FIZZAH MUKHTAR

02-131192-042

LAB 1
1. How these gates behave when inputs are unconnected (low or high)? Briefly explain
why?
ANS: In general these components work as long as all inputs are either ‘0’ or ‘1’. If an input
is neither ‘0’ nor ‘1’, then component is treated as both ‘0’ and ‘1’. But if output changes
depending on whether it is ‘0’ or ‘1’, the output is error value. TTL integrated circuits
assume unconnected inputs to be at logic ‘1’.

2. Do swapping A and B make any difference?

ANS: A permutation gate called “swapped gate” is used to swap wires A and B, so let’s
suppose the input state 01 is transformed to output combination 10, similarly input vector 10
is transformed to 01 output and remaining combinations are unchanged. E.g. A2 = B; B2=A.

3. What is the difference between an Inverter and a NOT gate?

ANS: There is no difference between a NOT gate and inverter, so a NOT gate often called an
inverter is a digital logic gate that works on a single input and simple behavior. It performs
‘logical negation’ on its input.
e.g.
X X’
0 1
1 0

4. How can you make an inverter using a NOR gate?

ANS: Simple trick to using a NAND or NOR gate to create an inverter or NOT gate is if you
tie one input into both inputs of NOR gate, it will create the equivalent of NOT gate. This
method is useful using larger IC NAND or NOR chips and we need to throw an inverter over
there. Because of this property NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.

5. How can you make an inverter using a NAND gate?

ANS:
CONVERSION METHOD FOR NAND GATE
1. First method- to connect 1 bit input to either “a” or “b” and connect other to always ‘1’
2. Second method- apply same inputs to ‘a’ and ‘b’

6. Implement XOR gate function using basic gates?

ANS:
TRUTH TABLE
A A’ B B’ AND NAND OR NOR XOR
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

pg. 1
FIZZAH MUKHTAR
02-131192-042

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7. Implement XNOR gate function using basic gates?

ANS:
USING NAND GATE

USING NOR GATE

pg. 2
FIZZAH MUKHTAR
02-131192-042

OBSERVATIONS / RESULTS &DISCUSSION:-

A۰´B ´
A+B A●B A+B A ⊕B ´
A ⊕B
Input: A Input: B 7400 7402 7408 7432 7486 74266
NAND NOR AND OR XOR XNOR
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Not
0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Connected
Not
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Connected
Not
0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Connected
Not
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Connected
Not Not
0 1 1 1 0 1
Connected Connected

pg. 3