SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(Formerly, JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-95-36

“EXCELLING IN TRUTH IN THE SERVICE OF GOD AND COUNTRY”

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
SECOND SEMESTER, A/Y 2019-2020

Fluid Mechanics

Learner’s Module 2
(Module 2A, 2B, 2C & 2D)

BSEd SCIENCE 1G

Jeffrey N. Romulo, LPT

Instructor

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
College of Education Department
 Second Semester, A/Y 2019-2020

SUBJECT: Fluid Mechanics

CLASS: BSEd Science 1G
Instructor: Jeffrey N. Romulo

MODULE 2C

Head losses in pipe flow

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

a. describe the two classification of Head losses in pipes;

b. explain the Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation);
c. solve problems involving the Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation).

Discussion:

 HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; the major head loss, which is
caused by pipe friction along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform
roughness, and Minor head loss, which are caused by changes in velocity or
directions of flow, and are commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy.

 MAJOR HEAD LOSS, hf

 Darcy – Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation)

 f = frictional factor

L = length of pipe in meters or feet

D = pipe diameter in meter or feet

v = mean or average velocity of flow in m/s of ft/s

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, where R is the hydraulic radius defined in Eq. 7-4.

For circular pipes, the head loss may be express as:

 Where Q is the discharge.

 Value of f:

For Laminar Flow:

For non-circular pipes, use Eq. 7.22 with D = 4R

For Turbulent Flow:

1. For turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes, universal resistance

laws can be derived from:

where vs is shear velocity or friction velocity

2. For smooth pipes, Re between 3,000 and 100,000:

3. For smooth pipes with Re up to about 3,000,000
 EXAMPLE:

A fluid having v = 4 x 10-5 m2/s flows in a 750 m long pipe having a diameter of 20
mm. Determine the head lost required to maintain a velocity of 3 m/s.

Given:

Required:
hf = ?

Solution:
Activity 1: Drill Activity

Solve:

1. Fluid flows through a 20-mm-diameter pipe, 150 m long at a Reynolds number of 1,750.
Calculate the discharge if the head lost is 175 m.
Evaluation:

Solve:

1. What commercial size of new cast iron pipe shall be used to carry 4,490 gpm or gal/m with a
lost of head of 10.56 feet per mile? Assume f = 0.019.

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
College of Education Department
Second Semester, A/Y 2019-2020

SUBJECT: Fluid Mechanics

CLASS: BSEd Science 1G
Instructor: Jeffrey N. Romulo

MODULE 2D

Open Channel
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

a. describe open channel flow;

b. explain the chezy formula;
c. solve problems about chezy formula.

Discussion:

 Open channel

An open channel is one in which the stream is not completely enclosed by

solid boundaries and therefore has a free surface subjected only to atmospheric
pressure. The flow in such a channel is caused not by some external head, but rather
by the gravity component along the slope of the channel.

In an open channel flow, the hydraulic grade line is coincident with the
stream surface since the pressure at the surface is atmospheric. The flow in open
channels may either be uniform or non-uniform.
 Specific Energy

The specific energy (H) is defined as the energy per unit weight relative to the
bottom of the channel. It is given by:

 Chezy Formula

In Figure 8-1, the head lost between any points in the channel is:

hL = S L Eq. 8-2

where S is the slope of the energy grade line and L is the length or run. The
head loss balances the loss in height of the channel.

For a given channel shape and bottom roughness, the quantity (8g/f) ½ is constant and
can be denoted by C. The equation becomes,
These equation are called the Chezy formulas, first developed by the French engineer
Antoine Chezy in 1769. The quantity C is called the chezy Coefficient, varies from
about 30 m 1/2/s for small rough channels to 90 m 1/2/s for large smooth channels.

A great deal of hydraulic researchers correlated C with roughness, shape, and

slope of various open channels. Among them were Ganguillet and Kutter in 1869,
Manning in 1889, Bazin in 1897, and Powell in 1950.
 EXAMPLE:

Determine the uniform flow through a trapezoidal concrete lined canal having side
slope of 3H to 4V and bottom width of 2 m if the depth of flow is 2 m. The channel
is laid on a slope of 3 m per 2 kilometer. Use n = 0.013

Given:

n = 0.013
width = 2m
depth = 2m
S = So = 3/2000 = 0.0015

Required:
a. Q = ?

Solution:
Activity 1: Drill Activity

Solve:
 1. Water flows uniformly in a rectangular, concrete, open channel that is 10 m wide at a
depth of 3 m. The channel slope is 0.0025. Using n = 0.013, find the velocity, flow rate,
and the boundary shear stress.

Evaluation:

Solve:

1. A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m and side slopes of 2 horizontal to 1

vertical. If the depth of flow is 1.2 m and the flow is 20.40 m3/sec,

a. Compute the specific energy.

b. Compute the slope of the channel if n = 0.014
c. Compute the average shearing stress at the boundary.