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Chatper 13
Chatper 13
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
θi = θ r
Following the Reflected and
Refracted Rays
•Ray is the
incident ray.
•Ray is the
reflected ray.
•Ray is refracted
into the lucite.
•Ray is internally
reflected in the lucite.
•Ray is refracted as
it enters the air from
the lucite. Section 35.5
Law of Reflection
• The normal is a line
perpendicular to the
surface
– It is at the point where the
incident ray strikes the
surface
• The incident ray makes an
angle of θ1 with the
normal
• The reflected ray makes
an angle of θ1’ with the
normal
Specular
Reflection
• Specular reflection is
reflection from a
smooth surface
• The reflected rays are
parallel to each other
• All reflection in this
text is assumed to be
specular
Diffuse
Reflection
• Diffuse reflection is
reflection from a rough
surface
• The reflected rays travel in
a variety of directions
• A surface behaves as a
smooth surface as long as
the surface variations are
much smaller than the
wavelength of the light
Law of Reflection
θi = θ r
Why are most materials Opaque?
(Opaque – Can’t see through)
lower n
higher n
Index of Refraction
c
n=
v
n ≥1
Vacuum: 1
Water: 1.33
Glass: 1.46
Diamond: 2.4
The Index of Refraction
• Refraction: Light Bends in
Transmission
• The speed of light in any
material is less than its speed
in vacuum
• The index of refraction, n,
of a medium can be defined
as •
For a vacuum, n = 1
speed of light in a vacuum c λ – We assume n = 1 for air
n≡ = = also
speed of light in a medium v λn
• For other media, n > 1
λ λ in vacuum • n is a dimensionless number
n= greater than unity, not
λn λ in a medium necessarily an integer
Some Indices of Refraction
Frequency Doesn’t Change!
• As light travels from one
medium to another, its
frequency does not
change
– Both the wave speed and
the wavelength do change
– The wavefronts do not
pile up, nor are created or
destroyed at the
boundary, so ƒ must stay
the same
Snell’s Law of Refraction
Angles are always measured from the normal.
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Snell’s Law – Example
Light is refracted into a crown glass
slab. n1 = 1.00 and n2 = 1.52
If θ1 = 30.0o, θ2 = ?
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
n1θ1 ≈ n2θ 2
n1
θ 2 ≈ θ1
n2
If n2 > n1 , then θ1 > θ 2
measured from the normal!
Study Example 35.4 Carefully!
Emerging Beam is Parallel to Incident Beam but
offset distance d, called the Lateral Shift and is the
subject of next week’s lab!
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
n2
sin θ C = The Critical Angle
n1
Critical Angle
• There is a particular angle
of incidence that will
result in an angle of
refraction of 90°
– This angle of incidence is
called the critical angle, θC
n2
=
sin θC (for n1 > n2 )
n1
• An application of internal Fiber Optics
reflection
• Plastic or glass rods are used to
“pipe” light from one place to
another
• Applications include:
– medical use of fiber optic
cables for diagnosis and
correction of medical problems
– Telecommunications
• A flexible light pipe is called an
optical fiber
• A bundle of parallel fibers
(shown) can be used to construct
an optical transmission line
Critical Angle Sample Problem
A ray of light, emitted by a laser located beneath the surface of an
unknown liquid with air above it, undergoes total internal
refection as shown. What is the index of refraction for the liquid?
What is its likely identification?
Prelab Problem # 35
If you pass white light through a prism,
it separates into its component colors.
• This dependence of n on λ
is called dispersion
• The index of refraction for
a material generally
decreases with increasing
wavelength
• Violet light bends more
than red light when passing
into a refracting material
Refraction in a Prism
Section 35.7
END
Dispersion via Diffraction
d sin θ m=
constructive : = λ , m 0,1, 2,3
If you pass white light through a prism,
it separates into its component colors.
• This dependence of n on λ
is called dispersion
• The index of refraction for
a material generally
decreases with increasing
wavelength
• Violet light bends more
than red light when passing
into a refracting material
Angle of Deviation
• Since all the colors
have different angles
of deviation, white
light will spread out
into a spectrum
– Violet deviates the most
– Red deviates the least
– The remaining colors are
in between
Dispersion Sample Problem
The index of refraction for
violet light in silica flint glass
is 1.66, and that for red light is
1.62. What is the angular
dispersion of visible light
passing through a prism of
apex angle 60.0° if the angle of
incidence is 50.0°? red (660
nm) violet (410 nm)
spectrum
Radiation of Visible Sunlight
Additive Primary Colors
Red, Green, Blue
RGB Color Theory
Additive Complementary Colors
Yellow, Cyan, Magenta
The color you have to add to get white light.
2t = (m + ½) λ/n (m = 0, 1, 2 …)
2t = mλ/n (m = 0, 1, 2 …)
Problem: Thin Films
A thin film of gasoline floats on a puddle
of water. Sunlight falls almost
perpendicularly on the film and reflects
into your eyes a yellow hue. Interference
in the the thin gasoline film has eliminated
blue (469nm in vacuum) from the
reflected light. The refractive indices of
the blue light in gasoline and water are
1.40 and 1.33 respectively.
Determine the minimum nonzero
thickness of the film.
What color do you see?
Thin Film Interference
The light reflected from a soap bubble
(n = 1.40) appears red (λ = 640 nm). What is
the minimum thickness (in nm)?
a. 124
b.104
c. 114
d.134
e. 234
Galileo
In the early 17th century, many scientists believed that there was no
such thing as the "speed of light"; they thought light could travel any
distance in no time at all. Galileo disagreed, and he came up with an
experiment to measure light's velocity: he and his assistant each took
a shuttered lantern, and they stood on hilltops one mile apart. Galileo
flashed his lantern, and the assistant was supposed to open the shutter
to his own lantern as soon as he saw Galileo's light. Galileo would
then time how long it took before he saw the light from the other
hilltop. The problem was that the speed of light is simply too fast to
be measured this way; light takes such a short time (about 0.000005
seconds, in fact) to travel one mile that there's no way the interval
could have been measured using the tools Galileo had.
The Speed of Light?
• 186,000 miles per second
• 300,000 kilometers per second
• 3 x 108 m/s
• first successfully determined by
Danish astronomer Ole Roemer in
1675: 2.3 x 108 m/s
• First Terrestrial Measurement by
Fizeau in 1849: 2.9979 x 108 m/s
• In 1926, Michelson used a rotating
prism to measure the time it took
light to make a round trip from
Mount Wilson to Mount San
Antonio in California, a distance
of about 22 miles (36 km). The
precise measurements yielded a
speed of 186,285 miles per second
(299,796 kilometres per second).
Huygens’s Principle
Construction for a Plane Wave
• Huygens assumed that light is a form
of wave motion rather than a stream of
particles
• All points on a given wave front are
taken as point sources for the
production of spherical secondary
waves, called wavelets, which
propagate outward through a medium
with speeds characteristic of waves in
that medium
• After some time has passed, the new
position of the wave front is the
surface tangent to the wavelets
Huygens’s Construction for a
Spherical Wave
• The inner arc represents
part of the spherical wave
• The points are
representative points
where wavelets are
propagated
• The new wavefront is
tangent at each point to
the wavelet
Huygens’s Principle Prove the
Laws of Reflection & Refraction
Huygens’s Principle and the Law of
Reflection