Tugas mekanika fluida

LATIHAN SOAL BERSERTA JAWABAN PADA BUKU

“FLUID MCHANICS DEMYSTIFIED” CHAPTER 1, 2, DAN 3
DENGAN MENGANTI ANGKA-ANGKA

OLEH:
NAMA : RUDI CAHYONO
JURUSAN : TEKNIK MESIN
NPM : 02.2009.07901

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI ADHITAMA

SURABAYA
2010

1
 Chapter 1
QUIZ NO. 1
1. The correct units of heat rate are .........

Kg  m2 Joule
Q = 
3
s
s

2. The mean free path of a gas is   0.227m /(d ) where d is the molecule’s
2

diameter, m is its mass, and  the density of the gas. Calculate the mean free
10 26
path of air at sea level. For an air molecule d  4  10 m and m  5  10
kg

0.227  5 102 8
 6  5.8  10 m
 [ 10 2
100 /(0.287  288)]  (4  10 )

3. A vacuum of 30 kPa is measured at a location where the elevation is 4000 m.

The absolute pressure, in millimeters of mercury, is nearest

p 47.21  30  0.1295 m or 129.5 mm

h Hg
 (13.6  1000) 
g
9.81
 gz / RT
4. The equation p(z)  p e 0
is a good0 approximation to the pressure in the
atmosphere. Estimate the pressure at 4000 m using this equation and calculate the
percent error assuming p0 100 kPa and T0 15C. (The more accurate value is found
in Table C.3.)
 gz / RT0 9.81000 /( 287288)
p(z)  p e 0
 100e  62.2 kPa
62.2  61.64
 100  0.9%
61.64

2
5. A fluid mass of 6000 kg occupies 4 m3. Its specific gravity is nearest

6000 /4
S  1.5
1000

6. A viscometer is composed of two 14-cm-long, concentric cylinders with radian 5 and

4. cm. The outer cylinder is stationary and the inner one rotates. If a torque of 0.046 N
· m is measured on the inner cylinder at a rotational speed of 360 rpm, estimate the
viscosity of the liquid. Neglect the contribution to the torque from the cylinder ends
and assume a linear velocity profile.
0.04  360  2 /60
T   AR 0.046   (2  0.04  0.14)  0.04
0.05  0.04
   0.217 N  s/m
2

7. A 0.2-m3 volume of water is observed to be 0.0872 m3 after a pressure is applied.

What is that pressure?
p p
2100  0.2  p  1184.4 Pa
BV  0.2 
V 0.0872
T

8. The pressure inside a 10-m-diameter bubble of 70C water is nearest

4 4  0.0650
Refer to Table C.1: p    52 000 Pa
r 6
5  10

9. A car with tires pressurized to 300 kPa leaves Phoenix with the tire temperature at
70C. Estimate the tire pressure (gage) when the car arrives in Alaska with a tire
temperature of –40C.

Since p V  mRT , and V and m are constant, there results

p1 / T1  p2 / T2 . Hence, 400 /343  p2 / 233  p2  271.72 kPa abs
Thus, gage pressure  171.72 kPa

3
 10. Air at 32C is received from the atmosphere into a 300 cm 3 cylinder. Estimate the
pressure and temperature (MPa, C) if it is compressed isentropically to 20 cm3.

V2  V1 =
V  m v1
1 m v2 v1 since m is constant.
V2
v1

1.41
300
T2   901 K or 628C
20
305K
1.4
300
p2  100  4431 kPa or 4331 kPa gage

 100 kPa.)
20
(Assume p
atmosphere

11. Lightning is observed and thunder is heard 4 s later. About how far away did the
lightning occur?

Assume T  15C c kRT 1.4  287  288  340 m/

 
S= V  T = 4  340  1360 m

4
Chapter 1
QUIZ NO. 2
1. If force, mass, and time are selected as the three fundamental dimensions,
what are the dimensions on length ?

L FT
2
F  ma
FM L
2
T M

2. A pressure of 36 kPa is measured at an elevation of 4000 m. What is the

absolute pressure in mm of Hg?
Refer to Table C.3:

p 97640
p  36  61.64  97.64 h    0.735 m
kPa
Hg
g (13.6  1000)  9.81

3. Water at 20C flows in a 0.4-cm-diameter pipe with a velocity distribution of u(r

)  5[1  (r /16)  10 ] m/s. Calculate the shear stress on the pipe wall.
2 6

du 10r 10  0.002
6 3
   10  10  10 6  1.25 Pa
dr 16 16

4. SAE-30 oil at 30oC fills the gap between a 40-cm-diameter flat disk rotating 0.16
cm above a flat surface. Estimate the torque needed to rotate the disk at 600 rpm.
R 0.2 r
rΩ 0.09 × 2 × 600 × 2/60 × 0.04
T = rdA =  r 2rdr = = 2.83 N.m
 

5
5. Water at 70C is able to climb up a clean glass 04-mm-diameter tube due
to surface tension. The water/glass angle is 0 with the vertical. How far up
the tube does the water climb?
4 cos  4  0.0650  1.0
h   0.0665 m
D (996  9.81)  0.0004

6. Derive an equation that relates the vertical force F needed to just lift a thin
wire loop from a liquid assuming a vertical surface tension force. The wire
radius is R and the loop diameter is F. Assume F >> R

F  2  F  wire D   R  F(2  wire

  R2 )
2

7. A 4-m-long, 4 cm-diameter shaft rotates inside an equally long 5-cm-diameter

cylinder. If SAE-10W oil at 25C fills the gap between the concentric cylinders,
estimate the horsepower needed to rotate the shaft at 1500 rpm assuming a linear
velocity profile

u 0.02  1500  2 /60

T   AR   2 RL  R  0.07 
2
 2  0.02  4
 0.0005

T 44.2  125.7
 44.2 N  m Power    7.45 hp
746
746

8. The coefficient of thermal expansion T allows the expansion of a liquid to

be determined using the equation V   T V T . What pressure is needed
to cause the same decrease in volume of 4 m3 of 40C water as that caused
by a 20C drop in temperature?

V   T V T  3.8  104  4  (20)  0.0304 m 3

2100∆V V 2100 (0.0304 )

p  
V 2
= 31.92 MPa

6
 9. Calculate the weight of oil SAE 10w contained above a 2-m 2 area of atmospheric
air from 500m of sea level to the top of the atmosphere.
pA  917 ×× 2  8995770 N or 8995 kN
W

10. Air expands from a tank maintained at 24C and 500 kPa to 200 kPa. Estimate
its minimum temperature as it exits.
( k 1)/ 0.4 /1.4
p k 300
T T 2  ( 24 
273)
2 1
p1 500  100

 242.9 K or  30.1

7
 Chapter 2
QUIZ NO. 1
1. 3 meters of water is equivalent to how many millimeters of mercury?

ph 9810  3  13.6  9810hHg

 hHg  0.221 m or 221 mm

2. A U-tube manometer measures the pressure in an air pipe to be 30 cm of water. The

pressure in the pipe is nearest

p1   water H   air h  9810  0.3  2943 Pa

3. Calculate the pressure in the water pipe if h = 20 cm and H = 30 cm.

pw   w h   Hg H pw  13.6  9810  0.3  9810  0.2  38062.8 Pa

4. A submersible has a viewing window that is 80 cm in diameter. Determine the pressure

force of the oil SAE 10w on the window if the center of the window is 20 m below the
surface and the horizontal window.

F   hA  9016  20    0.4  90592.768 N

2

8
5. A 6-m-high, open cubical tank is filled with water. One end acts as a gate and has a hinge at
the very bottom. What force at the very top of the gate is needed to just hold the gate shut?

3P = 9810 × 3/2 × ( 6× 6 ) × 1/3 × 6

P = 352160 N

6. The gate shown will open automatically when the water level reaches a certain height
above the hinge. Determine that height if b is 2 m.

F  H  H w P   H  bw
2
H b
F P
3 2

H H b
Moments:   H w    H  bw  H 3  2  3.46 m
2 3 2

7. A body weights 300 N in air and 150 N when submerged in water. Its specific
weight is nearest

300  150  FB  FB  150 N 150S  300 S2

8. A 2 -m-high, 5-m-long enclosed tank is filled with water and accelerated horizontally at
8 m/s2. If the top of the tank has a small slit across the front, the maximum pressure in
the tank is nearest

8 H
tan   9.81 5
  H  4.1 m
p  9810  (H  2 )  59841 Pa
9
10
9. The force on the rear of the 60-cm-wide tank (the vertical end) of Prob. 8 is nearest

9810
F  pavg A  (4.1  6.1)  (5  0.6)  150093 N
2

10. A test tube is placed in a rotating device that gradually positions the tube to a horizontal
position. If the rate is 2000 rpm, estimate the pressure at the bottom of the relatively small-
diameter test tube. The 15-cm-long tube contains water and the top of the tube is at a radius of
4 cm from the axis or rotation.

1000  (2000  2 /60)

2 2

p2  p1  Ω  0.152  492.98 kPa

(r2  r1 ) 
2 2

11. The U-tube is rotated about the right leg at 3000 rpm. Calculate the pressures at A and B in the
water if L is 50 cm.

1000  ( 3000  2 /60)

2 2

pA  p1  Ω  0.52  12324.5 kPa

(r2  r1 ) 
2 2

pB   L  9810  0.5  4905 Pa

11
Chapter 2
QUIZ NO. 2
1. The specific gravity of a liquid is 0.85. What height of that liquid is needed to
provide a pressure difference of 400 kPa?
p h 400 000  0.85  9810 h  h  20.8 mm

2. Assume a pressure of 200 kPa absolute at ground level. What is the pressure
difference between the top of a 4-m-high wall on the outside where the
temperature is –20C and on the inside of a house where the temperature is 22C?
(This difference results in infiltration even if no wind is present.)

patm 00
  gh  gh   9.81  4  92.69 Pa
p
in in
RTin 0.287  295
RTout 0.287 
patm 200 253
pout  out gh  gh   9.81  4  108.08 Pa
2 2
 p  15.39 Pa

3. The pressure at the nose of a small airplane is given by p  V /2, where  is the
2

density of air. A U-tube manometer measures 30 cm of water. Determine the

airplane’s speed if it is flying at an altitude of 6000 m.

p   water h  /2 9810  0.3  0.6602V2 / 2 V  94.42 m/s

airV

4. A submersible has a viewing window that is 80 cm in diameter. Determine the

pressure force of the water on the window if the center of the window is 40 m
below the surface and the window is at a 60 angle

F   hA  9810  40    0.4  197141.16 N (The angle makes no difference.)

2

5. Find the force P needed to hold the 2-m-wide gate in the position shown if h =
2m.

12
 P 0.8  2 2 2 1 2
 9810   2  
sin 2 sin 3 sin 65
65 65

 P  1248.1 N

6. Find the force P needed to hold the 4-m-wide gate in the position shown if r = 5
m

Move FH and FV to the center of the circular arc (FV produces no moment):
FH  F1   h A  9810  2.5  (4  5)  490500 5.6P  5 FH
N
P  437946 N
3
7. An object with a volume of 1500 cm weighs 40 N. What will it weigh when
submerged in water?

FB  1500  106  9810  14.72 N

Win H O  40  FB  40  14.72  25.28 N
2

8. A 2-m-high, 3-m-long enclosed tank is filled with water and accelerated

horizontally at 8 m/s2. If the top of the tank has a small slit across the back,
calculate the distance from the front of the tank on the bottom where the
pressure is zero.

The zero-pressure line slopes down from the rear toward the front:
8 H 8 0.446
tan  
tan   

9.81 3
13
 9.81 x
 H  2.446 m
 x  0.547 m

14
 9. Estimate the force acting on the bottom of the 90-cm-wide tank of Prob. 8.
The force is the average pressure times the area:

F  pavg A  ( 2  0.547)  (3  0.9)  14488.4 N
2

10. Find the pressure at point A in the cylinder if  = 100 rpm and R is 60 cm.

100  2
10. Use   10.47 rad/s. Equate the air volume before and after:
60
1 1
2 2
2 10.47 r
  0.6  0.24   r h  r 
2 2
 r  0.419 m
2 2g

2
2
2
r 10.472  0.4192
  0.983
H1 
2
2  9.81
2g

2
r 22 2
10.47  0.6
2

H  2   2.011 m
2g 2  9.81
0.9  0.24  H1  H 2  2.168 m  pA  9810  2.168  21 270 Pa

15
 Chapter 3
QUIZ NO. 1
1. A velocity field in a plane flow is given by V  4yti  2xj m/s. The
magnitude of the acceleration at the point (4, 2 m) at t  3 s is
V V V V
1. C au v w 
x y z t
 4 yt( 2j)  2x(4ti)  4 yi  48 j  108i  8i  48i  116 j m/s
2

a  48  116  125.54 m/s

2 2 2

2. A velocity field in a plane flow is given by V  4xyi  2ytj m/s. The vorticity of the
fluid at the point (2, 8 m) at t  4 s is

w v u  v u
2Ω
  i w  j  k
x  z x x y
y
 ti  4xk

   8i – 8K rad/s

3. The parabolic velocity distribution in a channel flow is given by u(y) 0.4(1  y2)
m/s, with y measured in centimeters. What is the acceleration of a fluid particle at a
location where y  0.4 cm?

u u u u
a(0.4)  u  v w  0 (a  0 everywhere.)
x  z t
y

4. The equation of the streamline that passes through the point (4, ) if the
velocity field is given by V  4xyi  y 2 j m/s is

V  dr  0 so V  (4xyi  2y j)  (dxi  dyj)  0

2

16
 2
4xydy y dx  0
2xy2 + C  0

C  - [2 × 4 × (-2)2 ] = - 32
If the streamline passes through (4, 2), then C  2

5. A drinking fountain has a 4-mm-diameter outlet. If the water is to be

laminar, what is the maximum speed that the water should have?

VD 0.004V
Re   6  2000 V  0.5 m/s
 10
6. The following flows could be modeled as inviscid flows is .............
b. Flow of air in a tornado
a. Flow of water over a long weir

7. Salt is being added to fresh water in a pipe at a certain location. In the

vicinity of that location the term D/Dt is nonzero. Which term in the
expression for D/Dt is nonzero if the y-axis is along the pipe axis? Assume
uniform conditions.

D     
u  v w  v
Dt x y z t y

8. A pitot probe measures 20 cm of water on a small airplane flying where the

temperature is 30C. The speed of the airplane is nearest

0.2  9810
2
p V
2
V
Bernoulli’s:   V  58.06 m/s
 2 1.164 2

9. The fluid in the pipe is water and h = 20 cm of mercury. The velocity V is

nearest

17
 V2 p V
2
p 2
Point 2 is inside the pitot probe: so V  (  p)
 
2

2

p
2
2  2  
Manometer: p   Hg h  p2    p2  p  h( Hg   )
h

2h 2  0.2
So, V  ( ) (13.6  9810  9810)  4.97 m/s
Hg
1000


10. The true statement for Bernoulli’s equation is ................

a. It can be applied to an inertial coordinate system.

b. It can be applied in an inviscid flow.

c. It can be applied between two points along a streamline

11. Water flows through a long-sweep elbow on a 4-cm-diameter pipe at an average

velocity of 40 m/s. Estimate the increase in pressure from the inside of the pipe to
the outside of the pipe midway through the elbow if the radius of curvature of the
elbow averages 14 cm at the midway section.
2
p V p 40 2
    1000   p  457142.9 Pa
n R 0.04 0.14

18
Chapter 3
QUIZ NO. 2
1. Find the rate of change of the density in a stratified flow where  = 2000(1 0.2z)
and the velocity is V = 40(z – z2)i.

D    
u  v w  0
Dt x  z t
y

2. A velocity field is given in cylindrical coordinates as

vr   4 cos m/s, v   4  4 sin m/s, v  0

  2
r2 r z

What are the three acceleration components at the point (2 m, 90)?

 vr v  vr  2
v  vr
a v   vr  

v
r r
r r 
z
z r t
4 8 -4 4 4
 4 cos cos  sin  sin
r r r3 r
2  2
r
3

1
2

4 2
 -4 sin 
r r
2
2

-4 4 +1 -4 1 4
0   -4
2
  4.5 m/s
2 8 4 2 4
v
a   v  v  v
   +

19
 vv v
 v r  
 
v r r   z r t
r

4 -8 8 4 1 8
 4 cos sin  cos cos + 4
2 3 2 2
r r r3 r r r
8
cos 2  sin
r2

0
az  0

20
 3. The traffic in a large city is to be studied. Explain how it would be done using (a)
the Lagrangian approach and (b) the Eulerian approach.
Lagrangian: Have observers ride around in cars and record their observations.
Eulerian: Position observers on various corners and have them record their observations.
4. Find the unit vector normal to the streamline at the point (2, 1) when t = 2 s if the
velocity field is given by V  2xyi  y tj m/s.
2

At the point at t  2 s, V  4i  2 j. The unit vector and the velocity vector form the
product V · n  0:

2 2
(4i  2 j) (n i  n j)   2n  0 n n 1
4n
x y x y x y

2 2 2
n  (2n )  1 and n  1/ 5, n  2/ 5  n  (i  2 j)/ 5
x x x y

5. A leaf is floating in a river seemingly quite slowly. It is timed to move 8 m in 100 s. If

the river is about 2 m deep, determine if the placidly flowing river is laminar or turbulent.
 Vh 0.8  2
V 6
 0.8 m/s
 Re    1.6  10
6
100  10
turbulent flow.
6. Which of the following flows would definitely be modeled as a turbulent flow?
a) Developed flow in a pipe
b) Flow of water over a long weir
c) Flow in a long, straight canal
d) The flow of exhaust gases exiting a rocket
e) Flow of blood in an artery
f) Flow of air around a bullet
g) Flow of air in a tornado
The answer is (c). The others would (or could) be compressible (d, f), viscous (a, e),
or inviscid (b, g).

21
7. Air flows over and parallel to a 10-m-long flat plate at 3 m/s. How long is the
laminar portion of the boundary layer if the air temperature is 30C. Assume a high-
fluctuation level on a smooth rigid plate.
V 3L
L 3  10
5
 L  1.6 m
Re   1.6 
 5
10

8. The pitot and piezometer probes read the total and static pressures as shown.
Calculate the velocity V.

2 2 2 2 2
V2 p V
2
p N/m (kg  m/s )/m m
Units:

2
 
1

1
 gh  

gh
2 1
2  2  kg/m
3
kg/m
3
s
2

260 000 V12 120 000

  V1  m/s
1000 2 1000
16.7

9. Determine the velocity V in the pipe if water is flowing and h = 40 cm of mercury.

2
V12 V22 p2 (4V )2 V2 15V 2
9.     p1    
2 p1 2  2 2 2


Just inside the pitot tube: pT  (4V ) / 2  8V

2 2

15V
p1  Hg h    so that 8V 2    h( Hg   )
h 2
 pT
2  0.4
V (13.6  9810  9810)  9.88 m/s
1000

22
10. A car is travelling at 100 km/h. Approximate the force of the air on the 40-cm-diameter
flat lens on the headlight.

1 1
 1.2  100000 /3600   463 Pa
2 2
10. p  V 
2 2
F  pA  463   0.4  232.6 N
2

23