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Three-Phase To Single-Phase Matrix Converters: New Topology Based On New Control Method
Three-Phase To Single-Phase Matrix Converters: New Topology Based On New Control Method
Three-Phase To Single-Phase Matrix Converters: New Topology Based On New Control Method
e-babaei@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Professor, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
hosseini@tabrizu.ac.ir
3
Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
grptian@aut.ac.ir
Abstract:
In this paper, a new topology is proposed for three-phase to single-phase matrix converters, where more voltage levels
are produced in the output in comparison with the conventional topologies. In addition, a new control method based on
minimum error between the generated and the desired output voltages is proposed for three-phase to single-phase
matrix converters. In the proposed control method, the output voltage is generated by the mixture of different pieces of
the input voltages. In other words, by applying this method, the matrix converter operates like a multilevel converter
without requiring to any extra elements. Due to the proposed control method, the desired output voltage can be
generated with an acceptable accuracy even with unbalanced and significantly distorted input voltage waveforms. The
other advantage of the proposed control method is reduction of number of switching which allows low speed
semiconductors application in the structure of bidirectional switches required by matrix converters and also reduction in
switching losses. Using this strategy, the dv / dt stresses on load are significantly reduced. As a result, the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) is considerably decreased in comparison with the other conventional control
methods. Simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC software and experimental results show that the proposed control
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
method operates correctly and confirm the perfect performance of the proposed topology.
Keywords: Matrix converter, Three-phase to single-phase converter, Minimum error, Bidirectional switch.
Corresponding author’s address: Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 37
1. Introduction converters and any distributions and unbalances in the
input sides are immediately reflected to the output side.
Matrix converters are direct ac/ac converters which
The above-mentioned control methods are
convert input line voltages into variable voltage with
generally related to three-phase to three-phase matrix
unrestricted frequency without using any intermediate
converters. In some applications, it is necessary to feed
dc link circuit [1]. In recent years, the matrix
the single-phase loads from the three-phase network
converters have received considerable attention
with a different frequency and amplitude. For such
because they may become a good alternative to voltage
conversions, three-phase to single-phase converters are
source inverter pulse width modulation (PWM)
necessary. The generally used method in industry for
topology. This is because of the fact that the matrix
such conversion is dc link based converters. The ac/ac
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Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
in [5], although based on a different approach, leads to
use forced commutation and load commutation
performance similar to that obtained using the optimum
techniques have been presented. Due to need for a load
AV method. A sensible increase of the maximum
with specific characteristics, intrinsic complexity and
voltage transfer ratio up to 1.053 is a feature of the
the economical considerations, this type of
fictitious dc link algorithm, presented in [6]. This
cycloconverters have not been widely used in industry.
strategy considers the modulation as a two-step
The three-phase to single-phase matrix converters
process, namely, rectification and inversion. The higher
are another possible method for three-phase to single-
voltage transfer ratio is achieved in spite of low
phase conversion. Matrix converters do not need
frequency distortion in the input and output variables
energy storing elements. According to the authors’
[2].
studies, limited number of control procedures for three-
The space-vector modulation approach was initially
phase to single-phase matrix converters have been
presented in [7] to control only the output voltages.
presented in the literature. These control methods are
This method has been successively developed in [2]
based on PWM techniques. When the switching
and [8] in order to exploit the possibility of matrix
frequency is high, due to intrinsic characteristic of
converters in controlling input power factor regardless
these techniques, low order harmonics will be absent
of the output power factor, to fully utilize the input
on the output side but input and output total harmonic
voltages and to reduce the number of switch
distortion (THD) will be considerably high. In addition,
commutations in each cycle period.
because of the high switching frequency, the efficiency
The above modulation methods are the basic
of the converter is low. High dv / dt will result in high
modulation techniques and the other presented methods
EMI and high stress on switches [13-21].
mostly try to eliminate weak points of the previous
methods [9-12]. In this paper, a new topology for three-phase to
The previous methods are generally based on PWM single-phase matrix converters is proposed which
technique and contain some limitations. One of them is considerably reduces the before-mentioned pitfalls. In
low voltage transfer ratio. In addition, if the input addition, a new control method based on minimum
voltages are significantly distorted then these methods error between the measured and desired output voltages
is proposed. The performance of both topology and the
can not produce the desired output voltage. It is
important to note that the matrix converters are direct control method is verified by simulation (using
PSCAD/EMTDC software) and experimental results.
38 1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان
2. Conventional Three-Phase to Single- The matrix converter with three power switches can
produce eight modes while just three modes of them
Phase Matrix Converters are acceptable considering two mentioned rules in
A matrix converter consists of n power switches and section 2. In Table 1, the permitted modes are
can create 2 n numbers of on and off states (modes). presented. As indicated, the maximum instantaneous
The following two basic rules should be considered for output voltage amplitude is limited to maximum input
the correct operation of the converter: voltage amplitude. According to Table 1, three
• Short-circuit occurrence among power different voltages (vi1 , vi 2 and vi 3 ) can be generated at
supplies must be avoided (over current the output of this converter.
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constraint),
• Open circuit in the loads with inductive vi1 ii1 S1
properties must be avoided (over voltage
constraint). vi 2 ii 2 S2 io
vi3 ii3 S3 +
2.1. Three-Phase to Single-Phase Matrix
Converter with Three Bidirectional Power vo
Switches −
The structure of a three-phase to single-phase matrix
Fig. 1: Three-phase to single-phase matrix converter with three
converter with 3 bidirectional switches is illustrated in switches
Fig. 1. The input voltages of the converter are vi1 , vi 2
and vi 3 and the currents through them are ii1 , ii 2 and
Table 1: Permitted modes for a three-phase to single-
ii 3 , respectively. The output voltage and current of the
phase matrix converter with three switches
converter are vo and io , respectively. The input Mode On Switch vo, Mode io, Mode
voltages of the converter under balanced condition are S1 vi1 ii1
1
considered as follows:
2 S2 vi 2 ii 2
vi1 (t ) = Vim sin(ωi t )
3 S3 vi 3 ii 3
vi 2 (t ) = Vim sin(ωi t − 120o ) (1)
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 39
previous circuits. As a result, it can produce the output
voltage waveform with higher quality.
vi1 ii1 S11 S12
vi 2 ii 2 S 21 S 22
vi1 ii1 S11 S12
vi 3 ii 3 S31 S32
vi 2 ii 2 S 21 S 22
io
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vi 3 ii 3 S31 S32
+ vo −
Fig. 2: Three-phase to single-phase matrix converter with six io
switches
SN
+ v −
o
SP
Table 2: Permitted modes for three-phase to single-phase
Fig. 3: Proposed topology for three-phase to single-phase
matrix converter with six switches
matrix converter
Mode On Switches vo, Mode io, Mode
1 S11 & S 22 vi1 − vi 2 ii1 = −ii 2 Table 3: Permitted modes for the proposed topology
2 S11 & S 32 vi1 − vi 3 ii1 = −ii 3 Mode On Switches vo, Mode io, Mode
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
7 ( S 21 & S 22 ) or 0 io 6 S31 & S 22 vi 3 − vi 2 ii 3 = −ii 2
( S 31 & S32 )
7 S P & S11 vi1 ii1
40 1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان
Considering (2), the fundamental component of the one of the main disadvantages of these methods
output current can be calculated as: and limits their application.
In this paper, a new control method is proposed for
Vom Lωo three-phase to single-phase matrix converters which is
io (t ) = sin ωo t − tan −1 (5) based on different technique from PWM techniques. In
( Lωo ) + R
2 2
R the world of intelligent systems, there are several
methods to explain a scientific subject. Maybe one of
these methods is applying natural language that is
5. Proposed Control Method usually called IF-THEN rule:
The majority of the presented control methods for
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1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 41
±10% of error is between q = 0.85 and q = 1.1 . Also
in this converter, for voltage transfer ratio lower than
L 0.27 and more than 1.1, the waveform of output
vi1 (t ) Three − Phase to Single − Phase
o voltage remains constant and independent of the
vi 2 (t ) Matrix Converter
vo (t ) a voltage transfer ratio. The percentage of voltage error
vi 3 (t ) ( Based on Figs. 1, 2, 3) for the converter with six power switches has greatly
d
Gate Signals
improved in comparison with the matrix converter with
three power switches. In this converter, accepting
Gate Driver
±10% error, the range of voltage transfer ratio is
Circuits
between q = 1.1 and q = 1.9 . In this converter, for
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Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
component of the measured output voltage exactly
equals to the desired output voltage. Therefore, with
50
this control method, there is an error in the amplitude suggested with 3 switches
of fundamental component. To investigate this subject, 30
a concept named as percentage of voltage error is
%Error
10
considered for matrix converters, which presents the 0
percentage of error between generated voltage and the -10
expected output voltage. The percentage of voltage -30
error for matrix converters is defined as follows [11]: with 6 switches
-50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Vom − Vom, Fun q
% Error = × 100 (8) Fig. 5: The percent of voltage error versus voltage
Vom transfer ratio
fs 1000Hz Signal C
Buffer
Opto − Schmit
isolator Trigger
Each bidirectional switch can be driven with
respect to the common point, i.e. the common emitter Fig. 6: Gate driver circuit of bidirectional switch
can be considered as a local ground for a bidirectional
switch. On the other hand, in order to ensure a correct
operation, each bidirectional switch requires an isolated 6.1. Simulation and Experimental Results
power supply. for Balanced Inputs
Fig. 6 shows the isolator and driver circuit of each
bidirectional switch. This circuit consists of an opto-
isolator, a schmit trigger and a buffer. As mentioned,
each bidirectional switch in the matrix converters In the first experiment, the input and output voltages
requires an isolated driver circuit. The isolation can be are considered as (1) and (2), respectively. Fig. 7
provided using either pulse transformers or opto- shows the simulation and experimental results for
isolators. Opto-isolators can operate in a wide range of output voltage. As shown in this figure, the output
input signal pulse width but a separate isolated power voltage consists of some pieces of input voltages. The
supply is required for each switching device. The opto- waveform of the output voltage in the proposed
isolator based on the gate driver circuit is used in the converter is very close to the expected output
prototypes. waveform. In addition, dv / dt variations in the output
The square safe operating area of the IGBT for voltage are lower and decreasing the EMI. It should be
switch mode operation minimizes the need for snubber noticed that dv / dt variations in the proposed topology
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
circuits in most applications such as the voltage source are fewer than the conventional topologies. It is
inverter. However, it is necessary to use a snubber necessary to mention that the experimental results are
circuit in the matrix converters due to the absence of exactly similar to the simulation results. Fig. 8 shows
freewheeling paths. In the matrix converters, the load the simulation and experimental results for the output
current is always commutated from one controlled current. As this figure shows, the current waveform in
switch to another. In these converters, a time delay can the proposed converter is very similar to sinusoidal
be easily introduced between drive signals for waveform because the output voltage is similar to
complementary devices in order to avoid simultaneous sinusoidal waveform.
conduction. During this delay time, the inductive load
current is taken over by a snubber circuit [11]. In these Fig. 9 shows the spectrums of voltages and currents
converters, a small R − C turn-off snubber circuit as for the three converters. Since the load of the
depicted in Fig. 6 is connected across each converters ( R − L) is almost a low pass filter, the
bidirectional switch to limit the device voltage to an output current contains less high-order harmonics than
appropriate level. It is important to mention that the the output voltage. This figure shows that the
main focus of this paper is to develop the switching amplitude of the fundamental component of the output
strategies and therefore the problem of optimized voltage in the proposed converter has less error than
snubber circuit design is not pursued further. The the conventional converters. In addition, in the
values of R and C in the snubber circuit are 10Ω and proposed topology the generated harmonics are much
0.022µF , respectively. The 89C52 microcontroller by fewer than other topologies. The percentage of error for
ATMEL Company has been used to generate the three-phase to single-phase converters with three, six
switching patterns according to the proposed switching and eight power switches are equal to %15.4, −7%
strategies. The IGBTs are the type BUP306D with and %3.5, respectively, and exactly complies with the
internal anti-parallel diodes. results of Fig. 5.
To examine the performance of the proposed
converter and control method in the generation of a As the waveforms of the output voltages show, the
desired output voltage waveform, the matrix converters converters can generate the desired output voltages
shown in Figs. 1-3 are simulated by PSCAD software. with minimum number of switching. The maximum
1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 43
number of switching among the converters belongs to
3-Phase to Single-Phase with 3-Switch (BIBO)
the proposed converter (the topology shown in Fig. 3). Io
3.0
However, even in the proposed converter, applying the 2.0
1.0
proposed control method, the number of switching is 0.0
4.0 3.0
switching losses. In addition, it is possible to apply low 3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0 1.0
speed semiconductor in the structure of matrix 0.0 0.0
-1.0 -1.0
converters. As a result, the cost of converter is -2.0
-3.0 -2.0
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
-100
-150
-200
0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400
(b) With six power switches
(a) With three power switches
44 1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان
S11 kind of the figure of wave shape. The quality of output
1.0 waveform in the proposed converter is better than the
conventional converters.
0.0
S12
1.0
3-Phase to Single-Phase with 3-Switch (BIUO)
Vo,Desired Vo,Measured
200
150
0.0 100
50
0
S21 -50
-100
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1.0 -150
-200
0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400
0.0
(a) With three power switches
3-Phase to Single-Phase with 6-Switch (BIUO)
S22 Vo,Desired Vo,Measured
200
1.0 150
100
50
0
-50
-100
0.0 -150
-200
S31
0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400
1.0
(b) With six power switches
3-Phase to Single-Phase with 8-Switch (BIUO)
Vo,Desired Vo,Measured
200
0.0 150
100
S32 50
0
1.0 -50
-100
-150
-200
0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400
0.0
(c) Proposed topology
SN
1.0
Fig. 11: Output voltage under distorted operation (Left
column: Simulation; Right column: Experimental)
0.0
SP
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
1.0
6.3. Simulation Results for Unbalanced and
Distorted Inputs
0.0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100
In order to show more capabilities of the proposed
Time [sec]
control method, assume that the input voltages are
Fig. 10: Commands of switches for the proposed topology
unbalanced and significantly distorted as follows:
1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 45
3-Phase to Single-Phase with 3-Switch (UIBO)
Vo,Desired Vo,Measured
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
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0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 (a) With three power switches
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
50
0
-50 (c) Proposed topology
-100
-150
-200 Fig. 13: Output voltage under distorted conditions
46 1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان
Vo,Desired Vo,Measured
200 Vo
150
100 200
50 100
0 0
-50 -100
-100 -200
-150
-200 0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400
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Control Method 0
In order to compare the proposed converter and control 0 1 2 Frequency
3 (kHz
4 ) 5
Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Vol.10- No.2- Fall & Winter 2013
1392 ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن- ﺷﻤﺎره دوم- ﺳﺎل دﻫﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮق و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ اﻳﺮان 47
converters. In addition, for higher capability of [12] S. Kawak, “Indirect matrix converter drives for
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