Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ethernet PDF
Ethernet PDF
1
Outline
• Cabling
• Autonegotiation
• Energy-efficient Ethernet
• Flow control
2
1980 1995 1999 2006
10Mb → 100Mb → Gigabit → 10Gb
200/400
40Gb → 100Gb → Gb → Terabit
3
Cabling
4
Twisted-pair copper
RJ45 jack
Category Max Bandwidth Length
supported
Cat 3 10Mb 16MHz 100m
Cat5/5e 1Gb 100MHz 100m
Cat6 10Gb 250MHz 55m
Cat6a 10Gb 500MHz 100m
Cat8 40Gb 2GHz 36m
2017-2018
6
Rubber jacket Aluminium shield
Copper wire
drain
• 100Gb - 24 fibers
8
Shorter range due to modal dispersion
Signal spreads out in time
850 - 1300nm
50μm core
125μm cladding
1310 - 1550nm
8-10μm core
125μm cladding
• 10MHz clock
• Polarity reversal
10
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
2.5V
-2.5V
100ns
11
100MBit (Fast Ethernet)
16 hex symbols
4 bits 4B/5B Scramble MLT-3 16 control symbols
1V
0V
-1V
12
0: no transition, 1: transition 1→0→-1→0→1
13
4B/5B creates 125MBaud signal
MLT-3 reduces fundamental frequency to 31.25MHz
14
Gigabit Ethernet
15
Spread Generate
spectrum Generate symbols
parity bit
Channels are
interdependent
Trellis/convolutional encoder
XOR XOR
D flip-flops
17
2D-PAM5
18
Symbols in a
subset have
distance 2
# of coordinates
In 4D-PAM5 we have 16
subsets.
(XXXX, XXXY,…,YYYY)
19
Group 16 subsets into 8 sub-lattices:
Each pair of subsets are complements of each other
162=256
symbols
800MBaud
Scramble
32 bits
64B/65B LDPC 2PAM16 DSQ-128
32 bits
BER: 10-12
Prune to get
2048 bits = 128 symbols
1723 data + 7 bits per
325 check symbol
21
LDPC example
1 0 1 0 1 0 Received bits
0,1 1,0 1,1 1 1 0 Checked bits
1 0 1 1 1 0 Corrected bits
Variable nodes
v0 v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 (2048)
Check nodes
c0 c1 c2 (325)
V0: V1 ⊕ V3 → 0 V1 - 0 V0 - 1 1. v nodes send bits to c nodes
2. c nodes send a v node the ⊕
V1: V0 ⊕ V3 → 1 V2 - 1 V2 - 1 of other received values
V3: V0 ⊕ V1 → 1 V4 - 1 V5 - 0 e.g. c0 sends v0 the value v1⊕v4
3. v nodes do a majority vote
22
40GBit
• 64/66 bit encoder from
10GBit
20 PCS lanes
Multiplexers
10 electrical lines
Framing, octet sync, de/scramble
Convert to bits to signal
4 optical lanes
25GBit/s
(4 different
per lane
wavelengths)
• Facebook (2014)
• 4x40Gbps
25
Autonegotiation
• Negotiates highest speed, duplex + other capabilities
• Time
26
Autonegotiation
27
Base page message
28
Energy efficient ethernet (100MB-10GB)
30
Power Over Ethernet (10MB - 1GB)
31
Power Over Ethernet
• Detection:
• Classification
I (mA) Pout (W) Precv (W)
• Send 15.5-20.5 voltage 0-4 15.4 0.44-12.95
32
Flow Control
33
A Deep Dive into the Ethernet
34
Ethernet Packet
7x 10101010 10101011
Preamble 7 Start frame 1
Interpacket gap 12
35
Q-tag: VLAN priority indicator
VLAN: LAN within a switch
Router
Subnet Switch
36
Type={IPv4, IPv6, ARP, 802.1Q}
37