Mapua University

School of School of Chemical, Biological, and

Materials Engineering and Sciences

Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory

First Quarter SY 2019-2020

Experiment 3: Calorimetry
Gallardo, Hans Tristan M.
*Dañez, Luis Alfonso
CM011L-B10 Group No.4

Abstract

The procedural experimentation, as performed by the students, aims to traverse the concept of entalphy and
the applications of this said topic within the field of chemistry. Thus, as an overview of the coverage that the
experiment covered and methodically tested, the experimentations performed are as follows: the determination of
the change in the surroundings brought upon by a heated metal and its specific heat, the entalphy of neutralization of
an acid-base reaction, and the entalphy of solution for the dissolution of salt. Furthermore, provided the following
experiments, a coffee-cup calorimeter was also consistently used as a standard calorimeter for the experiments
executed. Thus, the entalphies calculated are based on the applications and properties of a coffee-cup calorimeter.
Having said this, the primary goal of the multifaceted experimentation is to determine the entalphy solution and
change in observable heat within the coffee-cup calorimeter through the employment of a laboratory thermometer as
a basis of data gathering. As a summarization of the practical execution of the experiment, the previously stated
thermochemical reactions were performed and observed by the experimentalists in order to applicably observe the
discernible effects of the stated reactions with regards to entalphy and entalphy change. As a result, as a general
conclusion and statistic assumption, it can be stated that…..

© 2019 Gallardo, Hans Tristan M.

Keywords: Entalphy Change; Entalphy; Specific Heat; Acid-base Reaction; Neutralization; Dissolution

1. Introduction

1. 1 Enthalpy and Calorimetry

To begin with, the context of calorimetry, as discussed in (“Calorimetry”, 2019), can be comprehended as a set of
techniques that are utilized in order to calculate the enthalpy change of a specific subject of experimentation, through
the use of calorimeters. According to (“Thermodynamics: Thermochemical Equations”, n.a.), calorimeters are the
apparatuses that are employed in order to apply the basic theoretical knowledge encompassed within the concept of
calorimetry, which concerns enthalpy and enthalpy change. With regards to the application, similarly with the
experimentations to be conducted, the application of calorimetry and calorimeters are generally towards the
analyzation of thermochemical reactions that produces an observable and viable information that is based on
enthalpy or heat change. Furthermore, according to (“Enthalpy”, 2019), enthalpy can be considered as the total heat
of the observed system. As such, when referring to and conducting an experiment regarding enthalpy, this
automatically suggests that the data being gathered is that of the overall heat of the system as the thermochemical
 CM011L Laboratory Report
reaction takes place. Hence, this introduction regarding the basic fundamentals and context of the experiment is to
serve as background knowledge of what is being observed and utilized as the experiment is done.

1.2 Specific Heat of Metal

As stated by (“Heat Capacity and Specific Heat”, 2019), specific heat may be described as the necessitated
amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature by precisely one (1) gram of the substance by one (1)
degrees Celsius. With regards to the experiment to be withheld, this information connotes that the observed property
here is the amount of energy that is needed to raise one (1) gram of the provided metal by 1 degrees Celsius. As
such, this is to be measured through the usage of a coffee cup calorimeter (see nomenclature 2.1). Furthermore,
based on (“Heat Capacity and Specific Heat”, 2019), the specific heat of a specimen or an observed substance is
quantified through the implementation of formula derived from the initial formula used to quantify the amount of
work needed to raise a specific amount of a substance to a specific temperature. This was derived in such a way that
mass, temperature change, and the amount of energy is utilized in order to quantify the specific heat of the observed
substance (see nomenclature 2.2). Furthermore, despite the introduced formulas and contextual givens, the provided
theoretical formula for specific heat still differes from the viable formula that is to be utilized in the experiment.
Given that the experiment applies a coffee-cup calorimeter, the feasible formula can be derived to a more compound
equation that takes into consideration the calorimeter and the deionized water as well. Thus, based on (“Finding the
Specific Heat of a Metal”, n.a.) this formula is to be utilized as the basis of computation for the result needed for the
completion of the first emperimentation (See nomenclature 2,3)

2.1 Law of conservation of energy in the calorimeter

−Energy( J ) metal M =Energy( J ) water H 2 O

2.2 Specific heat formula

J Energy( J )
c( )=
g⋅° C mass (g )× ΔT (°C )
J
Energy( J )=c ( )×mass (g )× ΔT (°C )
g⋅° C

.3. Specific heat of metal formula

2
c H O⋅mass H ¿ ΔT H
2O 2O
c M= 2

mass M ¿ ΔT M
 CM011L Laboratory Report
1.3 Entalphy of Acid-base Neutralization

With regard to this, according to (“Enthalpy Change of Neutralization”, 2019), the entalphy of
neutralization is simply the heat change that occurs when the acid and base react together in such a way that one (1)
mol of water is formed for every reaction. As such, it can be said that for this experimetation, the amount of
entalphy change is based upon the reaction that will occur with the two pairs of solutions that are to be sequentially
mixed and observed through the utilization of a laboratory thermomenter. Furthermore, according to (“Enthalpy of
Neutralization”, 2017), the formula to be utilized in the computation of the observable effects of the thermochemical
reaction of acid-base neutralization is again derived from the primary formula that is utilized to attain the amount of
work required in order to raise the temperature of the given substance to a measured extent. Moreover, it can be
observed that the formula takes into consideration the mass of all the the solutions within the reaction (see
nomenclature 3.1)

3.1 Enthalpy change during neutralization of NAOH and Nitric Acid

ΔH n=−c H O⋅mass HNO 3 +NaOH ¿ ΔT

2

1.4 Entalphy of Dissolution

As stated by (“Enthalpy of Solution”, 2019), the entalphy of dissolution is based on the energy that is evolved
from the dissolving of the solute within the provided solvent. Through this provided process, heat is either produced
or absorbed as the measured salt is dissolved in the water and transforms into gaseous ions. With regards to the
experimentation to be performed, the statdard formula to be utulized when concerning dissolution entalphy takes in
to consideration the lattice energy and the hydration energy, which are the energies thst influences the entalphy
change that is produced by the given thermochemical reaction (See nomenclature 4.1). Nonetheless the formula to
be utilized in obtaining the necessitated data regarding the entalphy change of the dissolution itself utilizes a
configured formula that is a more complex configuration of the initial formula (See nomenclature 4.2).Hence, this
summarizes the overview of the entalphy of dissolution that is necessitated to be found by the experiment.

4.1 Enthalpy of solution

ΔH s =ΔH LE +ΔH Hyd

4.2 Total Enthalpy change per mole

(−m H O⋅c H O ¿ ΔT H O )+(mSalt ¿ c Salt ¿ ΔT Salt )

2 2 2
ΔH s =
mole salt
 CM011L Laboratory Report
2. Methodology

As a general overview of the execution of the experiment performed, the concept of calorimetry, along with
the multiple derived formulas, were applied in order to perform the sequence of experimentations concerning
centalphy change. While the goal of the experiment is nearly correlating with each other, the different experiments
are , nonetheless, provided with dissimilar goals that furthers the range of observation of the topic that is entalphy
change. Moreover, as previously stated withiin the abstract of the study, the eperiment is divided into the following
parts: the determination of the change in the surroundings brought upon by a heated metal and its specific heat, the
entalphy of neutralization of an acid-base reaction, and the entalphy of solution for the dissolution of salt.
Furthermore, the experiment was performed through the employment and utilization of the following materials:

Materials

 1.0 M HCl
 1.0 M H2SO4
 1.0 M NaOH
 Beakers
 Coffee cup with lids
 Graduated cylinders
 Thermometer
 Bunsen burner
 Iron stand
 Iron clamp
 Test tube

Procedure

Part A: Specific Heat of a Metal

Prepare a boiling water bath in a 400-mL beaker as shown in (See Fig. 1.1)

1. Prepare the metal. Obtain 10-30 g of an unknown dry metal form your instructor. Record the
number of the unknown metal on the Report Sheet. Use weighing paper to measure its mass on
your assigned balance. (See Fig. 1.2) Transfer the metal to a dry, 200-mm test tube. Place the 200-
mm test tube in a 400-mL beaker filled with water well above the level of the metal sample in the
test tube. Heat the water to boiling and maintain this temperature for ~10 minutes so that the metal
reaches thermal equilibrium with the boiling water. Proceed to Part A.2 while the water is heating.
(See Fig. 1.3)

2. Prepare the water in the calorimeter. The apparatus for the calorimetry experiment appears in
(Fig. 1.4). Obtain two 6- or 8-ox Styrofoam coffee cups, a plastic lid, stirrer, and a 110° glass or
digital thermometer. Thoroughly clean the Styrofoam cups with several rinses of deionized water.
Measure and record the combined mass (±0.01g) of the calorimeter (the two Styrofoam cups, the
plastic lid, and the stirrer).
Using a graduated cylinder, as ~20.0 mL of water and measure and record the mass of the
calorimeter plus water. Secure the glass or digital thermometer with a clamp and position the bulb
or thermal sensor below the water surface (Caution: Carefully handle a glass thermometer. If the
thermometer is accidentally broken, notify your instructor immediately.) (Fig. 1.5)
 CM011L Laboratory Report
3. Measure and record the temperatures of the metal and water. Once thermal equilibrium (after
~10 minutes) has been reached in Parts A.1 and A.2, measure and record the temperatures of the
boiling water and the water in the calorimeter. Record the temperatures using all certain digits
plus one uncertain digit.

4. Transfer the hot metal to the cool water and record the data. Remove the test tube from the
boiling water and quickly transfer only the metal to the water in the calorimeter (See Fig. 1.6).
Replace the lid and swirl the contents gently. Record the water temperature as a function of time
(about 5-second intervals for 1 minute and then 30-45-second intervals for ~5 minutes) on the
table at the end of the Report Sheet.

5. Plot the data. Plot the temperature (y-axis) versus time (x-axis) on the top half of a sheet of linear
graph paper or by using appropriate software. The maximum temperature is the intersection point
of two lines: (1) the best line drawn through the data points on the cooling portion of the curve and
(2) a line drawn perpendicular to the time axis at the mixing time [when the metal is added to the
water. Have your instructor approve your graph.

Part B: Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction

Obtain 110 mL of 1.1 M of HCl, 110 mL of 1.1 M HNO3 and 210 mL of standardized 1.0 M
NaOH from the stock reagents

1. Measure the volume and temperature of the HCl. Measure 50.0 mL of 1.1 M HCl in a clean
graduated cylinder. Measure and record its temperature (See Fig. 2.1).

2. Measure the volume and temperature of the NaOH. Using a second clean graduated cylinder,
transfer 50.0 mL of a standard 1.0 M NaOH solution to the dry calorimeter. Record the
temperature and exact molar concentration of the NaOH solution (See Fig. 2.2).

3. Collect the data. Carefully but quickly add the acid to the base, replace the calorimeter lid, and
swirl gently (See Fig. 2.3). Read and record the temperature and time every 5 seconds for 1
minute and thereafter every 30-45 seconds for -5 minutes (See Fig. 2.3).

4. Plot the data. Plot the temperature (y-axis) versus time (x-axis) on the top half of a sheet of
linear graph paper or by using appropriate software. Determine the maximum temperature as was
done in Part A.5. Have your instructor approve your graph.

5. Change the acid and repeat the neutralization reaction. Repeat Parts B.1 through B.4,
substituting 1.1 M HN O 3 for 1.1 M HCl. On the Report Sheet, compare the ∆ H n values for the
two strong acid-strong base reactions.

Part C: Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

1. Prepare the salt. On weighing paper, measure ~5.0 g (±0.001 g) of the assigned salt (See Fig.
3.1). Record the name of the salt and its mass on the Report Sheet.

2. Prepare the calorimeter. Measure the mass of the dry calorimeter. Using your clean graduated
cylinder, add ~20.0 mL of deionized water to the calorimeter. Measure the combined mass of the
 CM011L Laboratory Report
calorimeter and water. Secure the thermometer with a clamp and position the bulb or thermal
sensor below the water surface and record its temperature.
3. Collect the temperature data. Carefully add (do not spill) the salt to the calorimeter, replace the
lid, and swirl gently. Read and record the temperature and time at 5-second intervals for 1 minute
and thereafter every 30-45 seconds for ~5 minutes.

4. Plot the data. Plot the temperature (y-axis) versus time (x-axis) on the top half of a sheet of
linear graph paper or by using appropriate software. Determine the maximum (for an exothermic
process) or minimum (for endothermic process) temperature as was one in Part A.5. Have your
instructor approve your graph.

Fig 1.1 Beaker with water Fig 1.2 Measure of Metal

Fig 1.3 Boiling of water Fig 1.4 Cup with deionized water
 CM011L Laboratory Report

Fig 1.5 Measuring the Temperature of water Fig 1.6 Measuring the Enthalpy

Fig 2.1 Measuring the temperature of the solution Fig 2.2 Pouring the solution into the Coffee-cup
calorimeter

Fig 2.3 Measuring the Enthalphy Fig 2.4 Preparing another set

Fig 3.1 Deionized water is transferred into the Coffee-cup

 CM011L Laboratory Report
3.

4. Results and Discussions

With regards to the results, it can be observed below that the data gathered from each experiment are laid
out in tables, whilst the temperature change are laid out in graphs and tables. To begin with, for the first
experiment, the goal was to determine the specific heat of the provided metal. Based on the experimentation
performed, the specific heat of the provided metal is approximately 0.2883 J/g°C. Hence, this goes to say that
in order to increase the temperature of 1 gram of the metal by 1 °C, a heat amounting to 0.2883 joules is
required to perform the desired results. Furthermore, with respect to one of the objectives of the research that
is to attain the specific heat of the provided metal, it can be stated that this objective was achieved and is
therefore completed. Moreover, with regards to the second experimentation, the second experimentation was
divided into two sub-experiments. Each experiment is composed of the mixture of two compounds that were
provided in the laboratory. Firstly, HCl + NaOH was performed and an average of -53.08 KJ was eveolved
from the reaction. Hence, an exothermic reaction is observed and heat was released as the neutralization
progressed. On the other hand, when the two solutions HNO3 + NaOH were combines inside the coffee-cup
calorimeter, -71.5 KJ was the amount of heat evolved, thus meaning that the exothermic reaction produced an
amount of 71.5 KJ worth of work as the neutralization was performed. Lastly, with regards to the last
experimentation, salt was dissolved into the deionized water within the coffee-cup calorimeter. As a result,
while the group did not expect much of an effect from the dissolving of salt, the temperature was still
observed to have risen up a certain amount based on the table provided below. Furthermore, 10339.03226 J/
mol salt was produced from the dissolving, which signifies the average change in heat of the salt sample with
respect to J/ mol salt. As a summarization of the results, each of the assigned experimentation were
successfully performed, hence, the results are formally arranged below in chronological order.

Table 1. Temperature Table

1st Experiment 2nd Experiment 3rd Experiment 4th Experiment

Time Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
(second) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius) (Celsius)
0 32 31 30 28.5
5 34 34 38 28
10 34 34 38 28
15 34 34 39 27
20 34 35 39 27
25 34 35 39 23
30 34 37 39 23
35 35 37 39 23
40 35 37.5 39 23
45 35 38 39 22
50 35 38 39 22
55 35 38 39 21
60 35 38 39 20
1.
110 35 38 38 19
 CM011L Laboratory Report
160 34 38 38 19
210 34 37.5 38 19
260 33 37.3 38 19
310 32 37 38 18.5
360 32 37 38 18

Table 1. shows the temperature recorded for the three experiments. The interval is 5 seconds for 1 minute and 50
seconds after that, for 5 minutes in total.

Temperature (Celsius) vs Time (seconds) - Experiment 1

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Figure 1.1 Graph for Experiment 1 – (……)

Table 1.1. Specific Heat of a Metal

A. Specific Heat of a Metal Trial 1

Mass of metal (g) 8.44
Temperature of metal (boiling water (°C) 104
Mass of calorimeter (g) 7.34
Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 27.15
Mass of water (g) 20
Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C) 32
Maximum temperature of metal and water from graph (°C) 34
B. Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal
Temperature change of water, ∆T (°C) 2
Heat gained by water (J) 167.36
Temperature change of metal, ∆T (°C) -70
 CM011L Laboratory Report
Specific heat of metal, (J/g °C) 0.2833
Average specific heat of metal, (J/g °C) 0.2833

Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal

 Temperature change of water, ∆T (°C)

∆T (°C) = final temperature – initial temperature (1)

∆T (°C) = 34°C - 32°C

∆T (°C) = 2°C

 Heat gained by water (J)

Q = mc∆T (2)

Q = (20g) (4.184 J/g°C) (2°C)

Q = 167.36 J

 Temperature change of metal, ∆T (°C)

∆T (°C) = final temperature – initial temperature (1)

∆T (°C) = 34°C - 96°C

∆T (°C) = -62°C

 Specific heat of metal (J/g°C)

– specific heat H 20 xmassH 20 x ∆ TH 2O

specific heat =
massM x ∆ TM
(3)

(−4.184 )(20)(2)
specific heat=
8.44 (−70)

specific heat = 0.2833 J/g°C

 CM011L Laboratory Report

Temperature (Celsius) vs Time (seconds) - Experiment 2 Figure

1.2
Temperature
40 (Celsius) vs Time (seconds) - Experiment 3 Graph
for
45
35
40
30
35

30 25

25 20

20 15
15
10
10
5
5

0 0
0 0 50 50 100 100150 150200 200250 250300 300
350 350
400 400

Experiment 2

Figure 1.3 Graph for Experiment 3

Table 1.2. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction

A. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction HCl + NaOH HNO3 + NaOH
Volume of acid (mL) 50 50
Temperature of acid (°C) 30 30
Volume of NaOH (mL) 50 50
Temperature of NaOH (°C) 30 30
Exact molar concentration of NaOH (mol/L) 1.0237 1.0237
Maximum temperature from graph (°C) 38 39
 CM011L Laboratory Report
B. Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an
Acid-Base Reaction
Average initial temperature of acid and NaOH (°C) 30.5 30.25
Temperature change, ∆T (°C) 7.5 8.75
Volume of final mixture (mL) 100 100
Mass of final mixture (g) (Assume the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL) 100 100
Specific heat of mixture, (J/g °C) 4.18 4.18
Heat evolved (J) -3135 -3657.5
Moles of OH- reacted, the limiting reactant (mol) 0.051185 0.051185
Moles of H2O) formed (mol) 0.051185 0.051185
∆Hn (kJ/mol H2O) -53.08 -71.4
Average ∆Hn (kJ/mol H2O) -53.08 -71.5

(…..)
Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction

HCl + NaOH
 Heat evolved (J)

Q = mc∆T (2)

Q = -(100g) (4.18 J/g°C) (6.5°C)

Q = - 2717 kJ

 Moles of OH-

MV
Number of moles =
1000
(4)

( 1.0237 ) (50)
=
1000
Number of moles = 0.051185 mol

 Moles of H20

1 mol H 2 0
0. 051185 mol OH- x = 0. 051185 mol H20 (5)
1molNaOH

−2717 kJ
 ∆Hn =
0. 051185 mol

∆Hn = -53.08 kJ/mol

 CM011L Laboratory Report
 Average ∆Hn = -53.08 kJ/mol

HNO3 + NaOH
 Heat evolved (J)

Q = mc∆T

Q = -(100g) (4.18 J/g°C) (8.25°C)

Q = - 3657.5 J or - 3.6575 kJ

 Moles of OH-

MV
Number of moles =
1000
(4)

( 1.0237 ) (50)
=
1000
Number of moles = 0.051185 mol

 Moles of H20

1 mol H 2 0
0. 051185 mol OH- x = 0. 051185 mol H20 (5)
1molNaOH

−3.6575 kJ
 ∆Hn =
0. 051185 mol

∆Hn = -71.456 kJ/mol

Average
Temperature (Celsius) vs Time (seconds) - Experiment 4
∆Hn = -71.456
30
kJ/mol

25

20
Figure 1.4
15 Graph for
Experiment 4 –
(…..)
10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
 CM011L Laboratory Report
Table 1.3. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

A. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution Trial 1

of a Salt
Mass of salt (g) 5
Moles of salt (mol) 0.093
Mass of calorimeter (g) 7.34
Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 27.34
Mass of water (g) 20
Initial temperature of water (°C) 28.5
Final temperature of mixture from graph (°C) 18
B. Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for
the Dissolution of a Salt
Temperature change of solution, ∆T (°C) -10.5
Heat change of water (J) -878.64
Heat change of salt (J) -82.425
Total enthalpy change (J) -961.065
∆Hs (J/mol salt) 10339.03226
Average ∆Hs (J/mol salt) 10339.03226

(interpretation)

Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

 Temperature change of solution

∆T (°C) = final temperature – initial temperature (1)

∆T (°C) = 18°C – 28.5°C

∆T (°C) = -10.5°C

 Heat change of water (J)

Q = mc∆T (2)

Q = (20g) (4.184 J/g°C) (-10.5)

Q = -878.64 J

 Heat change of salt

Q = mc∆T (2)

Q = (5g) (1.57 J/g°C) (-10.5°C)

Q = -82.425 J

 Total enthalpy change (J)

 CM011L Laboratory Report
total enthalpy change = -878.64 J + -82.425 J

total enthalpy change = -961.065 J

 ∆Hs (J/mol salt)

total enthalpy change

∆Hs = (6)
mol salt

−961.065 J
∆Hs =
0.093 mol
∆Hs = -10334.03226 J/mol

Since endothermic reaction ∆Hs = 10334.03226 J/mol

 Average ∆Hs (J/mol salt)

Average ∆Hs = 10334.03226 J/mol

5. Conclusion

As a conclusion, it can be stated that based from the table, the change in heat of the provided samples of
thermonuclear reaction were instantaneous and quick to decay. In addition to this, the change in temperature in the
fourth (4th) experiment became unnatural due to the sudden weather change, which reduced the temperature that the
reaction can emit due to the presence of a colder environment. Nonetheless, with regards to the goal of the
experiment, the observation as provided by the researchers has proven to be sufficient in determining the enthalpy
and specific heats of the following reactions. None of the measurements deviated farther than necessary, thus the
data is precise and reliable as observational information. Having said these, while it proved to be difficult to
accurately measure the change in temperature of the substances due to natural errors, the gathering of data, as well
as the efficiency of the calorimetric experimentations were still performed properly. Hence, the data provided above
is as accurate as can be and the table shows the instantaneous increase and decrease of various reactions, with
regards to the type of element that is involved in the reaction. Theories regarding the laws of thermodynamics were
also proven and experienced and proven by the students. Hence, it can be concluded that, in general, the objectives
of the laboratory experimentation were achieved and attained.
 CM011L Laboratory Report

References:

[1] Calorimetry, (2019) Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map

%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05._Thermochemistry/5.5%3A_Calorimetry

[2] Thermodynamics: Thermochemical Equations (n.a.) Retrieved from

https://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/netorial/modules/thermodynamics/chemical/chemical2.htm

[3] Heat Capacity and Specific Heat, (2019) Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Specific_Heat

[4] Finding the Specific Heat of a Metal, (n.d.) Retrieved from https://laney.edu/cheli-fossum/wp-
content/uploads/sites/210/2011/08/7-Specific-Heat-of-a-metal.pdf

[5] Enthalpy Change of Neutralization, (2019) Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Mod
ules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Enthalpy_Change
_of_Neutralization

[6] Enthalpy of Neutralization, (2017) Retrieved from

http://www.ccri.edu/chemistry/courses/chem_1100/wirkkala/labs/Enthalpy_of_Neutralization.pdf

[7] Enthalpy of Solution, (2019) Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Mod
ules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basi
cs/Enthalpy_of_Solution

[8] Calculation of the Enthalpy of Dissolution, (n.a.) Retrieved from

http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/chem/1041/swann/14-3.pdf

[9] Enthalphy, (2019) Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Mod
ules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy

[10] Finding the Specific Heat of a Metal, (n.d.) Retrieved from https://laney.edu/cheli-fossum/wp-
content/uploads/sites/210/2011/08/7-Specific-Heat-of-a-metal.pdf