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RMS Olympic: 1 Background
RMS Olympic: 1 Background
RMS Olympic was a transatlantic ocean liner, the lead being the last word in comfort and luxury.[6] The com-
ship of the White Star Line's trio of Olympic-class lin- pany sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response
ers. Unlike her younger sister ships, Olympic had a long to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and
career, spanning 24 years from 1911 to 1935. This in- now outclassed ships from 1890, the SS Teutonic and SS
cluded service as a troopship during the First World War, Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Ma-
which gained her the nickname “Old Reliable”. Olympic jestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought
returned to civilian service after the war and served suc- back into her old spot on White Star’s New York service
cessfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and into after Titanic's loss.
the first half of the 1930s, although increased competi- The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders
tion, and the slump in trade during the Great Depression Harland and Wolff, who had a long established relation-
after 1930, made her operation increasingly unprofitable. ship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867.[7] Har-
Olympic was the largest ocean liner in the world for two land and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in de-
periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the brief signing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach
tenure of the slightly larger Titanic (which had the same was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the
dimensions but higher gross tonnage owing to revised former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost
interior configurations), before she was then surpassed considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Har-
by SS Imperator. Olympic also retained the title of the land and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on
largest British-built liner until the RMS Queen Mary was the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.[7] In the case
launched in 1934, interrupted only by the short careers of of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the
her slightly larger sister ships.[2][3] first two ships was agreed plus “extras to contract” and
By contrast with Olympic, the other ships in the class, Ti- the usual five percent fee.[8]
tanic and Britannic, did not have long service lives. On the
night of 14/15 April 1912, Titanic collided with an ice-
berg in the North Atlantic and sank, claiming more than
1,500 lives; Britannic struck a mine and sank in the Kea
Channel (Greece) in the Mediterranean on 21 November
1916, killing 30 people.
1 Background
Built in Belfast, Ireland, the RMS Olympic was the first
of the three Olympic-class ocean liners – the others were
the RMS Titanic and the HMHS Britannic.[4] They were
by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company
White Star Line's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers
and tenders in 1912.[5] The three ships had their gene-
sis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star The launch of Olympic on 20 October 1910
Line’s chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American fi-
nancier J. Pierpont Morgan, who controlled the White Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work
Star Line’s parent corporation, the International Mercan- designing the Olympic-class vessels. It was overseen by
tile Marine Co. The White Star Line faced a growing Lord Pirrie, a director of both Harland and Wolff and
challenge from its main rivals Cunard, which had just the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews,
launched Lusitania and Mauretania – the fastest passen- the managing director of Harland and Wolff’s design de-
ger ships then in service – and the German lines Hamburg partment; Edward Wilding, Andrews’ deputy and respon-
America and Norddeutscher Lloyd. Ismay preferred to sible for calculating the ship’s design, stability and trim;
compete on size and economics rather than speed and and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard’s chief draughts-
proposed to commission a new class of liners that would man and general manager.[9] Carlisle’s responsibilities in-
be bigger than anything that had gone before as well as cluded the decorations, equipment and all general ar-
1
2 3 CAREER
rangements, including the implementation of an efficient were equipped with private bathrooms. First-class pas-
lifeboat davit design.[10] sengers could have meals in the ship’s large and luxurious
On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the draw- dining room or in the more intimate A La Carte Restau-
ings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line exec- rant. There was a lavish Grand Staircase, built only for the
utives. Ismay approved the design and signed three “let- Olympic-class ships, along with three lifts that ran behind
[15]
ters of agreement” two days later authorising the start of the staircase down to E deck, a Georgian-style smok-
construction. [11]
At this point the first ship – which was ing room, a Veranda Café decorated with palm trees,[16]
[17]
later to become Olympic – had no name, but was referred a swimming pool, Turkish bath, gymnasium,[18] and
several other places for meals and entertainment.
to simply as “Number 400”, as it was Harland and Wolff’s
four hundredth hull. Titanic was based on a revised ver- The second-class facilities included a smoking room, a
sion of the same design and was given the number 401.[12] library, a spacious dining room, and a lift.[3][19]
Bruce Ismay’s father Thomas Henry Ismay had previously Finally, the third-class passengers enjoyed reasonable ac-
planned to build a ship named Olympic as a sister ship to commodation compared to other ships, if not up to the
the Oceanic. The senior Ismay died in 1899 and the order second and first classes. Instead of large dormitories of-
for the ship was cancelled.[13] fered by most ships of the time, the third-class passengers
Construction of Olympic began three months before Ti- of the Olympic travelled in cabins containing two to ten
tanic to ease pressures on the shipyard. Several years bunks. Facilities for the third class included a smoking
would pass before Britannic would be launched. In order room, a common area, and a dining room.[3][19]
to accommodate the construction of the class, Harland Olympic had a cleaner, sleeker look than other ships of
and Wolff upgraded their facility in Belfast; the most dra- the day: rather than fitting her with bulky exterior air
matic change was the combining of three slipways into vents, Harland and Wolff used smaller air vents with elec-
two larger ones. Olympic's keel was laid in December
tric fans, with a “dummy” fourth funnel used for ad-
1908 and she was launched on 20 October 1910.[4] For ditional ventilation. For the power plant Harland and
her launch, the hull was painted in a light grey colour for
Wolff employed a combination of reciprocating engines
photographic purposes; a common practice of the day for with a centre low-pressure turbine, as opposed to the
the first ship in a new class, as it made the lines of the ship
steam turbines used on Cunard’s Lusitania and Maureta-
clearer in the black and white photographs. Her hull was nia.[20] White Star had successfully tested this engine set
repainted black following the launch.[3]
up on an earlier liner SS Laurentic, where it was found to
be more economical than expansion engines or turbines
alone. Olympic consumed 650 tons of coal per 24 hours
2 Features with an average speed of 21.7 knots on her maiden voy-
age, compared to 1000 tons of coal per 24 hours for both
Main article: Olympic class ocean liner § Specification the Lusitania and Mauretania.[21]
The Olympic was designed as a luxury ship; her passen- Although Olympic and Titanic were nearly identical, and
were based on the same design, a few alterations were
made to Titanic (and later on Britannic) based on experi-
ence gained from Olympic's first year in service. The most
noticeable of these was that the forward half of Titanic's
A Deck promenade was enclosed by a steel screen with
sliding windows, to provide additional shelter, whereas
the Olympic's promenade deck remained open along its
whole length. Also the promenades on Titanic's B Deck
were reduced in size, and the space used for additional
cabins and public rooms, including two luxury suites with
private promenades. A number of other variations ex-
isted between the two ships layouts and fittings. These
differences meant that Titanic had a slightly higher gross
tonnage of 46,328 tons, compared to Olympic's 45,324
tons.[22]
tight skin was also constructed in the boiler and engine On the sixth day of her voyage, 27 October, as Olympic
rooms, to create a double hull. Five of the watertight passed near Lough Swilly off the north coast of Ireland,
bulkheads were extended up to B-Deck, extending to the she received distress signals from the battleship HMS Au-
entire height of the hull. This corrected a flaw in the dacious, which had struck a mine off Tory Island and was
original design, in which the bulkheads only rose up as taking on water.[52]
far as E or D-Deck, a short distance above the water-
line. This flaw had been exposed during Titanic's sink-
ing, where water spilled over the top of the bulkheads
as the ship sank and flooded subsequent compartments.
In addition, an extra bulkhead was added to subdivide
the electrical dynamo room, bringing the total number
of watertight compartments to seventeen. Improvements
were also made to the ship’s pumping apparatus. These
modifications meant that Olympic could survive a colli-
sion similar to that of Titanic, in that her first six com-
partments could be breached and the ship could remain
afloat.[46][47]
At the same time, Olympic's B-Deck underwent a re-
fit, which included extra cabins (the parlour suites which The crew of the stricken Audacious take to lifeboats to be rescued
proved popular on the Titanic were added to the Olympic), by Olympic
more cabins were fitted with private bathing facilities, and
a Cafe Parisian (another addition that had proved popular Olympic took off 250 of Audacious's crew, then the de-
on the Titanic) was added, offering another dining option stroyer HMS Fury managed to attach a tow cable be-
to first class passengers. With these changes, Olympic's tween Audacious and Olympic and they headed west for
gross tonnage rose to 46,359 tons, 31 tons more than Ti- Lough Swilly. However, the cable parted after Auda-
tanic's.[48] cious's steering gear failed. A second attempt was made
In March 1913, Olympic returned to service and briefly to tow the warship, but the cable became tangled in
regained the title of largest ocean liner in the world, until HMS Liverpool's propellers and was severed. A third at-
the German liner SS Imperator entered passenger service tempt was tried but also failed when the cable gave way.
in June 1913. Following her refit, Olympic was marketed By 17:00 the Audacious's quarterdeck was awash and it
as the “new” Olympic and her improved safety features was decided to evacuate the remaining crew members to
were featured prominently in advertisements. [49][3] Olympic and Liverpool, and at 20:55 there was an explo-
sion aboard the Audacious and she sank.[53]
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander of the Home
3.5 First World War Fleet, was anxious to suppress the news of the sinking
of Audacious, for fear of the demoralising effect it could
In August 1914 the First World War began. Olympic ini- have on the British public, so ordered Olympic to be held
tially remained in commercial service under Captain Her- in custody at Lough Swilly. No communications were
bert James Haddock. As a wartime measure, Olympic was permitted and passengers were not allowed to leave the
painted in a grey colour scheme, portholes were blocked, ship. The only people departing her were the crew of
and lights on deck were turned off to make the ship less Audacious and Chief Surgeon John Beaumont, who was
visible. The schedule was hastily altered to terminate at transferring to RMS Celtic. Steel tycoon Charles M.
Liverpool rather than Southampton, and this was later al- Schwab, who was travelling aboard the liner, sent word
6 3 CAREER
During the war, Olympic is reported to have carried up During the 1920s, Olympic remained a popular and fash-
to 201,000 troops and other personnel, burning 347,000 ionable ship, and often attracted the rich and famous of
tons of coal and travelling about 184,000 miles.[65] Her the day; Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas
impressive war service earned her the nickname Old Re- Fairbanks, and Prince Edward, then Prince of Wales,
liable.[66] Her captain was knighted in 1919 for “valuable were among the celebrities that she carried.[72] Prince
services in connection with the transport of troops”.[67] Edward and Captain Howarth were filmed on the bridge
of the Olympic for Pathé News.[73] According to his
autobiography,[74] Cary Grant, then Archibald Leach,
3.6 Post-war
first set sail to New York on the Olympic on 21 July
In August 1919 Olympic returned to Belfast for restora- 1920 on the same voyage on which Douglas Fairbanks
and Mary Pickford were celebrating their honeymoon.
tion to civilian service. Her interior was modernised and
her boilers were converted to burn oil rather than coal One of the attractions of Olympic was the fact that she
was nearly identical to the Titanic, and many passengers
as it lowered the refuelling time from days to hours, it
also gave a steadier engine R.P.M and allowed the engine sailed on Olympic as a way of vicariously experiencing
the voyage of Olympic's sister ship.[75]
room personnel to be reduced from 350 to 60 people.[68]
During the conversion work and drydocking, a dent with On 22 March 1924, Olympic was involved in another col-
a crack at the centre was discovered below her waterline lision with a ship, this time at New York. As Olympic
which was later concluded to have been caused by a tor- was reversing from her berth at New York harbour, her
pedo that had failed to detonate.[69] stern collided with the smaller liner Fort St George, which
Olympic emerged from her refit with an increased ton- had crossed into her path. The collision caused exten-
nage of 46,439, allowing her to retain her claim to the sive damage to the smaller ship. At first it appeared that
title of largest British built liner afloat, although the Cu- Olympic had sustained only minor damage, but it was later
nard Line’s Aquitania was slightly longer. In 1920 she re- revealed that her sternpost had been fractured, necessitat-
turned to passenger service, on one voyage that year car- ing the replacement of her entire stern frame.[76]
rying 2,249 passengers.[70] Olympic transported a record Changes in immigration laws in the United States in
38,000 passengers during 1921, which proved to be the the 1920s greatly restricted the number of immigrants
peak year of her career. From 1922 she was joined for an allowed to enter. This led to a major reduction in the im-
express service by Majestic and Homeric, two former Ger- migrant trade for the shipping lines, forcing them to cater
man liners which had been ceded to Britain as war repa- to the tourist trade to survive.[3] At the turn of 1927–28,
rations, operating successfully until the Great Depression Olympic was converted to carry tourist third cabin pas-
reduced demand after 1930.[71] sengers as well as first, second and third class.[77] Tourist
8 3 CAREER
Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth. When completed, these White Swan Hotel, in Alnwick, Northumberland, Eng-
two new ships would handle Cunard White Star’s express land. The rest of her fittings found homes in scattered
service, and so their fleet of older liners became redun- places throughout Great Britain.[94] One suite at Sparth
dant and were gradually retired. House Hotel, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire has the orig-
Olympic was withdrawn from the transatlantic service, inal furniture from one of the state rooms, including light
and left New York for the last time on 5 April 1935, re- fitting, sink, wardrobes and fireplace.
turning to Britain to be laid up. Her new owners con- In 2000, Celebrity Cruises purchased some of Olympic's
sidered using her for summer cruises for a short while, original wooden panels to create the RMS Olympic restau-
but this idea was abandoned and she was put up for sale. rant on board their new cruise ship, Millennium. Accord-
Among the potential buyers was a syndicate who pro- ing to the cruise line, this panelling had lined Olympic's à
posed to turn her into a floating hotel off the south coast la carte restaurant.[94]
of France, but this came to nothing.[90] After being laid The clock depicting “Honour and Glory Crowning
up for five months alongside her former rival Mauretania, Time” from Olympic's grand staircase is on display at
she was sold to Sir John Jarvis – Member of Parliament Southampton's SeaCity Museum.[95][96]
for £97,500, to be partially demolished at Jarrow to pro-
vide work for the depressed region.[91] Her superstructure
was demolished in 1936, and in 1937, Olympic's hull was
towed to Inverkeithing to Thos W Ward's yard for final 5 Official number and code letters
demolition.[92]
By the time of her retirement, Olympic had completed Official numbers are issued by individual flag states. They
257 round trips across the Atlantic, transporting 430,000 should not be confused with IMO ship identification num-
passengers on her commercial voyages, travelling 1.8 mil- bers. Olympic had the UK Official
[97]
Number 131345 and
lion miles.[90][93] used the code letters HSRP.
6 Popular culture
4 Olympic artefacts
In London Weekend Television's Thomas and Sarah
(1978–79), episode 2 “The Silver Ghost”, a poster of the
Olympic is prominently featured with just the lettering
'S.S. Olympic'. Later as the episode progresses we see
the full poster showing the ship but the ship featured is
the SS Leviathan in her 1920s United States Lines livery.
Thomas and Sarah was a spin-off of the classic Upstairs,
Downstairs in which the characters of Thomas and Sarah
were a part of the household and which feature the Titanic
Fittings from the
in a couple of prominent episodes.
ship installed in the Olympic Suite at the White Swan
Hotel, Alnwick
7 See also
• SS Nomadic – surviving tender to Olympic
8 References
[1] “Mark Chirnside’s Reception Room: Olympic, Ti-
tanic & Britannic: Olympic Interview, January 2005”.
Markchirnside.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
[6] Bartlett 2011, p. 26. [35] “Classic Liners and Cruise Ships – RMS Titanic”. Cruis-
eserver.net. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
[7] Bartlett 2011, p. 25.
[36] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 2)
[8] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 12.
[37] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 1)
[9] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 14.
[38] Chirnside 2004, p. 76.
[10] McCluskie 1998, p. 20.
[39] “TIP – United States Senate Inquiry – Day 18”. titanicin-
[11] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 55.
quiry.org.
[12] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 56.
[40] Chirnside 2004, p. 83.
[13] Oceanic II – thegreatoceanliners.com
[41] Chirnside 2004, p. 78.
[14] “RMS Olympic – The Old Reliable”. titanicandco.com.
[42] “FIREMEN STRIKE; OLYMPIC HELD; Part of Crew
[15] (French) Les escaliers de 1 Classe, le Site du Titanic. Re- Leave Vessel as She Is About to Sail from Southampton
trieved 30 July 2009 with 1,400 Passengers.” (PDF). New York Times. 25 April
1912.
[16] (French) La Vie à bord du Titanic, le Site du Titanic. Re-
trieved 30 July 2009 [43] “OLYMPIC STRIKERS MAKE NEW DEMAND; Now
Satisfied with the Collapsible Boats, but Want Non-
[17] (French) Les Bains Turcs et la Piscine, le Site du Titanic. Strikers Dismissed.” (PDF). New York Times. 26 April
Retrieved 30 July 2009 1912.
[18] (French) Le Gymnase, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 [44] “FREE OLYMPIC MUTINEERS.; Magistrates Find
July 2009 Charges Proved, but Forego Jailing or Fining Seamen.”
(PDF). New York Times. 5 May 1912.
[19] New York Times – Olympic Like A City – 18 June 1911
encyclopedia-titanica.org [45] Chirnside 2004, p. 84.
[20] Chirnside 2004, p. 28. [46] MODIFICATIONS TO OLYMPIC FOLLOWING THE
TITANIC DISASTER – www.titanicology.com
[21] “RMS Mauretania”.
[22] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The [47] Chirnside 2004, pp. 84–85.
History Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[48] Miller, William H. (2001). Picture History of British
[23] “RMS Olympic”. whitestarhistory.com. Ocean Liners, 1900 to the Present. Dover Publications.
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[24] “Southampton in 1912”. Southampton City Council. Re-
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[25] Olympic and Titanic: Maiden Voyage Mysteries, by Mark [50] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
Chirnside and Sam Halpern – encyclopaedia-titanica. org History Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[27] “ANDREWS, Mr Thomas – Titanic First Class Passenger [52] Chirnside 2004, pp. 89–90.
Biography”. titanic-titanic.com.
[53] Chirnside 2004, p. 90.
[28] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. [54] Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M.
Schwab. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
[29] Marriott, Leo (1997). TITANIC. PRC Publishing Ltd.
ISBN 1-85648-433-5. [55] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[30] “Olympic”. tripod.com.
[56] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
[31] “Titanic’s unsinkable stoker” BBC News 30 March 2012 History Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[32] Beveridge, p. 76 [57] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[33] Bonner, Kit; Carolyn Bonner (2003). Great Ship Disas-
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[59] Chirnside 2004, p. 100.
[34] “Why A Huge Liner Runs Amuck”, February 1932, Popular
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11
[61] Gibson, Richard Henry; Prendergast, Maurice (1931). [86] Doherty, John (3 September 2004). “Lightship bell raised
The German submarine war, 1914–1918. Constable. p. from ocean’s depths”. SouthCoastToday.com. Fairhaven.
304. ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7. Retrieved 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2004. Re-
trieved 10 September 2015.
[62] McCartney, Innes; Jak Mallmann-Showell (2002). Lost
Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel. [87] “de beste bron van informatie over night beacon. Deze
Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-904381- website is te koop!". nightbeacon.com. Retrieved 29
04-4. February 2012.
[63] “Page 7302 – Supplement 30756, 18 June 1918 – London [88] ""Olympic” Rams Lightship”. British Pathé. 28 May
Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk. 1934. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
[64] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The [89] “White Star Line Archives – 1931”. Chriscunard.com.
History Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved
16 July 2009.
[65] 6 November 2008 1:30 pm by Kelly Wilson (6 November
2008). “RMS Olympic”. Members.aol.com. Retrieved [90] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
16 July 2009. History Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[67] “Page 11575 – Supplement 31553, 12 September 1919 – [92] Chirnside 2004, p. 140.
London Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk.
[93] RMS Olympic: Another Premature Death? – Mark
[68] Chirnside 2004, p. 103. Chirnside – encyclopaedia-titanica.org
[74] Archie Leach, Ladies Home Journal, January/February • Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-Class Ships.
1963 (Part 1), March 1963 (Part 2), April 1963 (Part 3) Stroud, England: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-
2868-0.
[75] Wade, Wyn Craig, “The Titanic: End of a Dream,” Pen-
guin Books, 1986 ISBN 978-0-14-016691-0
[76] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The 9 Further reading
History Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[77] Chirnside 2004, p. 120. • Beveridge, Bruce; Steve Hall (2004). Olympic & Ti-
tanic. Buy Books. ISBN 978-0-7414-1949-1.
[78] Chirnside 2004, p. 119.
• Chirnside, Mark (2015). RMS Olympic: Titanic’s
[79] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The Sister. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
History Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
ISBN 9780752491516.
[80] Chirnside 2004, pp. 121–131.
• Hawley, Brian (2012). RMS Olympic. Stroud,
[81] Chirnside 2004, p. 135. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN
9781445600932.
[82] “SS Bismark/RMS Majestic", Monsters of the Sea: The
Great Ocean Liners of Time • Layton, J. Kent, Atlantic Liners: A Trio of Trios
[83] Chirnside 2004, p. 127. • Talbot, Frederick A. (June 1911). “The Coming
of The “Olympic": A Ship That Has Caused Ship-
[84] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
yards And Piers To Be Enlarged And Harbors To
History Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
Be Dredged”. The World’s Work: A History of
[85] “History of U.S. Lightships”. Palletmasterswork- Our Time. XXII: 14507–14515. Retrieved 10 July
shop.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 2009.
12 10 EXTERNAL LINKS
10 External links
• Titanic Research & Modelling Association, for
Olympic-Class Research
• RMS Olympic, the Original Ship of Dreams: a site
dedicated to the ship’s surviving relics
11.2 Images
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1911 Original artist: The original uploader was Daniel Chiswick at English Wikipedia Original author unknown
• File:HMS_Audacious_crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/HMS_Audacious_
crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Amateur photograph taken by Mabel and Edith Smith of Derby, passengers on
RMS Olympic, returning from USA Original artist: Edith and Mabel Smith deceased
14 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES