Remediation Activity 1 - SOLUTIONS

What are Solutions?

SOLUTIONS are homogeneous mixtures.
A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in
order to have a solution. The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called
the SOLUTE. The substance in the larger amount is called the SOLVENT. In most common instances water is
the solvent. The gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water are the solutes.

In the graphic, the blue bottle is a homogeneous solution mixture of water, KOH, glucose, oxygen gas
dissolved, and methylene blue - an indicator.
 Since solutions are mixtures, their compositions may vary over a very wide range. The concentrations may be
expressed using a variety of measures. The non-specific terms concentrated and dilute are sometimes used. A
concentrated solution has a relatively large (but non-specific) amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. A dilute
solution has a smaller quantity of solute dissolved.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
 Concentrations  
Solute Solvent
 Examples
Less than 50% More than 50%
wine beer, vodka
 liquid  liquid  alcohol - water
acetic acid / water - vinegar
saline (NaCl) solution
 solid liquid  salt - water sugar solution
CaCO3 - hard water
 CO2 - carbonated water
 gas liquid  oxygen - water
NH3 - ammonia solution
air =
 gas  gas  
oxygen - nitrogen
 gas  solid  hydrogen - platinum  
 liquid gas  water in air  
 solid gas smog  
liquid solid  mercury - another metal  
 solid solid  alloy  
Assessment:
Give 10(ten) examples of Solutions, their solute and solvent.
Fill in the table below.
Solute Solvent Solution
Example
Water Saltwater
Salt
Remediation Activity 2 - MIXTURES
What are Mixtures?
 A MIXTURE is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exist in
fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures.

In the graphic on the left there are four substances - water, alcohol, oil, and food color dye.
 MIXTURES
 A mixture can be physically separated into pure
compounds or elements.
 Just about everything that you can think of is probably
a mixture. Even the purest of materials still contain
other compounds as impurities.
 Mixtures may exhibit a changing set of physical
properties.
For example, mixture of alcohol and water boils over a
For example, pure water boils at 100 degrees C
range of temperatures.
 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
 The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness
A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform
appearance and composition throughout. Many
homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as
solutions.
Particle size distinguishes homogeneous solutions
from other heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions have
particles which are the size of atoms or molecules - too
small to be seen.
A colloid is a homogeneous solution with
intermediate particle size between a solution and a
suspension. Colloid particles may be seen in a beam
of light such as dust in air in a "shaft" of sunlight.
Milk, fog, and jello are examples of colloids.
Corn oil is homogeneous, White vinegar is
homogeneous. A sugar solution is homogeneous since
only a colorless liquid is observed. Air with no clouds
is homogeneous.
 PURE COMPOUNDS
 A pure compound has a constant composition with
fixed ratios of elements.
Although it is almost physically impossible to isolate
absolutely pure substances, a substance is said to be
pure if no impurities can be detected using the best
available analytical techniques.
Physical properties such as boiling point or melting
point of pure substances are invariant.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
The prefixes: "hetero"- indicate difference.
A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different
substances or phases. The three phases or states of
matter are gas, liquid, and solid.
Graphic on the left of "Dancing Raisins" shows liquid,
solid, and gas substances in a heterogeneous mixture.
In contrast a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of
larger particles. These particles are visible and will
settle out on standing. Examples of suspensions are:
fine sand or silt in water or tomato juice.
For example beach sand is heterogeneous since you
can see different colored particles. Vinegar and oil
salad dressing is heterogeneous since two liquid layers
are present, as well as solids. Air with clouds is
heterogeneous, as the clouds contain tiny droplets of
liquid water.

Assessment:
 Pure or Mixture? If Mixture, heterogeneous or
homogenous?
Coke (no bubbles)

Chocolate icecream

Macaroni salad

Sugar

Soil

Aluminum foil

Black coffee

Water with sugar

Alcohol

Beach sand
 Remediation Activity 3 - PERIODIC TABLE
How is the periodic table of the elements arranged?
The periodic table is an organized arrangement of the chemical elements, in order of their atomic
number (number of protons), electron configurations, and their chemical properties. This ordering
segregates elements according to their periodic trends that are elements with similar behavior in the
same column.

Naming:
All elements are shown by a square on the Periodic Table of Elements and each of them is marked
by its own series of letters.   Carbon is C, Calcium is Ca, and Hydrogen is H.
The elements are given in increasing order of the atomic number. And every square has the
elements’ atomic number and atomic mass.
The atomic number means the number of protons in the nucleus or the electrons orbiting the nucleus.
That is number of protons= number of electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom = atomic number.
The atomic mass is the average mass of the protons, electrons and neutrons in a single atom.
An atom of carbon with protons and neutrons (nucleus) in the centre and electrons orbiting.

Parts of the Table

Groups
Groups are the vertical column and represent element
families. There are 18 groups of the elements. They
have similar chemical and physical properties.
For example, Group 18 has the noble gases – Helium,
Neon, Argon, Radon, Krypton and Xenon which have
low melting and boiling points, and they each are
colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable. The
group is called as low chemical reactive group.

Periods
Periods are the horizontal rows on the periodic chart.   Every element in a period has the same
number of electron orbits. 7 is the maximum no. of orbits which an element has according to the
discovered elements by the scientists.
The periodic chart has 7 periods.   Elements like Hydrogen and Helium are in Period 1- which means
they have one orbit of the electron.  Elements such as Sodium and Magnesium, Aluminum, are in
Period 3- meaning they have three electron orbits.
‘
Other Useful Aspects 

Colors
A color scheme has been added to the periodic chart to help understand which elements belong to
named categories.   Charts vary, but most link elements in these categories Alkali metals, Alkaline
earth metals, Transitional, Metals, Metalloids, Halogens Other nonmetals, and Noble Gases.

Some interesting glance at the periodic table:

 It is called the periodic table because the rows are called periods.
 There are a total of 118 elements in the periodic table. 90 elements are
found in nature, and others are man-made.
 The International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is takes care of the periodic table.
The only metal which is so soft that it can be to cut with a knife and light enough to float on water
is Lithium.
The lightest element
is Hydrogen its atomic weight is 1 and that is why it is found in the top left corner of the periodic
table.
 The atomic weight of Uranium is 238 being the heaviest element.
 The Noble Gases Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon are unreactive.
 The first man-made element is Technetium. Its basic uses are to locate bone cancers in x-
rays.
 75% of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
 Periodic table of Mendeleev is in the ascending as order of atomic weight and the modern
periodic table is according to increasing atomic number.
 Mercury and bromine are only two elements that are liquid in room temperature.
 Dmitry Mendeleev was supposedly late in submitting his work on 63 elements. So in order to
finish it quickly he constructed a table of all the elements according to their atomic weights to
understand the elements better and to complete his work easily. He was the one who made periodic
table.

ASSESSMENT
A. Fill in the blanks :
1. The periodic tableis an organized arrangement of the chemical elements, in order of their
………………….. ……….. (number of protons), electron configurations, and their chemical
2. The ……… …………….. represents the number of protons in the nucleus or the electrons orbiting the
nucleus.
3. The…………… ………..… is the average mass of the protons, electrons and neutrons in a single atom.
4. …………… are noted by the vertical column and represent families of elements.
5. Periods are noted by the …………………. rows on the periodic chart.
 
B. State True or False
1. Each compound is represented by a square on the Periodic Table and each is denoted by its own
unique series of letters.
2. Groups are the horizontal rows and represent families of elements.
3. While groups and periods are useful in understanding the chemical families, elements are also seen as
being organized by blocks.
4. The noble gases have low melting and boiling points.
5. Over time a color scheme has been added to the periodic chart to help understand which elements
belong to named categories.
Remediation Activity 4 - Acids and Bases