GREETINGS AND FAREWELLS

- Hi!
-Hello!
-Good morning! --> Buenos días
-Good afternoon! --> Buenas tardes
-Good night! --> Buenas noches
-Good evening! --> Buenas noches.
-What’s up? --> ¿Qué pasa? ¿Cómo estás?
-How are you? --> ¿Cómo estás?
-I’m fine --> Estoy bien.
-Good /very good --> Bien, muy bien.
- I’m not very good. --> No estoy muy bien.
-See you! --> Nos vemos
-Bye! --> Adiós
-Good bye! --> Adiós
-See you later!--> Nos vemos luego, hasta luego
- See you soon! --> Nos vemos pronto
-See you tomorrow! --> Nos vemos mañana.

TO BE VERB (Ser / estar)

Examples:

- I am a boy/girl --> Yo soy un chico/chica

- I am not a boy/ girl --> Yo no soy un chico/chica
- Am I a boy/ girl? --> ¿Soy yo una chica/chico?

- You are beautiful --> Tú eres bella

- You are not (aren´t) beautiful --> Tú no eres bella
- Are you beautiful? --> ¿Eres tú bella?

- He is/ She is nice --> Él es/ Ella es agradable

- He is not (isn’t)/ She is not nice --> Él no es/ Ella no es agradable
- Is he / she nice? --> ¿Es él/ ella agradable?

- It is big --> Eso es grande

- It is not big --> Eso no es grande
- Is it big? --> ¿Es eso grande?

- We are friends --> Nosotros somos amigos

- We are not (aren’t) friends --> Nosotros no somos amigos
- Are we friends? --> ¿Somos nosotros amigos?

- They are brothers --> Ellos son hermanos

- They are not brothers --> Ellos no son hermanos
- Are they brothers? --> ¿Son ellos hermanos?

Remember that IT is used for animals and objects BUT when you know
the gender of the animal, you use HE or SHE depending on that.
Example:

Is that your dog?

Yes, SHE IS Lupita.

Is that his cat?

Yes, HE IS Romeo.
WH QUESTIONS

WH QUESTION + VERB TO BE + COMPLEMENT +?

-Who is he? --> ¿Quién es él?
- What is it? --> ¿Qué es eso?
- Why are you here? --> ¿Por qué estás aquí?
- Which is yours? --> ¿Cuál es tuyo?
- Where are your parents? -->¿Dónde están tus padres?
-How old are you? --> ¿Cuántos años tienes?
- How much is this milk? --> ¿Cuánto cuesta est leche?
-How many years is a century? --> ¿Cuántos años son un siglo?

DEMOSTRATIVES AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES

A - An both mean the same --> UN / UNA

So, if they mean the same, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

A --> We use this when the next word begins with a CONSONANT
(b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z)

An --> We use this when the next word begins with a VOWEL SOUND
(a,e,i,o,u)

Examples:

- A cat --> C is a consonant

- A vowel --> V is a consonant
- A word --> W is a consonant
- A country --> C is a consonant

- An apple --> A is a vowel.

- An elephant --> E is a vowel.
- An honor --> H is not a vowel, but remember that the H IS SILENT, so
the sound of the word comes from the letter O, which is a vowel.
- An eraser
THAT - THOSE / THIS - THESE
THIS AND THAT ---> IS (SINGULAR)
THESE AND THOSE --> ARE (PLURAL)
-This is a computer - This is not (isn’t) a computer
-That isn’t an apple.
-That IS a lamp - THESE ARE LAMPS

-This is an English class

-This isn’t an English class
-These are English classes --> PLURAL

-That is a mirror
-That isn’t a mirror
-Those are mirrors
-Those aren’t my friends

-That is a car
-That isn’t a car
-Those are cars
-Those aren’t cars

-This is my teacher
-This isn’t my teacher
-These are my teachers
-These aren’t my teachers

This is a computer game --> NEAR

That is a computer game --> FAR
These are my parents --> NEAR
Those are my parents --> FAR

-That is a beautiful jacket

- That is not a beautiful jacket --> is not =isn’t
-Those are beautiful jackets
-Those aren´t beautiful jacketS
 PRESENT SIMPLE

DO --> I, YOU, WE, THEY

DOES --> HE, SHE, IT

I VERB DOESN’T CHANGE

YOU VERB DOESN’T CHANGE

HE THE VERB CHANGES

SHE THE VERB CHANGES
IT THE VERB CHANGES

WE VERB DOESN’T CHANGE

THEY VERB DOESN’T CHANGE

ES, S --> in the end

GO --> IR

I go --> VERB DOESN’T CHANGE

You go --> VERB DOESN’T CHANGE
He goes --> THE VERB CHANGES

Make --> Hacer

I make
You make

He makes
She makes
It makes

We make
They make

SPELLING RULES
HE, SHE, IT

1. Add an S to the end of the base of the verb

-Start --> starts

-Stand --> stands
-Work --> works

He starts at 9:00pm --> Él empieza a las 09:00pm

She stands in the corner --> Ella se para en la esquina

2. When a verb ends in CH, SH, SS, X, Z, add ES

-Watch --> watches

-Wash --> washes
-Kiss --> kisses

He watches TV --> Él ve televisión

She washes her clothes --> Ella lava su ropa

3. When a verb ends in CONSONANT + Y , we change the Y into I(i) and

add ES

-Study --> studies

- Hurry --> hurries

- He studies at Caldas University --> Él estudia en la universidad de

Caldas
-She carries a box --> Ella carga una caja