in the passage is
closest in meaning to 9. According to the passage, one of the adap-
A. complex tations of fast-swimming fishes that might
B. amazing be used to improve the performance of
C. creative ships is these fishes’ ability to
D. practical A. swim directly through eddies
B. make efficient use of water currents
5. According to paragraph 4, the long bills C. cover great distances without stopping
marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably D. gain speed by forcing water past their
help these fishes by gills

10. According to paragraph 8, which of the 11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
following is true of bluefin tunas? where the following sentence can be added
A. Their eyes and brain are more efficient to the passage.
than those of any other fish.
B. Their body temperature can change Consequently, tunas do not need to
greatly depending on the water tem- suck in water.
perature.
5
C. They can swim in waters that are Where would the sentence best fit?
much colder than their own bodies.
D. They have special muscle tissue that 12. Directions: Complete the table below by
warms their eyes and brain. indicating which features of fishes are asso-
ciated in the passage with reducing water
resistance and which are associated with
increasing thrust. This question is worth
3 points.
Reducing Water Resistance Increasing Thrust
>
>
>
>
>
Features of Fishes
A. The absence of scales from most of the body

B. The ability to take advantage of eddies
C. The ability to feed and reproduce while
swimming
D. Eyes that do not protrude
E. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth
F. The habit of swimming with the mouth
open
G. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips

NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE by raising national income and expanding

UNITED STATES opportunity. The government’s respon-
sibility was to provide a well-regulated
1) The development of the modern presidency economy that guaranteed opportunity for
in the United States began with Andrew citizens of ability.
Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the
head of the Democratic Party and served 4) Whigs and Democrats differed not only in
until 1837. During his administration he their attitudes toward the market but also
immeasurably enlarged the power of the about how active the central government
presidency. “The President is the direct rep- should be in people’s lives. Despite An-
resentative of the American people,” he lec- drew Jackson’s inclination to be a strong
tured the Senate when it opposed him. “He President, Democrats as a rule believed
was elected by the people, and is responsible in limited government. Government’s role
to them.” With this declaration, Jackson in the economy was to promote competi-
redefined the character of the presidential tion by destroying monopolies1 and special
office and its relationship to the people. privileges. In keeping with this philosophy
of limited government, Democrats also
2) During Jackson’s second term, his oppo- rejected the idea that moral beliefs were
nents had gradually come together to form the proper sphere of government action.
the Whig party. [■] Whigs and Democrats Religion and politics, they believed, should
held different attitudes toward the changes be kept clearly separate, and they general-
brought about by the market, banks, and ly opposed humanitarian legislation.
commerce. [■] The Democrats tended to
view society as a continuing conflict between 5) The Whigs, in contrast, viewed govern-
“the people”— farmers, planters, and work- ment power positively. They believed that
ers — and a set of greedy aristocrats. [■] it should be used to protect individual
This “paper money aristocracy” of bankers rights and public liberty, and that it had
and investors manipulated the banking sys- a special role where individual effort was
tem for their own profit, Democrats claimed, ineffective. By regulating the economy and
and sapped the nation’s virtue by encour- competition, the government could ensure
aging speculation and the desire for sud- equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the
den, unearned wealth. [■] The Democrats concept of government promoting the gen-
wanted the rewards of the market without eral welfare went beyond the economy. In
sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian particular, Whigs in the northern sections
republic. They wanted the wealth that the of the United States also believed that gov-
market offered without the competitive, ernment power should be used to foster the
changing society; the complex dealing; the moral welfare of the country. They were
dominance of urban centers; and the loss of much more likely to favor social-reform
independence that came with it. legislation and aid to education.
3) Whigs, on the other hand, were more 6) In some ways the social makeup of the two
comfortable with the market. For them, parties was similar. To be competitive in
commerce and economic development were winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both
agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs had to have significant support among
envision any conflict in society between farmers, the largest group in society,
farmers and workers on the one hand and and workers. Neither party could win an
businesspeople and bankers on the other. election by appealing exclusively to the rich
Economic growth would benefit everyone or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed

disproportionate strength among the A. The Democratic Party’s main source of

business and commercial classes. Whigs support
appealed to planters who needed credit to B. The people that Democrats claimed
finance their cotton and rice trade in the were unfairly becoming rich
world market, to farmers who were eager C. The people most interested in a return
to sell their surpluses, and to workers who to a simple agrarian republic
wished to improve themselves. Democrats D. One of the groups in favor of Andrew
5
attracted farmers isolated from the market Jackson’s presidency
or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated
from the emerging industrial system, 4. According to paragraph 3, Whigs believed
and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to that commerce and economic development
break monopolies and open the economy would have which of the following effects
to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs on society?
were strongest in the towns, cities, A. They would promote the advancement
and those rural areas that were fully of society as a whole.
integrated into the market economy, B. They would cause disagreements be-
whereas Democrats dominated areas of tween Whigs and Democrats.
semisubsistence farming that were more C. They would supply new positions for
isolated and languishing economically. Whig Party members.
D. They would prevent conflict between
Glossary farmers and workers.
1
Monopolies—Companies or individuals 5. According to paragraph 3, which of the
that exclusively own or control commercial following describes the Whig Party’s view
enterprises with no competitors. of the role of government?
A. To regulate the continuing conflict be-
1. The word immeasurably in the passage is tween farmers and businesspeople
closest in meaning to B. To restrict the changes brought about
A. frequently by the market
B. greatly C. To maintain an economy that allowed
C. rapidly all capable citizens to benefit
D. reportedly D. To reduce the emphasis on economic
development
2. According to paragraph 1, the presidency of
Andrew Jackson was especially significant 6. The word inclination in the passage is
for which of the following reasons? closest in meaning to
A. The President granted a portion of his A. argument
power to the Senate. B. tendency
B. The President began to address the C. example
Senate on a regular basis. D. warning
C. It was the beginning of the modern
presidency in the United States. 7. According to paragraph 4, a Democrat
D. It was the first time that the Senate had would be most likely to support government
been known to oppose the President. action in which of the following areas?
A. Creating a state religion
3. The author mentions bankers and inves- B. Supporting humanitarian legislation
tors in the passage as an example of which C. Destroying monopolies
of the following? D. Recommending particular moral beliefs

8. The word concept in the passage is closest 12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate
in meaning to where the following sentence can be added
A. power to the passage.
B. reality
C. difficulty This new party argued against the
D. idea policies of Jackson and his party in a
number of important areas, beginning
9. Which of the following can be inferred from with the economy.
paragraph 5 about variations in political
beliefs within the Whig Party? Where would the sentence best fit?
A. They were focused on issues of public
liberty. 13. Directions: An introductory sentence for
B. They caused some members to leave a brief summary of the passage is provided
the Whig party. below. Complete the summary by selecting
C. They were unimportant to most Whigs. the THREE answer choices that express
D. They reflected regional interests. the most important ideas in the passage.
Some answer choices do not belong in the
10. According to paragraph 6, the Democrats summary because they express ideas that
were supported by all of the following are not presented in the passage or are
groups EXCEPT minor ideas in the passage. This question
A. workers unhappy with the new indus- is worth 2 points.
trial system
B. planters involved in international The political system of the United States
trade in the mid-nineteenth century was
C. rising entrepreneurs strongly influenced by the social and
D. individuals seeking to open the econo- economic circumstances of the time.
my to newcomers
Answer Choices
11. Which of the sentences below best express-
es the essential information in the high- A. The Democratic and Whig Parties
lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect developed in response to the needs of
choices change the meaning in important competing economic and political con-
ways or leave out essential information. stituencies.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only B. During Andrew Jackson’s two terms as
in the wealthiest parts of the economy President, he served as leader of both
because Democrats dominated in other the Democratic and Whig Parties.
areas. C. The Democratic Party primarily rep-
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influ- resented the interests of the market,
ence were naturally split between banks, and commerce.
urban and rural areas, respectively. D. In contrast to the Democrats, the
C. The semi-subsistence farming are- Whigs favored government aid for
as dominated by Democrats became education.
increasingly isolated by the Whigs’ E. A fundamental difference between
control of the market economy. Whigs and Democrats involved the
D. The Democrats’ power was greatest importance of the market in society.
in poorer areas while the Whigs were F. The role of government in the lives of
strongest in those areas where the the people was an important political
market was already fully operating. distinction between the two parties.

EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS 3) Psychological researchers generally recog-

nize that facial expressions reflect emotion-
1) Joy and sadness are experienced by people al states. In fact, various emotional states
in all cultures around the world, but how can give rise to certain patterns of electrical
we tell when other people are happy or de- activity in the facial muscles and in the
spondent? It turns out that the expression brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis ar-
of many emotions may be universal. Smiling gues, however, that the causal relationship
5
is apparently a universal sign of friendliness between emotions and facial expressions
and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile can also work in the opposite direction.
way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the According to this hypothesis, signals from
nineteenth century, may be a universal sign the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent
of anger. As the originator of the theory of back to emotion centers of the brain, and so
evolution, Darwin believed that the universal a person’s facial expression can influence
recognition of facial expressions would have that person’s emotional state. Consider
survival value. For example, facial expres- Darwin’s words: “The free expression by
sions could signal the approach of enemies outward signs of an emotion intensifies it.
(or friends) in the absence of language. On the other hand, the repression, as far
as possible, of all outward signs softens our
2) [■] Most investigators concur that emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings
certain facial expressions suggest the of good will, for example, and frowning to
same emotions in all people. [■] Moreover, anger?
people in diverse cultures recognize
the emotions manifested by the facial 4) Psychological research has given rise to
expressions. [■] In classic research some interesting findings concerning the
Paul Ekman took photographs of people facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing partici-
exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, pants in experiments to smile, for example,
fear, happiness, and sadness. [■] He then leads them to report more positive feelings
asked people around the world to indi and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of
cate what emotions were being depicted people or situations) as being more humor-
in them. Those queried ranged from ous. When they are caused to frown, they
European college students to members of rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New
Guinea highlands. All groups, including 5) What are the possible links between facial
the Fore, who had almost no contact with expressions and emotion? One link is
Western culture, agreed on the portrayed arousal, which is the level of activity or
emotions. The Fore also displayed preparedness for activity in an organism.
familiar facial expressions when asked Intense contraction of facial muscles, such
how they would respond if they were as those used in signifying fear, height-
the characters in stories that called ens arousal. Self-perception of heightened
for basic emotional responses. Ekman arousal then leads to heightened emotional
and his colleagues more recently obtained activity. Other links may involve changes
similar results in a study of ten cultures in brain temperature and the release of
in which participants were permitted to neurotransmitters (substances that trans-
report that multiple emotions were shown mit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
by facial expressions. The participants gen facial muscles both influences the internal
erally agreed on which two emotions were emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
being shown and which emotion was more found that the so-called Duchenne smile,
intense. which is characterized by “crow’s feet”

wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop B. people

in the eye cover fold so that the skin above C. photographs
the eye moves down slightly toward the D. cultures
eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
5. According to paragraph 2, which of the fol-
6) Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the lowing was true of the Fore people of New
British expression keep a stiff upper lip as a Guinea?
recommendation for handling stress. It might A. They did not want to be shown photo-
be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional graphs.
response—as long as the lip is not quivering B. They were famous for their story-tell-
with fear or tension. But when the emotion ing skills.
that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, C. They knew very little about Western
and involves strong muscle tension, facial culture.
feedback may heighten emotional response. D. They did not encourage the expression
of emotions.
Glossary
6. Which of the sentences below best express-
“keep a stiff upper lip”: avoid showing emo- es the essential information in the high-
tions in difficult situations lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect
choices change the meaning in important
1. The word despondent in the passage is ways or leave out essential information.
closest in meaning to A. The Fore’s facial expressions indicated
A. curious their unwillingness to pretend to be
B. unhappy story characters.
C. thoughtful B. The Fore were asked to display famil-
D. uncertain iar facial expressions when they told
their stories.
2. The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a C. The Fore exhibited the same relation-
hostile way” in order to ship of facial expressions and basic
A. differentiate one possible meaning of a emotions that is seen in Western cul-
particular facial expression from other ture when they acted out stories.
meaning of it D. The Fore were familiar with the facial
B. support Darwin’s theory of evolution expressions and basic emotions of char
C. provide an example of a facial expres- acters in stories.
sion whose meaning is widely under-
stood 7. According to the passage, what did Darwin
D. contrast a facial expression that is believe would happen to human emotions
easily understood that were not expressed?
A. They would become less intense.
3. The word concur in the passage is closest B. They would last longer than usual.
in meaning to C. They would cause problems later.
A. estimate D. They would become more negative.
B. agree
C. expect 8. According to the passage, research involv-
D. understand ing which of the following supported the
facial-feedback hypothesis?
4. The word them in the passage refers to A. The reactions of people in experiments
A. emotions to cartoons

B. The tendency of people in experiments mary because they express ideas that are
to cooperate not presented in the passage or are minor
C. The release of neurotransmitters by ideas in the passage. This question is
people during experiments worth 2 points.
D. The long-term effects of repressing
emotions Psychological research seems to con-
firm that people associate particular
5
9. The word rate in the passage is closest in facial expressions with the same emo-
meaning to tions across cultures.
A. judge
B. reject Answer choices
C. draw
D. want A. Artificially producing the Duchenne
smile can cause a person to have pleas-
10. The word relevant in the passage is clos- ant feelings.
est in meaning to B. Facial expressions and emotional
A. contradictory states interact with each other through
B. confusing a variety of feedback mechanisms.
C. dependent C. People commonly believe that they can
D. applicable control their facial expressions so that
their true emotions remain hidden.
11. According to the passage, stiffening the D. A person’s facial expression may reflect
upper lip may have which of the following the person’s emotional state.
effects? E. Ekman argued that the ability to accu-
A. It first suppresses stress, then intensi- rately recognize the emotional content
fies it. of facial expressions was valuable for
B. It may cause fear and tension in those human beings.
who see it F. Facial expressions that occur as a re-
C. It can damage the lip muscles. sult of an individual’s emotional state
D. It may either heighten or reduce emo- may themselves feed back information
tional response. that influences the person’s emotions.

where the following sentence could be add-
ed to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of

emotions was demonstrated by using
rather simple methods.
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for

below. Complete the summary by selecting
the THREE answer choices that express
Some sentences do not belong in the sum-

GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE quakes, which fracture the Earth’s crust and
can displace enough rock to produce block
1) Most people consider the landscape to be un- mountains. A third type of mountain may be
changing, but Earth is a dynamic body, and formed as a result of volcanic activity which
its surface is continually altering—slowly on occurs in regions of active fold mountain
the human time scale, but relatively rapid- belts, such as in the Cascade Range of west-
ly when compared to the great age of Earth ern North America. The Cascades are made
(about 4,500 billion years). There are two up of lavas and volcanic materials. Many of
principal influences that shape the terrain: the peaks are extinct volcanoes.
constructive processes such as uplift, which
create new landscape features, and destruc- 4) Whatever the reason for mountain forma-
tive forces such as erosion, which gradually tion, as soon as land rises above sea level it is
wear away exposed landforms. subjected to destructive forces. The exposed
rocks are attacked by the various weather
2) Hills and mountains are often processes and gradually broken down into
regarded as the epitome of fragments, which are then carried away
permanence, successfully resisting the and later deposited as sediments. Thus, any
destructive forces of nature, but in landscape represents only a temporary stage
fact they tend to be relatively short- in the continuous battle between the forces of
lived in geological terms. As a general uplift and those of erosion.
rule, the higher a mountain is, the more
recently it was formed; for example, the 5) The weather, in its many forms, is the
high mountains of the Himalayas are main agent of erosion. Rain washes away
only about 50 million years old. Lower loose soil and penetrates cracks in the
mountains tend to be older, and are often rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with
the eroded relics of much higher mountain the rainwater, forming a weak acid (car-
chains. About 400 million years ago, bonic acid) that may chemically attack the
when the present-day continents of North rocks. The rain seeps underground and
America and Europe were joined, the the water may reappear later as springs.
Caledonian mountain chain was the same These springs are the sources of streams
size as the modern Himalayas. Today, and rivers, which cut through the rocks
however, the relics of the Caledonian and carry away debris from the mountains
orogeny (mountain-building period) exist to the lowlands.
as the comparatively low mountains of
Greenland, the northern Appalachians in 6) Under very cold conditions, rocks can be
the United States, the Scottish Highlands, shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may
and the Norwegian coastal plateau. form in permanently cold areas, and these
slowly moving masses of ice cut out val-
3) The Earth’s crust is thought to be divided leys, carrying with them huge quantities
into huge, movable segments, called plates, of eroded rock debris. [■] In dry areas
which float on a soft plastic layer of rock. the wind is the principal agent of erosion.
Some mountains were formed as a result of [■] It carries fine particles of sand, which
these plates crashing into each other and bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby
forcing up the rock at the plate margins. In wearing them into yet more sand. [■] Even
this process, sedimentary rocks that original- living things contribute to the formation of
ly formed on the seabed may be folded up- landscapes. [■] Tree roots force their way
wards to altitudes of more than 26,000 feet. into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed
Other mountains may be raised by earth- their splitting. In contrast, the roots of

grasses and other small plants may help to 6. Why does the author mention Carbon diox-
hold loose soil fragments together, thereby ide in the passage?
helping to prevent erosion by the wind. A. To explain the origin of a chemical that
can erode rocks
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the B. To contrast carbon dioxide with car-
following statements is true of changes in bonic acid
Earth’s landscape? C. To give an example of how rainwater
5
A. They occur more often by uplift than by penetrates soil
erosion. D. To argue for the desirability of prevent-
B. They occur only at special times. ing erosion
C. They occur less frequently now than
they once did. 7. The word seeps in the passage is closest in
D. They occur quickly in geological terms. meaning to
A. dries gradually
2. The word relatively in the passage is clos- B. flows slowly
est in meaning to C. freezes quickly
A. unusually D. warms slightly
B. comparatively
C. occasionally 8. The word them in the passage refers to
D. naturally A. cold areas
B. masses of ice
3. Which of the following can be inferred from C. valleys
paragraph 2 about the mountains of the D. rock debris
Himalayas?
A. Their current height is not an indica- 9. Which of the sentences below best express-
tion of their age. es the essential information in the high-
B. At present, they are much higher than lighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect
the mountains of the Caledonian range. choices change the meaning in important
C. They were a uniform height about 400 ways or leave out essential information.
million years ago. A. When they are relatively young, hills
D. They are not as high as the Caledonian and mountains successfully resist the
mountains were 400 million years ago. destructive forces of nature.
B. Although they seem permanent, hills
4. The word relics in the passage is closest in and mountains exist for a relatively
meaning to short period of geological time.
A. resemblances C. Hills and mountains successfully resist
B. regions the destructive forces of nature, but
C. remains only for a short time.
D. restorations D. Hills and mountains resist the destruc-
tive forces of nature better than other
5. According to paragraph 3, one cause of types of landforms.
mountain formation is the
A. effect of climatic change on sea level 10. According to paragraph 6, which of the fol-
B. slowing down of volcanic activity lowing is both a cause and result of erosion?
C. force of Earth’s crustal plates hitting A. Glacial activity
each other B. Rock debris
D. replacement of sedimentary rock with C. Tree roots
volcanic rock D. Sand


where the following sentence could be add-
ed to the passage.
Under different climatic conditions,

another type of destructive force contrib-
utes to erosion.
12. Directions: Three of the answer choices

below are used in the passage to illustrate
constructive processes and two are used to
illustrate destructive processes. Complete
the table by matching appropriate answer
choices to the processes they are used
to illustrate. This question is worth 3
points.
Constructive Processes Destructive processes
> >
> >
>
Answer Choices
A. Collision of Earth’s crustal plates

B. Separation of continents
C. Wind-driven sand
D. Formation of grass roots in soil
E. Earthquakes
F. Volcanic activity
G. Weather processes

THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival,

any one of a number of relatively modest
1) The city of, which lay about 50 kilometers towns might have emerged as a leading
northeast of modern-day Mexico City, economic and political power in Central
began its growth by 200 –100 B.C. At its Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly
height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, indicates, though, that Teotihuacan was
it probably had a population of more than the center that did arise as the predomi-
5
125,000 people and covered at least 20 nant force in the area by the first century
square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apart- A.D.
ment complexes, a great market, a large
number of industrial workshops, an ad- 4) It seems likely that Teotihuacan’s natural
ministrative center, a number of massive resources—along with the city elite’s abil-
religious edifices, and a regular grid pat- ity to recognize their potential—gave the
tern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much city a competitive edge over its neigh-
planning and central control were involved bors. The valley, like many other places
in the expansion and ordering of this great in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands,
metropolis. Moreover, the city had econom- was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic
ic and perhaps religious contacts with most stone was a resource that had been in great
parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central demand for many years, at least since the
America and Mexico). rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished
between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it ap-
2) How did this tremendous development take parently had a secure market. Moreover,
place, and why did it happen in the Teo- recent research on obsidian tools found at
tihuacan Valley? Among the main factors Olmec sites has shown that some of the
are Teotihuacan’s geographic location on a obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated
natural trade route to the south and east of near Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan obsidian
the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resourc- must have been recognized as a valuable
es in the Teotihuacan Valley itself, and the commodity for many centuries before the
valley’s potential for extensive irrigation. great city arose. massive re
The exact role of other factors is much
more difficult to pinpoint—for instance, 5) Long-distance trade in obsidian probably
Teotihuacan’s religious significance as gave the elite residents of Teotihuacan
a shrine, the historical situation in and access to a wide variety of exotic goods, as
around the Valley of Mexico toward the end well as a relatively prosperous life. Such
of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity success may have attracted immigrants to
and foresightedness of Teotihuacan’s elite, Teotihuacan. In addition, Teotihuacan’s
and, finally, the impact of natural disas- elite may have consciously attempted to
ters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the attract new inhabitants. It is also probable
late first millennium B.C. that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacan may
have achieved some religious significance
3) This last factor is at least circumstantial- and its shrine (or shrines) may have served
ly implicated in Teotihuacan’s rise. Prior as an additional population magnet. Final-
to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small ly, the growing population was probably
centers coexisted in and near the Valley fed by increasing the number and size of
of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of irrigated fields.
these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously af-
fected by a volcanic eruption, with much of 6) The picture of Teotihuacan that emerges
its agricultural land covered by lava. With is a classic picture of positive feedback

among obsidian mining and working, D. cleverness

trade, population growth, irrigation, and to
carry the goods to new markets. This thriv- 5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned
ing obsidian population, for example, for in paragraph 2 as a main factor in the
example, would necessitate more miners, development of Teotihuacan?
additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, A. The presence of obsidian in the Teoti-
and additional traders to carry the goods huacan Valley
to new markets. All this led to increased B. The potential for extensive irrigation of
wealth, which in turn would attract more Teotihuacan Valley lands
immigrants to Teotihuacan. The grow- C. A long period of volcanic inactivity in
ing power of the elite, who controlled the the Teotihuacan Valley
economy, would give them the means to D. Teotihuacan’s location on a natural
physically coerce people to move to Teoti- trade route
huacan and serve as additions to the labor
force. More irrigation works would have to 6. Which of the following can be inferred from
be built to feed the growing population, and paragraphs 2 and 3 about the volcanic
this resulted in more power and wealth for eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?
the elite. A. They were more frequent than histori-
ans once thought.
1. The word “massive” in paragraph 1 is B. They may have done more damage
closest in meaning to to Teotihuacan than to neighboring
A. ancient centers.
B. carefully planned C. They may have played a major role in
C. very large the rise of Teotihuacan.
D. carefully protected D. They increased the need for extensive
irrigation in the Teotihuacan Valley.
2. In paragraph 1, each of the following
is mentioned as a feature of the city of 7. What can be inferred from paragraph 3
Teotihuacan between A.D. 150 and 700 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?
EXCEPT A. It was a fairly small city until that
A. regularly arranged streets date.
B. several administrative centers spread B. It was located outside the Valley of
across the city Mexico.
C. many manufacturing workshops C. It emerged rapidly as an economical
D. apartment complexes and political center.
D. Its economy relied heavily on agricul-
3. The word “pinpoint” in paragraph 2 is ture.
A. identify precisely 8. The word “predominant” in paragraph 3 is
B. make an argument for closest in meaning to
C. describe A. most aggressive
D. understand B. most productive
C. principal
4. The word “ingenuity” in paragraph 2 is D. earliest
A. ambition 9. Which of the following allowed Teotihua-
B. sincerity can to have “a competitive edge over its
C. faith neighbors”?

A. A well-exploited and readily available D. explain how a successful industry can

commodity be a source of wealth and a source of
B. The presence of a highly stable elite conflict at the same time
class
C. Knowledge derived directly from the 13. In paragraph 1 of the passage, there is a
Olmecs about the art of toolmaking missing sentence. The paragraph is repeat-
D. Scarce natural resources in nearby ed below and shows four letters (A, B, C,
5
areas such as those located in what and D) that indicate where the following
are now the Guatemalan and Mexican sentence could be added.
highlands
In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teo-
10. According to paragraph 4, what has recent tihuacan have been discovered in sites
research on obsidian tools found at Olmec as far away as the Mayan lowlands,
sites shown? the Guatemalan highlands, northern
A. Obsidian’s value was understood only Mexico, and the gulf Coast of Mexico.
when Teotihuacan became an impor-
tant city. Where would the sentence best fit?
B. The residents of Teotihuacan were
sophisticated toolmakers.
C. The residents of Teotihuacan traded The city of Teotihuacan, which lay about 50
obsidian with the Olmecs as early as kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico
400 B.C. City, began its growth by 200 –100 B.C. At
D. Some of the obsidian used by the its height, between about A.D 150 and 700,
Olmecs came from the area around it probably had a population of more than
Teotihuacan. 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square
kilometers. A It had over 2,000 apartment com-
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are plexes, a great market, a large number of in-
mentioned in paragraph 5 as being fea- dustrial workshops, an administrative center,
tures of Teotihuacan that may have at- a number of massive religious edifices, and a
tracted immigrants to the city. To receive regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
credit, you must select TWO answers. B Clearly, much planning and central control
A. The prosperity of the elite were involved in the expansion and ordering of
B. Plenty of available housing this great metropolis. C Moreover, the city had
C. Opportunities for well-paid agricultur- economic and perhaps religious contacts with
al employment most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central
D. The presence of one or more religious America and Mexico). D
shrines
14. Directions: an introductory sentence for
12. In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The a brief summary of the passage is provided
thriving obsidian operation” in order to below.
A. explain why manufacturing was the Complete the summary by selecting the
main industry of Teotihuacan THREE answer choices that express the
B. give an example of an industry that most important ideas in the passage. Some
took very little time to develop in Teo- sentences do not belong in the summary
tihuacan because they express ideas that are not
C. illustrate how several factors influ- presented in the passage or are minor ideas
enced each other to make Teotihuacan in the passage.
a powerful and wealthy city

This question is worth 2 points.
Write your answer choices in the spaces

where they belong. You can either write
the letter of your answer choice or you can
copy the sentence.
Teotihuacan was a highly developed

city in Mesoamerica that reached its
peak between about A.D. 150 and 700.
Answer Choices
A. The number and sophistication of the

architectural, administrative, commer-
cial, and religious features of Teotihua-
can indicate the existence of centralized
planning and control.
B. Teotihuacan may have developed its own
specific local religion as a result of the
cultural advances made possible by the
city’s great prosperity.
C. Several factors may account for Teoti-
huacan’s extraordinary development, in-
cluding its location, rich natural resourc-
es, irrigation potential, intelligent elite,
and the misfortune of rival communities.
D. As a result of its large number of reli-
gious shrines, by the first century A.D,
Teotihuacan became the most influential
religious center in all of Mesoamerica.
E. In many important areas, from the
obsidian industry to religious tourism,
Teotihuacan’s success and prosperity
typified the classic positive feedback
cycle.
F. Although many immigrants settled in
Teotihuacan between A.D. 150 and 700,
the increasing threat of coerced labor dis-
couraged further settlement and limited
Teotihuacan’s population growth
G.

§ 6. WRITING SECTION
6 6
WRITING
SECTION

§ 6. WRITING SECTION Styles of Writing
There are two writing tasks on the TOEFL 2) Write objectively.

test: one independent and one integrated.
Use the third person singular and the
For tips see p. 12 present tense (He says…She says…It
says…) Note: When taking notes, don’t
worry about grammar and spelling, etc.
The integrated task measures your ability to Just write.
synthesize information from a reading passage
and a listening passage. 3) Identify the topic in each body
paragraph.
You will have three minutes to read a pas-
Summarize the topic of each body
sage of 230-300 words. The reading passage paragraph after the transition. Next,
is then hidden while you listen to a two-min- identify the supporting illustration and
ute excerpt from a lecture that is related to summarize it.
the reading. You may take notes during both.
Then you have 20 minutes to write a 150- to
225-word response to a question. The reading Styles of Writing
passage reappears during this time so that you
may refer to it while you are writing.
There are two principal styles of writing the
To answer the integrated task, you must iden- Integrated Essay: Point-by-Point Style and
tify the relevant ideas and relationships from Block Style.
the passages and organize that information in
a coherent manner. Point-by-Point Style
Your response is scored on your organization, 1. A reading point comes first. It is followed
your discussion of the key ideas and support- by the corresponding lecture point. This
ing details, and your accuracy of language in demonstrates organization and a progres-
addressing all parts of the question. sion of ideas.
2. The points in the lecture “cast doubt on

Tips for Integrated Essay the points in the reading” point- by-point.
Point-by-point style demonstrates organi-
zation and a progression of ideas.
1) Remember about The Black-and-White
Rule 3. The grammar is third person singular in
the present tense (The reading says…The
The black-and-white rule is simple: If
lecturer says….He says…She thinks…The
the reading says “Black!”, the lecture
will say the opposite, “White!” If the author says…). This demonstrates gram-
reading says “White!”, the lecture will matical unity.
say “Black!” Being able to predict the
counter argument this way will help 4. Each point counter argued by the lecture
you anticipate the main points in the
begins with a transition of contrast. This
lecture and take notes more quickly and
demonstrates unity, both grammatical and
proficiently.
topical.

Styles of Writing § 6. WRITING SECTION
Sample Writing (Point-by-Point Style) Clearly, this author is pro downloading music
off the Internet without paying for it. Next,
Read the Passage summarize each part of the author’s argument
starting with the opinion.
When the writing directions end, the reading
passage will appear on your computer screen. Notes
You will have 3 minutes to read it.
Read the following passage. Read it from start first reading says the Internet is a democracy;
to finish to understand the author’s argument, downloading music - example of the Internet
and the position he/she supports (pro or con). democracy
Music. We all love it. In fact, I’m listening to

music right now, music I downloaded off the
Internet without paying for it. That’s right.
because the Internet is democracy music is free
next friends just sharing music example P2P

C sharing love for music not stealing, not a
6
I didn’t pay a nickel. Not one red cent. And
crime
for that, many would call me a criminal.
Well, go right ahead. As far as I’m concerned,
downloading music off the internet without finally author talks about privacy, example
paying for it is not a crime. Why not? his home
Let’s start with a little history. The Internet
was originally invented to be a source of free what he does in home no business of govern-
information benefiting all. Downloading music ment or music companies
off the Internet without paying for it is a perfect
example of this democratic ideal in action. Listening Strategies
In this light, I am not criminal. I am simply
exercising my democratic right to move freely in For many test-takers, the hardest part of the in-
the vast new democracy called cyberspace. tegrated writing task is the lecture. Why? Be-
Now if you’re like me, you love to share music cause there are a lot of new words. Moreover,
with your friends by downloading it from their you hear the lecture only once. What should you
computers. This is not stealing music. Hardly. do to take effective notes as you listen? Do the
My friends and I are simply sharing songs. following.
In fact, I share music with people all over the
world, people I don’t know and will never meet. ●● Look at the Lecture side of your note map.
This process is called P2P or peer-to-peer file ●● Anticipate the counter argument using the
sharing. Now think: Is sharing something you black-and-white rule.
love a crime? I don’t think so. ●● Listen for signals words that identify the
Finally, and this point I really want to stress: opinion.
What I do in the privacy of my home is ●● Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship
nobody’s business but my own. Period. I don’t in the opinion.
need the government telling me what I can or ●● Listen for transition signal words that
can’t do with my computer. The United States identify each body paragraph, its topic and
is a democracy not a dictatorship. supporting illustration.
To sum up, just because I refuse to pay for ●● Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship
downloaded music does not make me a felon. in each body paragraph.
The real criminals are those in government ●● Listen for transition signal words that
and business determined to deny music-loving identify the conclusion.
individuals their right to freedom and privacy. ●● Listen for the cause-and-effect relationship
in the conclusion.

§ 6. WRITING SECTION Styles of Writing
Here is the script of the lecture you listen It bears repeating that downloading music
to after the reading passage: without paying for it is a crime no matter what
anyone says about “the freedom of cyberspace.”
It happens every second of every day all over Just because downloading music is fast and
the world. One click and that new song—the easy doesn’t mean you have the right to steal it.
one you didn’t pay for—is on your iPod. You
may think it’s legal. After all, downloading mu- Notes
sic is fast and easy, right? Think again. It goes
without saying that downloading music off the Introduction
web without paying for it is a crime. however lecture says downloading music
without paying is a crime!
I know. I know. Some will argue that “It’s my
democratic right to download music without Body Paragraph 1
paying for it.” Nonsense. The Internet might however lecture says web is not democracy, all
have started out with the intention of being info and money, example U2
a democracy but, believe me, those days are
long gone. The Internet these days is about not pay for U2? break copyright law want new
two things: information and money. Big mon- U2? you must pay
ey. One of the biggest money makers on the
web is music, and music is protected by law. If Body Paragraph 2
you download U2’s latest album, let’s say, and however lecture says musicians have right to
you don’t pay for it, then you are breaking the get paid example Napster
copyright law that says U2 owns that music.
It is their property and you just stole it. If you Napster said P2P sharing okay, no crime
want to listen to U2, you’ve got to buy it, no ifs,
ands, or buts. court disagreed, if artist makes music
court says musicians should get paid Napster
Also, the artist has a legal right to get paid for now pay site
his or her work no matter how or where it is
downloaded. How would you like it if somebody Body Paragraph 3
were stealing your music? This is exactly what however lecture says it is not a privacy issue
Napster was doing. Napster was the first peer-
to-peer music sharing web site. Musicians, download without paying means you are a
however, took Napster to court for not paying criminal
royalties, money owed each time a song was
downloaded via Napster. Napster argued that criminals have no right to privacy
it was just helping friends share music. The
courts disagreed. Napster paid a big fine and is you can’t have your cake and eat it too
now a pay site.
Conclusion
Moreover, illegally downloading music off the however lecture says that downloading mu-
web is not a privacy issue. If you break the sic and not paying is easy but still a crime
law by illegally downloading music, you are a
criminal. I’m sorry, but you can’t have it both
ways. You can’t break the law and hide behind
the privacy issue. The law is clear. Criminals
have no right to privacy. Period.

Styles of Writing § 6. WRITING SECTION
Sample Essay (Point-by-Point Style) US is a democracy not a dictatorship.
The reading says that downloading music off In contrast, the lecturer believes that if you
the Internet without paying for it is not a crime. steal music, you are a thief therefore you have
However, the lecturer believes it is a crime. no privacy. The law is black and white. You
can’t have your cake and eat it too.
First, the reading states that the Internet was
originally invented to be a source of free infor- In sum, the reading states that downloading
mation. Downloading music without paying music off the Internet without paying for it
for it is an example of this democratic ideal in isn’t a crime. The criminals are the govern-
action. In contrast, the lecturer states that ment and record companies trying to take
copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay
for U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law.
Next, the reading says that downloading music

away people’s freedom and privacy. However,
the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the
web is a crime.
6
from a friend’s computer is not stealing. It is
peer-to-peer file sharing. File sharing, he says, Organization: Block Style
is not a crime. However, the lecturer says that
musicians should get paid. For example, Nap- Block style is another way to organize your in-
ster, a P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster tegrated essay. In the following example, notice
said that file sharing wasn’t a crime. The court how the reading is summarized first followed
disagreed and fined Napster for not paying. by the lecture.
Finally, the author says that what he does in If you use block style, use step-by-step transi-
the privacy of his own home is no business of tions and a transition of contrast to connect the
the government or the record companies. The reading and the lecture.
The reading says that downloading music off the Internet without paying for it is
not a crime.
First, the reading says that the Internet was originally invented to be a source of
free information. Downloading music without paying for it is an example of this
democratic ideal in action.
Next, the reading states that downloading music from a friend’s computer is not
reading stealing. It is peer-to-peer file sharing. File sharing, he says, is not a crime.
block
Finally, the author says that what he does in the privacy of his own home is no
business of the government or the record companies. The US is a democracy not a
dictatorship.
In sum, the reading states that downloading music off the internet without paying
for it is not a crime. The real criminals are the government and the record compa-
nies trying to take away people’s freedom and privacy.
However, the lecturer believes that not paying for downloaded music is a crime.
First, the lecturer states that copyright laws protect music. If you don’t pay for
U2’s latest album, you’re breaking the law.
Next, the lecturer says that musicians should get paid. For example, Napster, a
lecture
P2P site, didn’t pay musicians. Napster said that file sharing wasn’t a crime. The
block
court disagreed and fined Napster for not paying.
Finally, the lecturer believes that if you steal music, you are a thief therefore you
have no privacy. The law is black and white. You can’t have your cake and eat it too.
In conclusion, the lecturer asserts that ripping music off the web is a crime.

§ 6. WRITING SECTION The Integrated Essay Tasks
The Integrated Essay Structure The Integrated Essay Tasks
Template (the listening casts doubt on the

reading)
1. Medical Science
Introduction
The reading is concerned with the advan- Step 1
tages of…,whereas the lecture points out
the drawbacks of… Read the following passage. Then look at
the note diagram and fill in the missing
Body Paragraph 1 – Point 1 from the information.
reading and listening
According to the reading, … In the past several years, a number of techno-
logical advances have made laser eye surgery
However, the lecture emphasizes… more widely available. The procedure uses tiny
lasers to alter the surface of the eyeball, signifi-
Body Paragraph 2 – Point 2 from the cantly improving a patient’s vision. In spite of
reading and listening its growing popularity, however, laser eye sur-
The reading highlights the idea of … gery is a costly procedure. Given the number of
problems that may accompany the laser vision
In contrast, the lecture points out… correction procedure, it is unlikely that many
will choose to undergo the surgery.
Body Paragraph 3 – Point 3 from the
reading and listening The first problem with laser eye surgery is the
The reading claims that, … cost. The process requires sophisticated laser
systems, which can cost several million dollars.
On the other hand, the lecture argues that In order to remain in business, the doctors
… administering laser eye surgery have to charge
patients approximately $1,000 to $2,000 per
Conclusion eye. For many people, this is far too costly.
To sum up, the ideas put forward in the
reading should be taken with a grain of In addition, there are concerns about post-op-
salt. erative problems, which are issues that may
arise after the surgery. There have been
reports of the cornea (the lenses at the front of
the eye) detaching themselves from the eyes
after laser vision correction. Moreover, laser
vision correction advertises a quick recovery
time, but many patients report taking weeks
and sometimes months to heal fully from the
surgery.
It also remains unclear how long laser vision

correction will last. A number of people have
to go back to a doctor just four or five years
after their surgery for another procedure. Even
worse, others have to receive a second round of
surgery just a few months after the initial pro-

The Integrated Essay Tasks § 6. WRITING SECTION
cedure in order to perfect their vision. For most Step 3

consumers, the benefit is not worth the risks
and costs involved with the procedure. Review your notes from both the reading
and the lecture. Pay attention to the main
Main idea: ________________________________ ideas and supporting details. Using the
_________ with laser vision correction surgery. information from your notes, complete
the following outline.
Key point 1: Laser vision correction surgery _
___________________________________________ Introduction
because of__________________________________
Main topic _________________________________
Key point 2: Serious problems like___________
problems and lengthy_ ______________________
____________________________________________
occur after laser vision correction surgery.
___________________________________________
Main idea of the reading passage

___________________________________________
6
___________________________________________
Key point 3: Laser vision correction surgery
_______________________________________ . Main idea of the lecture
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Step 2
Body
Now listen to a lecture related to the topic
in Step 1. Fill in the blanks of the note di- Key point 1 ________________________________
agram below with keywords or key phras- ___________________________________________
es used in the lecture.
Supporting information from the reading pas-
Main idea: ________________________________ sage:_______________________________________
with laser vision correction surgery. ___________________________________________
Key point 1: Laser vision correction surgery _ Supporting information from the lecture: _____
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
because of _________________________________ ___________________________________________
and lower__________________________________
Key point 2
Key point 2: After surgery, problems Supporting information from the reading pas-
_____________________________ and recovery sage: ______________________________________
times______________________________________ ___________________________________________
Key point 3: Laser vision correction surgery Supporting information from the lecture: _____
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Key point 3
Supporting information from the reading
passage:____________________________________
___________________________________________
_____

Supporting information from the lecture: _____ 2. Zoology

___________________________________________
___________________________________________ Step 1
Conclusion: Read the following passage. Predict how

the listening passage may contrast with
Summary:__________________________________ the reading. Then look at the note dia-
___________________________________________ gram and fill in the missing information.
___________________________________________
Thousands of animals currently reside in zoos
Step 4 around the world. Recently, there has been
much debate about the value of zoos in to-
Use the main ideas and details from Steps day’s world. Careful consideration of the facts
1, 2, and 3 to complete the passage. In- reveals that zoos are unethical and should be
clude information from both the reading closed.
and the lecture.
First, defenders of zoos say that they are an
_____________Both the lecture and the passage important way of saving animals from extinc-
discuss laser vision _________________ surgery. tion. However, in actuality, zoos have had very
While the passage predicts that the procedure little success in protecting animals. One reason
will not be ________________ , the lecturer says for this is because many animals do not thrive
that it will. in zoos. Breeding in captivity is often .difficult
to encourage. Endangered animals fare far bet-
First, the passage says the surgery is too _____ ter with protection programs that allow them
____________________ for most people. The to stay in the wild.
lecturer refutes this, explaining that the cost is
starting to ________________ . Moreover, he says Additionally, zoos do not adequately provide
it will cost even _____________________ in the animals with living spaces that are like their
future. Second, the passage mentions that natural habitats. As a result, animals are not
many people may experience ________________ able to behave as they normally would. For
after having the surgery. Again, the professor example, a lion in a small cage is not able to
disagrees. He says that the complications men- run around, much less hunt. In the end, the
tioned in the passage are ____________ . Finally, animals end up depressed or with behavioral
the passage says that the effects of the surgery problems. This would not occur, of course, if
do not last long. The lecturer denies this, ex- they were not kept in zoos in the first place.
plaining that in most cases, the procedure is __
____________________ for many years. Finally, zoos simply are not the best way to
study animals. There are a number of well-re-
Corrective laser surgery is a developing ______ searched books available. Alternately, wildlife
____________________ . The passage says that biologists stand to gain much more knowledge
it will never be popular; however, the lecturer about animals by observing them in the wild.
says many people will want to undergo the That way, they see how animals interact with
surgery in the ______________________ . other creatures without human interference.
Main idea: Zoos are not ____________________

___________________________________________
___________________________________________

Key point 1: Zoo animals ___________________

___________________________________________ Step 3
___________________________________________
Now listen to a lecture related to the topic
Key point 2: Animals behave differently in in Step 1. Fill in the blanks of the note di-
zoos because________________________________ agram below with keywords or key phras-
___________________________________________ es used in the lecture.
___________________________________________
Main idea: Zoos ___________________________
Key point 3: Zoos are not the best way to ____ __________________________ in several ways.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Step 2
Key point 1: Zoos help protect animals from
___________________________________ through
__________________________ programs.
6
Key point 2: Many zoos now have a _________
Below is important information from the ___________________________________________
reading passage above. After each sentence ____________________ , which provides animals
are two possible paraphrases of it. Choose with surroundings that closely resemble those _
the best paraphrase for each sentence. ___________________________________ .
A. Zoos have not been very successful in Key point 3: Zoos provide the best way to ____
helping endangered animals because many ___________________________________________
creatures do not breed in captivity. ___________________________________ animals.
1. Captive animals often do not breed, Step 4

making it harder for zoos to keep them
enclosed. Choose the sentences that best combine
2. Endangered animals do not benefit the main idea and key points from the
from living in zoos because they do not reading passage and the lecture.
always breed.
1. a. The passage states that zoos are bad
B. Zoos do not give animals a home that is because they do not benefit animals in any
like their natural habitat, leading to behav- way. They should be eliminated completely.
ioral and psychological problems for the
creatures. b. The professor disagrees with the pas-
sage by claiming that zoos are beneficial to
1. Animals need to live in their natural animals in several respects.
habitats in order to avoid psychological
and behavioral problems. 2. a. The lecturer explains how captive
2. Zoos have failed in providing animals breeding programs work. They encourage
with proper psychological and behavio- animals in zoos to breed until they are safe
ral care in their habitats. from extinction.
C. In the space below, write a paraphrase of b. The passage argues that zoos do not help
the main idea of the reading passage. protected animals; however, the professor
________________________________________ says that zoos have saved some species
________________________________________ from extinction.

3. a. While the passage says that zoos harm 3. The reading claims that zoos take animals
animals by removing them from their away from their natural _________________
natural habitat, the professor says that ___________ , though thespeaker mentions
many zoos provide animals with natural that many zoos are devoted to providing
surroundings. animals with____________________________
that resemble their natural home.
b. The passage says that zoos fail to pro-
vide animals with the environment they 4. The passage argues that there are better
need. As a result, they end up suffering ways to study animal ____________________
from psychological disorders. zoos. However, the professor says that
zoos provide students with a live animal to _
4. a. The passage claims that it is better to ________________________________________
study animals through books rather than at ________________________________________
zoos.
B. Changing Sentence Structure
b. Unlike the passage, the professor thinks
that the best way to study animals is at zoos. Complete the following paraphrases of
the sentences from part A above.
Step 5
1. In the lecture, zoos are said to____________
A. Changing Keywords ______________________________ animals,
while the reading says they are___________
Below are four incomplete paraphrases of ______________________________.
key information from the reading passage
and the lecture. Fill in the missing parts 2. The passage says that zoos do not_________
with words or phrases from the box. These ______________________________ animals,
words and phrases are synonyms or are to which the professor___________________
similar in meaning to the actual words __________________ by saying they protect-
used in the reading passage and lecture. ed the California condor.
1. critical/harmful/risky/breed/observe/ 3. The speaker says zoos give animals_______

benefit ________________________________________
2. supports/confirms/counters/protect/treat/ that look like their natural homes, though
train the reading says zoos remove animals from
3. behavior/habitats/patterns/food/sur- their natural____________________________
roundings/companions ______________________________.
4. without/aside/throughout/visit/observe/
help 4. The professor says that observing_________
________________________________________
1. While the reading claims that zoos are ____ animals in the zoo is the best way to study
__________________ to animals, the lecture them; however, the passage says there are
maintains that they _____________________ better ways to study animals _____________
animals in many ways. ______________________________ of zoos.
2. The professor __________ the passage’s

argument that zoos do not _______________
animals by giving the example of the Cali-
fornia condor.

Step 6 3. Paleontology
Read the following sentences taken from Step 1

the reading and the lecture. Create new
sentences by combining the ideas in each Read the following passage. Predict how
pair of sentences. the listening passage may contrast with
the reading. Then look at the note dia-
1. a. One reason for this is because many gram and fill in the missing information.
animals do not thrive in captivity.
The woolly mammoth was a prehistoric animal
b. To make a long story short, the program that resembled an elephant and lived dur-
was very successful: the scientists had
no problems getting the birds to breed in
captivity.
ing the Ice Age. Some versions of the species
are known to have survived until 6000 BCE,
although most became extinct around 12000
BCE. Its extinction is best explained by a com-
6
2. a. Additionally, zoos do not adequately bination of climate change and over hunting by
provide animals with living spaces that are predators.
like their natural habitats.
The woolly mammoth was well-adapted to the
b. What this means is that all of the zoo’s frigid, icy climate of the Ice Age, but as the
exhibits are designed to resemble the real period of cold concluded and the planet started
habitats that animals come from. to become warmer, the environment became
unfriendly to woolly mammoths. The hair that
kept them insulated against icy weather was
approximately fifty centimeters long. Once the
climate became warmer, however, this adapta-
tion undoubtedly created serious problems for
these animals and caused their populations to
dwindle considerably.
Furthermore, during this climate change, pred-

ators like the saber-toothed tiger continued to
hunt the mammoth. Saber-toothed tigers were
roughly the size of lions and had twenty-cen-
timeter-long teeth, allowing them to pierce
through the fat of woolly mammoths effortless-
ly. Saber-toothed tigers also hunted in packs,
offering them an important hunting advantage
over the woolly mammoths. It is likely that
saber-toothed tigers had a significant role in
the woolly mammoth’s extinction.
Finally, the woolly mammoth was a desirable

animal to hunt for many wandering human
tribes. Nearly all parts of woolly mammoths
could be used by humans, making it a popular
target for tribes-the mammoth’s thick skin
provided insulation against the cold, its bones

could be used to create tools and the meat pro- bers were already low.
vided necessary protein and calories. Because 2. The wooly mammoth population de-
woolly mammoths were so desirable, humans creased because saber-toothed tigers
probably concentrated the majority of their were good at hunting them.
hunting efforts on woolly mammoths alone,
which dramatically diminished woolly mam- C. In the space below, write a paraphrase of
moth populations and eventually led to their the main idea of the reading passage.
extinction. ________________________________________
________________________________________
Main idea: Woolly mammoths went extinct
___________________________________________
Step 3
Key point 1: The climate change_____________
_________ because it raised__________________. Now listen to a lecture related to the topic
in Step 1. Fill in the blanks of the note di-
Key point 2: Predators like_________________ agram below with keywords or key phras-
___________________________________________ es used in the lecture.
helped reduce mammoth populations.
Main idea: Wooly mammoths probably ______
Key point 3: Humans hunted________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________. ___________________________________________
Step 2 Key Point 1: Wooly mammoths probably just _

___________________________________________
Below is important information from the _____________________to where it was cooler.
reading passage above. After each sen-
tence are two possible paraphrases of it. Key Point 2: Wooly mammoths were too ____
Choose the best possible paraphrase for ________________________________ to have any
each sentence. ________________________________ ; __________
___________________________________________
A. Accustomed to living in cold weather, when of saber-toothed tigers was too weak.
the Earth’s climate changed, the wooly
mammoth could not handle the warmer Key Point 3: Humans ______________________
temperatures. ___________________________________________
because there were _________________________
1. The wooly mammoth could not survive ________________________________ .
the climate change because they were
used to living in cold weather. Step 4
2. The Earth’s temperatures changed
when the wooly mammoth was unable Choose the sentences that best combine
to live in warm weather. the main idea and key points from the
reading passage and the lecture.
B. Saber-toothed tigers were very efficient at
hunting wooly mammoths, leading to fur- 1. A. The reading says that wooly mammoths
ther decline of the mammoth population. went extinct as a result of climate change
and over hunting. The professor disputes
1. Saber-toothed tigers hunted wooly each of these claims.
mammoths very well even their num-

B. The reading theorizes that wooly mam- Step 5

moths went extinct due to over hunting
and climate change, but the professor be- A. Changing Keywords
lieves that mammoths went extinct simply
because of the climate change. Below are four incomplete paraphrases of
key information from the reading passage
2. A. Although the passage states that wooly and the lecture. Fill in the missing parts
mammoths could not adapt to the warmer with words or phrases from the box. These
climate, the lecture says that mammoths words and phrases are synonyms or are
moved up toward the cold northern pole. similar in meaning to the actual words
used in the reading passage and lecture.
B. While the passage suggests that wooly
mammoths could not adjust to the warmer
climate, the lecture states that they would
have adjusted just fine.
1. achievements/effects/trials/agrees/
refuses/denies
6
2. decline/intensity/result/pursued/
A. Even though the passage says that relocated/settled
the saber-toothed tiger would have hunt- 3. prey/predator/hunter/avoided/deterred/
ed wooly mammoths, thereby reducing furthered
their numbers, the lecture argues that 4. doubt/extent/size/scarce/plenty/ample
mammoths did not have animal predators
because they were too large to hunt. 1. The author states that woolly mammoths
went extinct due to the combined _________
B. The passage agrees with the lecture ________________________________________
that predators would have led to the wooly of over hunting and climate change, while
mammoth’s decline. the professor ___________________________
____________ that this theory had anything
3. A. Whereas the author of the passage to do with woolly mammoth’s extinction.
states that humans over hunted wooly
mammoths because of their many benefi- 2. The reading blames the warmer climate
cial uses, the speaker believes that humans change for the __________________________
would have hunted other animals that ________________________________________
were just as useful. of the woolly mammoth, but the speaker
thinks that woolly mammoths simply _____
B. Despite the fact that the author of the ________________________________________
passage thinks wooly mammoths went ex- toward the northern pole.
tinct because of over hunting, the speaker
feels that humans would not have hunted 3. ________________________________________
the wooly mammoth. ________________________________________
___________________________The passage
assumes that woolly mammoths were the _
____________ of saber-toothed tigers. The
professor points out that the woolly mam-
moth’s large size would have_____________
________________________________________
any animal predators from hunting it for
food.

4. ________________________________________ Step 6
________________________________________
________________________________________ Read the following sentences taken from
____________________ The reading claims the reading and the lecture. Create new
that humans hunted woolly mammoths to sentences by combining the ideas in each
a great ____________________. However, the pair of sentences.
professor suggests that there were________
____________________ of other animals for 1. A. Once the climate became warmer, how-
humans to hunt. ever, this adaptation undoubtedly created
serious problems for these animals and
B. Changing Sentence Structure caused their populations to dwindle consid-
erably.
Complete the following paraphrases of
the sentences from part A above. B. Do not get me wrong, mammoths clearly
were not suited for life on the equator in
1. While the professor______________________ extremely warm environments, but who is
that ______________________ had anything to say they did not just move up north to
to do with the woolly mammoth’s extinc- Arctic regions.___________________________
tion, the author _________________________ ________________________________________
were, in fact, responsible. ________________________________________
________________________________________
2. The speaker thinks that mammoths ______ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
_______ , but the reading blames the decline
of the woolly mammoth on the____________ 2. A. Because woolly mammoths were so de-
___________________________. sirable, humans probably concentrated the
majority of their, hunting efforts on woolly
3. The professor points out the fact that ani- mammoths alone.
mal predators______________from hunting
the:woolly mammoth because of its large B. There were many other animals that
size. The passage assumes that___________ could have been hunted to create the same
________________________________________ type of objects — animals like buffalo,
____________________ on woolly mammoths. giant sloths, or bears, for example.
________________________________________
4. The professor suggests that there were___ ________________________________________
for humans to hunt. However, the reading ________________________________________
claims that woolly mammoths were hunted ________________________________________
by _____________________________________ ________________________________________
_______________________________________ . ________________________________________

STANDARD ESSAY FORM (for Opinion/Experience Essay) § 6. WRITING SECTION
The Independent Essay
The independent task measures your ability There is no right or wrong answer to the ques-
to compose an essay. You will have 30 min- tion. Your response is scored on your organiza-
utes to write an essay of at least 300 words in tion, development of ideas, and accuracy of lan-
response to an assigned question. To answer guage in addressing all parts of the question.
the question, you must either state, explain,
and support an opinion or state, explain, and
support a preference.
STANDARD ESSAY FORM (for Opinion/Experience Essay) 6

In general, an essay is made up of three basic 1. Topic sentence
components: an introduction, a body, and a 2. Details supporting topic sentence
conclusion. The length of an essay may vary
greatly, but because you only have 30 minutes B. Body Paragraph 2
in which to prepare, write, and proofread your 1. Topic sentence
TOEFL essay, you should aim for an essay con- 2. Details supporting topic sentence
taining a maximum of four to five paragraphs
(unless you are a highly accomplished English C. Body Paragraph 3
writer). Your first paragraph, the introduction, 1. Topic sentence
will introduce the main topic of your essay to 2. Details supporting topic sentence
your reader, and it typically ends with your
thesis statement (the most important sentence III. Conclusion
in your essay). The next part of your essay is
the body. The body provides detailed support A. Paraphrase of thesis
to prove your thesis. The body will be made B. Summary of viewpoint
up of the main sub-points of your thesis, each C. General final statement/comment
with its own paragraph. Thus, your body will
most likely consist of 2-3 paragraphs. Your
final paragraph is your conclusion. These three
basic parts are outlined below and discussed in
greater detail in subsequent lessons.
I. Introduction
A. Hook (to capture your reader’s attention)

B. General information on assigned topic
(no details)
C. Thesis (one-sentence statement of
main idea plus viewpoint)
II. Body
A. Body Paragraph 1

§ 6. WRITING SECTION STANDARD ESSAY FORM (for Opinion/Experience Essay)
Thesis Statement
Exercise 1
Write a thesis statement for each prompt Prompt 4

below:
Do you agree or disagree with the following
Prompt 1 statement? Employees should always try to
seek advancement at their job. Why do you feel
How have your parents formed you into the this way? Give specific reasons and examples
person you are today? Give specific reasons and to support your answer.
examples to support your answer.
Thesis_____________________________________
Thesis_____________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Prompt 2
Do you feel that students should be required

to participate in physical education in schools?
Give specific reasons and examples to support
your answer.
Thesis_____________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Prompt 3
Some people prefer to take notes using a

computer. Others prefer to write out notes
by hand. Which do you think is better? Give
specific reasons and examples to support your
answer.
Thesis_____________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

STANDARD ESSAY FORM (for Opinion/Experience Essay) § 6. WRITING SECTION
Thesis statements and Topic Sentences
Exercise 2
Read the following prompts. Complete the the- Thesis statement: I prefer to take tests that ___
sis statements. Then provide three reasons or ___________________________________________.
examples that you would use to support each
thesis in a response. Reason/Example 1: _________________________
___________________________________________
Prompt 1
Reason/Example 2: _________________________
Do you believe that it is just as benefi-
cial for children to lose at games as it is
for them to win? Give specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
___________________________________________
Reason/Example 3: _________________________
___________________________________________
6
Thesis statement: It is my belief that losing at Choose one of the ideas you listed above.
games _____________________________________ Rewrite the idea as a full sentence that
___________________________________________. could be used as the topic sentence of a
body paragraph.
Reason/Example 1: _________________________
___________________________________________ Topic sentence: _____________________________
___________________________________________
Reason/Example 2: _________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Reason/Example 3:__________________________
___________________________________________ Prompt 3
Choose one of the ideas you listed above. The government has decided to donate
Rewrite the idea as a full sentence that some money for a construction project
could be used as the topic sentence of a in your city. Would you prefer the mon-
body paragraph. ey be used to create a park, or would
you prefer it be used to build a mall?
Topic sentence: _____________________________ Give specific reasons and examples to
___________________________________________ support your answer.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________ Thesis statement: I would prefer the money ___
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________.
Prompt 2 Reason/Example 1: _________________________

___________________________________________
Some people prefer to take multiple
choice tests, while others prefer an Reason/Example 2: _________________________
essay writing format. Which do you pre- ___________________________________________
fer? Give specific reasons and examples
to support your answer. Reason/Example 3: _________________________
___________________________________________

§ 6. WRITING SECTION STANDARD ESSAY FORM (for Opinion/Experience Essay)
Choose one of the ideas you listed above.

Rewrite the idea as a full sentence that
could be used as the topic sentence of a
body paragraph.
Topic sentence: _____________________________

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Prompt 4
Do you feel it is better to study hard the

night before a test, or do you feel that
studying should be spread out over a
period of time? Give specific reasons
and examples to support your answer.
Thesis statement: I feel that it is better to

study ______________________________________
___________________________________________.
Reason/Example 1: _________________________
___________________________________________
Reason/Example 2: _________________________
___________________________________________
Reason/Example 3: _________________________
___________________________________________
Choose one of the ideas you listed above.

Rewrite the idea as a full sentence that
could be used as the topic sentence of a
body paragraph.
Topic sentence: _____________________________

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

Compare-and-Contrast Essay § 6. WRITING SECTION
Compare-and-Contrast Essay
In a compare-and-contrast essay you will be

asked to discuss both advantages and disad-
vantages of an issue. Use the template below
for this type of task:
I. Introduction
A considerable number of people believe that …

Others, however, assert that …
As far as I am concerned, the latter/former
holds merit.
Nonetheless, both views have their pluses and
6
minuses.
II. Body
1. Body paragraph 1
One of the main arguments in favor of
… is…
Furthermore, …
On the other hand, …
In addition, …
2. Body paragraph 2
In comparison, …
First of all, ...
As important is the fact that, …
Despite this, …
Not to mention that, …
3. Body paragraph 3
Personally I am convinced that …
Indubitably …
IV. Conclusion
In a nutshell, I assert that …
It should be stated, however …

§ 6. WRITING SECTION Useful Statements for Opinion and Experience Independent Essay
Useful Statements for Opinion and Experience Independent Essay
The Introduction that... should not be neglected.
It is generally/widely believed/accepted that… Another equally important/essential consider-

ation is...
It is often said that…
Equally important/ essential is...
It is common nowadays for… to…
... may be further supported by... .
There is an ever-increasing/ever-growing num-
ber of… In addition to
Many nations have been faced with the problem… Apart from this,
Nowadays there is a growing tendency… Another aspect/function is...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more Furthermore, …

visible than…
In addition, …
Thesis Statement
To further support my averment, …
As far as I am concerned, …
The conclusion
I strongly believe that…
From what has been discussed above, we may
I absolutely agree/disagree with the claim/ draw the conclusion that ...
statement/idea that …
I truly support the idea that … In summary, it is important...
The first topic sentence Obviously, if no reaction is taken, it is likely that ...
First (of all), … Anyone who ignores the warning would ...
To begin with, … We need to take a second look at/give a second

thought to ..., otherwise ...
One reason why I am fundamentally in accord/
discord with such assertion/statement is… It might be time to take ... into consideration/
account.
The second and third topic sentences
It is time that we put an end to ...
It can also be argued that...
It is urgent/necessary that effective measures
It is also well known that... should be taken to ...
Another special consideration in this case is Apparently,... If we are to ..., it is essential ...

Useful Statements for Opinion and Experience Independent Essay § 6. WRITING SECTION
The greatest challenge we face today is... Giving comparisons and contrasts
We may have a long way to go before ... Although X enjoys/has an enormous/a consid-
erable advantage of/in, it cannot compete/be
Offering causes and effects compared with Y in ...
There are many reasons for... For one thing,... The advantages derived from X far outweigh/
For another,... carry more weight than disadvantages. Indeed,
serious as the problem may be, it carries/bears
It is no easy job to identify the reason for... little weight as/when compared to/with Y/by
comparison with Y.
The solution to this problem lies in/involves
many factors.
... mainly arises/stems from the fact that... ‘

X may be preferable/superior to Y, but it poses
problems for those who ...
6
In fact, the advantages derived from X may be
One may attribute ... to ... offset/counterbalanced by the problems it entails.
... is attributable to ... In spite of/Despite the drawbacks,... has its

beneficial effects.
... is also responsible for the ...
In spite of the fact that..., its positive effects are
A number of factors may account for... obvious.
These factors, coupled with ..., contribute to ... There is no doubt that it has its drawbacks as
well as merits.
One of the factors that contribute to ... is...
However, it is not without defects. The principal
Among the most important reasons/factors one is... ‘
cited by people is ...
Similarly/In the same way/Likewise, ...
... partly because
The same (thing) is true of/goes for/applies to Y.
Part of the explanation lies in ...
X and Y have much in common/are alike in
We may blame ... for..., but the causes go far many respects.
deeper than ...
X bears much/little resemblance to Y.
It may give rise to a number of problems.
..., while/whereas/on the other hand/on the
This will exert/bring about a profound/ contrary /by contrast ...
far-reaching influence/effect/impact on ...
While on the one hand,… on the other hand ...
It leaves/entails some serious consequences…
X and Y differ/are different in several ways.
The immediate result it produces/brings about
is... There are some marked differences between X
and Y.

§ 6. WRITING SECTION Useful Statements for Opinion and Experience Independent Essay
Stating counter-arguments There is much/little/insufficient justification

for ...
Although everyone believes that …, I doubt/
wonder whether the argument bears much The idea/view may be fully/hardly supported/
analysis justified by facts/statistic evidence. There is
every strong/considerable evidence in favour
Although the commonly accepted belief/as- of... (to show that...)
sumption is that … a recent investigation/ close
examination indicates/demonstrates that... All available evidence points to the fact that ...
Although it is widely/commonly held/accepted Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than

that..., it is unlikely to be true that... the evidence that...
People tend to think/maintain/argue/believe

that...
They may be right/correct in saying/asserting

that..., but they seem to neglect the fact that...
It is perhaps true that..., but one vital fact/

point is being left out of our consideration.
It is a common belief that... Unfortunately/

But,...
It is true that..., but it does not follow that...
Some people propose/suggest/advocate that...

But what these people fail to talce into consider-
ation is that ...
Providing evidential examples
Take ... as an example/instance.
A good case in point is.../... is a good case in

point
A better example of this can be best provided by

...
The most familiar example of this is...
... is often/generally cited/quoted as an exam-

ple of...
This provides a typical example/instance/illus-

tration of... to ... .

ETS Independent Essay Topics § 6. WRITING SECTION
ETS Independent Essay Topics
1. People attend college or university for 8. Do you agree or disagree with the following
many different reasons (for example, new statement? Television has destroyed communi-
experiences, career preparation, increased cation among friends and family. Use specific
knowledge). Why do you think people at- reasons and examples to support your opinion.
tend college or university? Use specific rea-
sons and examples to support your answer. 9. “When people succeed, it is because of
hard work. Luck has nothing to do with
2. Do you agree or disagree with the following success.” Do you agree or disagree with the
statement? Parents are the best teachers.
Use specific reasons and examples to sup-
port your answer.
quotation above? Use specific reasons and
examples to explain your position.
10. Do you agree or disagree with the following

6
3. Nowadays, food has become easier to statement? Universities should give the
prepare. Has this change improved the same amount of money to their students’
way people live? Use specific reasons and sports activities as they give to their uni-
examples to support your answer. versity libraries. Use specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
4. It has been said, “Not everything that is
learned is contained in books.” Compare 11. Many people visit museums when they
and contrast knowledge gained from expe- travel to new places. Why do you think
rience with knowledge gained from books. people visit museums? Use specific reasons
In your opinion, which source is more and examples to support your answer.
important? Why?
12. Some people believe that university stu-
5. A company has announced that it wishes to dents should be required to attend classes.
build a large factory near your community. Others believe that going to classes should
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages be optional for students. Which point of
of this new influence on your community. view do you agree with? Use specific rea-
Do you support or oppose the factory? sons and details to explain your answer.
Explain your position. 13. Neighbors are the people who live near us.
In your opinion, what are the qualities of
6. If you could change one important thing a good neighbor? Use specific details and
about your hometown, what would you examples in your answer.
change? Use reasons and specific examples
to support your answer. 14. It has recently been announced that a new
restaurant may be built in your neighbor-
7. How do movies or television influence hood. Do you support or oppose this plan?
people’s behavior? Use reasons and specific Why? Use specific reasons and details to
examples to support your answer. support your answer.

§ 6. WRITING SECTION ETS Independent Essay Topics
15. Some people think that they can learn

better by themselves than with a teacher.
Others think that it is always better to
have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use
specific reasons to develop your essay.
16. What are some important qualities of a

good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details
and examples to explain why these quali-
ties are important.
17. Should governments spend more money on

improving roads and highways, or should
governments spend more money on improv-
ing public transportation (buses, trains,
subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and
details to develop your essay.
18. It is better for children to grow up in the

countryside than in a big city. Do you agree
or disagree? Use specific reasons and exam-
ples to develop your essay.
19. In general, people are living longer now.

Discuss the causes of this phenomenon.
Use specific reasons and details to develop
your essay.
20. We all work or will work in our jobs with

many different kinds of people. In your
opinion, what are some important charac-
teristics of a co-worker (someone you work
closely with)? Use reasons and specific ex-
amples to explain why these characteristics
are important.
21. In some countries, teenagers have jobs

while they are still students. Do you think
this is a good idea? Support your opinion by
using specific reasons and details.
22. A person you know is planning to move to

your town or city. What do you think this
person would like and dislike about living
in your town or city? Why? Use specific rea-
sons and details to develop your essay.

Evaluating the Essays § 6. WRITING SECTION
Evaluating the Essays
Read the independent writing question and the of crimes because teenagers kill to get design-
five essays that follow. Evaluate each essay er jackets. Advertising makes them feel like
according to the descriptions of the five levels they are nobody without designer clothes. Also,
on page 218, Appendix 3. Assign each response teenagers start to smoke because they think
a score of 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1. this looks cool. Moreover, some girls want to be
thin like girls in the ads.
Do you agree or disagree with the follow-
ing statement? Advertising influences Finally, advertising changes people’s communi-
people’s behavior in a negative way. Use
specific reasons and examples to support
your opinion.
cation. I hear a lot of little children saying the
phrases they hear on television. They also sing
the songs from the commercials. Also, adver-
tising influences spelling. I have seen “night”
6
Response A spelled like “nite.” Therefore, advertising has a
negative effects on the ways that people speak
Score:______________________________________ and write English.
People see a lot of advertising in newspapers Advertising has a lot of good points. It is a way
and magazines, on signs, and on television. to sell things in a capitalist country. However,
Today people even see ads in the movie theat- there are also a lot of bad influences on people’s
er! All of this advertising influences people’s behavior because of advertising.
behavior in a negative way. It influences how
people spend their money, how they look at Response B
themselves, and how they communicate with
other people. Score:_____________________________________
Advertising influences how people spend their Advertising is a large part of our culture, so of
money. People sometimes buy things they can’t course advertising influences people’s behavior.
afford or don’t need. I read a story of a family But I disagree with the statement, advertising
that bought a computer for their children, but influences behavior in a negative way. On the
they were living in a tent. They didn’t even contrary, I think the effect of advertising is
have electricity for the computer. People spend positive for society.
too much because they have to be better than
everyone else. One effect of advertising is a way for people
to learn about new products to buy. We learn
In my country, weddings are a big industry, about new types of products and service by
and families spend too much money because seeing it on television. For example, I learned
of advertising. This is a negative influence of about a special price for a travel to Florida
advertising. from advertising on television. This had a
positive effect on my behavior because I could
Advertising affects how people view them- enjoyed a beautiful week in Florida. Other
selves. Sometimes it makes people feel bad if things I learned are a new restaurant of health
they can’t buy something. For example, a lot of food, a movie, and places for automobile ser-
sports and movie stars advertise shoes, clothes, vice. All these advertising had a positive effect
snd so on. Children see this on television and of helping me have a better life.
pressure their parents to buy it. There are a lot

§ 6. WRITING SECTION Evaluating the Essays
Another effect of advertising is a way to com- is a lie, animals don’t talk. Advertising - it’s
pare the prices and the quality of service. This good but some is a lie and not real. But still
is a positive because we can think carefuly people’s belief, and so it’s a problem.
before we buy something. Also, we can save
money. We can find a better quality. So adver- Response D
tising has a positive effect of critical thinking
and making smarter shoppers. Score:______________________________________
Also, another positive effect of advertising is a Advertising influences people’s behavior in a

way to get ideas for living more interesting life. negative way. I disagree with the statement.
We learn many interesting ideas from televi- The statement is not true.
sion advertising and also in magazines. For
example, 1 read magazines and see intresting Sometimes advertising is very interesting. I
ideas to decorate my apartment in advertising. am interesting by the ads on the bus and train.
Also, I learn about new kinds of food and plac- Some advertising is beautiful art and it’s not
es to visit. So advertising has a positive effect negative influence, it’s very creativity. The
of helping me, not a negative influence on my advertising industry gives jobs to artists and
behavior. writers. My two cousins and his friend they
have a job in advertising company where draw
Of course, some advertising influence behav- pictures and design posters. Some posters on
ior in a negative way, such as smoking. But I the bus and train where many people can see
think the general influence on people’s behav- the posters. My cousin he studied at art college
ior is positive. Advertising helps people learn and his degree in commercial art. He got a job
about products, compare the prices, and to get where make advertising posters. On the other
interesting ideas for better life. hand, some advertising on television gives jobs
to actors and musicians. Sometimes famous
Response C actors they make ad for television advertising,
then later get a job in movies and so on. Some
Score:______________________________________ actor he doesn’t act, he uses voice narration
on the television ads. I can hear the voice of
We can see advertising in many places. For some famous actors in the advertising, it’s not
example, on TV also on buildings, magazines negative influence. The advertising industry
and junk mail. The purpose of advertising is has jobs for many people, it’s the reason I disa-
showing people to buy things. gree with the statement. Also, I am interesting
by the ads on clothing, such as T-shirts and
We can’t avoid a negative way for advertising caps. These pictures they are very beautiful by
even we are educated. Many advertising is a lie artists. Some ads in the print media, newspa-
so we don’t always know it’s true. It’s a nega- per and magazine, also, they are very good. My
tive behavior for people tell a lie in advertising. second cousin sometime she designs ads for the
But it’s too bad because people don’t know and print media.
buy things even it’s a lie.
Response E
This is illegal in many countries. We had better
to find the answer to the problem. Score:______________________________________
I used to watch TV and saw many advertising People influenced by the world around them.
on TV. I saw lot of negative behavior. Many TV Advertising has many ways influencing peo-
shows are very stupid advertising. Sometimes ple’s behavior. I agree with the statement.

Evaluating the Essays § 6. WRITING SECTION
Most the influences of advertising are negative.

I will discuss advertising on television and
Internet.
Advertising on television is too much. Every

hour has too many comercials. Advertising is
for cars, lifestyle, cloths, liquer, diamonds, and
many other things. People don’t need all these
things. These things are espensive, so influence
is negative. People want too many things. They
see the comercial on television. They want rich
lifestyle.
So they spend too much money can’t afford.

6
Some advertising is for medicine and drugs
such as asprin. People need some medicine.
However, they take too many drugs don’t need
them. Some advertising is for food, such as piz-
za, cookies, candy, coke, and beer. People need
food to live. However, many people get very
fat. They eat too much junk food. Therefore,
advertising is mainly a negative influence. Ad-
vertising cause people spend too much money.
Moreover, people eat too much junk food. It’s
bad for health.
Also, people influenced by the Internet ad-

vertising. It’s too much! Every kind of picture
and spam on email - it’s too much comercial on
Internet. In the past, Internet was for study
and learning. But now Internet is mainly way
for sell things. People see advertising. They
want too many things. It’s a pity. It’s mainly
influences people’s behavior in a negative way.
Moreover, some Internet advertising is false.

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION
7 7
SPEAKING
SECTION

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION HOW THE SPEAKING SECTION IS SCORED
The Speaking Section on the TOEFL iBT con- same topic as the reading. Your response will
sists of 6 questions. have to combine information from both the talk
and the reading. You will have 30 seconds to
The first two questions will ask you to prepare and 60 seconds to speak.
respond to familiar topics—these are the tasks
that ask you to state your personal preference The final two questions ask you to listen to
and to choose between two options. After you a conversation or lecture and respond to it. You
hear the question you will have 15 seconds to will be allowed to take notes during all read-
prepare your response and 45 seconds to speak. ings, conversations, and lectures. However, the
directions for each question will not appear on
The next two questions require you to read a the screen; you’ll only be able to listen to them
short text. You will have 45 seconds to read the once. You will have 20 seconds to prepare and
selection, after which the text is removed from 60 seconds to speak.
the screen. Next you will listen to a talk on the
HOW THE SPEAKING SECTION IS SCORED
Each of your spoken responses will be graded 3. Topic development: This includes how
on a scale of 0 to 4. The graders consider three your response addresses the task as well as
major areas when judging the quality of your the development of your ideas. Thus, the
response—lets s look at each in detail. graders are judging you not only on how
you speak, but also on what you say. This
1. Delivery: On the TOEFL, delivery refers is an important point because test takers
to both the flow and clarity of your speech. who are comfortable speaking in English
A higher-scoring response win be well may not achieve a top score if they do not
paced and free of long pauses and unnec- structure their responses appropriate.
essaryinterjections. Although the speech
may contain minor pronunciation errors or
problems with intonation, these errors do
not detract from understanding the speech.
2. Language use: The scorers are looking for

effective use of grammar and vocabulary.
Complexity of sentence structure will also
be considered. A higher-scoring response
generally contains a variety of sentence
structures, a range of vocabulary, and few
grammatical errors. Once again, a top
response doesn’t have to be perfect, but the
errors shouldn’t affect the listener’s ability
to understand the speech.

Structures for the Speaking Questions § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Structures for the Speaking Questions
Question Type 1 Question Type 4.

Personal Preference Questions Summarize/Contrast Question
Preparation time:15 sec Preparation time: 30 sec

Response time: 45sec Response time: 60 sec
GS (INTRODUCTION) – I personally believe According to the reading, : 10 sec
that… : 5-8 sec According to the listening,..: 50 sec – start from
Reason 1 – The main reason is that… the question given after the lecture
For example (a personal example) The lecturer argues/states/holds/asserts/
Reason 2 Secondly, claims that …
7
For instance, : 35 sec There speaker expresses the point/opinion ….
To sum up, I am strongly convinced that… : 5 sec
Question Type 5.
Question Type 2. Summarize/Preference Question
Choose an Option Question
Prep time:20 sec
Preparation time:15 sec Response time: 60 sec
Response time: 45sec Problem: The w/m’s problem is that…
GS (INTRODUCTION) – I prefer to…/I would Solutions: His/her friend offers two solutions.
definitely choose… The first one is…The second one is…
Reason 1 – Firstly, Your Preference: I prefer the 1st/2nd solution…
To illustrate, The main reason is that…
Reason 2 – Furthermore, Secondly,..
For example, To draw the line, I believe 1st/2nd solution is
the best one for the w/m…
To put it in a nutshell,
Question Type 6.
Question Type 3. Summarize Question
Summarize an opinion
Start from the question given after the lecture:
Preparation time: 30 sec According to the lecture,
Response time: 60 sec Prep time: 20 sec
According to the reading, there is … : 10 sec Response time: 60 sec
In the listening the w/m believes that…
Firstly, she/he claims that…
She/He states…
Secondly, s/he claims…
S/He states that…
For these reasons, the w/m believes that…

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #1: Personal Preference Question
Type #1: Personal Preference Question
The first speaking task on the TOEFL typi- Prompt 2

cally asks you to describe something that you
would prefer to do, see, or experience. These People are living longer. Why? Develop
tasks may also ask you to talk about something your position using examples and rea-
important to you. Regardless of the exact ques- sons.
tion, these tasks require you to pick the thing,
person, or event you are going to discuss. You Preparation Time – 15 seconds
will have 15 seconds for Preparation and 45
seconds to answer. Response Time– 45 seconds
Prompt 1 Personally, I contend that people are living

longer because they are taking better care of
Should teenagers work during high themselves.
school? Why? Give illustrations and rea-
sons to develop your argument. For example, my grandfather is eighty. When
he was younger, he used to smoke and drink a
Preparation Time – 15 seconds lot. Also, he never ate very well. Then, when he
was fifty, he had heart attack. He was in the
Response Time – 45 seconds hospital for a long time. The doctor told him he
should stop smoking and drinking, and start
Personally, I think that high school students eating better. That’s what my grandfather did.
should work while going to school. Now, he doesn’t drink or smoke anymore. Also,
he eats lots of healthy food like salads and fish,
For example, when I was a high school student, and he exercises every day. As a result, he feels
I had a job at an English bookstore in Buda- much better than before and has lots more
pest, Hungary. I worked every Saturday and energy.
Sunday, and sometimes at night during the
week. I loved it because I was always meeting By changing his lifestyle, my grandfather is
foreigners who spoke English. By helping them definitely going to live longer because he is
find books, I was able to practice my English. taking better care of himself.
It was great because at school, I only learned
grammar from books, but at the bookstore I Words: 134
was learning conversational English. Not only
that but I made money for myself. This helped
me because I didn’t always have to ask my
parents for money for books and other things.
As you can see, by working at the bookstore I
killed two birds with one stone.
In conclusion, I believe that all high school

students should work part-time during high
school.
Words: 150

Type #1: Personal Preference Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Prompt 3. Below you will find a of 40 independent-style

questions very similar to what you are likely to
Which person has been the greatest in- face in question 1 of the TOEFL iBT. This can
fluence in your life? Give examples and be a handy self-study or group-based discus-
reasons to support and develop your sion topic list to help prepare for the TOEFL.
opinion. Remember for this task, you only have 15
seconds to prepare after hearing the question,
Personally, I believe that my mother has been then 45 seconds to complete your response.
the biggest influence in my life.
For example, I am now in America working as Type #1

an au pair. An au pair is like a babysitter who
lives with an American family. I am doing this 1. Who would you like to go on a trip abroad
for a year in Stamford, Connecticut. At first I with? Describe this person and say why he/
7
didn’t want to come to America and leave all she would be a good travel companion for you.
my friends in Estonia, but my mother said it
would be a great experience and a great way 2. What is your favorite place to visit on
to develop my English. She was right. Living weekends? Describe it and explain why it is
with an American family has been a wonderful your favorite place to go.
experience and my English is so much better.
3. What is your happiest childhood memory?
Also, my mother is my inspiration. When I was Describe it and give reasons to explain why
growing up, she was a high school teacher. it is your happiest memory.
This was strange because all my friends’ moth-
ers were housewives. But my mother wanted 4. What is your most important possession?
to work. She always told me to just follow my Describe it and say why it is so important.
heart. I remember these words whenever I
have problems in America, and they give me 5. Talk about a person who has inspired you.
strength. Describe the person and explain why you
found him/her inspirational.
For those reasons, my mother has been the
biggest influence in my life. 6. Where do most like to go to eat out? De-
scribe this place and say why you like it
Words: 173 most.
7. Talk about an important national holiday

in your home country. Describe it and ex-
plain why it is important.
8. What is your favorite book or movie? De-

scribe it and say why it is your favorite.
9. Who do you feel close to in your family (or

extended family)? Describe this person and
say why you feel close to him/her.
10. Where is a good place to have fun in your

city or town? Describe this place and ex-

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #1: Personal Preference Question
plain why it is fun. place for you to study.
11. Talk about an experience in your life that 23. Talk about a positive experience with
made you feel embarrassed. Describe it and learning or using English. Describe the ex-
say why it was embarrassing. perience and say why it was a positive one.
12. What was your favorite subject at school? 24. What is your favorite kind of food? De-
Describe it and explain why this subject scribe it and explain why it is your favorite
was your favorite one.
25. Name a famous or influential figure who
13. Who is an important person in your coun- has inspired you. Describe this person and
try? Describe this person and explain why say why he/she has been inspirational to
he/she is important. you.
14. Talk about an interesting tourist attraction 26. Which place has fond memories for you?
you have been to. Describe it and say why Describe this place and explain why it is
it was interesting. memorable to you.
15. Talk about a time when you experienced 27. When have you been happily surprised by
success. Describe the experience and say something? Describe the experience and
why it was a success for you. say why the surprise was a happy one for
you.
16. What is your favorite style of clothing? De-
scribe it and explain why it is your favorite. 28. Describe a resource that helped you to do
something better than before. Describe it
17. Name a person whom you truly admire. and explain why it was helpful to you.
Describe the person and say why you ad-
mire him/her. 29. Describe a person from your country’s
history. Why do you think this person was
18. Think of a place that makes you feel re- important?
laxed and peaceful. Describe it and explain
why it is relaxing and peaceful for you. 30. Where would you like to go to spend a
vacation? Describe this place and say why
19. Talk about a difficulty you have overcome you would like to holiday there.
in your life. Describe the experience and
say why it was difficult to overcome. 31. Talk about something you and your fam-
ily enjoy doing together. Describe it and
20. What is your most useful study aid? De- explain why you all enjoy it.
scribe it and explain why it is useful in
helping you to study. 32. What is your favorite recreational activity?
Describe it and say why you enjoy doing it.
21. Talk about a teacher who had a positive
influence on you. Describe this person and 33. Who is the most intelligent person you
explain why he/she was so influential to know? Describe the person and say why
you. you think he/she is intelligent.
22. Where is your favorite place to study? 34. Where would you most like to live? De-
Describe this place and say why it is a good scribe this place and explain why you

Type #1: Personal Preference Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
would like to live there.
35. What is your favorite season of the year?

Describe the season and explain why you
like it so much.
36. What custom from your home country are

you most fond of? Describe the custom and
explain why you are fond of it.
37. Which person are you most likely to go to

with a personal problem? Describe this
person and say why you would go to him/
her in particular.
38. Name a place in your country you would

recommend others to visit. Describe this
place and explain why you would recom-
7
mend it.
39. Talk about an event from the past that you

would like to relive. Describe the original
event and say why you would like to relive
it.
40. What is your favorite way of getting

around? Describe it and explain why it is
your favorite means of transportation.

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #2: Choose an Option Question
Type #2: Choose an Option Question
The second type of task on the TOEFL, pres- The prompt asks whether exercising reduces
ent you with two options. You’ll have to decide stress or not. Personally, I posit that exercising
which one is best and support your decision. does reduce stress. Why? For these reasons.
Here’s an example
First, after class I run up and down a big hill
Prompt 1 near my university. The distance is ten miles.
It is definitely hard work, but I love it. If I don’t
We need zoos. Do you agree or disafree? run every day, I have a hard time sleeping.
Why? Give examples and reasons to sup- After I run, I feel stress free. Best of all, I sleep
port your opinion. like a log.
Start speaking – 45 seconds Next is my girlfriend. She loves to exercise

too. After a hard day of work, she hits the gym
From my point of view, I agree. I believe that near our house and does yoga and pilates. She
we need zoos. Why? Because zoos are educa- says it is a great way to relieve the pressures of
tional and fun for families. being a new lawyer in a big law firm.
Zoos are educational. For example, when I was In sum, exercising definitely reduces stress.
12, my teacher took us to the zoo in Berlin. I If you want to stay happy and healthy, you
had never seen wild animals before. I had just should exercise every day.
read about them in books and seen them on the
TV. But seeing them in real life was amazing, Prompt 3
especially the lions. On TV, they looked so
small, but seeing them alive they were really A big airport will be built near your
big. By going to the zoo, I definitely saw things hometown. Do you or don’t you support
in a whole new light. the new airport? Develop your argument
using examples and reasons.
Zoos are also good for families. For example,
now I have a family and we always go to the From my perspective, I support a new airport
zoo every summer. My wife makes a picnic and near my hometown. Why? Because we need jobs.
we spend all day there. My kids love taking
pictures and learning all about the animals, I live in Osnabrueck, Germany. Osnabrueck is
especially the gorillas. Being outside is good a small city with many tourist attractions. The
for my children. Best of all, they can leave the businesses we have, however, are small and
internet and the TV at home. don’t offer many jobs to young people, so the
young people always move away to big cities
For those reasons, I contend that we need zoos. like Berlin and Frankfurt. But if we got a new
Zoos are educational and fun for families. airport, we could have many jobs for young
people. If they got jobs, they could stay and
Prompt 2 help develop the economy of Osnabrueck. Also,
the airport will attract other new businesses,
Exercising reduces stress. Do you agree and that is good for creating jobs too.
or disagree? Develop your opinion using
examples and reasons For the aforementioned reasons, I support the
new airport. A new airport will be good for

Type #2: Choose an Option Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Osnabrueck. If we don’t accept it, some other for shoes. When I buy shoes, I need to try them
town will and Osnabrueck will lose jobs and on. If I buy them online, I never know how they
young people. will fit. This is a hassle because if they don’t
fit, it takes a lot of time to return them and get
Prompt 4 my money back. But if I buy shoes at the mall,
and they don’t fit, I can exchange them or get
At home, do your prefer to make each the right size right away. This is much more
meal from basic ingredients or do you convenient.
prefer ready-to-eat meals? Use examples
and reasons to support your opinion. For those reasons, I definitely prefer to shop at
the mall.
From my experience, I prefer ready-to-eat
meals. Why? Because they are fast and easy for Prompt 6
me to prepare.
7
What are the advantages and disadvan-
When I get up in the morning, I don’t have tages of home schooling? Use illustrations
time to make breakfast from basic ingredients and reasons to develop your argument.
like bacon and eggs. I have to get ready and
leave my house early so I can get to work on Personally, I think there are advantages and
time. I usually eat some yogurt and a banana. disadvantages to homeschooling.
Sometimes I buy a bagel on the way to work.
After work, I’m too tired to make dinner from For example, my friend Sarah studied at home
basic ingredients, so I just put some spaghetti with her mom. Sarah was really smart but she
or a chicken dinner into the microwave and I never knew how to talk to people. She never
can have a hot meal quickly. You pay more for went to parties or had a boyfriend. All she did
ready-to-eat meals, but I don’t mind. Besides, I was study with her mom. That is one big dis-
hate cooking and washing dishes. advantage of home schooling. You don’t have
many friends.
To sum up, I prefer to eat ready-to-eat meals.
However, by studying all the time, Sarah got
Prompt 5 really good grades. She is now going to Harvard.
She wants to be a doctor. To be a doctor, you
Some prefer to shop online while others must study very hard. That is one big advan-
prefer to shop at stores. Discuss both tage of studying at home. You can study with no
options, then state your preference. Use distractions like sports or band practice.
illustrations and reasons to develop your
position. For those reasons, there are advantages and
disadvantages to homeschooling. Personally,
Some people prefer to shop at the mall while I think you need a balance between making
others prefer to shop online. Personally, I pre- friends and studying.
fer to shop at the mall.
These days the internet makes everything so

easy, especially shopping. You can find a big
selection and lots of really good prices online,
and you don’t even have to leave your home.
However, I prefer to go to the mall, especially

Below you will find a list of 40 independent-style es are finished. Which do you prefer?
questions very similar to what you are likely to
face in question 2 of the TOEFL iBT. This can 10. Would you prefer to go on a long trip by car
be a handy self-study or group-based discussion or by train?
topic list to help prepare for the TOEFL. Re-
member for this task, you only have 15 seconds 11. Some people like to stick to tasks they
to prepare after hearing the question, then 45 know they can do well. Others like to try
seconds to complete your response. new things and take risks. Which do you
prefer?
Type #2 12. Which kind of job would you prefer: a job

that is uninteresting but has a high salary,
1. Some people prefer to live in a small town. or a job you really enjoy with a moderate
Others prefer to live in a big city. Which salary?
place would you prefer to live in?
13. Some people like to hurry and get things
2. Would you prefer to do an important col- done as quickly as possible. Others prefer
lege assignment as part of a team with oth- to take their time and get things done at a
er students, or individually on your own? slower pace. Which do you prefer?
3. Some students get their best study done 14. Do you prefer friends who are intelligent,
at night. Others prefer to study during the or friends who are reliable?
day. Which time do you prefer for getting
study done? 15. Some students try to do moderate amounts
of homework on a daily basis. Others prefer
4. Would you prefer to run your own private to get their homework done in one go over
business or work for a large company with 1-2 days. Which do you prefer?
many employees?
16. If you went to study in a different country
5. Some people prefer to eat at food stands or with a different culture, would you prefer
restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare to adapt yourself to the new culture, or
and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? concentrate more on maintaining your own
culture?
6. Would you prefer to go on a trip overseas to
a new country with a companion you know, 17. Some people like to keep up with current
or just by yourself? news by reading newspapers. Others prefer
to read about the news online. Which do
7. Some students go directly to the teacher you prefer?
with questions about their course work.
Others prefer to ask their classmates first. 18. Would you prefer to do a course that
Which do you prefer? involves lectures and tutorials onsite, or a
course that is conducted online via distance
8. During your spare time, would you prefer learning?
to watch a movie or read a book?
19. When shopping, some people use brand
9. Some students try to combine part-time names to help them decide what to buy.
work and study, while others prefer to Other people go only by price. Which do
study only and work later once their cours- you prefer?

Type #2: Choose an Option Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
20. Many universities offer intensive courses 30 years of age). Others prefer to wait until
during the summer and winter periods. they are older to start their own family.
Would you prefer to take an intensive Which do/would you prefer?
course during the summer or the winter
vacation period? 30. Some students like to listen to music while
they are studying. Others prefer a very
21. Some people like living in the center of cit- quiet atmosphere for their study. Which do
ies close to downtown areas. Others prefer you prefer?
to live further out in the suburbs. Which do
you prefer? 31. Would you like to spend most of your life
living and working only in your own coun-
22. Some people give money as gifts to friends. try, or would you prefer to spend some time
Others try to give a specific kind of present. living and working in a new country?
Which kind of gift do you prefer giving to a
7
friend? 32. Some people enjoy hobbies or sports that
are personal and individual. Others like
23. To find out about a course subject, would hobbies or sports that involve groups of
you prefer to go and ask a teacher about it, people. Which do you prefer?
or talk to a student who has already taken
the subject? 33. Some people want to have specific instruc-
tions or directions when they try something
24. Some students like to use the library to do new. Other people like to experiment and
most of their research. Others prefer to do work things out for themselves. Which do
most of their research using the Internet. you prefer?
Which do you prefer?
34. Would you prefer to live in an apartment
25. Some people like to spend their leisure building, or a private house?
time outdoors, while others prefer to spend
it indoors. Which do you prefer? 35. Some students like to make a specific study
schedule for themselves, while others
26. Would you prefer to spend your vacation prefer to do their study only when they feel
period at home with family, or go on a trip like doing it. Which do you prefer?
somewhere with close friends?
36. During discussions, some people like to
27. Some students prefer lectures where the lead the conversation and do a lot of the
teacher does all of the talking. Other talking. Other people prefer to listen more
students prefer classes where students and talk only when they have to. Which do
are more interactive and contribute to the you prefer?
lesson. Which do you prefer?
37. For a group assignment, would you prefer
28. Some students like to buy all their own to work with a new group of people whom
books and keep them after their courses you don’t know all that well, or work with
are finished. Others prefer to borrow course your close friends?
books and return them once the course is
finished. Which do you prefer? 38. Some people like to keep a private diary
which they don’t show to other people.
29. Some people like to get married and start Other people like to start things like online
a family while they are still young (under blogs, where other people can read the

posts and make comments about them.

Which would you prefer to start - a private
diary or an online blog?
39. Some students choose courses in order to

get good jobs in the future. Other students
choose courses that are very interesting to
them, even if they don’t always lead to good
jobs. Which do you prefer?
40. Some universities are small and have only

a couple of thousand students on campus.
Other universities are very large and have
many thousands of students enrolled.
Which kind of university do you prefer?

Type #3: Summarize an Opinion Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Type #3: Summarize an Opinion Question
The third type of task requires you to read Listen to the dialogue and summarize both
a brief passage and listen to a conversation arguments. (Track 12 BS)
about it. You’ll then have to summarize the
opinion or position given in the conversation. Narrator: Listen as two students discuss the
This task is different from the first two in that announcement
it has both reading and listening elements.
Man: Hi, Wendy.
For this task, you must: Woman: Hey, Tom. Have you heard about the
new organic food policy?
●● take notes as you read and listen; Man: Yeah. What a great idea. It’s about time
●● summarize the main points in the reading the school did something to improve the food
7
and in the dialogue; around here.
●● synthesize the main points in the reading Woman: If you ask me, I think the new policy
and in the dialogue; is all wrong.
●● paraphrase the main points in the reading Man: Why?
and in the dialogue. Woman: Because organic food is way more
expensive. In some cases, at least fifty per cent
Read the sample passage below – 45 seconds more. Add that to labor costs, you know, money
to pay the cafeteria staff, and I’m going to be
paying a lot more for my coffee and the milk
Announcement from the President I put in it. I hate to think what a salad will
cost. Organic may be cheaper in the future, but
Starting next semester, all food sold at right now it’s for people with money not poor
Shelton University will be organic. This students like me.
will include all food prepared and served in Man: But think of all the health benefits. You’ll
the main cafeteria, as well as snacks bought be eating food that doesn’t have any chemicals
in vending machines throughout campus. or antibiotics in it. Not only that but all that
This policy also includes beverages as well, good organic food will be lower in fat and calo-
both hot and cold. When possible, the uni- ries. I mean, that’s got to be good, right?
versity will contract local growers to provide Woman: Don’t be fooled. A hamburger is a
fresh organic produce. Student meal tickets hamburger whether the meat is organic or not.
will continue to be honored. The university is Both will have the same amount of fat and cal-
implementing this policy in order to regulate ories. The only difference is the organic ham-
the sugar and fat content in student diets. burger has no pesticides or antibiotics in it.
This change in policy reflects health aware- Man: Well, I still think it’s a good idea. By of-
ness programs being implemented at other fering organic food, we’ll be eating a lot better.
colleges and universities across the nation. Even the snacks in the vending machines will
be organic. It’s definitely the wave of the fu-
ture. Best of all, we’ll be helping local farmers.
Woman What I don’t like is the university tell-
ing us what we can and can’t eat. Not every-
body wants to eat organic, you know. If I want
to eat non organic, that’s my choice. Sorry,
but the school should not be in the health care
business.

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #3: Summarize an Opinion Question
Question Type #3
The woman expresses her opinion about the Announcement from the President
food policy.
It is with great pleasure that Darien College
State her opinion and give reasons for holding announces the appointment of Professor Abby
that opinion. Wright. Professor Wright is a world renowned
lecturer and writer. Her book of poems, Po-
Sample Answer ems on the Plane, won the prestigious Ink
Well Prize while her latest novel, Break the
Two students are discussing the new organic Fast, has been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.
food policy at Shelton University. Professor Wright graduated summa cum laude
with a degree in English Literature from
Starting next semester, all the food at Shel- Princeton. She received her Master’s in Com-
ton University will be organic. The university parative Mythology from Yale and her Ph.D. in
says that organic food will be healthier for the Medieval Slovenian Literature from Harvard.
students and that other schools are making the Professor Wright also has a degree in law from
same changes. Georgetown. Professor Wright will teach class-
es in Comparative Literature and Mythology,
The woman argues that the new policy is a bad and will be available for student consultation.
idea. On behalf of Darien College, I extend a warm
welcome to Professor Wright.
First, she says that organic food is fifty percent
more expensive than regular food. That means Prompt. The man gives his opinion of the new
she will have to pay more for her coffee and professor. State his position and explain the
salads. She says organic food is for rich people, reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
not poor students like her.
Track 13 BS
Next, she says that organic food does not mean
healthier food. For example, she says a regular Announcement from Student Services
hamburger and an organic hamburger have the
same calories and fat. Organic food, she says, Wilton University seeks a student to manage
is not healthier. the school’s state-of-the-art exercising facility
part time on weekday evenings and weekends.
Finally, she doesn’t want the university telling Preference will be given to those students in
her what she should eat. The university is tak- their graduating year and who have a back-
ing away her freedom to choose. If she wants to ground in sports management and/or health
eat regular food, that is her choice. science. The qualified candidate will be respon-
sible for opening and closing the facility, sched-
For those reasons, the woman is against the uling classes, such as yoga and pilates, and
new food policy. assisting those students and faculty members
who need help. Knowledge of computer data-
bases is essential, as is a GPA of no less than
3.0. For more information, please see Ivette in
Student Services, Room A1.

Track 14 BS Track 16 BS
Prompt. The woman expresses her opinion about Announcement from the President
the announcement. State her opinion and explain
the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. Starting next semester, all first and second
year students will be required to live on cam-
Announcement from the Dean pus in a dormitory. The university has recently
finished construction of the Joan Lily Dormito-
Starting Monday, students at Greenwich ry and the Dr. S. G. Shiloh Dormitory.
College are invited to submit nominations for
The Student-of-the-Year Award. The student of These state-of-the-art dorms each contain 500
the year will best represent the school motto: rooms with laundry facilities and exercising
“Diligence and Desire.” The winning student rooms in the basements. Each room has two beds
will receive a cash prize of $5,000.00 and and a small refrigerator. All rooms are internet
7
laptop computer. The nominated student may ready, have card key locks, and provide wonder-
be in any year and must be currently enrolled ful views of Lake Barley. Rooms and roommates
at Greenwich College. You may not nominate will be assigned on a first-come, first-served
yourself. Voting will take place throughout basis. The Dr. S. G. Shiloh dormitory is for male
the month. To vote, go to room 310 with your students only. The Joan Lily dormitory is for
student ID card. Students not enrolled at female students only. If you have any questions,
Greenwich College cannot vote. If you have any please contact the university president.
questions, please contact the Dean’s office.
Track 17BS
Track 15 BS
Announcement from the Dean
Prompt. The man expresses his opinion about
the announcement. State his opinion and ex- In celebration of this the Year of the Volunteer,
plain the reasons he gives for maintaining that Westport University is pleased to announce
opinion. the following. Starting next semester, each
student will be required to be a volunteer for
Announcement from the Dean one full semester. Students may choose which
organization they would like to volunteer for.
Starting next semester, students at Stamford Volunteering for work related to your major
College will not be allowed to use laptop com- is recommended but not required. However, a
puters during class time. Any student using minimum of four hours a week volunteering is
a laptop computer during class time will be required. You will receive credit for your work
asked to turn it off or leave the room. as a volunteer. The required minimum number
of volunteer hours is forty-eight per student.
This policy is in response to complaints saying Volunteering is a requirement for graduation.
that increased laptop usage during class time If you have any questions about this policy,
is noisy and distracting. Laptop usage will be please contact the Dean’s office.
permitted in all main campus areas, including
libraries and food service areas. If you have Track 18 BS
any questions regarding this policy, please feel
free to contact the Dean. Office hours are Mon- Prompt: The woman expresses her opinion
day-Friday 9 to 5pm. about the new policy. State her opinion and
explain the reasons she gives for expressing
that opinion.

Additional Speaking Practice Students are invited to express their views on

the proposed change at a meeting in Room 100
Q3-1: Notice of Vote on Campus Food at the Administration Building at 2:00 this
Service Friday.
Students are encouraged to vote on the uni- Q3-4: Community Course in Theater
versity’s proposal to change the food service on
campus. Students should vote for which of two Members of the community are invited to join
options they prefer. Option 1 would expand the students in the Baxter College Theater Arts
main cafeteria in the Student Center, including program in a fully staged college theater pro-
the addition of more food choices and more din- duction. In this course, you will learn theory,
ing space; this option would also close the two methods, and an analysis of theater produc-
snack bars on campus. Option 2 would close tion in acting or technical theater. You will
the cafeteria in the Student Center but would assist with scenery construction and costumes,
maintain the two snack bars, and would add box office procedures, and lighting and sound
five food service areas across campus, including systems during the production of a play. The
two cafes, a deli, a barbeque grill, and a fine instructor has extensive experience in the
dining room. performing arts and is director of the college’s
Theater Arts program. This course is not open
Q3-2: Training Course for Tutors to full-time or part-time students of Baxter
College.
Western University announces a new course
in the practice of professional tutoring. The Q3-5: Childcare on Campus
course combines a discussion class with prac-
tical experience in either the Math Center or Students can use an on-campus childcare
the Writing Center. In the discussion class, center for children from 12 months to 6 years.
students will explore tutoring theories, ex- Hours of operation are 6:45 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.,
amine the role of the peer tutor, and develop Monday through Thursday, and 6:45 a.m. to
effective tutoring practices. In their practical 6:00 p.m., Friday. The Child Care Center is
experience, students will observe peer tutoring conveniently located near the main classroom
and advance to supervised tutoring. Students buildings and the library. The Center offers
who are considering graduate school in related safe playrooms, an outdoor playground, trained
fields will benefit from this course. Enrollment staff, and a safe and caring environment.
is limited to 40 and requires the signature of Full-time students have priority to enroll their
an academic adviser. children at the center. For enrollment and rate
information, call 305-1144. Space is limited, so
Q3-3: Proposal to Change the Physical we recommend that you enroll your children
Education Requirement early.
The college is considering a proposal to from Q3-6: On-campus Housing

the dean’s office that would increase the
physical education requirement of the core Most first-year students live on campus, and
curriculum from one course to two courses. If virtually all of them have one or more room-
approved by a vote of the administration, the mates. Living on campus has many advan-
new requirement will become effective in the tages, with varying accommodations availa-
fall semester. At the same time, the college will ble through the Housing Office. On-campus
offer several new physical education courses, housing includes four apartment buildings and
including martial arts, dance, and team sports. eight dormitories. With living units ranging

from one-, two-, and four-bedroom apartments, Q3-9: Basic College Writing
to single and double dormitory rooms, students
are close to classrooms and other campus The objective of this course is to write effective
facilities. The university also offers “specialty college essays that integrate assigned readings,
dorms” designated by academic major; these class discussions, and the writer’s knowledge
are good ways to meet people with interests and experience. Students will produce a total of
similar to yours. six essays. Each week, students will have two
hours of lecture and discussion, two hours in a
Q3-7: The Program Seminar writing workshop, and one hour in a peer feed-
back group. In the feedback group, students
The program seminar is the primary mode of will read and respond to each other’s writing.
instruction for students at Central College. A The course will help students prepare for
program of study might involve 80 students future study and/or careers in writing, humani-
and four faculty members, but most of class ties, literature, and teaching.
7
time is spent in small group discussions – the
seminars. Seminar content centers on a theme Q3-10: Volunteers Needed for
or issue relevant to the program. For students, Conference
the close interaction with faculty and fellow
students provides perspective through differing Students are needed to work as volunteers
viewpoints, and depth through concentrated during the university’s 2-day conference on
group effort. Students learn to express them- global warming, April 6-7. Volunteer positions
selves and to work cooperatively – two traits are available to set up conference rooms, assist
that our graduates have found particularly guest speakers, and work at the information
helpful in their lives and careers. booth. Volunteers are asked to work a 2-hour
shift on the day before the conference or on
Q3-8: Notice of Free Career Workshop either day during the conference. In return,
volunteers receive a free conference T-shirt and
Taylor University invites all students and admission to the reception for guest speakers
prospective students to take part in a free ca- on April 7. To volunteer, go to the planning
reer workshop and resource fair, on Saturday, meeting on March 15 or talk to Steve in the
February 10. The purpose of the daylong event Environmental Studies office.
is to provide resources to students who want
to pursue careers in business, health services, Q3-11: Proposal to Limit Student Course
or community development. Dr. Janis Mor- Load
ris, past president of the college, will give the
opening address. The resource fair will pro- The dean’s office has proposed placing a limit on
vide information on employment in the region the number of credit hours for which students
and educational programs at the university. are allowed to register in a term. Currently,
Employers and career counselors will answer there is no limit on how many credits a student
questions. may pursue in a single semester. The propos-
al would impose a maximum course load per
semester of 20 credit hours, with 12 to 20 credit
hours indicating full-time status. This proposal
comes in response to an increase in the number
of students with heavy loads who either with-
draw from courses or do not complete courses.
The dean will speak about the proposal on
Wednesday at 12:30 p.m. in Lecture Hall 2.

Q3-12: Scholarship programs
A variety of scholarship programs at Middleton

College enable deserving students to attend
college and lessen their financial burden. Most
scholarships are available only for full-time
students. Scholarships are generally awarded
to prospective students who have excelled in
their previous studies or made distinguished
contributions in their community or other
work. A separate application is required for
each scholarship applied for. Scholarship ap-
plications are due in the Financial Aid Office
by May 1 for the academic year beginning the
following September.

Type #4: Summarize/Contrast Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Type #4: Summarize/Contrast Question
The fourth template involves your response to ready or able to go...to fit into their native hab-
a reading and an academic lecture. The goal of itats. But there have been some new strategies
this task is to show how the lecture relates to or used which seem to be, uh, working out. For
contrasts with the reading. Both the lecture and example, biologists recently reintroduced four
the reading will present some characteristics of lynx—you guys know what a lynx is, right?—
a given topic. While reading the passage, note into the wild. The first time they tried it, the
down the characteristics mentioned—typically cats died of starvation—they didn’t know how or
there will be three to five of them. While listen- where to hunt. This time, they kept the animals
ing to the lecture, listen for the characteristics longer and let them mature. They also forced
and note them down if you can. Think about the animals to hunt for food instead of giving
how the characteristics in the lecture agree or them the food directly. And finally, they kept
7
disagree with the information in the reading. the lynx together in a big pen so they know how
to get along with other members of their species.
For this task, you must:
Question
●● take notes as you read and listen;
●● summarize the main points in the reading The professor describes the results of a
and in the lecture; captive breeding experiment. Explain
●● synthesize the main points in the reading how the results of the experiment relate
and in the lecture; to the reading on the topic.
●● paraphrase the main points in the reading
and in the lecture. For this response, we need to combine informa-
tion from the lecture and the reading, so our
Read the following passage about captive template will be a little different.
breeding:
Sample Answer
Both environmentalists and animal rights
activists consider captive breeding a solution The experiment with the lynx shows that cap-
to the threat of extinction of certain endan- tive breeding can be successful.
gered species. In captive breeding, endangered
animals are caught and bred, and the offspring One problem with captive breeding, accord-
is then released back into the wild. Unfortu- ing to the reading Is that animals do not al-
nately, the results of this program have been ways survive when reintroduced into the wild.
mixed. In many cases, the animals that are re- But the scientists were able to successfully
leased back into the wild are unable to survive. reintroduce the lynx into the wild. The reading
The time spent in human captivity makes it states that a major problem is that the ani-
more difficult for them to acquire food and to fit mals don’t know how to hunt.
in with other members of their species.
However, for the experiment, biologists first
Listen to the lecture. taught the animals how to hunt before releas-
ing them. Another problem in the reading Is
Okay, so we’ve been talking about some prob- that the animals don’t know how to interact
lems faced by biologists when they try to rein- with other members of the species. Scientists
troduce species into the wild. As we’ve urn... were able to get around this, however, by
ah, talked about, sometimes the animals aren’t keeping the lynx together in a group.

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #4: Summarize/Contrast Question
Type #4 a search for freedom. And if good triumphs

over evil, so much the better. The western has
Sharks faded in popularity, but it’s theme of individual
freedom lives on. You just have to look at any
Sharks are a type of fish found in every ocean number of space movies. If you look beyond the
of the world. Instead of scales, sharks have space ships and the laser guns, you’ll see that
a rough, sandpaper-like skin which protects they are all westerns at heart.
them from parasites and reduces water re-
sistance thus allowing them to move more Track 20 BS
efficiently through the water. Another unique
feature of sharks is their skeletons. Instead of Prompt. According to the reading, westerns
bones, sharks have cartilage, a type of connec- continue to influence American movies. How do
tive tissue that allows for greater flexibility. the examples in the lecture develop and illus-
As apex predators, sharks have good eye sight trate this point?
and exceptionally sensitive smell. Their eyes
can see both mononocularly and stereoscop- Charles Darwin
ically while chemical sensitive tissues in the
nose, called olfactory epithelium, can detect the Charles Darwin is famous for his groundbreak-
smallest traces of blood miles away. All sharks ing book On the Origin of Species published in
are carnivorous. Some sharks, like the tiger 1851. In it, Darwin theorized that all organ-
shark, will eat just about anything. However, isms evolved through natural selection. Natu-
most sharks are more selective, such as the ral selection, as defined by Darwin, is the pro-
whale shark which feeds only on plankton, mi- cess in which an organism inherits traits that
croscopic organisms on the bottom of the ocean make it more likely to survive and successfully
food chain. reproduce, and thus become more common.
Track 19 BS Darwin had witnessed this same process of se-

lection in farmers breeding domestic livestock.
Prompt. The professor in the lecture describes By selective breeding, farmers could produce
the bull shark. How does this information add the results they were after, such as a cow that
to and support the information in the reading? produced more milk or a sheep that produced
more wool. Darwin analogized by observation
Westerns that this same process of selection was natural-
ly occurring in all organisms in the wild.
Romances, musicals, thrillers. Hollywood has
made them all. However, the film that defines However, it was the hand of nature, not the
Hollywood is the western. The western is a hand of man, that was doing the selecting. Dar-
nostalgic look back at the American frontier, win’s theory revolutionized scientific thought,
a place where civilization ended and the wild for according to Darwin, natural selection
west began. There are many sub genres of proved that divine creation played no part in
western; however, all westerns share the same the creation and evolution of organisms.
main character: a man determined to be free at
all costs. Track 21 BS
He might be an outlaw or sheriff, a rancher or Prompt Summarize the points made in the
a soldier. Whatever his external description, he lecture and show how they add to and support
is, on the inside, a rebel, a man who follows no the information in the reading.
laws but his own. In short, the western is about

White Collar Crime Track 23
Most of us have never heard of Professor Ed- Prompt. How do the reading and the lecture
win Sutherland yet we’ve all heard the phrase add to our understanding of the exploration of
“white collar crime.” This phrase was first space? Use specific examples and reasons to
coined by Sutherland in 1939 when he gave explain.
a presentation to the American Sociological
Society. Sutherland had been studying two
areas: crime and high society, specifically rich
men who wore suits with ties and white shirts,
hence the white collar analogy. Sutherland
came to define white collar crime as a “crime
committed by a person of respectability and
high social status in the course of his occupa-
7
tion.” In other words, a white collar criminal
could be a bank manager stealing money from
his bank or a stockbroker giving false tips to
inflate the price of a failing stock.
Track 22
Prompt. The reading and the lecture focus on

white collar crime. Describe how the reading
and the lecture define and develop this idea.
Space
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched

Sputnik 1, the first satellite to orbit the earth.
Thus began “the space race.” With Sputnik
1, the United States feared that the Soviet
Union would eventually develop more powerful
satellites that could spy or drop nuclear bombs
on the United States. As a result, the United
States made the control of space a top priority.
However, on April 12, 1961 the Soviets once
again beat America to the punch by putting the
first man into earth orbit. Ten months later,
America sent its first man into earth orbit. The
space race ended when America landed men on
the moon on July 16, 1969. Today, the explora-
tion of space continues with the Space Shut-
tle making regular trips to the International
Space Station where scientists from all around
the world work together developing new tech-
nologies that might one day take us to Mars.

Additional language practice Q4-4: Social Roles
Q4-1: Fungi and Plant Disease In sociological terms, every person has a posi-
tion in a social system. One person may have a
Of all organisms responsible for diseases in number of positions because he or she belongs
plants, fungi cause the most problems. Al- to various social systems, such as home, school,
though a fungus is technically a small plant, workplace, and community. The behavior
it cannot make its own food and therefore attached to each position is called a social role.
survives by being a parasite – living off other A person in a particular social role will follow
plant hosts. A common fungus, southern blight, the script for that role; for example, the role of
affects many vegetables, including tomatoes student requires one to study. Each role in a
and potatoes. It appears as a fuzzy white social system is related to other social roles in
growth on the plant’s stem near soil level. the system. Relationships such as student and
When the plant is infected with the blight, it teacher, supervisor and staff, and husband and
wilts and then dies. The fungus may spread to wife are known as role partners.
the soil, where it can survive for years.
Q4-5: Spatial Memory
Q4-2: Emotional Intelligence
An important survival skill of animals is their
Emotional Intelligence consists of self-aware- ability to remember and recognize objects in
ness, self-control, self-motivation, enthusiasm, the environment. Animals use their spatial
and social ability. People with emotional intel- memory to assemble a list of paths that lead to
ligence understand their feelings and manage various goals. For an animal, navigating by a
them in ways that are positive and helpful. series of landmarks is a simple but quite effec-
They make decisions about life – what job to tive procedure. An animal basically learns from
pursue, what direction to take, and whom to experience that turning right at the rock and
marry – with greater confidence and skill than then left at the tall tree leads to home. Some
people with low or no emotional intelligence. animals can recognize a landmark from several
Their skills make them more likely to succeed directions, aiming it possible to find their way
at relationships, cooperation, and leadership, to a familiar goal even when approaching from
and less likely to engage in risky or criminal an unfamiliar direction.
behavior.
Q4-6: Depression
Q4-3: Boycotts
When a person is overwhelmed by an emotion-
Boycotts are a form of nonviolent protest, the al crisis and cannot cope with daily life, he or
practice of applying power to achieve sociopo- she may be suffering from depression. Depres-
litical goals, without the use of physical force. sion ranges in severity but affects approxi-
People who participate in a boycott refuse to mately 20 percent of adults. Symptoms include
buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and despair;
or business that they believe to be doing some- loss of interest and pleasure in things; weight
thing morally wrong. The purpose of a boycott loss or weight gain; difficulty falling asleep
is to call attention to a wrong and to punish or sleeping more than usual; lack of motiva-
those responsible for the wrong. Usually, the tion; and loss of energy. In cases of mild or
punishment is economic, but sometimes it situational depression, the symptoms usually
brings shame to the offenders. When a boycott decline with a change of scenery or routine, or
is long-term and widespread, it can be a factor once the problem that caused the depression
in causing social change. disappears.

Q4-7: Abstract Expressionism Q4-10: Cohorts
Abstract expressionism was a movement in Social scientists use the term “cohort” to
painting that emerged in New York City in describe a group of individuals who were born
the 1940s and attained prominence in Ameri- within a narrow band of years. “Cohort flow”
can art in the following decade. It emphasized describes the movement through history of
personal expression, freedom from accepted people who are members of the same cohort.
artistic values, attention to surface qualities Members of the same cohort share certain
of paint such as brushstroke and texture, and historical and cultural influences since they ex-
the use of huge canvases. Abstract expression- perience major events at the same age. The life
ism valued the act of painting itself, including experiences of one cohort will be different from
the accidents that happen while painting. For those of another cohort, simply because society
this reason, it is sometimes also called action changes continuously in terms of educational
painting. The movement influenced many later opportunities, occupational openings, and other
7
schools of art, especially in the use of color and factors.
material.
Q4-11: The Chase Film
Q4-8: Socialization
During the silent film era, filmmakers looked
Socialization is the process by which individ- for original stories that they could tell expres-
uals learn a world of meaning as the one and sively in the new medium of film. This was
only way to view things and interpret their easiest if the story was simple to tell and sim-
experiences. As individuals develop from infant ple for the audience to follow. These conditions
to child to adult, they literally “learn their were ideally fulfilled by the chase film, which
place”, including the positions they will occupy flourished internationally in the years 1903 to
and the roles attached to those positions in 1913. All that filmmakers needed to do was to
social systems. Socialization involves receiving establish some offense – a theft, an insult, or
the necessary information and having oppor- a boy’s naughty behavior - and then launch a
tunities to practice social roles. Networks of humorous chase after the offender. The chase
individuals and institutions act as agents of could be extended for several minutes, through
socialization that transmit all the knowledge any number of successive scenes and situa-
individuals need to function as adults. tions.
Q4-9: Sleep and Learning Q4-12: Chemicals in the Atmosphere
Scientists have long hypothesized that sleep When a volcano erupts, debris and gases move
has an impact on learning. People learn better up through the atmosphere. Volcanic substanc-
if they learn smaller bits of information over a es in the lower atmosphere wash out fairly
period of days rather than if they learn a large quickly, but chemicals reaching the upper
amount all at once. Periods of sleep between atmosphere spread around the world. They un-
sessions of learning will help people retain dergo chemical reactions that produce a dark
what they learn. Sleep has at least two sep- haze of sulfuric acid droplets. This haze reflects
arate effects on learning: sleep consolidates incoming sunlight and cools the underlying
memories, protecting them against later inter- atmosphere, thereby changing the climate. The
ference or loss, and it also appears to recover or effect of a single volcanic eruption can last for
restore memories. Brain activity during sleep several years. Scientists believe that the smoke
promotes higher-level types of learning, such from wildfires may have a similar effect on the
as the ability to learn language. chemistry of the atmosphere.

Q4-13: Crowds
Crowds are temporary gatherings of people

who share a common focus and an awareness
of one another. A crowd is more than a loose
collection of individuals but not as structured
as an authentic group. A casual crowd, such
as the chance coming together of witnesses
to an accident, is the most temporary kind of
gathering. In a casual crowd, people look to one
another for information and clues as to how to
respond. In contrast, a conventional crowd is a
gathering of people who are bound by the rules
or conventions of their particular setting, such
as the crowd at a concert, religious service, or
political event.

Type #5: Summarize/Preference Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
Type #5: Summarize/Preference Question
The fifth type of task asks you to listen to a con- M: Hmm... I could do that. But I can’t take
versation, usually about a problem. After listen- extensions forever. The fact is that I still have
ing, you’ll have to summarize the problem and a lot of work to do for these classes.
any solutions offered and state your preference. W: I guess. But it could help you open up your
As you’re listening, pay attention to the problem schedule for now so you’re not so stressed out,
and the solutions offered. Here’s an example. you know?
M: Right.
Listen to a conversation between two W: Of course, there is one other option—but
students. it’s kind of drastic. You could drop one of the
classes and take it next semester. It’s still early
Man: It looks like I’ve got a big problem on my enough to do it.
7
hands. M: That could work, but I really didn’t want to
Woman: Yeah? What’s wrong? think about it. But I may have to.
M: I think I overbooked myself this semester.
I took five classes, and two of them are really Prompt. The students discuss two possible
demanding. I have two really big projects due, solutions to the problem. Describe the problem
and I don’t think I can do both of them. and state which of the two solutions you prefer
W: Oh no. It really sounds like you’ve got a lot and why.
of stuff on your plate. Have you talked to your
professors yet? The important thing for this task is that you
M: No. I don’t see how that would help. are able to list the solutions to the problem.
W: Well, you could ask for an extension. Last There is no «right» or «wrong» answer, so when
semester, I asked Professor Miller for an exten- ft comes time to state your preference, just
sion on my psychology project. She was really pick whatever solution is easier for you to talk
nice about it and gave me two more weeks to about. Here’s the template, with the summariz-
finish it. ing and preference terms shown in boldface.
State the problem The man's problem is that he has two projects due at the same time.
His friend offers two possible solutions. He can ask for an extension,
State the solutions
or he can drop the class.
State your preference I think asking for an extension is a better solution.
Reason #1 An extension is better because dropping the class is too drastic.
Detail for reason #1 It seems silly to drop the entire class just because of one conflict.
I also think an extension is better because the professor will probably

Reason #2
give the student one.
The woman told of a similar situation, and she was able to get an
Detail for reason #2
extension.
Conclusion To sum up, I think that the first solution is the best choice.

§ 7. SPEAKING SECTION Type #6: Summarize Question
Type #6: Summarize Question
The final task on the TOEFL also asks you to Read along as you listen to a sample lecture.
summarize a lecture. The template is some-
what different, however, because you have to Track 8 BS
link the points of a lecture to the main idea of
the talk. Also, it may be a little more difficult Animal behavior can be classified according to
than tasks three or four because you have only the time of day an animal is active. Animals,
one chance to figure out the main idea. Thus, such as horses, elephants and most birds are
while listening, try to identify the main idea. said to be diurnal because they are active
Don’t try to catch all of the details provided; during the day and rest at night. Those ani-
you need only enough details so that you can mals active at dawn and dusk are said to be
talk for a minute. Here’s an example. crepuscular. Beetles, skunks and rabbits fall
into this category. The third group are those
For this task, you must: animals that sleep during the day and are ac-
tive at night. They are called nocturnal. A good
●● take notes as you listen to the lecture; example is the bat. Bats have highly developed
●● summarize the main points in the lecture; eyesight, hearing and smell. This helps them
●● paraphrase the main points in the lecture. avoid predators and locate food. Being noctur-
nal also helps them avoid high temperatures
during the day, especially in deserts where
temperatures can reach well over hundred
degrees Fahrenheit. There are two types of bat:
micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also
called fruit bats. Let’s start with mega bats.
Size wise, mega bats range from two to sixteen

inches in length. Mega bats have extremely
sensitive sight and smell. This helps them
locate the flowers and fruit upon which they
feed. It is while eating that mega bats play an
important role in the distribution of plants.
Like bees, mega bats serve as pollinators.
When they lick nectar or eat flowers, their
bodies become covered in pollen which they, in
turn, carry to other trees and plants thereby
acting as pollinators. In fact, many of the fruits
and vegetables on our tables, such as bananas
and peaches, would not be there if mega bats
did not pollinate plants and trees.
Next are micro bats. As the name implies,

micro bats are quite small, about the size of
a mouse. To find food, micro bats use echolo-
cation, high frequency sounds they bounce off
insects. The most common micro bat is the ves-
per or evening bat. Like mega bats, micro bats

Type #6: Summarize Question § 7. SPEAKING SECTION
play an important role in the environment. The

average vesper bat, for example, can eat one
thousand mosquitoes in one night. By doing so,
they control the mosquito population.
Prompt
Summarize the main points in the lecture and

show how bats are an important part of the
environment.
Sample Answer
The reading classifies animal behavior three
7
ways. Diurnal animals are active during the
day and sleep at night. Crepuscular animals
are active at dawn and dusk. Nocturnal ani-
mals hunt at night and rest during the day. An
example of a nocturnal animal is the bat.
The lecture says there are two kinds of bats:

mega bats and micro bats.
First are mega bats. They eat fruit and flowers.

As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor. This
is good for the environment because new trees
grow. Mega bats also pollinate. When they eat,
their bodies get covered with pollen which they
carry to other flowers. The lecture says with-
out mega bats pollinating, we would not have
peaches or bananas.
Next are micro bats. They use echolocation to

find insects. A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosqui-
toes a night. This controls mosquitoes and is
good for the environment.
These examples illustrate how bats are an

important part of the environment.

Appendix 1. Speaking Assessment Criteria
Appendix
1
Speaking 1
Assessment
Criteria



Appendix 2. Integrated Writing Scoring Rubric
Appendix
2
Integrated
Writing Scoring 2
Rubric

Score Task Description
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the
5 lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the
relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and
occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise
presentation of content or connections.
A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from
the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation
4 to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inac-
curacy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection
to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more
frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical
structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the
connection of ideas.
A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and
conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or
more of the following:
●● Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only
3 vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in
the lecture to points made in the reading.
●● The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.
●● Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the
two, may be incomplete, inaccurate, or imprecise.
●● Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticea-
bly vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is
marked by significant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy
of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the
reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
●● The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connec-
2 tion between the lecture and the reading.
●● The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points
made in the lecture.
The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connec-
tions or meaning at key junctures, or that would likely obscure understanding of key
ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.
A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:
1 ●● The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from

the lecture.
●● The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive meaning.
A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or
0 is otherwise not connected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of
keystroke characters, or is blank.

Score 5 Response senting the lecturer’s points that contradict the

arguments made in reading passage. The writer
The lecturer talks about research conducted is very specific and has organized his points so
by a firm that used the group system to handle that they are parallel with one another: in each
their work. He says that the theory stated in of the supporting paragraphs, the lecturer’s ob-
the passage was very different and somewhat servation of what really happened is given first,
inaccurate when compared to what happened then explicitly connected to a theoretical point
for real. from the reading. The final paragraph contains
one noticeable error (“influent”), which is then
First, some members got free rides. That is, used correctly two sentences later (“influential”).
some didn’t work hard but gotrecognition for Overall, this is a successful response and earns
the success nontheless. This also indicates that a score of 5.
people who worked hard was not given recog-
nition they should have got. In other words, Score 4 Response
they weren’t given the opportunity to “shine.”
This derectly contradicts what the passage The lecture that followed the paragraph on the
indicates. team work in organizations, gave some nega-
tive views of the team work itself.
Second, groups were slow in progress. The pas-
sage says that groups are nore responsive than Firstly, though it was said in the paragraph
2
individuals because of the number of people in- that the whole team idea would probably be
volved and their aggregated resources. Howev- faster than the individual work, it was said in
er, the speaker talks about how the firm found the lecture just the opposite: it could actually
out that groups were slower than individuals be a lot slower. That is because team members
in dicision making. Groups needed more time would sometimes take more time than needed
for meetings, which are neccesary procceedures just to reach the same conclussions, or just
in decision making. This was another part even to simply decide where to go from certain
where experience contradicted theory. point to the next on.
Third, influetial people might emerge, and Secondly, paragraph suggests that by doing
lead the group towards glory or failure. If the work as a team might give you an “edge,” the
influent people are going in the right direction lecture suggests that that might also be a
there would be no problem. But in cases where negative thing as well. The people who made
they go in the wrong direction, there is no- themselves leaders in the group may just be
body that has enough influence to counter the wrong in certain decisions, or just simple thing
decision made. In other words, the group might something is so creative, when in reality it is
turn into a dictatorship, with the influential not and it would not work, but the rest of the
party as the leader, and might be less flexible people would nevertheless still follow them,
in thinking. They might become one-sided, and and end up not doing well at all.
thus fail to succeed.
And lastly, paragraph says that everyone feels
Rater’s Comments responsible for their own part, and all togeth-
er they are all more effective as a team. The
There are several errors of spelling, word lecture suggests quite the opposite in this case
formation, and subject-verb agreement in this as well. It suggests that some team members
response; however, most of these errors seem to are there only for the “free ride,” and they don’t
be the result of typing errors common to first do much of anything to contribute, but still get
drafts. This writer does an excellent job of pre- the credit as a whole.

Rater’s Comments Thirdly, team work oftem become the excuse of

taking responsibillity. All in charge, nobody care.
The writer of this response is clearly attempting
to interweave the points from the passage and All in all, what we should do is the fully distin-
lecture and does a good job of discussing what guish the advantages and disadvantages of a
the lecturer says about group decision-making concept or widely used method. That is to keep
and the issue of some group members failing to the common sense.
contribute. The writer’s second point, however,
is not as clearly stated as the first and third Rater’s Comments
points. The key sentence in this paragraph
(“The people who made themselves leaders in This response frames the issue well. The first
the group may just be wrong in certain de- point is clearly stated and accurately conveys
cisions, or just simple thing something is so the lecturer’s comments about team members
creative, when in reality it is not and it would who contribute very little and team members
not work, but the rest of the people would never- who contribute a great deal. However, the writ-
theless still follow them, and end up not doing er discusses the second point about influencers
well at all”) is difficult to follow. This is what in somewhat error-prone or vague and non-id-
the Scoring Guide calls “an occasional lapse of iomatic language (“hiding results,” “working
clarity” in a response that earns a score of 4. results” and “when team members are leading
Overall, this is still a very strong response that by . . . influential people”). The point about in-
directly addresses the task and generally pre- fluencers drops off at making the team “useless”
sents the relevant information from the lecture. and does not fully explain the reason these in-
fluencers create problems. The final point begin-
Score 3 Response ning with the word “thirdly” is not fully related
to the passage and lecture, and the meaning of
The lecturer provide the opposite opinion it is unclear. This response illustrates many of
concerning what the article offered. The team the typical features that can cause a response to
work often bring negative effet. As we all know receive the score of 3.
superficially, team work and team spirits are
quite popular in today’s business world and Score 2 Response
also the fashionable terms. However, the lec-
turer find deeper and hiding results. In a company’s experement, some new projects
were planed and accomplished by different
Firstly, the working results of team members teams. Some teams got very good results while
can’t be fully valued. For example, if a team some teams didn’t.
member does nothing in the process of team
discussion, decision making and final pratice, That is to say it’s not nessesary for teams to
his or her work deliquency will not be recog- achieve more than individuals do because some
nized because we only emphasize team work. team members may only contribute a little in
Also, the real excellent and creative member’s a team for they may relying on the others to do
work might be obliterated for the same reason. the majority.
Secondly, the team work might lose its value Another thing is the recognition for the
when team members are leading by several achievement by the team is for the whole team,
influential people in the group. One of the es- for everyone in the team. It’s not only the dici-
sential merits of team is to avoid the individule sion makers in the team feel good after suc-
wrong. But one or two influential or persuasive cessfully finishing the project, but also every
people will make the team useless. member in the team.

It is also showed in the lecture that in a team ly to trey sometihing is risky decision to make
with one or two leaders, sometimes good ideas the project for interesting and suceessful it is
from some team member are dropped and because all the member of the group carries the
ignored while sometimes they may be highly differnt responsibility for a decision, so once
creative. In some teams decisions were made the decision turn wrong, no a any individual
without collecting ideas from all team mem- one will be blame for the whole responsiblity.
bers. Then it would be hard to achieve creative
solutions. On the other way, the groups which are fail
the project is because they are lay on some
For those failed projects, blames are always more influence people in the group,so even the
given to the whole team even though it’s the idea is come out. Once the inflenced people say
leader or someone in the team who caught the that is no good, then the process of the idea
unexpected result. will be drop down immediately instead taking
more further discussion! So the idea will not
Rater’s Comments be easy to settle down for a group. The form of
the group is very important, and each of the
Although it has the appearance of a stronger member should be respect another and try out
response, on close reading, this example suf- all the idea others had suggested, then it will
fers from significant problems with connect- develop a huge idea and the cooperate work en-
ing ideas and misrepresenting points. For vironment for each other for effectively work!
2
instance, the third sentence of paragraph 1
seems to be getting at a point from the lecture Rater’s Comments
(“some team members may contribute only a
little . . .”). However, it is couched in such a way The level of language used in this response is
that makes it very unclear how it relates to the fairly low, and it is lowest in the second para-
point of the task (“That is to say it’s not neces- graph, which is the only reference to the lecture.
sary for teams to achieve more than individu- Because the reader has difficulty gleaning
als do because some team members may only meaning from that paragraph, the response
contribute “). In addition, it is not clear where contributes little coherent information and
the information in paragraph 2 is coming from therefore earns a score of 1.
and what point the writer is trying to make. In
paragraph 3 the writer tries to make a point
about influencers, but again, it is not clear
what information relates to what. For all these
reasons, this response earns a score of 2.
Score 1 Response
In this lecture, the example shows only one of

the group succeed the project. Why the group
will succeed on this project it is because of few
factor.
First of all,a group of people has a wider range

of knowledge,expertise,and skills than any sin-
gle individual is like to prossess, and easier to
gather the information and resources to make
the work effectively and the group will willing-

Appendix 3. Independent Writing Scoring Rubric
Appendix
3
Independent
Writing Scoring
Rubric 3

Appendix 3. Independent Writing Scoring Rubric
Score Task Description
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:

●● Effectively addresses the topic and task
●● Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations,
exemplifications, and/or details
5
●● Displays unity, progression, and coherence
●● Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic varie-
ty, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or
grammatical errors
An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:

●● Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated
●● Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient
explanations, exemplifications, and/or details
●● Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional
4
redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
●● Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and
range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor
errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere
with meaning
An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:

●● Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifi-
3
cations, and/or details
●● Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be
3
occasionally obscured
●● May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that
may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
●● May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:
●● Limited development in response to the topic and task.
●● Inadequate organization or connection of ideas
2 ●● Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support
or illustrate generalizations in response to the task
●● A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms
●● An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:
●● Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
1
●● Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task
●● Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is other-
0 wise not connected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke
characters, or is blank.

Appendix 4. Additional Speaking Practice
Appendix
4
Additional
Speaking
Practice
4

Cambridge Test 1 Speaking Question 4.
Reading Time: 45 seconds

Question 1.
Mathematics and Children’s Misconcep-
Describe changes in technology that have affect- tions
ed your life, and explain what effect they have
had on you as a student. Include details and ex- Analyses of children’s misconceptions in mathe-
amples to support your explanation. matics indicate that children have considerable
difficulties in dealing with fractions. Given the
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. choice of 50 percent and 25 percent, and asked
to choose which number is higher, children will
Question 2. correctly choose 50 percent. However, given the
choice of 1/2 and 1/4, they will incorrectly choose
What kind of friend is better – one who is sim- 1/4. Their reasoning is that since 4 is a larger
ilar to you or one who is different? Which kind number than 2, 1/4 is larger than 1/2. Consid-
of friend do you prefer and why? Include details ering this misconception, it is highly likely that
and examples in your explanation. the correct answers they give to percentage
questions aren’t based on understanding the
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. concept of percentages. Holding onto the mis-
conception that 1/4 is a larger number than 1/2,
Question 3. the child often miscalculates the simple addition
problem of 1/2 plus 1/2, coming up with the
Reading Time: 45 seconds answer of 1/4 instead of 2/2 or 1.
Education Job Fair Question: The professor describes the mistakes

Washington Center that are made in teaching children mathemat-
ics. Explain how these mistakes relate to the
The University of the Rockies has been offering problems that children have in understanding
our Placement Abroad Services for prospective fractions.
teachers since 1980. This program is sponsored
by the University of the Rockies’ Career Services Prep time 30 sec/ Response time 60 sec.
Center. Originally initiated to provide American
schools abroad with certified teachers, the Place- Question 5.
ment Abroad Services now includes the U of R
Recruitment Fair, credential and referral services, The students discuss several ways to memorize
and the “Careers in Education” publication. We vocabulary. Summarize the ways. Then state
are dedicated to providing our graduates in Edu- which of the ways you prefer and explain why.
cation the opportunity to meet and interview with
recruitment staff from international schools. This Prep time 20 sec/ Response time 60 sec.
service is free for all U of R students and alumni.
Question 6.
Question: The man expresses his opinion about
whether the woman should attend the job fair. Using the information in the lecture, explain
State his opinion and explain the reasons he the three atmospheric phenomena that the
gives for his opinion. lecturer discusses.
Prep time 30 sec/ Response time 60 sec. Prep time 20 sec/ Response time 60 sec


Question 1.
Transportation of Agricultural Goods
Some research has indicated that pets are impor-
tant for a person’s mental health. Do you agree The availability of a transportation network
or disagree? Explain your point of view. Provide has a considerable influence on the production
examples and details to support your explanation. and distribution of agricultural products. For
commercial agriculture, the costs of transpor-
Prep time 15 sec/ Response time 45 sec. tation are a major restricting factor on what
might be grown. Bulky items, because of their
Question 2. weight, and perishable food items, because of
their need for refrigeration, are more expen-
If you could donate a large amount of money sive in terms of shipping costs. Such economic
for scientific or medical research, how would considerations are an important factor in many
you want your money to be used? Describe an parts of the world. Even if a subsistence farmer
important area in need of more research. Ex- managed to produce a surplus that could be
plain how your money could make a difference sold, the transportation costs to get the supply
in that field of research. to the market could be prohibitively high.
Prep time 15 sec/ Response time 45 sec. Question. The professor describes a model of
zones relevant for agricultural marketing. Ex-
Question 3. plain how these zones are related to the costs
of transportation.
Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec.
4
Legal Aid Project
Question 5.
Founded in 1968, the Legal Aid Project pro-
vides free legal services to students. This The woman has two suggestions for the man.
nonprofit organization was established in order Describe the man’s problem. Then state which
to give law students practical experience in the of the two suggestions you prefer and why.
application of the law. Students are required
to work one semester of their senior year in the Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
Project as part of their training. During the
semester, students accompany attorneys and Question 6.
lawyers to the courthouse to observe ongoing
cases. Many go on to work additional semesters Using points and examples from the lecture,
in the Project on a volunteer basis. The Project explain how the experiment does not support
staff assists the law students with their work the public’s belief in the Mozart Effect.
and evaluates the job done.
Question The woman expresses her opinion of
the Legal Aid Project. State her opinion and
explain her arguments in favor of the service.


Question 1.
Symbiotic Relationships
Describe a skill that will be important for your
success in the modern world, and explain why Symbiosis refers to an intimate relationship
this skill is so important. Include details and between two organisms. This term does not
examples to support your explanation. indicate whether the relationship is beneficial
of harmful to the organisms involved. Mutual
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. symbiosis, or mutualism, occurs when both
species gain some benefit from the relationship
Question 2. whereas parasitism consists of a relationship
in which one of the organisms benefits, while
Some people work for a business, and some the other one is harmed. A third symbiotic
work in their own business. Which would you relationship is that of commensalism. In com-
prefer to do and why? Include details and ex- mensalism, the relationship is beneficial to one
amples in your explanation. of the organisms, while the other neither bene-
fits nor is harmed. A commensal organism can
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. be either obligate or facultative. The obligate
commensal cannot survive without its symbi-
Question 3. otic partner. The facultative commensal can be
found either living with its symbiotic partner
Reading Time: 45 seconds or on its own.
Financial Aid Office Announcement Question. The professor gives two examples of
symbiotic relationships that change. Explain
The work-study program gives undergraduate both examples in terms of what the original
and graduate students the opportunity to earn relationship was and what symbiotic relation-
money on campus to pay for their education-re- ship it became.
lated expenses. The pay is based on the mini-
mum wage, but can be higher based on the job Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec.
requirements. Students can earn up to 3000
dollars per year depending on financial need. Question 5.
To be eligible for consideration in the program,
a student must be registered as a full-time stu- The students discuss the man’s options. De-
dent and must be able to demonstrate financial scribe his problem. Then state which of the
need. To obtain more information or to apply options you prefer and explain why.
for one of the listed jobs, contact the Financial
Aid Office in Buxley Hall. Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
Question. The woman expresses her desire for Question 6.

work-study program. State the requirements
necessary for taking part in the program and Using points and examples from the lecture,
explain the advantages discussed. explain how the media has contributed to mis-
conceptions about the real world.

Reading time 45 sec.

Question 1.
Imprinting
A good teacher should have some special quali-
ties. What qualities do you think are necessary Animal psychologists have long known that
for a good teacher to have and why? Include young geese and ducks instinctively follow
details and examples in your explanation. their mother, but only if they have the opportu-
nity to do so at an early point in their lives. If
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. these goslings or ducklings are separated from
their mothers during this sensitive period, they
Question 2. will not develop an attachment to her.
Some people believe that people who play video Konrad Lorenz, the scientist who developed
games are learning important life skills. Oth- our knowledge of this phenomenon, used the
ers believe that video game players are wasting term imprinting to identify the process in
their time. Which do you agree with and why? which this bond is formed. Lorenz noted that
Include details and examples to support your imprinting appears immediately after hatching
explanation. and that the period during which it can devel-
op lasts for at most a couple of days. Moreover,
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. Lorenz argued that imprinting was irreversible
and that a hatchling will imprint on its moth-
Question 3. er, or, remarkably, on any suitable moving
object if the mother is not available.
Question. The professor explains the notion of
4
Letter to the Editor imprinting in young geese and ducks. Explain
how this behavior develops and how it might
Most students are unaware of the employ- be important for the bird’s survival.
ment conditions of our instructors. In fact, an
ever increasing percentage of our university Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec.
teachers have adjunct contracts. This means
that they are only hired for a semester at a Question 5.
time, are underpaid, and receive no benefits.
Although universities make great savings by The students discuss different solutions to the
following a policy of using temporary instruc- woman’s problem. Describe the problem. Then
tors, students do not benefit from these savings state which of the solutions you prefer and why.
in the form of lower tuition fees. Considering
how our university is exploiting teachers, we Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
as students should be asking in what ways our
education is suffering from this situation. Question 6.
Question. The man expresses his opinion on the Using points and examples from the lecture,
issue of temporary instructors. State his opinion explain the kinds of loads an engineer must
and explain the reasons he gives for that opinion. consider when building a structure.
Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec. Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.

Сambridge Test 5 Speaking Question 4.

Question 1.
Regulating Pesticide Use
Describe the qualities of a famous historical per-
son from your country and explain the influence In 1996 Congress passed a law called the Food
this person has had on your society. Include de- Quality Protection Act. Prior to this law farm-
tails and examples to support your explanation. ers could use pesticides at levels that produced
abundant crop yields. This law was enacted
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. to ensure that pesticide use does not endan-
ger the public, and in particular, children. To
Question 2. guarantee safe use, the toxicity of different
pesticides must be determined. The Environ-
Some people believe that only the best students mental Protection Administration (EPA) has
should be allowed to study at a college or univer- undertaken studies in an effort to identify the
sity. Others believe that all interested students reference dose that is considered safe for the
should have the opportunity to go on to higher ed- public’s daily consumption and to reach a final
ucation. Which views do you agree with and why? risk assessment on which to base management
decisions concerning the regulatory use of
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. pesticides. These studies have resulted in the
reevaluation of the safety of many pesticides.
Question 3.
Question. The professor argues for the use of
Reading time 45 sec. pesticides. Explain her view on how health and
pesticide use are related.
Important Notice for Shuttle Bus Users
Because of road repairs along Main Street,
there will be some minor routing changes of Question 5.
the university shuttle buses. Effective Monday,
April 10, buses that normally follow Main Street The students discuss two campus jobs. Explain
can be boarded at Pine Street and Sixth Ave- the advantages and disadvantages of two jobs
nue. Buses will return to their regular routes on discussed.
Monday, April 17. This temporary change will
not affect travel or schedule times. We are sorry Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
for the inconvenience for those who use the
shuttle buses to get to and from neighborhoods Question 6.
in and around campus. If you have questions or
need more information, please call our Universi- Using the information from the lecture, explain
ty Transit Center at 555-8552. how the collapse sinkhole is formed.
Question. The woman has explained to the Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
man how to get to the part of campus he needs
to go to. Explain where the man is going and
how he can get there.


Question 1.
Human Migration
Describe an occasion when you learned some-
thing on your own and explain in what ways A few hundred thousand years ago, humans mi-
your self-taught experience was different from grated from the savanna grasslands of Africa and
a teacher-taught experience. Include details spread rapidly into the regions of present-day
and examples to support your explanation. Europe and Asia. This migration coincided with
successive cycles of glacial periods known as “Ice
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. Ages” and probably occurred as humans followed
the advance and retreat of plants and animals.
Question 2. Humans survived the bitterly cold weather that
prevailed in these regions through their ability
Some jobs require employees to do a lot of travel- to make things, such as shelter and clothing, but
ling or moving to other places. Other jobs require more importantly, their ability to control fire.
employees to come to the same work place every
day. Which kind of job would you prefer and why? Later migrations took humans to Japan, on to
Include details and examples in your explanation. Indonesia, and finally to Australia. They also mi-
grated across the Bering land bridge into what is
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. now North America and spread quickly down to
the southern tip of South America. Later move-
Question 3. ments brought people to the eastern Canadian
Arctic and northern Greenland.
Question. The professor describes the tech-
4
Announcement from the Geology Department nique for studying human fossils. Explain how
the technique is related to identifying migra-
We are pleased to announce that the fifteenth tion patterns.
annual Field Geology Summer Program will take
place at the Copper Mountain Field Camp from Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec.
July 12 to July 26. The Field Geology Summer
Program is jointly organized by the Mountain Question 5.
States Universities and gives future geologists
the opportunity to do field research. The program The students discuss two possible solutions to
offers two weeks of lectures, field work, and the woman’s problem. Describe the problem.
lab training. Registration for the Field Geology Then state which of the two solutions you pre-
Summer Program is now open. Pick up a Field fer and explain why.
Geology packet at the Geology Department to
find out more about the program and details on Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
registration, accommodations, and prices.
Question 6.
Question. The woman expresses her opinion
of the summer program offered by the Geology Using the information in the lecture, describe
Department. State her opinion and explain the the ways metals enter the soil and the way the
reasons she gives for that opinion. lecturer suggests removing them.
Prep time 30 sec/Response time 60 sec. Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.


Question 1.
Number Sense
Many people think that young people today are
too materialistic, or money-oriented, and do not Number sense refers to the ability that a
think about being charitable, or giving to oth- person has to think and work with numbers.
ers. Do you agree or disagree? Include details Being able to handle numbers with compe-
and examples to support your explanation. tence means having to develop a strong num-
ber sense. It includes understanding number
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. patterns, relationships between numbers, and
operations involving numbers. These skills
Question 2. are necessary for making mathematical judg-
ments as well as for solving complex problems.
What course have you taken that you consid- A precursor to understanding numbers and
er to be the most useful one you have had? In to number sense is a basic understanding of
what way was it useful? Include details and sorting objects, classifying them, putting them
examples in your explanation. in order, and making comparisons. School-
aged children can use language and symbols
Prep time 15 sec/Response time 45 sec. to label the number of objects that are in a set.
Preschool children already have some intuition
Question 3. that could be considered number sense.
Reading Time: 45 seconds Question. The professor explains how children

learn to count. Explain how their learning to
Announcement from the University Art count is related to number sense.
Gallery
The Exhibit of Eighteenth-Century Silhouettes
will open January 17 at the University Art Question 5.
Gallery.Before the invention of photography,
the silhouette artist captured a sitter’s profile The students disagree on the university policy.
by using light to project a shadow of the subject Describe the policy. Then state which side you
onto a screen. Once the artist traced the shad- agree with and why.
ow, it could be transferred onto other materials
or reduced to fit into brooches, lockets, or rings. Prep time 20 sec/Response time 60 sec.
This fine collection of silhouettes traces the art
form from its heyday in the early 1700s up to Question 6.
its present day revival.
Using points and examples from the lecture,
Question. The man expresses his opinion of explain how arm movements are important in
the exhibit. State his opinion and explain the training for athletic jumps.
reasons he gives for that opinion.

Appendix 5. Integrated Writing Practice Tests
Appendix
5
Integrated
Writing
Practice Tests
5

The Integrated Writing gue, it is possible to persuade people to achieve

(Cambridge Test 1) remarkable results.
Listen to the lecture (Test 1, Cambridge)

The reading part
Sample Essay
Productivity and Rewards
Both the lecture and the reading discuss the
An important management principle is that relationship between the rewards given to
when behavior is rewarded, it tends to be employees and the workers’ productivity. The
repeated. It follows that in many business professor argues that a reward doesn’t neces-
enterprises, the approach to getting employ- sarily lead to an increase in a worker’s level of
ees to work hard or improve productivity is to productivity. Nevertheless, the reading con-
reward them with money or company stock. tends that people generally require some exter-
In addition, some enterprises use other forms nal motivation to be set in motion. Hence, the
of compensation such as special privileges or lecture casts doubt on the reading by suggest-
perhaps promotion or job reassignments or ing that rewards can sometimes even reduce a
even company-paid luxury vacations and other worker’s performance.
bonuses in kind. All such rewards are usually
tied in to some index of performance, which The first point that the instructor makes is
precisely calculates the relative amount of that there are several studies showing that
increased productivity. rewards could be counterproductive. It hap-
pens because employees feel controlled and
Whatever the type of reward given, manage- somehow manipulated by a supervisor. Con-
rial consultants point out that the promise of sequently, workers treat rewards as a punish-
such incentives improves employee attitudes, ment! This idea casts doubt on the point in the
motivation, and productivity. Typical business reading that an approach to make employees
handbooks describing compensation methods work hard through imposing different types
advocate giving the greatest rewards to those of rewards actually exists. The point made by
who perform the best. For example, a well- professor casts doubt on the reading because
known academic text on incentives points out the worker’s attitude towards this kind of moti-
that “the closer the link between job perfor- vation is ambiguous and controversial.
mance and rewards, the greater the motiva-
tional effect.” Another point that instructor uses to cast
doubt on the reading is that the usage of
Advocates of improving productivity through rewards may even lead to a complete destruc-
rewards tacitly accept that people are rather tion of the relationship between the employer
like physical bodies that require the applica- and the employee. The teacher claims that
tion of some external motivating force to be set many workers experience different problems
in motion. Furthermore, they argue that any from time to time. Hence, they need some help
such incentives must have a high perceived from a supervisor to resolve those issues. If a
value to the employee and must also be per- worker does his/her best to achieve a reward,
ceived as within the reach of that person. If he/she won’t ask his supervisor for assistance.
the productivity goal appears beyond the reach It’s evident that the worker doesn’t want to be
of the person striving for the reward, then the considered as a ‘problem’ employee. However,
motivational effect will be lower and produc- the reading states that any type of reward can
tivity may decline. But if the reward system is improve an employee’s attitude, motivation
correctly structured, productivity experts ar- and, as a consequence, productivity. This point

is contradicted by the fact from the lecture that The Integrated Writing
if the worker conceals his/her problems, it will (Test 2)
cause a decline in productivity.
In conclusion, the points, made in the lecture Tidal Power

cast doubt on the reading. Workers’ attitude
toward rewards can lead to a decrease in pro- Technology is available to exploit the potential
ductivity. So, the reading should be taken with energy formed by tides for the generation of
a grain of salt. electrical energy. The basic structure is a bar-
rage or dam built across a river estuary or at
the mouth of a bay. This dam is similar to that
used in hydroelectric power plants built across
flowing rivers. At regular intervals along the
dam, gates and turbines are installed. When
the tide is rising, the gates are opened. This
allows water to flow into the area behind the
barrage, raising the water level there. When
the water has reached its highest level, the
gates are closed. Then the tide drops on the
seaward side, and this trapped water is several
meters above the sea level. The gates are then
opened, allowing the water to discharge out.
The force of the flow turns the turbines and
generates electricity. It is also possible to use
tidal energy when the water flows in the other
direction - through the gates into the estuary
from the sea.
In this way, four periods of energy production

are possible every day, since coastal regions
5
experience two high and two low tides in just
over 24 hours. In order for practical amounts
of electricity to be generated, the difference be-
tween high and low tides must be at least five
meters. Tidal power is renewable, non-pollut-
ing, and contributes no greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere. This kind of system can provide a
useful energy supplement to other sources in
an era of diminishing fossil fuel reserves.
Sample Essay
The integrated writing task (Tidal power)
Both the lecture and the reading discuss tidal

power. The professor argues that the process of

generation of this type of energy has a number The Integrated Writing

of drawbacks. However, the reading contends (Test 5)
that tidal power has great advantages.
The first point made by the instructor is that a

fraction of energy generated with that mech- Groupthink
anism is not sufficient. According to the pro-
fessor, the contribution of this energy is little. When private institutions or government
Moreover, a location of these mechanisms is agencies need to solve problems or develop
not efficient, as a rule. This idea casts doubt on new processes they assemble groups of people
the point in the reading that the tidal power is to work on the task. The advantages of teams
renewable and flexible in construction. Thus, composed of many individuals over individuals
the lecture casts doubt on the reading by high- working alone are several. First of all, teams of
lighting the fact that tidal energy is not suffi- individuals can pool their intellectual resources
cient to meet the population’s demand. in order to arrive at superior decisions through
focused attention to the issue at hand. Group
Another point that the teacher uses to cast discussion leads to a more varied and in-depth
doubt on the reading is that the process of approach to problem solving and idea creation.
generation of this type of energy leads to an Furthermore, group discussion leads to a broad
increase in salinity, that in its turn, causes a exchange of knowledge and information since
change in quality of water. As a consequence, groups include individuals from different parts
it leads to a development of red-tide organisms. and levels of an organization. These individu-
Moreover, changes in water quality negatively als tend to bring with them a large variety of
affect the fish migration. However, the read- skills, interests, and background knowledge.
ing states that tidal power is non-polluting Often, team discussion will bring about a
and doesn’t emit any gases to the atmosphere. relevant solution, which is unlikely to be made
So, this point is contradicted by the fact from by a lone individual. The reason for this is that
the lecture that this power is not environ- a person working in isolation may be afraid
ment-friendly. of taking responsibility for making a decision
whose outcome is uncertain. In a team of indi-
Finally, the professor states that tidal power viduals, however, the responsibility is spread
has a negative effect on the economy, because around so that no particular member can be
it imposes constraints on boat navigation. held responsible if the decision leads to failure.
However, the reading states that this power is
not demanding in maintenance and positively Group discussion also has the advantage of
affects the region’s economy. encouraging motivation in team members. The
effect of working with colleagues can increase
In conclusion, the points made in the lecture enthusiasm and provide the necessary ambi-
contrast with the reading in several issues. The ence for the brainstorming activities essential
lecture demonstrates that the benefits of tidal to good decision-making. Finally, each individ-
power should be taken with a grain of salt. ual can benefit because he or she can learn new
negotiation and management skills and discov-
er personal strengths and aptitudes through
the process of achieving worthwhile goals.

Sample Essay
Both the lecture and the reading discuss the

phenomenon of groupthinking. The professor
argues that the groupthinking has the number
of drawbacks. However, the reading contends
that this way of solving problems is the most
effective and has many advantages. Thus, the
lecture casts doubt on the reading.
The first point that the speaker makes is that

groupthinking is likely to lead to unsatisfatory
outcome because the individuals may try to
conform with the other members of the group.
According to the professor, there is a good
example of this phenomenon with the Ford
company, which once has presented a horrible
car because of the conforming behavior of its
creators. This idea contradicts the point in the
reading that the individuals combine their in-
tellectual resources in order to create a perfect
decision.
Another point that the speaker uses to cast

doubt on the reading is that participants of the
group could feel themselves invulnerable just
because of their confidence that no individual
can do better than they. The professor claims
that this confidence can bring out unsatisfac-
tory results. This point is contradicted by the
5
point from the reading that team discussion is
often more likely to bring to relevant results
than individual can achieve.
In conclusion, the points made in the lecture

contrast with the reading. Drawbacks of the
grouptthinking from the lecture demonstrate
that the effectiveness of this way of thinking is
in doubt.

Appendix 6. TOEFL Ibt scoring
Appendix
6
TOEFL Ibt
scoring

Scoring Information
Each section of the TOEFL iBT test is scored separately. The number of points received for each sec-
tion is converted to a scaled score of 0-30, for a combined total possible score of 120, as shown below.
Reading 0-30
Listening 0-30
Speaking 0-30
Writing 0-30
Total 0-120
Reading and Listening sections
In the Reading and Listening sections, most questions are worth one point. Chart and summary
questions are worth more than one point. The test will indicate the number of points for questions
that are worth more than one point. To calculate your score for chart or summary questions, use
the charts below.
Chart Questions Summary Questions

Number of Correct Number of Points Number of Correct Number of Points
Matches Matches
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 2
4 2
5 2
6 3
7 4
To calculate your score in the Reading and Listening sections, total the number of points for all
your correct answers in each section, calculate the percentage correct, and find your converted
scores in the chart below.
For example, if you received 38 points out of a possible total of 42 points in the Reading section,
you would divide 38 by 42 to get 90 percent. Look at the chart to find the range that includes 90
percent. Your converted scales score is 27.
If you had 24 points out of a possible 25 in the Listening section, you would divide 24 by 25 to get 96
percent. Look at the chart to find the range that includes 96 percent. Your converted scaled score is 29.

Converting Reading and Listening scores to scaled scores
Correct Converted Correct Converted

Answer Scores Answer Scores
Percentages Percentages
98.3 – 100% 30 45-48.2% 14

95 - 98.2% 29 41.7-44.9% 13
91.7 – 94.9% 28 38.3-41.6% 12
88.3 – 91.6% 27 35-38.2% 11
85 – 88.2% 26 31.7-34.9% 10
81.7 - 84.9 25 28.3-31.6% 9
78.3 – 81.6% 24 25-28.2% 8
75 – 78.2% 23 21.7-24.9% 7
71.7 – 74.9% 22 18.3-21.6% 6
68.3 – 71.6% 21 15-18.2% 5
65 – 68.2% 20 11.7-14.9% 4
61.7 – 64.9% 19 8.3-11.6% 3
58.3 – 61.6% 18 5-8.2% 2
55- 58.2 17 1.7-4.9% 1
51.7-54.9 16 0-1.6% 0
48.3-51.6 15
Speaking and Writing Sections
Each Speaking task is worth 4 points and each Writing task is worth 5 points. The rubrics below
show the ETS scoring standards for the independent and integrated tasks in the Speaking and
Writing sections. Use the rubrics to calculate raw scores for your speaking and writing responses.
The ETS scorers who evaluate the Speaking and Writing sections of the TOEFL Ibt test follow
these rubrics as well.
Converting rubric scores to scaled scores for Speaking and Writing
After you have evaluated your speaking and writing tasks, find your scaled scores as described below.
6
Add your six scores for the speaking tasks and divide by 6. This will give you your mean score
for speaking. Then look at the chart below to find the scaled score for the mean. For example, if
you scored 4 on three of your speaking tasks, 3 on two tasks and 2 on one task, you would add
4+4+4+3+3+2 to get 20. Divide 20 by 6 to get 3.33. Look at the chart below and find 3.33 in the
Speaking Rubric Mean column. Your scales score would be 26.
Add your two scores for the writing tasks and divide that score by 2. This will give you your mean
score for writing. For example, if you scored a 5 on one writing task and a 4 on the other, add 5+4
to get 9. Divide 9 by 2 to get 4.5. Then look at the chart below to find 4.5 in the Writing Rubric
Mean column. Your scaled score would be 28.

Speaking Scaled Writing Scaled

Rubric Mean Score Rubric Mean Score
4.00 30 5.00 30
3.83 29 4.75 29
3.66 28 4.50 28
3.50 27 4.25 27
3.33 26 4.00 25
3.16 24 3.75 24
3.00 23 3.50 22
2.83 22 3.25 21
2.66 20 3.00 20
2.50 19 2.75 18
2.33 18 2.50 17
2.16 15 2.25 15
2.00 14 2.00 14
1.83 13 1.75 12
1.66 11 1.50 11
1.50 10 1.25 10
1.33 9 1.00 8
1.16 8 7
1.00 6 5
5 4
4 0
3
2
1
0

Appendix 7. Academic Writing: The Basics
Appendix
7
Academic
Writing:
The Basics

1. Run-on Sentences
A run-on error is two or more sentences joined Run-on Sentence

together without a word to connect them or a Exercise 1: correct the following
punctuation mark to separate them. If you put sentences
a comma between them, it is still incorrect.
This error is called a comma splice. Learning English is not easy, it takes up your
time and energy.
Incorrect: Sometimes I like to be with one
or two friends, sometimes I like to be with I spent three months looking for an apartment
a large group of friends. I couldn’t find anything under $1,000 a month.
There are five ways to correct this run-on: She couldn’t understand the directions, she
asked her friend for help.
1. Make two sentences.
Sometimes I like to be with one or two Let me give an example, when I was in the first
friends. Sometimes I like to be with a large year of college, I always used to be with two of
group of friends. my friends.
2. Use a coordinating conjunction (the Well, those are my basic points for wanting to
word ‘FANBOYS’ can help you remem- go there, I hope that now you understand my
ber the coordinating conjunctions: for, desire.
and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
When I was a child, I grew up in the country-
Sometimes I like to be with one or two side, I think it is a nice place for children’s
friends, but sometimes I like to be with a education.
large group of friends.
Because I am a person who can feel nature
3. Use a semicolon. beautifully, who helps other people, and who
knows social rules.
Sometimes I like to be with one or two
friends; sometimes I like to be with a large
group of friends.
4. Use a transitional adverb (however,

therefore, consequently, etc.).
Sometimes I like to be with one or two

friends; however; sometimes I like to be
with a large group of friends.
5. Make one of the clauses a dependent

clause.
Although sometimes I like to be with one or

two friends, sometimes I like to be with a
large group of friends.

2. Parallelism
In writing, one must construct a sentence mak- 3. prepositional phrase + prepositional phrase
ing sure its parts are parallel, or the sentence David eats in the morning and in the after-
will be off balance. Always try to balance sim- noon.
ilar structures, especially in lists and series or
around connecting words within your sentences. III. Clauses (groups of words that in-
In order to make sure your writing is parallel, clude a subject and a verb)
make sure you understand the following points:
1. adjective clause + adjective clause
Connect sentence parts with coordinating con-
junctions. Peter is a colleague who teaches math and who
conducts the orchestra.
A good clause or phrase combines the same
kinds of words, phrases, or clauses. Combine 2. noun clause + noun clause
a noun with a noun, not a noun with an adjec- I know that you are smart and that you are
tive. nervous.
Connect similarly constructed sentences
I. Words with paired conjunctions. Instead of two
short sentences, always try to combine
1. noun + noun sentences:
Recession or inflation will lead to disaster.
Both … and (takes a plural verb)
2. verb + verb
The pharmacist weighed and measured the Both Susan and Jenny study Italian.
medicine.
Not only … but also
3. adjective + adjective
The child was little, yet surprisingly Laura not only jogs but also lifts weights.
strong.
With three or more items in a series, use Either … or
commas.
The play was funny, enjoyable, and short. Either the teacher or I am right.
4. adverb + adverb Neither … nor

He ran quickly but carefully.
7
Neither the football players nor the soccer play-
II. Phrases ers take afternoon classes.
(groups of words that lack either a sub-
ject or a verb) The subjects that come after the but also, or,
and nor determine the verb.
1. a(n) adjective + noun
He is a serious student but a hilarious Either the teacher or the students erase the
comic. whiteboard every day.
2. verb + adverb Either the students or the teacher erases the

Karen swims quickly yet talks slowly. whiteboard every day.

When these pairs are used, they must be Parallelism Exercise 1.

followed by parallel types of words, phrases, or
clauses. Make the following sentences parallel. In
some cases, there may be more than one
Whenever possible, put as many words as you correct answer.
can before the conjunction.
1. The apartment was beautiful, expensive,
Incorrect: I want either to go to Mexico and and had a lot of space.
Brazil.
The sentence should read I want to go to either 2. If you’re going to use this recipe, you’ll
Mexico or Brazil. need a pepper, onion, and tomato.
Do not omit necessary words. Oftentimes omit- 3. My friend is interesting: she plays piano,
ted articles, auxiliaries, and prepositions affect writes poetry, and is a painter of water-
parallel structure. colors.
Incorrect: I always have and always will 4. I always have and always will sing in the
eat breakfast. shower.
The sentence should read I always have eaten
and always will eat breakfast. 5. Please turn down the television, or will you
go to sleep?
Incorrect: Mark gave me an apple, pear,
and oranges. 6. Michael hopes his dedication, ability, and
The sentence should read Mark gave me an that he is considerate will help him get the
apple, a pear, and oranges. job.
Incorrect: I was interested and surprised 7. Daniel is a happy child and sleeps soundly.
by the story.
The sentence should read I was interested in 8. Jodie Foster is a great actress and directs
and surprised by the story. movies well.
Incorrect: The population of Japan is 9. The books on the top shelf are older than
greater than Korea. the bottom shelves.
The sentence should read The population of
Japan is greater than that of Korea. 10. At the University of Pennsylvania, morn-
ing classes are far more popular than the
Incorrect: Joanne is as tall if not taller afternoon.
than her sister.
The sentence should read Joanne is as tall as Parallelism Exercise 2
if not taller than her sister.
Make the following sentences parallel. In
correct answer.
1. After a day at the beach, the children came

home tired, sunburned, and hunger.
2. Larry Bird was a quick, skillful, and ener-

gy basketball player. 6. Chris is an affectionate husband, a dutiful

son, and kind to his kids.
3. A good writer edits her work slowly, care-
fully, and regular. 7. The shape of the rock, how long it is, and
the color reminds me of a small elephant.
4. The English composition course contains
short stories, a novel, and poetic. 8. He danced gracefully, rhythmically, and
with ease.
5. When you write an essay, you should check
each verb for agree, tense, and form. 9. Judy is a gifted woman: a biologist, does
carpentry, and she can cook.
6. The airline allows passengers to take one,
two or third suitcases. 10. Your job consists of arranging the books,
cataloging the new arrivals, and brochures
7. My mother has been a waitress, a secre- have to be alphabetized.
tary, and taught school.
8. My uncle spoke in a humorous way and

with kindness.
9. I am hot, dirty, and need something to

drink.
10. The flavor of the strawberry yogurt is bet-

ter than the peach.
Parallelism Exercise 3
Make the following sentences parallel. In

correct answer.
1. We want to have a flower garden, but we

don’t know where to begin, how to proceed,
or the flowers we should plant.
2. The summer of 1950 was as hot, if not hot-
7
ter than, any other in the last century.
3. I neither know what kind of computer he

uses nor where he bought it.
4. I am afraid and excited about taking the

TOEFL.
5. Jared has sent resumes both to graphic

design firms in Taipei and Hong Kong.

3. Subject-Verb Agreement always singular as are compounds such as

everybody, everyone, and someone.
Every complete sentence has a subject and a For Example: Every student, teacher, and em-
verb. The verb in every independent or depen- ployee is required to attend graduation.
dent clause must agree with its subject. Although
there is usually no problem in finding the subject Nouns Plural in Form (ending in -s)
and making sure it agrees with its verb, there
are several exceptions and rules to learn. Some nouns that end in -s require a singular
verb. These nouns look plural, but they are
Prepositional Phrases that Come be- singular in meaning.
tween the Subject and the Verb
COUNTRIES EXAMPLE WORDS EXAMPLE
The verb is not affected by any prepositional SENTENCES
phrase (with, together with, along with, etc.)
that comes between the subject and the verb. Countries: Philippines, The United States
For example: The test along with the answers School: subjects (mathematics, economics, sta-
is found at the end of the book. tistics, physics, etc.)
The subject, test, is singular. It agrees with the Diseases: mumps, AIDS, measles
verb is.
Other words: news, whereabouts
Answers, the object of the prepositional phrase
along with, has no effect on the verb. EXCEPTIONS
There/Here scissors, pants, glasses, jeans, etc.
In some sentences the verb comes before the Time, Distance, and Money
subject. Be sure to find the entire subject.
Time, distance, and money take a singular verb
For example: There is a lot of pollution in because the amount is considered a single unit.
many countries today.
For example: Six hours is a long time to wait
The subject is a singular non-countable noun, for the bus.
pollution. It agrees with verb is.
Eight dollars is all you’ll need for lunch.
For example: Here are a proposal, an outline,
and a description. Two miles is a lot to run every day.
The subjects are plural—proposal, outline, and Math Facts

description. Here, meaning they—the sub-
jects—agrees with the verb are. These facts take a singular verb.
Indefinite Pronouns or Adjectives For example: Two plus two is four.
The indefinite pronouns or adjectives either, Eight divided by four is two.

neither, and each and the adjective every are

Six times seven is forty-two. Collective Nouns
Ten minus three is seven. A collective noun names a group of people or

animals. Although they do not end in s, they
Gerunds as Subjects are plural and take a plural verb.
Gerunds, nouns ending in -ing, always take a For example: The cattle need more grazing
singular verb. land.
For example: Writing letters is no longer nec- The elderly live in nursing homes.
essary.
The rich subsidize this housing development.
The Number of/A Number of:
Subject-Verb Agreement Exercise
A number of means a lot of and takes a plural
verb. The number of is used to give an exact Choose the correct form of the italicized
amount and takes a singular verb. verb.
For example: A number of teachers are sick 1. Neither of the books that I ordered (has,
today. have) come yet.
The number of days in a week is seven. 2. A number of students (hopes, hope) to grad-
uate this June.
Languages/People
3. I can never remember if seven times eight
Nouns of nationality that end in -ch (French), (is, are) fifty-six or fifty-nine.
-sh (Polish), and -ese (Vietnamese) can mean ei-
ther a language or a group of people. When used 4. The president, with his wife, (is, are) plan-
as a language, the noun is singular. When it’s ning to visit Hawaii.
referring to people, the plural is used. Not all
nationalities have these endings. 5. Each of the students maintaining the
required average (is, are) going to receive a
For example: Spanish is spoken in Mexico. scholarship.
The Korean students in my class speak Kore- 6. Inside my pocketbook (is, are) my calcula-
an during lunch. tor, lunch, and keys.
7
Determining Modifiers 7. Measles (has, have) reappeared among the
kindergarten children.
The nouns that follow the quantity words some,
all, part, most, fractions, and percents deter- 8. The number of students in this year’s
mine the verbs. Don’t be confused by the prep- freshman class (is, are) 212.
osition of. For example: Ten percent of the stu-
dents live in apartments. The noun students is 9. Eight miles (is, are) a lot to jog every day.
plural, so the verb live agrees with it.
10. Indonesian (is, are) a very difficult lan-
Some of the money is in the bank. The noun guage for Americans to learn.
money is singular, so the verb is agrees with it.

11. The Dutch (loves, love) good bread.
12. The United States (is, are) more than two

hundred years old.
13. Twenty dollars (is, are) a lot to spend for a

pair of socks.
14. The news about the earthquake (is, are)

surprising.
15. The police (is, are) exercising more nowa-

days.
16. Some of the students (is, are) taking an

incomplete in the class.
17. Physics (is, are) taught by Dr. Roberts this

term.
18. My scissors (isn’t, aren’t) sharp. Can I bor-

row yours?
19. Some of the lightbulbs from the kitchen (is,

are) shining in my room.
20. Completing all the exercises (is, are) a good

idea.

4. Sentence Variety
Using a variety of sentence structures will make Sentence Variety Exercise

your writing seem advanced and enjoyable to read.
You may be writing sentences that are grammat- Rewrite and combine these sentences
ically correct but boring because they all sound written by non-native speakers to make
and look the same. As you look over your essays, them more interesting. Feel free to add
check to see if many of your sentences begin with words and related ideas.
a verb. Do you often connect clauses within your
sentence by using only and? As you concentrate 1. I wore a uniform every day. I hated it.
on improving your writing, try to change the types
of sentences and sentence structures that you use. 2. I’ve lived in five countries. I tried to dress
and act like the native people.
For example: Look at this SUBJECT + VERB
sentence: I cooked every night at home. I hoped 3. I’ve learned many things on my own. I
to become a great chef. learned how to ride a bicycle by riding one,
not by reading about it.
You could instead begin with a gerund phrase.
By cooking every night at home, I hoped to 4. In my country, university students don’t
become a great chef. have to go to class. Teachers don’t care
whether or not students come.
Or you could use a participial phrase.
Cooking every night, I hoped to become a great chef. 5. I played soccer in high school. My team
didn’t win one game.
Or you could use an infinitive phrase.
My only hope of becoming a great chef was to 6. I have many friends and go out with them
cook every night. on the weekend. I like to be alone during
the week.
Or you could begin with a prepositional phrase.
With nightly home-cooked meals, I hoped to 7. I grew up in a modern 22-story apartment
become a great chef. building. I want to live in a traditional
house.
Or you could use an appositive phrase.
I decided that there was only one way to be- 8. I would like to visit Australia. I could never
come a great chef: nightly home-cooked meals. afford to go there.
7
Or you could use a question. 9. Some people listen to music when they are
sad. Some people listen to music when
How could I become a great chef? I could begin they are in a good mood.
by cooking at home every night.
10. I live in a very boring small town. I wish
Or you could use connectors. we had a movie theater in town.
Compound sentence: I cooked every night at
home, for I hoped to become a great chef.
Complex sentence: I cooked every night at home

because I hoped to become a great chef.

5. Punctuation Rules
Comma (,) Rules Semicolon (;) Rules
Do not use commas (,) between two sentences Use a semicolon between closely related inde-
(see run-on sentences). pendent clauses that are not connected to a
coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or,
Use commas before coordinating conjunctions yet, so).
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) if there are a sub-
ject and a verb before and after the conjunction. For example: The tax rate in the United States
For example: I like black and wear black clothes is 27 percent; the tax rate in Japan is 32 per-
a lot. I like black, and I wear black clothes a lot. cent.
If you have three adjectives, verbs, or nouns in NOTE: Do not use the semicolon often as a way
a row, separate them with commas. For exam- to combine sentences. The sentences must be
ple: I like black, brown, and turquoise. very clearly related.
If an adjective clause comes after a person’s name, Use a semicolon with transitional adverbs
you can set it off with commas. These adjective (however, therefore, consequently, moreover,
clauses are called non-essential clauses. By using nevertheless, nonetheless, thus, hence, etc.). Put
commas, the reader knows that the information is a semicolon (;) before them and a comma after
not essential to the meaning of the sentence. them if there are a subject and a verb before
and after.
For example: Jeff Brown, who lives next door to
me, works in my office. For example: I (Subject) like (Verb) black;
therefore, I (Subject) wear (Verb) it a lot.
The man who lives next door to me works in my Also correct: I (Subject) like (Verb) black; I
office. (Subject), therefore, wear (Verb) it a lot.
In the second sentence I do not know who the Colon (:) Rules
man is, so I don’t use commas. In the first sen-
tence, the adjective clause is extra information Use a colon only after a complete sentence and
about Jeff Brown. before a list, an appositive, or a quotation.
Incorrect: Students, who arrived on time, For example: I took many things to the beach: a
may leave early. blanket, suntan lotion, and lunch.
I don’t mean all students. I mean only those The car advertisement glorified one of the dead-
who arrived on time, so I cannot use commas. ly sins: greed.
The sentence should have no punctuation. Stu-
dents who arrived on time may leave early. Accept the words of Maya Angelou: “Success is
liking yourself, liking what you do, and liking
Use commas to set off introductory adverbial how you do it.”
clauses. If the clause is not at the beginning, don’t
use a comma. For example: Because I was sick, I
stayed home. I stayed home because I was sick.

Apostrophe (’) Rules multiple choice short answer and a long

essay.
Apostrophes to show possession are usually
used for people (Emily’s room), but sometimes 3. I got autographs from my three favorite
they are used for objects, as in, “All in a day’s movie stars Meryl Streep Jodie Foster and
work.” Robin Williams and I screamed for joy.
1. If the noun (singular or plural) does not 4. Jean-Claude has taken several English
end in -s, add ‘s. classes therefore he is confident about his
For example: man’s men’s child’s children’s writing ability.
2. If the noun is singular and ends in -s, add 5. Benjamin Franklin supposedly said be civil
‘s. to all, and enemy to none.
For example: Phyllis’s schedule
6. Samantha who lives out-of-state explained
3. If the noun is plural and ends in s, add only in her essay why she prefers to live in a
an apostrophe (’). dorm.
For example: The students’ names.
7. Carmens daughter was sick so Carmen
4. For joint possession, use an apostrophe took her to the doctor.
with the second name.
For example: John and Greg’s brother (one 8. I’ve been teaching for five years but have
brother) never had a student from Utah or New
Mexico before this semester.
5. To show individual possession, make all
nouns possessive. 9. Taylor was worried about the midterm and
For example: John’s and Greg’s scores were thought about it during the break.
very different.
10. After Diana came to one class she never
Use an apostrophe (’) to show omission in con- appeared again.
tractions.
For example: It’s (It is) good news. 11. Luis speaks several languages Portuguese
Spanish English and Italian.
Omit the apostrophe in the plurals of numbers
and decades. 12. I arrived on time for the test however I
For example: The 1960s were a turbulent de- forgot my learners permit.
cade.
7
13. Classes which meet on Monday evenings
Punctuation Post-test will meet an additional time during exam
week.
Insert the necessary punctuation. If the
sentence is CORRECT, write C. There
may be more than one error per sentence.
1. Although Jessica was absent she e-mailed

me asking for the homework.
2. There are three sections on the final exam

Appendix 8. Vocabulary Tasks
Appendix
8
Vocabulary
Tasks

Nature and the environment
Exercise 1
Replace the words and expressions in bold in sentences 1 – 15 with one of those from the box.
Youwill not need all of the words and expressions from the box.
acid rain activists animal rights battery farming biodegradable packaging

biodiversity biofuels breeding (in)captivity CFC gases climate change
conservation conservation program conserve contaminated deforestation
degradation desertification eco-friendly ecological ecology ecosystem emissions
endangered species environmentalists environmentally friendly erosion extinct
fossil fuels fumes genetically-modified global warming
green belt greenhouse effect greenhouse gases intensive farming
natural behavior natural resources organic organic farming ozone-friendly
ozone layer poaching pollute (air) pollution rare breeds rainforest recycle
recycling renewable/sustainable energy research solar power tidal energy
toxic waste unleaded gas wildlife management
1. In some countries, building is restricted or 7. Many shops now sell fruit and vegetables
completely banned in the area of farm- which are cultivated naturally, without us-
land or woods and parks which sur- ing any chemical fertilizers or pesticides.
round a community.
8. This bread is made from wheat which has
2. More and more companies are using box- been altered at a molecular level so
es, cartons, and cans which can easily as to change certain characteristics
be decomposed by organisms such as which can be inherited.
bacteria, or by sunlight, sea, water,
etc., for their products. 9. Most modern cars use fuel which has
been made without lead additives.
3. The burning of some fuels creates car-
bon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur 10. Polluted precipitation which kills
dioxide, and methane which rise into the trees often falls a long distance from the
atmosphere. source of the pollution.
4. Farmers have cleared acres of thick 11. Human activity has had a devastating ef-
wooded land in tropical regions where fect on the living things, both large and
the precipitation is very high to provide small, in many parts of the word.
pasture for their cattle.
12. The gases and other substances which
5. Planting trees and bushes can provide come from factories using oil, coal, and
some protection from the gradual wear- other fuels which are the remains of
ing away of soil. plants and animals can cause serious
damage to the environment.
6. We should all try to process waste mate-
rial so that it can be used again. 13. Don’t drink that water. It’s been made
dirty by something being added to it.

14. Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and oth- glass so that we can use it again. We should also
er people concerned with protecting check that the things we buy from supermar-
the environment are holding an interna- kets are packaged in (12) _____________ which
tional summit in Geneva next month. decomposes easily. At the same time, we should
make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are
15. The heating up of the earth’s atmo- (13) _____________ (at least until someone proves
sphere by pollution is threatening life as that they are safe both for us and for the environ-
we know it. ment). If you are truly committed to protecting
the environment, of course, you should only buy
Exercise 2 (14) _____________fruit and vegetables, safe in
the knowledge that they have been naturally
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of cultivated. Finally, of course, we should buy a
the other words and expressions in the box. small car that uses (15) _____________ which is
less harmful to the environment or, even better,
Exercise 3 make more use of public transportation.
Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of The serious (16) _____________, however, do
the words or expressions from the box in Exercise much more. They are aware of the global issues
involved and will actively involve themselves in
“Environmental degradation is a major world (17) _____________ by making sure our forests
problem. What causes this problem, and what are kept safe for future generations. They will
can we do to prevent it?” oppose activities which are harmful to animals,
such as (18) _____________. And they will cam-
There is no doubt that the environment is in paign to keep the (19) _____________ around our
trouble. Factories burn (1) _____________ which towns and cities free from new building.
produce (2) _____________, and this kills trees.
At the same time, (3) _____________ rise into the We cannot all be as committed as them, but we can
air and contribute to (4) _____________ which at least do our own little bit at grass roots level.
threatens to melt the polar ice cap. Meanwhile We, as humans, have inherited the earth, but that
farmers clear huge areas of (5) _____________ doesn’t mean we can do whatever we like with it.
in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding
land for cattle or produce wood for building. Riv- Exercise 4
ers and oceans are so heavily (6) _____________
by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to Now try this essay. Use words and expressions
go swimming. Cars pump out poisonous (7) from Exercise 1, and any other words or ex-
_____________which we all have to breathe in. pressions that you think would be relevant.
(8) _____________ and overfishing are killing off
millions of animals, including whales, elephants, Some people think that the government
and other (9) _____________ should spend as much money as possible
on protecting the environment. Others
8
In fact, all around us, all living things large and think this money should be spent on other
small which comprise our finely balanced (10) things such as education and healthcare.
_____________ are being systematically destroyed Which one of these opinions do you agree
by human greed and thoughtlessness. with? Use specific reasons and details to
support your answer.
There is a lot we can all do, however, to help pre-
vent this. The easiest thing, of course, is to (11)
_____________ waste material such as paper and

On the Road
Exercise 1
Some of the words and expressions from the box below have been defined in sentences 1 – 16. In
some cases, these definitions are correct, and in some they are wrong. Decide which are which.
accelerate accident accident risk auto theft back out black spot
brake congestion crosswalk cut in (in a vehicle) cycle lane destination
dominate drunk driving driver driver's licence driving test expressway
fatalities a fine freeway gas highway highway patrol injuries
intersection interstate joyriding mile mobility overtake park and ride
pedestrian pedestrian mall pollution public transportation pull in pull over
road rage road work rush hour safety island sidewalk to speed speed
limit subsidized (e.g., public transportation) to tailgate traffic light / signal
traffic calming traffic circle / rotary traffic-free zone traffic jam traffic school
transport strategy turnpike
1. Rush hour is the time of day when there pleasure, usually in a dangerous way.
are not many vehicles on the road because
most people are at home. 9. A turnpike is a main road in the eastern part
of the U.S.A. that drivers must pay to use.
2. If a service such as public transportation is
subsidized, all of its running costs are paid 10. Someone who backs out in a vehicle
for by the government or a local authority. drives it very quickly and dangerously,
usually in a busy or built-up area.
3. A traffic school is a school for people who
want to learn to drive a motor vehicle. 11. A cycle lane is a part of the road that is set
aside for people on bicycles, and which may
4. An expressway is a wide road (usually in a not be used by drivers of motor vehicles.
city) where people can drive quickly, and is the
U.S. equivalent of a British dual carriageway. 12. A traffic-free zone is a main road be-
tween major towns and cities that drivers
5. Road rage is anger or violent behavior by do not have to pay to use.
one driver toward another driver.
13. Fatalities (in this context) refer to people
6. Traffic calming measures are fines and who are injured in accidents on the road.
other penalties imposed by the police on
bad or dangerous drivers. 14. A black spot is a place on a road where a
lot of car accidents happen.
7. In the U.S.A., the interstate is part of
the national public transportation system 15. A mile is a measure of distance equivalent
(including trains and buses) which people to 1.609 kilometers.
use to travel around the country.
16. A sidewalk is a part of the road in a town
8. Someone who has been accused of joyrid- or city where drivers can park their vehicle.
ing has stolen a car in order to drive it for

Exercise 2 (16) _____________ on main routes into the

city, making it safer for the huge number of
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of students and residents who rely on bicycles
the other words and expressions in the box. to get around. And (17) _____________ public
transportation has helped to keep down the
Exercise 3 cost of using buses. Meanwhile, the police and
the courts are coming down hard on drivers
Complete this article with appropriate words who misuse the roads, handing down large (18)
and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. _____________ or even jail sentences on selfish,
You may need to change the form of some of inconsiderate drivers who believe it is their
the words. right to (19) _____________ the roads; for these
people, (20) _____________ is not offered as a
(1) _____________ and (2) _____________ on softer alternative.
our roads are increasing from year to year:
last year, 2,827 people were killed and almost Exercise 4
300,000 hurt in traffic-related accidents in the
state. Most of these were caused by drivers (3) Now try this essay. Use words and expres-
_____________ in built-up areas, where many sions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other
seem to disregard the 30mph (4) _____________, words or expressions that you think would be
or (5) _____________, especially around July relevant.
4th and Thanksgiving, when more alcohol is
consumed than at any other time. In many cas- Do you agree or disagree with the follow-
es, it is (6) _____________ who are the victims, ing statement?: It is time we all relied less
knocked down as they are walking across the on private motor vehicles to get around,
street at (7) _____________ by drivers who seem and instead used other forms of trans-
to have forgotten that a red (8) _____________ port. Use specific examples and details to
means “Stop”. support your answer.
But these innocent victims, together with the

help of the highway patrol and local safety
groups, are fighting back. In New Stockholm,
a city plagued by (9) _____________ and (10)
_____________ caused by traffic, and a notori-
ous accident (11) _____________ for pedestri-
ans and cyclists, the city council has recently
implemented its new (12) _____________,
which has improved the flow of traffic to the
benefit of those on foot or on two wheels. (13)
_____________ measures such as speed bumps
have slowed traffic down.
(14) _____________ programs have helped

reduce the number of cars in the city, as office
workers and shoppers leave their cars outside
8
the city and bus in instead. Harley Street, the
main shopping thoroughfare, has been desig-
nated a (15) _____________, closed to all vehi-
cles during the day. There are more

Science and Technology
Exercise 1
Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the
words and expressions from the box.
analyze bioclimatology biology breakthrough cellphone chemistry computers control

cryogenics cybernetics development digital discover discovery e-mail experiment
genetic engineering genetic fingerprinting genetic modification geneticist information
superhighway information technology (IT) innovation Internet invent invention
life expectancy microchip modified molecular biology nuclear engineering physics
research safeguard scientist technocrat technologist technophile technophobe
1. ___________ is the practice or science of 9. ____________ is the use of technology to

changing the genes of a living thing, espe- make copies of natural things (for example,
cially in order to make it more suitable for artificial body parts).
a particular purpose.
10. A _____________ is a scientist or other tech-
2. A __________ is a rule, law, or plan that nical expert with a high position in indus-
protects people or something from harm or try or government.
problems.
11. _____________ is the detailed study of
3. _____________ is the study of living things. something in order to discover new facts.
4. A _____________ is someone who does not 12. _____________ is the science that studies
like, trust, or want to use technology, espe- the effects of low temperatures, especially
cially computers. the use of low temperatures for preserving
the bodies of dead people.
5. A _____________ is a discovery or achieve-
ment that comes after a lot of hard work. 13. An _____________ is a scientific test to find
out what happens to someone or something
6. _____________ is the study or use of com- in particular conditions.
puters and electronic systems for storing
and using information. 14. ____________ is the length of time that
someone is likely to live.
7. If something is _____________, it is changed
slightly in order to improve it. 15. ____________ is the invention or use of new
ideas, methods, equipment, etc.
8. A _____________ is a scientist who studies
or works in genetics.

Exercise 2 _____________ who prefer to hide from these

modern miracles.
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of
the other words and expressions in the box. But everything has a price. The development
of (11) _____________ led to mass automa-
Exercise 3 tion in factories, which in turn led to millions
losing their jobs. The genius of Einstein led
Complete this essay with appropriate words to the horrors of the atomic bomb and the
and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. dangerous uncertainties of (12) _____________
You may need to change the form of some of (we hear of accidents and mishaps at nucle-
the words. ar power stations around the world, where
(13) _____________ to prevent accidents were
“Science and technology have come a long way inadequate). The relatively new science of
in the last 60 years, and our lives have become (14) _____________ has been seen as a major
better as a result. Do you agree with this state- step forward, but putting modified foods onto
ment?” the market before scientists had properly
(15) _____________ them was perhaps one of
The second half of the twentieth century saw the most irresponsible decisions of the 1990s.
more changes than in the previous two hun- Meanwhile, pharmaceutical and cosmetic
dred years. Penicillin has already been (1) companies continue to (16) _____________ on
_____________ and used to treat infections; animals, a move that many consider to be cruel
there have been many remarkable advances and unnecessary.
in medicine that have helped to increase our
average (2) _____________ way beyond that of Of course we all rely on modern science and
our ancestors. technology to improve our lives. However, we
need to make sure that we (17) _____________
Incredible (3) _____________ such as tele- it rather than the other way round.
vision have changed the way we spend our
leisure hours. Perhaps the most important (4) Exercise 4
_____________, however, has been the micro-
chip. Nobody could have imagined, when it was Now try this essay. Use words and expres-
first (5) _____________, that within a matter sions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other
of years, this tiny piece of silicon and circuit- words or expressions that you think would be
ry would be found in almost every household relevant.
object from the kettle to the DVD recorder. And
nobody could have predicted the sudden pro- What, in your opinion, has been the single
liferation of computers that would completely most important scientific or technological
change our lives, allowing us to access infor- development of the last fifty years? Use
mation from the other side of the world via the specific reasons and details to support
(6) _____________ or send messages around the your answer.
8
world by (7) _____________ at the touch of a
button. Meanwhile, (8) _____________ into oth-
er aspects of information technology is making
it easier and cheaper for us to talk to friends
and relations around the world.
Good news for (9) _____________ who love

modern technology, bad news for the (10)

Town and Country
Exercise 1
Complete sentences 1 – 12 with a word or expression from the box. Then take the letter indicat-
ed at the end of each sentence, and write it in the grid that follows the sentences. If you do this
correctly, you will “find” another word which means “showing the influence of many different
countries and cultures”.
agriculture amenities apartment block arable land atmosphere to breed crime

building sites Central Business District (CBD) commute commuter commuter belt
congestion construction cost of living crops crowded cultivation cultural
events depopulation development drug abuse employment environment
facilities fields green belt industry infrastructure housing project inner city
lively mall / shopping mall melting pot metropolis migration nature nightlife
outskirts peaceful peak period pedestrian precinct pollution population
population explosion poverty productive land property prices prospects resident
residential area rural rush hour slum street crime stressful suburbs
traffic jam unemployment urban urban lifestyle urban sprawl
1. If the town in which you live offers you 7. __________ occurs when there are a lot of
good __________, it offers you the chance vehicles on the road, and as a result the
for success, especially in a job or career. traffic moves very slowly. (Write the 2nd
(Write the 7th letter of this word in the grid) letter of this word in the grid below)
2. A __________ is a big city, especially one 8. If a town or city is described as a

that is busy and exciting. (Write the 5th __________, it has people of many different
letter of this word in the grid) races, religions, cultures, etc., living togeth-
er. (2 words: Write the 3rd letter of the 1st
3. An __________ is the set of systems within word in the grid)
a place or organization that affect how well
it operates (for example, a public transpor- 9. __________ refers to the movement of peo-
tation system or road system). (Write the ple from one place to another (often from
6th letter of this word in the grid) one part of a country to another, or from
one country to another country). (Write the
4. A __________ is someone who travels regu- 2nd letter of this word in the grid)
larly to and from work. (Write the 3rd letter
of this word in the grid) 10. If a situation, place, etc., is __________, it
causes a lot of pressure and makes people
5. The __________ of a town or city are the ar- worry. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in
eas that are furthest away from the center. the grid)
(Write the 1st letter of this word in the grid)
11. __________ is an adjective relating to towns
6. __________ is a situation in which many and cities. (Write the 4th letter of this word
people leave a place in order to live some- in the grid)
where else. (Write the 3rd letter of this
word in the grid) 12. A town’s __________ are the things that

make it comfortable and pleasant to live in morning and afternoon (9) _____________ in order
(for example, parks, theaters, stores, etc.). to reduce (10) _____________ on the roads and (11)
(Write the 4th letter of this word in the _____________ from the exhausts).
grid)
Of course, living in a city like this has its
Sentence number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 disadvantages as well. For a start, the (12)
9 10 11 12 _____________ can be very high – renting an
Letter: apartment, for example, is very expensive. And
as the city is expanding, there are a lot of (13)
Exercise 2 _____________ where new apartments are continu-
ally being built to deal with the (14) _____________
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of which is a direct result of the government encour-
the other words and expressions in the box. aging people to have more children.
Exercise 3 Fortunately, Singapore doesn’t suffer from prob-

lems that are common in many cities such as (15)
Complete this essay with appropriate words and _____________, which is partly the result of the
expressions from Exercise 1. You may need to government imposing very severe penalties on
change the form of some of the words, and one anyone bringing narcotics into the country, so it is
of the words you will need is the extra word you safe to walk the streets at night. In fact, the (16)
revealed by doing Exercise 1. _____________housing estates there are probably
the safest and most orderly in the world.
“Describe a place where you live or have lived,
outlining its good points and bad points”. Singapore wouldn’t be ideal for everyone, how-
ever, especially if you come from the countryside
For seven years I lived in Singapore, a (1) and are used to a (17) _____________ lifestyle. The
_____________ of almost three million people. traditional villages that were once common have
Like London, Paris, and New York, Singapore disappeared as the residents there realised there
is a (2) _____________ city, with people from were no (18) _____________ for their future and
different parts of the world living and working moved into new government housing in the city.
together. I enjoyed the (3) _____________ lifestyle Nowadays, there is very little (19) _____________
I led there, and made the most of the superb (4) around the city, which means that Singapore im-
_____________, ranging from the excellent stores ports almost all of its food. And despite a “green”
to some of the best restaurants in the world. In approach to city planning, the (20) _____________
the evenings and at weekends there were always which has eaten into the countryside has had a
(5) _____________: with such diverse attractions detrimental effect on the (21) _____________.
as classical western music, an exhibition of Malay
art, or a Chinese opera in the street, it was diffi- Exercise 4
cult to get bored.
Now try this essay. Use words and expressions
8
Perhaps most impressive, however, was the from Exercise 1, and any other words or ex-
remarkable transportation (6) _____________, with pressions that you think would be relevant.
excellent roads, a swift and efficient bus service,
and a state-of-the-art subway system which could Some people prefer to live in the country-
whisk (7) _____________ from the suburbs straight side or in a small town. Others prefer to
into the heart of the city (this was particularly live in a big city. Which place would you
important, as the government banned private cars prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and
from entering the (8) _____________ during the details to support your answer.

Travel
Exercise 1
Look at the words and expressions in the box, then answer questions 1 – 16. Some of these ques-
tions ask you to explain what a word or expression means, and some of them ask you to complete
a sentence with the appropriate word(s) or expression(s).
acclimatize alien all-inclusive business class check-in check in (to a hotel or for
a flight) check out (of a hotel) coach class consulate cruise culture shock
customs deport disembark displaced economic migrants ecotourism
embark embassy emigrate emigration excursion expatriate first
class flight gate green card illegal alien immigrant immigration inde-
pendent traveler internally displaced journey long-haul luggage mass tourism
migrant migrate package tour package tourist passport persona non grata
refugee repatriate safari short-haul tour operator trafficking
travel agency travel agent trip UNHCR visa voyage work permit
1. What does the expression persona non travel for their vacation, usually over long
grata mean? distances.
2. Complete this sentence: _____________ is 8. What is the difference between a package

the nervous or confused feeling that people tourist and an independent traveler?
sometimes get when they arrive in a place
that is very different from the place they 9. Is a refugee the same as an expatriate?
normally live.
10. What do you think the letters UNHCR
3. What is the difference between a travel stand for?
agency and a tour operator?
11. Complete this sentence: _____________ is the
4. Complete this sentence: An _____________ business of creating and selling vacations
is a short trip somewhere, usually for one that give people the chance to learn about a
day or part of a day. natural environment, and which cause little
damage to the environment itself.
5. Complete this sentence: A _____________
seat is the cheapest type of seat on a plane 12. If someone has been repatriated, what has
or train. The most expensive type of seat is happened to them?
called _____________. Between these two,
there is _____________. 13. What is a cruise? What is a safari?
6. Would you be happy if the country that you 14. Why might someone want a green card?
were staying in deported you?
15. If someone is trafficking something, are
7. Complete this sentence: _____________ they doing something that is legal or some-
refers to the large numbers of people that thing that is illegal?

16. Complete this sentence: A person who in an (9) _____________ vacation in a luxury
has been _____________ has been forced hotel with all meals and drinks included. They
to move from one part of their country to never get to explore the lush Amazon rain forest
another (often because of a war or other or the frozen wastes of the Arctic on an (10)
threatening situation). _____________ vacation. For them, travel is a
matter of life and death. I refer, of course, to all
Exercise 2 the (11) _____________ escaping from their own
countries, or the (12) _____________, moved from
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of one part of their country to another by an uncar-
the other words and expressions in the box. ing government, or (13) _____________ forced to
find a job and seek a living wherever they can.
Exercise 3
Can you imagine anything worse than the
Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of misery these people must face? Let’s not con-
the words or expressions from the box in Exercise. fuse them with those (14) _____________, who
choose to live in another country and often
You may need to change the form of some of have nice houses and high salaries.
the words.
These people are simply desperate to survive.
“There are two types of traveler: those who do As well as losing their homes because of war or
it because they want to, and those who do it famine or other natural disasters, they must
because they have to. Discuss this statement, come to terms with their new environment: for
using specific examples”. many, the (15) _____________ can be too great.
And while many countries with an open policy
Most of us have, at some point in our lives, on (16) _____________ will welcome them in
experienced the joys of travel. We go to the (1) with open arms, others will simply turn them
_____________ to pick up our brochures. We away. These people become (17) _____________,
book a two-week (2) _____________ with flights unwanted and unwelcome. Even if they man-
and accommodations included, (or if we are (3) age to get into a country, they will often be (18)
_____________, we make our own way to the _____________ or repatriated.
country and travel around from place to place
with a rucksack on our back). We make sure Their future is uncertain.
we have all the right currency, our passport,
and any (4) _____________ that are necessary Something to think about, perhaps, the next
to get us into the country. We go to the airport time you are (19) _____________ to your five-
and (5) _____________. star hotel by a palm-fringed beach or sitting
in a coach on an (20) _____________to a pretty
We strap ourselves into our tiny (6) castle in the countryside.
_____________ aircraft seats and a few hours
later we (7) _____________ from the aircraft, Exercise 4
8
strange new sights, smells, and sounds
greeting us. Nowadays, it seems, the whole Now try this essay. Use words and expressions
world goes on vacation at once: the age of (8) from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words
_____________ is in full swing! or expressions that you think would be relevant.
But for the great majority of people around the What are the good things and bad things
world, travel is done in the face of great adver- about traveling? Use specific examples to
sity and hardship. They never get to indulge explain your answer.

Work
Exercise 1
Look at the words and expressions in the box, and answer questions 1 – 14. You may need to
change the form of some of the words.
adverse working conditions applicant application form be laid off

blue-collar worker boss candidate commission demanding dismiss
dismissal downsize employee employer fire fixed income
flexible working hours freelance full time hire homeworker incentives
incentive scheme income increment interview interviewee interviewer
job satisfaction job security manager manual worker manufacturing
industry (on) leave overtime part-time pension pension contributions
perks profession promotion raise recruitment drive repetitive strain
injury (RSI) resign retire rewards and benefits salary self-employed
semi-skilled service industry sick building syndrome sickness benefit skilled
a steady job stress supervisor unemployed unemployment union
unskilled unsociable hours wage (on) welfare white-collar worker
workaholic
1. Replace the word in bold in this sentence 6. What is the difference between a blue-col-
with another word from the box which has lar worker and a white-collar worker?
a similar meaning: “A lot of people wanted
the job, but she was the best candidate”. 7. True or false?: When a company downsizes
its work force, this means that it pays its
2. What is the difference between a wage and workers less than before.
a salary?
8. Complete this sentence: _____________ are
3. Complete this sentence: _____________ is extra payments or benefits that you get in
a painful condition of the muscles in the your job (for example, free meals, health
hands and the arms caused by doing the insurance, company car, etc.).
same movement many times (for example,
using a computer over a long period of 9. What do you think sick building syndrome
time). is?
4. Replace the word in bold in this sentence 10. Complete this sentence: If you have
with another word from the box which has _____________, you have work which is
a similar, but less formal, meaning (you reliable and will last for a long time.
will need to change the form of the word):
“When he was caught stealing from the 11. True or false?: retire and resign have the
company, he was instantly dismissed”. same meaning.
5. Complete this sentence: The word raise 12. Complete this sentence: Banks, hospitals,
in the box is similar in meaning to and hotels are examples of _____________.
_____________ (which is also in the box).

13. Would you be happy if you had adverse The same can be said of a job in which you
working conditions? are put under a lot of (12) _____________ and
worry, a job which is so (13) _____________ that
14. Complete this sentence: A person who is it takes over your life, a job where you work
_____________ is not permanently employed (14) _____________ and so never get to see your
by one company, but sells their services to family or friends, or a physical job in which you
more than one company. do the same thing every day and end up with
the industrial disease that is always in the
Exercise 2 papers nowadays – (15) _____________.
Use your dictionary to check the meanings of With all these negative factors, it would be
the other words and expressions in the box. difficult to believe that there are any ele-
ments that make a job worthwhile. Money
Exercise 3 is, of course, the prime motivator, and every-
body wants a good (16) _____________. But
Complete this essay with appropriate words of course that is not all. The chance of (17)
and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. _____________, of being given a better position
You may need to change the form of some of in a company, is a motivating factor. Likewise,
the words. (18) _____________ such as a free lunch or a
company car, an (19) _____________ plan to
“Some people live to work and others work to make you work hard such as a regular (20)
live. In most cases, this depends on the job they _____________ above the rate of inflation, (21)
have and the conditions under which they _____________ in case you fall ill and a compa-
are employed. In your opinion, what are the ny (22) _____________ plan so that you have
elements that make a job worthwhile?” some money when you retire all combine to
make a job worthwhile.
In answering this question, I would like to look
first at the elements that combine to make a Unfortunately, it is not always easy to find all
job undesirable. By avoiding such factors, po- of these. There is, however, an alternative. For-
tential (1) _____________ are more likely to find get the office and the factory floor and become
a job that is more worthwhile, and by doing so, (23) _____________ and work for yourself. Your
hope to achieve happiness in their work. future may not be secure, but at least you will
be happy.
First of all, it doesn’t matter if you are an (2)
_____________ worker cleaning the floor, a (3) Exercise 4
_____________ (4) _____________ worker on a
production line in one of the (5) _____________, Now try this essay. Use words and expres-
or a (6) _____________ worker in a bank, store, sions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other
or one of the other (7) _____________: if you words or expressions that you think would be
lack (8) _____________, with the knowledge relevant.
8
that you might lose your job at any time,
you will never feel happy. Everybody would “It is more important to have a job you
like a (9) _____________ in which he or she enjoy doing than a job which pays well.”
is guaranteed work. Nowadays, however, How far do you agree with this state-
companies have a high turnover of staff, (10) ment? Use specific reasons and examples
_____________ new staff and (11) _____________ to support your answer.
others on a weekly basis. Such companies are
not popular with their workers.

Appendix 9. Idioms for TOEFL (Speaking and Writing)
Appendix
9
Idioms
for TOEFL
(Speaking
and Writing)
9
Appendix 9. Idioms for TOEFL (Speaking and Writing)
1. to be over the moon – быть на седьмом 8. down the line – in the future, eventually
небе от счастья
‘’This may seem like a good policy now, but
‘’She was over the moon, when she was it could cause major problems down the
employed in the international company”. line’’.
2. as a matter of fact – actually, in fact 9. easy as pie – very simple
“ The outcome of military conflict is not “Since she had studied so hard, she
simply based on casualties, as a matter thought the exam was as easy as pie”.
of fact, the Union Army suffered greater
losses that the Confederate army in the 10. in light of – taking into account, consider-
American Civil War’’. ing, because of
3. it goes without saying – it is evident She was given a lighter punishment in

light of the fact that this was the first time
‘’It goes without saying that it is worth to she had broken the rules”.
devote a lot of time for the exam prepara-
tion’’ 11. in the long run – after a long time, in the
end, eventually
4. a win-win situation – a situation in
which both parties benefit ‘’It may seem hard to save money for retire-
ment now, but in the long run you will be
“He will get professional experience and very glad that you did”.
you will get a web page at a discount-it’s a
win-win arrangement” 12. on top of – in addition to , beside
5. against all odds – despite it being unlike- “On top of all of his accomplishments, he is
ly, incredibly, unexpectedly, now captain of his hokey team’’.
“Against all odds, she won her match 13. out of hand – out of control, unmanageable
against the five-time state champion”
“The absenteeism in his class is getting out
6. at first hand – directly, personally, in of hand”.
person
14. run of the mill – unexceptional, ordinary
“I had heard the Grand Canyon was im-
pressive, but I didn’t appreciate its enormi- ‘’Despite all of the attention he has gotten
ty until I saw it at first hand” in the press, I think he is really run of the
mill portrait
7. by all means – definitely, certainly
15. to make smth out of the way – to get rid
“If you go to that restaurant, by all means of smth; to overcome an obstacle and reach
try the salmon”. smth
‘’I am striving to make my TOEFL exam

out of the way and take GMAT courses’’.
9
Listening Answers
l I
Listening
Answers fo
(
a

263
l
Listening Answers
Question
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task (source)
List.1 - Delta C C B A D
List. 2 – Delta B A C D A
List. 3
A C D B D
Delta
List.4 - Delta A B C D B B D B A B
List.5 - Delta C C,D A B,D B,D B C B A,C B
List. 6
B D A B,D C B,D D A,C B A
Delta
List. 7
A C D D B,C C D A,D B A
Delta
List.8 - Delta B A D C B A C C A B
List.9- Delta A D A C D A D A C B
List.10 – Delta D C B C B A A B C D
Dis-ee
List 11 – Delta A Agree D A,C D C C B B,C D
Agree

Listening Answers
Question
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task (source)
List. 12
C A C A C D A A B D
Delta
No Extra Hyper
Yes Intro Mod.
List.13 – Delta B,C,A C,B,A A B B D
Yes Extra Gallp.
No Intro Hyper
Mini-Test 1
D B B C A C B C A
(Cambridge)
A.Brain
Yes
washing Yes
No
Mini-Test 2 B. Sub- Yes
Yes
(Cambridge) A D A,B ception B B A No A
Yes
Qs 1-10 C. Hyp- No
No
nosis yes
Mini-Test 2
C A,C D A,C C,D A
Qs 11-16
Mini-test 3
(Delta) D C A B C B A C D A
Q-s 1-10
YES
Mini-test 3
NO
(Delta) A C D B,C D
YES
Q-s 11-16
YES

265
l
Reading Answers
R
Reading
Answers
R
Reading Answers
# Ex 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Mini-test Ex 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex.10

1 B C B B A D D D C YES
2 D D D D C C A B B YES
3 D B A B A D C D B, D NO
4 B A D A D C B C A, B YES
5 A B C A C D C B, C NO
6 C B A D A B A B, D YES
7 D A B D B C B A, C
8 B C C D D A C B
9 A C A C A D
10 C A D A A C
11 D A D
12 B D C
13 C A A
14 D C D
15 B C B
16 C A
17 A
18 A
# Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13 Ex. 14

1 A NSD B, D, F A, C, F
2 C NDS B, C, F B, E, F
3 B SND A, C, D B, D, E
4 D DNS C, E, F A, B, E
5 C A,B,E
6 A B,E,F
7 B
8 D
9 B
10
11

Reading Answers
Feeding Green The Noise In a New

# Loie Fuller
Habits Icebergs Impressionists Pollution Light/LED
1 3 3 3 D A C
2 2 4 2 A B A
3 4 1 4 B D A
4 4 1 2 A B A
5 3 3 1 B A D
6 3 4 4 C C B
7 2 4 3 C C C
8 1 3 1 D B A
9 1 3 1 A D B
10 4 2 4 B C B
11 2 1 2 D C C
12 3 1 3 C ACF/BD D
13 4 4 2 ACEI/BDG C
14 2,4,5 3,4,5 3,4,6 FCE
The
Desert Early Artisans & Swimming
# Origin of Aggression
formation cinema Industrialization machines
Cetaceans
1 B B C B C B
2 A B B C B B
3 C A C A D D
4 C A B C A A
5 A D C B D D
6 B D D B A A
7 D C A C A D
8 D D D B C C
9 B C B C B B
10 C A A B A C
11 D C A B D B
12 B B D B/A,F/C,E B,F/C,E,G A,D,E/B,G
13 A, B, E A, C, D C, E, F
R
Reading Answers
19th century Expression of Geology& The Rise of

#
politics in the US emotions landscape Teotihuacan
1 B B D C
2 C C B B
3 B B B A
4 A C C D
5 C C C C
6 B C A C
7 C A B D
8 D A B C
9 D A B A
10 B D D D
11 D D A A,D
12 A C A,E,F/C,G C
D
13 A,E,F B,D,F
A,C,E


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TOEFL

Tips and Tricks 13

Writing Section 145

Speaking Section 173

Apendix 1: Speaking Assessment Criteria 201

Apendix 2: Integrated Writing Scoring Rupric 205

Apendix 3: Independent Writing Scoring Rupric 211

Apendix 4: Speaking Practice Tests 215

Apendix 5: Integrated Writing Practice Tests 223

Apendix 6: TOEFL ibt Scoring 229

Apendix 7: Academic Writing 233

Apendix 8: TOEFL Vocabulary 245

Apendix 9: Idioms for TOEFL 259

Listening Answers 263

Reading Answers 267

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Reading Listening Sec- Speaking Writing

Main Topic/Main Key points of In-

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Speaker’s Atti- Integrated Ques-

Rhetorical Func- Integrated Ques- Integrated essay

Revision and Revision and Questions 1-6

Revision and Revision and Revision and Revision and

Session 15 Final test Final test

Session 16 Final test Final test

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Basic Information on the TOEFL

TOEFL iBT Highlights

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The TOEFL iBT Sections

Test Section Number of Questions Timing

3-4 passages (550-700 words each)

4-6 lectures, 6 questions each

6 tasks: (45-60 seconds on each task)

1 integrated task (Write an essay based on a reading and

TOEFL iBT Scores

Your TOEFL iBT® (Internet-Based TOEFL) ●● Speaking (0 to 30)

TOEFL iBT SCORE PROFICIENCY LEVEL PROFICIENCY DESCRIPTION

Able to satisfy basic survival requirements,

Can initiate and maintain predictable face-

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Able to satisfy routine social demands;

Approaching native proficiency in English;

12 Нам важен Ваш результат!

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►► Don’t read the whole text in detail: Either Sentence Addition Q:

e.g. ●● Read the BOLD sentence CAREFULLY

●● Read the sentence with the word (or 2) ●● Conclusion

Mark is clever → Mark is not stupid

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●● Read the nearest context ONLY

Generally Wrong answers:

●● Not mentioned: the answer/hint MUST BE

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►► Listen actively from the VERY BEGIN-

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►► Articulate well (accent doesn’t matter that

●● CHOOSE only 1 option Question 6: 20/60

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►► Use templates and structure Essay 2: 30 min

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