Chapter 13 Gilbert 2020 03 23 2

Chapter 13
Chemical Kinetics: Reactions in

the Atmosphere
Chapter Outline
13.1 Cars, Trucks, and Air Quality
13.2 Reaction Rates
13.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction
Rate
13.4 Reaction Rates, Temperature, and the
Arrhenius Equation
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms
13.6 Catalysis
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Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Cars, Trucks, and Air
Quality
• Photochemical smog: a
mixture of gases formed
when sunlight interacts
with compounds produced
in internal combustion
engines
• Depends on chemical
kinetics

Cars, Trucks, and Air Quality
• Depends on chemical kinetics
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Nitrogen dioxide shown immediately
after expanding
Less NO2(g)
More NO2(g)
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Important Reactions in Smog
• N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) ΔH= 180.6 kJ
• 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) ΔH= –114.2 kJ
• NO2(g) ⎯sunlight
⎯⎯→ NO(g) + O(g)
• O2(g) + O(g) → O3(g)
• O(g) + H2O(g) → 2 OH(g)
Note: products of some reactions are reactants in other reactions.

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Variations of Smog Components
Photodecomposition
of NO2 leads to high
levels of O3 in the
afternoon.
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Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Chemical Kinetics
• Chemical kinetics:
• Study of rate of change of concentrations of
substances involved in chemical reactions.
• Reaction rate:
• How rapidly a reaction occurs; it is related to
rates of change in concentration of reactants
and products over time.
• Factors affecting reaction rates:
• Physical state of reactants; concentration of
reactants; temperature; presence of a
catalyst.
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Reaction Rates
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

Δ NO NO final – NO initial
Rate of NO formation = =
Δt tfinal – tinitial
– Δ N2 N2 final – N2 initial
Rate of N2 consumption = =
−Δ O2 O2 final – O2 initial
Rate of O2 consumption = =
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Relative Reaction Rates
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
• Relative rates of consumption of reactants and

formation of products based on stoichiometry.
Normalization
Δ N2 
Δ O2  Δ NO
Rate = – =– =
Δt Δt 2Δt
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Average Rate
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

• Average rate: change in concentration of
reactant or product over a specific time
interval
Δ NO
Average rate =
Δt

Average Rate
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

• Average rate: change in concentration of
reactant or product over a specific time
interval
Δ NO
Average rate =
Δt

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Instantaneous Reaction Rates
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Instantaneous Reaction Rates
(cont.)
• Instantaneous rate:
• Reaction rate at a particular instant
• Determined graphically as tangential slope of
concentration vs. time plot
Excerpt from
Fig. 14.5
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Practice: Reaction
Rates
• Calculate the average reaction rate for the time
period between 15 s and 30 s using the data
below: N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)
0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
- Collect and Organize:

- Analyze:
- Solve:
- Think About It:
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Practice: Reaction Rates
• Calculate the average reaction rate for the time period
between 15 s and 30 s using the data below:
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
• Collect and Organize:

• We are given the balanced chemical equation, as well as
concentrations of reactants and products over time. We
are asked to calculate the average rate of reaction
between 15 and 30 s.

Practice: Reaction Rates (cont. 1)
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
• Analyze:
• We can calculate the rate as the rate of formation of NO
over the stated time interval or as the rate of
consumption of N2 or O2.

(cont. 2)
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)
0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
• Solve:
• The rate in terms of formation of NO is:
([26.7 – 18.6 M])/(30 – 15 s) = 5.4 × 105 M/s
• The rate in terms of consumption of N2 or O2 is:
Rate = –([3.6 – 7.6 M])/(15s) = 2.7 × 105 M/s

(cont. 3)
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
• Think About It:
• The rate of formation of product NO is twice the rate of
consumption of reactants (N2, O2) over the same interval,
consistent with the stoichiometry of the balanced
chemical equation.

Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Initial Reaction Rates
• Initial rate: the rate of a reaction at t = 0,

immediately after the reactants are mixed.
(a) Initial rate

(b), (c) instantaneous rates
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Reaction Order
• Reaction order:
• Experimentally determined number defining the
dependence of the reaction rate on the
concentration of a reactant.
• Rate law:
• Equation that defines the experimentally
determined relationship between reactant
concentrations and the rate of the reaction.
• Overall order of reaction: sum of exponents of
concentration terms in the rate law.
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The Rate Law and Rate
Constant
• Rate constant (k):
• Proportionality constant that relates the rate of a
reaction to the concentration of reactants.
• Example: A + B →C
• Rate Law: Rate = k[A]m [B]n
• k = rate constant
• m and n are the reaction order with respect to reactants
A and B.
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Determination of Rate Laws
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)

• Rate = k[O2]m[NO]n
• Determine values of n and m by measuring
initial rate under different conditions.
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Return 14 - 30
Determining Rate Laws (cont.)
• To find m:
• Compare experiments #1 and #2. Jump
• [NO] is constant; [O2] is halved; rate is halved. Rate
 [O2]m ; m = 1.
• To find n:
• Compare experiments #1 and #3. Jump
• [O2] is constant; [NO] decreases by x2; rate
decreases by x4. Rate  [NO]2 ; n = 2.
• Rate = k[O2] [NO]2 ; k can be calculated from the
rate law using data for any experiment.
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k of rate law = ?
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Effects of Concentration on
Reaction Rates
NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g) Rate = k[NO][O3]
Increasing concentration increases collisions between

reactants, leading to formation of products.
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Practice: Rate Laws/Rate
Constants
Write the rate law and calculate the rate

constant k for the reaction given, using the
following data:
2 NO + 2 H2 → N2 + 2 H2O
- Analyze: Init. Rate,
Trial [NO], M [H2], M
- Solve: M/s
- Think About It: 1 0.00570 0.140 7.01 × 10–5
2 0.00570 0.280 1.40 × 10–4
3 0.0114 0.140 2.81 × 10–4
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(cont. 3)
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)
Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

0 17.0 0.0
15 7.6 18.6
30 3.6 26.7
• Think About It:
• The rate of formation of product NO is twice the rate of
consumption of reactants (N2, O2) over the same interval,
consistent with the stoichiometry of the balanced
chemical equation.

Initial Reaction Rates
• Initial rate: the rate of a reaction at t = 0,

immediately after the reactants are mixed
(a) Initial rate

(b), (c) Instantaneous
rates

Reaction Order
• Rate law:
• Equation that defines the experimentally
determined relationship between reactant
concentrations and the rate of the reaction
• Reaction order:
• Experimentally determined number defining
the dependence of the reaction rate on the
concentration of a reactant
• Overall order of reaction: sum of exponents
of concentration terms in the rate law

The Rate Law and
Rate Constant
• Rate constant (k):
• Proportionality constant that relates the rate
of a reaction to the concentration of reactants
• Example: A + B → C
• Rate law: Rate = k[A]m [B]n
• k = rate constant
• m and n are the reaction order with respect to
reactants A and B

Determination of Rate
Laws
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
• Determine values of n and m by
measuring initial rate under different
conditions.

Determination of Rate
Laws (cont. 1)
• To find m:
• Compare experiments #1 and #2.
• [NO] is constant.
• [O2] is halved.
• Rate is halved.
• Rate  [O2]m
• m=1
• To find n:
• Compare experiments #1 and #3.
• [O2] is constant.
• [NO] decreases by x2.
• rate decreases by x4.
• Rate  [NO]2
• n=2
• Rate = k[O2][NO]2
• k can be calculated from the rate law using data for any
experiment.
Effects of Concentration on
Reaction Rates
NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)
Rate = k[NO][O3]
• Increasing concentration increases

collisions between reactants, leading
to formation of products.
Practice: Rate Laws/Rate Constants
• Write the rate law and calculate the rate
following data:
2 NO + 2 H2 → N2 + 2 H2O
Trial [NO], M [H2], M Init. Rate, M/s
1 0.00570 0.140 7.01 × 10–5
2 0.00570 0.280 1.40 × 10–4
3 0.0114 0.140 2.81 × 10–4
• Collect and Organize:

• The balanced chemical equation and reaction rate
data for three trials are given. We will determine the
rate law and calculate the value of the rate constant,
k, by comparing the three trials.

Practice: Rate Laws/Rate Constants (cont. 1)
following data:
2 NO + 2 H2 → N2 + 2 H2O
1 0.00570 0.140 7.01 × 10–5
2 0.00570 0.280 1.40 × 10–4
3 0.0114 0.140 2.81 × 10–4
• Analyze:
• The generic rate law is: Rate = k[NO]m[H2]n.
• The actual values for n and m must be determined
mathematically from the experimentally observed reaction rate
data. Once the reaction orders are determined, data for any trial
can be inserted into the rate law to calculate k.

following data:
2 NO + 2 H2 → N2 + 2 H2O
1 0.00570 0.140 7.01 × 10–5
2 0.00570 0.280 1.40 × 10–4
3 0.0114 0.140 2.81 × 10–4
• Solve:
• Comparing trials 1 and 2, the [H2] doubles while
[NO] is held constant, and the rate also doubles.
The reaction order with respect to H2 is n = 1.
• Comparing trials 1 and 3, the [H2] is constant while
the [NO] is doubled. The rate quadruples, so the
reaction order with respect to [NO] is m = 2.
following data:
2 NO + 2 H2 → N2 + 2 H2O
1 0.00570 0.140 7.01 × 10–5
2 0.00570 0.280 1.40 × 10–4
3 0.0114 0.140 2.81 × 10–4
• Solve (part 2):

• The rate law is now written as: Rate = k[NO]2[H2]
• Overall reaction order = 3.
• Substituting data for trial 1: 7.01 × 10–5 M/s =
k(0.00570)2(0.140)
• Rearranging and solving for k:
• k = (7.01 × 10–5 M/s)/[(0.00570 M)2(0.140 M)] = 15.4 M–2s–1
Integrated Rate Law
Zero-Order Rate Laws (I)
A → B if zero order reaction

d [ A]
− = k[ A] = k
0
dt
 − d [ A] = kdt
[ A ]t t
 − d [ A] =  kdt
[ A ]o 0
 [ A]o − [ A]t = kt
 [ A]t = [ A]o − kt
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Integrated Rate Law
Zero-Order Rate Laws (II)
Half-Life time
When [A]t = 1/2[A]o
[𝐴]𝑡 = [𝐴]𝑜 − 𝑘𝑡
[𝐴]𝑜
⇒ = [𝐴]𝑜 − 𝑘𝑡1ൗ
2 2
[𝐴]𝑜
⇒− = −𝑘𝑡1ൗ
2 2
[𝐴]𝑜
⇒ 𝑡1ൗ =
2 2𝑘
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Integrated Rate Law
First-Order Rate Laws (I)
A → B if first order reaction
d [ A]
Rate = − = k [ A]
dt
d [ A]
then − = kdt
[ A]
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Integrated Rate Law
First-Order Rate Laws (II)
d [ A]
[ A ]t t
[ A]o [ A] 0
− = kdt
 −(ln[ A]t − ln[ A]o ) = kt

[ A]t
 − ln = kt
[ A]o
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Integrated Rate Law
First-Order Rate Laws (III)
[ A]t
− ln = kt
[ A]o
 − ln[ A]t + ln[ A]o = kt
 − ln[ A]t = − ln[ A]o + kt
 ln[ A]t = ln[ A]o − kt
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Integrated Rate Law
First-Order Rate Laws (IV)
Half-Life Time
When [A]t = 1/2[A]o
[ A]t 1 [ A]o 1
− ln = − ln 2 = − ln
[ A]o [ A]o 2
then ln 2 = kt 1
2
ln 2 0.693
t1 = =
2 k k
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Integrated Rate Law
Second-Order Rate Laws (I)
A → B if second order reaction

d [ A]
Rate = − = k [ A]2
dt
d [ A]
− 2
= kdt
[ A]
[ A ]t d [ A] t
 − 2
=  kdt
[ A ]o [ A] 0
1 1 1 1
 − = kt  = kt +
[ A]t [ A]o [ A]t [ A]o
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Integrated Rate Law
Second-Order Rate Laws (II)
Half-life Time
When [A]t = 1/2[A]o
1 1
− = kt
[ A]t [ A]o
1 1
 − = kt 1
[ A]o [ A]o 2
2
1 1
 = kt 1  t 1 =
[ A]o 2 2 k [ A]o
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Integrated Rate Law: 1st Order
• Integrated rate law:

• Mathematical expression describing the change
in concentration of a reactant with time.
• Example: O3 ⎯⎯⎯→ O2 + O
sunlight
– Δ O3
• Rate law: Rate = = k O3
Δt
• By integration:
O3t
ln = – kt → lnO3 t = −kt + lnO3 o
O3 o
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Graphical Determination of 1st
Order Reactions
O3 ⎯⎯
⎯→ O2 + O
h
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Half-life: First-Order Reactions
t1/2 (1) = t1/2 (2) = t1/2 (3)
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Half-life: First-Order Reactions
(cont.)
• Half-life (t1/2):
• The time in the course of a chemical reaction
during which the concentration of a reactant
decreases by half.
• From integrated rate law, when [A]t = ½ [A]o:
ln
 A t
= − 0.693 = – kt
A 0
0.693
• Rearrange: t1/2 =
k
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Practice: First Order Kinetics
The radioactive isotope 32P decays by first-

order kinetics and has a half-life of 14.3
days. How long does it take for 95.0% of a
sample of 32P to decay?
- Analyze:
- Solve:
- Think About It:
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Integrated Rate Law: Second-
Order Reactions
2 NO2(g) → 2 NO(g) + O2(g)

– Δ NO2 
= k NO2 
2
Rate law: Rate =
Δt
1 1
= kt +
After integration:
NO2  NO2 0
Straight line: plot of 1/[NO2] vs. t
1
Half-life: t1 / 2 =
k  A0
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Integrated Rate Law: Second-
Order
2 NO2(g) → 2 NO(g) + O2(g)
• ln [NO2] plot: curved 1/[NO2] plot: straight line

(slope = k; intercept = 1/[NO2]o
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Other Reaction Orders
• Pseudo-first-order reaction:
• All reactants, except one of them, are present at
such high concentrations that they do not decrease
significantly during the course of reaction; reaction
rate controlled by the concentration of the limiting
reactant.
• Zero-order reaction:
• Rate of reaction is independent of concentration.
• Rate = –[A]/t = k[A]o = k
• Integrated rate law: [A] = –kt + [A]o , t1/2 = [A]o/2k
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Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Factors Affecting Rate constant
• Temperature:
• Increased temperature increases kinetic energy of
molecules and molecular collisions.
• Activation energy (Ea):
• The minimum energy of molecular collisions
required to break bonds in reactants, leading to
formation of products.
• These factors are incorporated into rate
constant k by Arrhenius equation.
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Arrhenius Equation
– Ea / RT
k = Ae
• R = universal gas constant (in J/mol·K)
• T = temperature (in kelvin)
• A is a collisional frequency factor.
• Includes frequency of collisions and an
orientation factor
–E a  1 
Log form: ln k =   + ln A
R T 
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Reaction Energy Profile
High-energy transition state (“activated complex”)
Activation
energy (Ea )
– Ea / RT
k = Ae
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Arrhenius Equation (I)
− Ea / RT
k = Ae
Frequency factor
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From Arrhenius Equation
to Marcus Theory
− Ea / RT
k = Ae
k =  el vn n
 el = electronic transmission coeffcient
vn = effective nuclear vibration frequency
 n = nuclear factor
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Arrhenius Equation (II)
− Ea / RT
k = Ae
Ea 1
ln k = − ( ) + ln( A)
R T
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Arrhenius Equation (III)
Ea 1
ln k = − ( ) + ln( A)
R T
1 Ea
set x= , m=− , ln A = b , y = ln k
T R
Ea 1
then ln k = − ( ) + ln( A)
R T
 y = mx + b
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin
© 2014 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 15a–74
Arrhenius Equation (IV)
Ea 1
ln k1 = − ( ) + ln( A)........(1)
R T1
Ea 1
ln k2 = − ( ) + ln( A)........(2)
R T2
Eq1. - Eq2.
k1 Ea 1 1
ln = − ( − )
k2 R T1 T2
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Effect of Temperature
– Ea / RT
k = Ae
Increase in fraction
of collisions > Ea ;
increase in k
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Molecular Orientation
O3 + NO → O2 + NO2
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Energy Profiles
O3 + NO → O2 + NO2
Low Ea = large k,
fast forward
reaction
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Energy Profiles (cont.)
O3 + NO ← O2 + NO2
High Ea = small k,
slow reverse
reaction
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Graphical Determination of Ea
–E a  1 
ln k =   + ln A
R T 
Slope = –Ea/R
Intercept = ln A
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Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Reaction Mechanisms
• Reaction mechanism – a set of steps that describe how a

reaction occurs at the molecular level; must be consistent
with the rate law for the reaction
• Elementary step – molecular-level view of a single
process taking place in a chemical reaction.
• Intermediate – a species produced in one step of a
reaction and consumed in a subsequent step.
• Molecularity – the number of ions, atoms, or molecules
involved in an elementary step in a reaction.
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Reaction Mechanisms (cont.)
• Consider the reaction:

• 2 NO2 (g) → 2 NO(g) + O2(g)
• Observed rate law: Rate = k[NO2]2
•Proposed mechanism:
• Step 1: 2 NO2(g) → NO(g) + NO3(g) Rate = ?
• Step 2: NO3(g) → NO(g) + O2(g) Rate = ?
Rate law depends on rate-determining step (r.d.s.),
the slowest step in the mechanism (may involve
mathematical substitution!)
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Reaction Mechanisms (cont.)
• 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
• Observed rate law: Rate = k[NO]2[O2]
• Proposed mechanism:
• Step 1: NO + O2 ↔ NO3 Rate1 = k1[NO][O2]
• Step 2: NO3 + NO → 2 NO2 Rate2 = k2[NO3][NO]
• Step 2 is rate-determining step, kf and kr >> k2; step 1 is
fast and reversible:
kf
NO + O2 NO3
kr Steady state
approximation
• Rate(f) = rate(r); kf[NO][O2] = kr[NO3]
• by rearrangement: [NO3]* = (kf/kr)[NO][O2]
• *Substitute into rate2= k2 {(kf/kr)[NO][O2]}[NO]
= k’[NO]2[O2]
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Mechanisms: Zero Order
• Reaction: NO2(g) + CO2(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)

• Observed rate law: Rate = k[NO2]2
• Mechanism:
• 2 NO2(g) → NO(g) + NO3(g) Rate = k1[NO2]2
• NO3(g) + CO(g) → NO2(g) + CO2(g) Rate = k2[NO3][CO]
• NO2(g) + CO(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)
• Sum of elementary steps = balanced reaction
• Rate law from r.d.s. (step 1), ie k2 >> k1: Rate = k[NO2]2
• Zeroth order in [CO], because not involved in r.d.s.
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Practice: Reaction Mechanisms
For the reaction: 2 NO2 + O3 → N2O5 + O2

The experimentally determined rate law is rate =
k[NO2][O3]. Identify the rate-determining step in
the proposed two-step mechanism:
1. NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2
2. NO3 + NO2 → N2O5

- Analyze:
- Solve:
- Think About It:
© 2014 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 14 - 88
Chapter Outline
13.2 Reaction Rates
Rate
Arrhenius Equation
13.6 Catalysis

Catalysts and the
Ozone Layer

Catalysts and the Ozone Layer
© 2014 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 14 - 91

CFC Emissions and
Ozone
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
• CCl2F2, CCl3F, CClF3 – stable!
• CFCs in stratosphere:
(1) CCl3F(g) ⎯⎯
hν
→ CCl2F(g) + Cl(g)
(2) Cl(g) + O3 (g) → ClO(g) + O2 (g)
(3) ClO(g) + O3 (g) → Cl(g) + O2 (g)
Net: 2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)

• Ea for Cl-catalyzed reaction = 2.2 kJ/mol
Energy Profiles for O3
Decomposition
2 O3 ⎯⎯
→ 3 O2
hν
• Cl atom:
• Not consumed
during the
reaction
• Homogeneous
catalyst

Catalytic Converters
2 NO → N2 + O2
• Metal surface
speeds up
conversion of NO to
N2 and O2, reduces
smog-producing
emissions.

Enzymes and Biocatalysis
k1
Step 1: E + S ⇌ ES
k-1
k2
Step 2: ES → E + P
Rate = k[ES]

96
Visual Problems
The molecular models

use the standard atomic
color palette: C is black,
N is blue, O is red, F is
light green, and Cl is dark
green.
1. Which two images

describe elementary
steps which, when
combined, depict the
chlorine-catalyzed
destruction of ozone?

97
Visual Problems (cont. 1)

green.
2. Which representation
is the overall reaction
for the chlorine-
catalyzed destruction
of ozone?

98

green.
3. Which two images

describe elementary
steps that combine in
an overall reaction in
which NO3 is an
intermediate?

99

green.
4. Which image shows

the
photodecomposition
of a
chlorofluorocarbon?
Ozone Layer (cont.)
• Natural photodecomposition of ozone:
• Mechanism:
• (1) O3 (g) ⎯⎯⎯→ O2 (g) + O(g)
sunlight
• (2) O3 (g) + O(g) ⎯⎯

→ 2 O2 (g)
• Net: 2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)
• Ea for step 2 = 17.7 kJ/mol (slow step)
© 2014 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 14 - 100

CFC Emissions and Ozone
• Clorofluorocarbons (CFC)
• CCl2F2, CCl3F, CClF3 – stable!
• CFCs in stratosphere:
CCl3F(g) ⎯⎯
hν
→ CCl2F(g) + Cl(g)
(1) Cl(g) + O3 (g) → ClO(g) + O2 (g)
(2) ClO(g) + O3 (g) → Cl(g) + O2 (g)
Net: 2 O3(g) → 3 O2(g)
• Ea for Cl-catalyzed reaction = 2.2 kJ/mol
© 2014 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 14 - 101

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Chapter 13

Chemical Kinetics: Reactions in

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• Depends on chemical kinetics

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• 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) ΔH= –114.2 kJ

• O(g) + H2O(g) → 2 OH(g)

Note: products of some reactions are reactants in other reactions.

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N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

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N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

• Relative rates of consumption of reactants and

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N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

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N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g)

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- Collect and Organize:

Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

• Collect and Organize:

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Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

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Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

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• Initial rate: the rate of a reaction at t = 0,

(a) Initial rate

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2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)

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NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g) Rate = k[NO][O3]

Increasing concentration increases collisions between

Write the rate law and calculate the rate

Time (s) [N2], [O2] (M) [NO] (M)

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• Initial rate: the rate of a reaction at t = 0,

(a) Initial rate

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• Increasing concentration increases

• Collect and Organize:

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• Solve (part 2):

A → B if zero order reaction

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A → B if first order reaction

 −(ln[ A]t − ln[ A]o ) = kt

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