Phy 1 (A)

FOUNDATION PHYSICS I
PHY 094
NURUL HUDA BT MOHD NOOR
huda3632@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my
c01, LEVEL 6, Blok pentadbiran,
h/p : 012-4115742 (office hour ONLY)
Office : 03-8924 5458
Prepared by Prof Madya Ahmad Abd Hamid, June 2013
Physical Quantities and Units
Base Quantities and SI Units
TEST Significant Figures
13-19 Conversion of Units
Dimensional Analysis
OGOS Scalars and Vectors
2018 1
Solid – Stress and Strain
Young’s Modulus Ch 1, 3 Mechanics of Motion
Laws of Thermodynamics Motion with Constant accn (1 – D)
First Law of Thermo. Motion with Constant accn (2 – D)
Thermo. Processes 2
Second Law of Thermo. Force and Moments
Heat Engine 14, 15 Ch 2, 4 Push and Pull
Weight
Ch 17, 18 FBD
3
Temperature and Heat

PHY094 Ch 5 Newton’s Laws and
Applications
Temp and Thermal Eqm 12, 13
4 Circular Motion
Thermometers and Temp Ch 16, 17 FOUNDATION Uniform Circular
Scale Ch 6 Motion
Thermal Expansion PHYSICS I 5 Centripetal Accn
Conductivity 11 Centripetal Force
Heat Ch 7, 8
Ch 14 Work and Energy
10 Work by a Varying Force
6 KE n W-KE Theorem
Wave Motion 7
Progressive Wave Ch 13 Ch 9 PE
Ch 10 Conservation of Energy
Intensity of Sound 8
Doppler Effect
Standing Waves Ch 11 Momentum, Impulse and
9
Collissions
ROTATIONAL dynamics ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

SHM
Torques Angular Motion
Equation of Motion
Static Equilibrium Connection between linear
Simple Pendulum and
Dynamic Appln of Torque and angular quantities
Mass-Spring system
Angular Momentum
Prepared by Prof Madya Ahmad Abd Hamid, June 2013
Chapter 1
Introduction to Physics
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units of Chapter 1
• Physics and the Laws of Nature

• Units of Length, Mass, and Time
• Dimensional Analysis
• Significant Figures
• Converting Units
• Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
• Problem Solving in Physics

At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• Describe briefly about Physics and the
Laws of Nature
• State the basic and derived physical units
with their respective symbols and SI units
• Identify that the physical relations or
equations are dimensionally correct by
doing dimensional analysis
• record the number of significant figures
correctly
• perform conversions of units
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• Estimate the Order-of-Magnitude
Calculations
• List and use the techniques taught in
solving problem in Physics

Physics and the Laws of Nature
Physics
is the study of the fundamental laws of nature –
the laws that underlie all physical phenomena in
the universe.
and these laws can be expressed in terms of

mathematical equations.
precisely, it is possible to compare quantitatively

between the predictions (theory-derived from the
mathematical form) the experimental observations.
Physics is a science rooted equally firmly in

theory and experiment, and, as physicists make
new observations, they constantly test and – if –
necessary – refine the present theories.
Physics particularly fascinating due to the

fact that it relates to everything in the
universe.
All the complexity and variety that we see in

the world around us, and in the universe as a
whole, are manifestations of a few
fundamental laws and principles.

Physics may seem to be little more than a
confusing mass of formulas.
And these formulas can be the trees that block

the view of the forest.
For a physicist, the many formula of physics are

simply different way of expressing a few
fundamental ideas.
It is the forest - the basic law and principle of

physical phenomena in nature - that is the focus
of this text.
Fundamental Quantities and Their
Dimension
• Mechanics uses three fundamental
quantities
– Length [L]
– Mass [M]
– Time [T]
• Other physical quantities can be
constructed from these three.
Introduction
Physical
Quantities
BASIC DERIVED
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
•Basis of physical quantities •Combination of one or more

•Example : basic quantities.
* Basis of(m)
Length physical •Example :
quantities
Mass (kg) Area (m2)
* Combination of
Time (s) Volume
one or more
(m3)basic
Temperature (K) Velocity
quantity (ms
quantities
-1)
Electric current (A) Acceleration (ms-2)

1-1 Units of Length, Mass, and Time
SI units of length (L), mass (M), time (T):
Length: the meter
Mass: the kilogram
Time: the second

1.1.1 Physical Quantities and Units
• Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured.
• It can be categorized into 2 types
– Basic (base) quantity
– Derived quantity
• Basic quantity is defined as a quantity which cannot be derived from any
physical quantities.
Basic quantities
Quantity Symbol SI Unit Symbol
Length l metre m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Temperature T/ kelvin K
Electric current I ampere A
Amount of substance N mole mol

• Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be expressed
in term of base quantity.
Derived quantity Symbol Formulae Unit

Velocity v s/t m s-1
Volume V lwt M3
Acceleration a v/t m s-2
Density  m/V kg m-3
Momentum p mv kg m s-1

Force F ma kg m s-2 @ N
Work W Fs kg m2 s-2 @ J

Units of Length, Mass, and Time




1.1.2 Dimensional Analysis
In physic, when we speak of the

dimension of a physical quantity, we
refer to the type of quantity in question,
regardless of the units used in the
measurement.
For example, a distance measured in

cubits and another distance measured in
light-years both have the same
dimension - length.

The same is true of compound units

such as velocity, which has the
dimensions of length per unit time
(length/time).
A velocity measured in miles per hour

has the same dimensions - Iength/time -
as one measured in inches per century.

Now, any valid formula in physics must be
dimensionally consistent; that is, each term in
the equation must have the same dimension.
To check the dimensional consistency of an

equation, it is convenient to introduce a special
notation for the dimension of a quantity.
We will use square bracket, [ ], for this purpose.

Thus , if x represent a distance, which has a
dimension of length [L], we write this as
x  L
Similarly, a velocity, v, has dimension of length
per time [T]; thus we write
v
L
T
to indicate its dimension.
Acceleration, a, which is the change in velocity
per time, has the dimension
L
T  L
a  2
T T
 
Let's use this notation to check the dimensional
consistency of a simple equation.
Consider the following formula:
x  xo  vt
In this equation, x and xo represent distances, v is
a velocity, and t is time.
Writing out the dimensions of each term, we have
L
L  L  T
T
It might seem at first that the last term has
different dimensions than the other two.
However, dimensions obey the same rules of

algebra as other quantities.
Thus the dimensions of time cancel in the last
term:
L
L  L  T  L  L
T
As a result, we see that each term in this
formula has the same dimensions.
This type of calculation with dimensions is
referred to as dimensional analysis.

Dimensional analysis is the checking of
dimensions of all quantities in an equation to
ensure that those which are added, subtracted, or
equated have the same dimensions.
Example: Is this the correct equation for velocity?
Check the dimensions:
Wrong!
Copyright
Copyright ©© 2010
2009 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc. Inc.
• Any valid physical formula must be dimensionally
consistent – each term must have the same dimensions
From the table:

Distance = velocity × time
Velocity = acceleration × time
Energy = mass × (velocity)2

1.1.3 Conversion of Units
Converting feet to meters:

1 m = 3.281 ft (this is a conversion factor)
Or:
1 = 1 m / 3.281 ft
Therefore, 316 ft × (1 m / 3.281 ft) = 96.3 m
Note that the units cancel properly
– this is the key to using the conversion factor
correctly!

1.1.3 Converting Units
EXAMPLE 1-2 A HIGH-VOLUME WAREHOUSE
A warehouse is 20.0 yards long, 10.0 yards wide, and 15.0 ft high. What
is its volume in SI units?
PICTURE THE PROBLEM

In our sketch we picture the warehouse, and indicate the relevant lengths
for each of its dimensions.
STRATEGY
We begin by converting the length, width, and height of the warehouse
to meters. Once this is done, the volume in S1 units is simply the product
of the three dimensions.

1.1.3 Converting Units
SOLUTION
1. Convert the length of the warehouse to meters:
2. Convert the width to meters:
3. Convert the height to meters:
4. Calculate the volume of the warehouse:

Exercises :
• Convert
• (a) 45 cm - ? km
• (b) 35 km/hr – ? m/s
• (c) 20 kg.m-3 = ? g.cm-3

CONVERSION OF UNITS
• 45 cm = ? km
 1m  1km 
45 cm  45 cm x   
 100 cm  1000 m 
45 cm  45x10 km
5
45 cm  4.5x10 4
km

CONVERSION OF UNITS
• 35 km.hr-1 = ? m.s-1
35 km 35 km  1000 m  1hr  1min 

    
1 hr 1hr  1 km  60 min  60 s 
35 km  35x1000  m
 
1hr  60x60  s
35 km.hr 1  9.72 ms1

CONVERSION OF UNITS
• 20 kg.m-3 = ? g.cm-3
20 kg 20 kg  1000 g  1m 
3
 
3 
 
1m 3
1m  1kg  100 cm 

20 kg 20 kg 1000 g
 


1m 
3
3 
1m 3
1m  1kg  100 cm3
20 kg  20 x1000  g
 
 
3 3
1m 100 x100 x100 cm
20 kg.m 3  2 x10  2 g.cm 3
1.1.4 Significant Figures
The rules for identifying significant digits when

writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:
• All non-zero digits are considered significant.

For example, 91 has two significant digits
(9 and 1), while 123.45 has five significant
digits (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
• Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-

zero digits are significant. Example: 101.12
has five significant digits: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2.

• Leading zeros are not significant. For
example, 0.00052 has two significant digits: 5
and 2.
• Trailing zeros in a number containing a

decimal point are significant.
• For example, 12.2300 has six significant

digits: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number
0.000122300 still has only six significant digits
(the zeros before the 1 are not significant).
• In addition, 120.00 has five significant digits.

• This convention clarifies the precision of such

numbers; for example, if a result accurate to
four decimal places is given as 12.23 then it
might be understood that only two decimal
places of accuracy are available.
• Stating the result as 12.2300 makes clear that

it is accurate to four decimal places.

• The significance of trailing zeros in a number

not containing a decimal point can be
ambiguous.
• For example, it may not always be clear if a

number like 1300 is accurate to the nearest
unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an
exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only
shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding
or uncertainty.

EXAMPLE 1-1 IT'S THE TORTOISE BY A HARE
A tortoise races a rabbit by walking with a constant speed of 2.51 cm/s for
12.23 s. How much distance does the tortoise cover?
PICTURE THE PROBLEM

The race between the rabbit and the tortoise is shown in our sketch. The
rabbit pauses to eat a carrot while the tortoise walks with a constant
speed.
STRATEGY
The distance covered by the tortoise is the speed of the tortoise
multiplied by the time during which it walks.
SOLUTION
Multiply the speed by the time to find the distance d:
d = (speed)*(time ) = (2.51 cm/s)(12.23 s) = 30.7 cm
INSIGHT
Notice that if we simply multiply 2.51 cm/s by 12.23 s, we obtain
30.6973 cm.
We don't give all of these digits in our answer, however.
In particular, because the quantity that is known with the least

accuracy (the speed) has only three significant figures, we give a
result with three significant figures.
Note, in addition, that the third digit in our answer has been rounded
up from 6 to 7.

• accuracy of measurements is limited
• significant figures: the number of digits in a
quantity that are known with certainty
• number of significant figures after multiplication
or division is the number of significant figures in
the least-known quantity
• when physical quantities are added or
subtracted, the number of decimal places after
addition or subtraction is equal to the smallest
number of decimal places in any of the individual
terms.
Scientific Notation
• Leading or trailing zeroes can make it hard to
determine number of significant figures: 2500,
0.000036
• Each of these has two significant figures
• Scientific notation writes these as a number from 1-
10 multiplied by a power of 10, making the number of
significant figures much clearer:
2500 = 2.5 X 103
If we write 2.50 x 103, it has three significant figures
0.000036 = 3.6 x 10-5

Round-off error:
The last digit in a calculated number may vary
depending on how it is calculated, due to rounding off
of insignificant digits
Example:
$2.21 + 8% tax = $2.3868, rounds to $2.39
$1.35 + 8% tax = $1.458, rounds to $1.49
Sum: $2.39 + $1.49 = $3.88
$2.21 + $1.35 = $3.56
$3.56 + 8% tax = $3.84

PREFIXES
Example :
• 2000 m = 2 x 103 m = 2 km
• 0.005 m = 5 x 10-3 m = 5 mm
• 45 000 000 bytes = 45 x 106 bytes

= 45 Mbytes
• 0.00000008 s = 80 x 10-9 s = 80 ns
• 200 mA = 200 x 10-3 A

PREFIXES
• Used to simplify big numbers.
• Replace powers of ten.
POWER PREFIX ABBREV.

x 10-12 pico p
x 10-9 nano n
x 10-6 micro 

x 10-3 milli m
x 10-2 centi c
x 103 kilo k
x 106 Mega M
x 109 Giga G
x 1012 Tera T

1.1.5 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
Why are estimates useful?

1. as a check for a detailed calculation – if your answer
is very different from your estimate, you’ve probably
made an error
2. to estimate numbers where a precise calculation
cannot be done



Problem Solving in Physics
No recipe or plug-and-chug works all the time, but here
are some guidelines:
1. Read the problem carefully
2. Sketch the system
3. Visualize the physical process
4. Strategize
5. Identify appropriate equations
6. Solve the equations
7. Check your answer
8. Explore limits and special cases

Summary of Chapter 1
• Physics is based on a small number of laws and

principles
• Units of length are meters; of mass, kilograms; and of
time, seconds
• All terms in an equation must have the same
dimensions
• The result of a calculation should have only as many
significant figures as the least accurate measurement
used in it

Summary of Chapter 1
• Convert one unit to another by multiplying by their

ratio
• Order-of-magnitude calculations are designed to be

accurate within a power of 10
• Problem solving: read, sketch, visualize, strategize,

identify equations, solve, check, explore limits

MIND BOGGLER
Use digits 1 to 9 (once) and place them in

the boxes so that the sum horizontally,
vertically and diagonally would be 15.

MIND BOGGLER
2 7 6
9 5 1
4 3 8

MIND BOGGLER
8 4 3
1 9 5
6 2 7


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FOUNDATION PHYSICS I

Temperature and Heat

ROTATIONAL dynamics ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Physics and the Laws of Nature

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

and these laws can be expressed in terms of

precisely, it is possible to compare quantitatively

Physics is a science rooted equally firmly in

Physics particularly fascinating due to the

All the complexity and variety that we see in

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

And these formulas can be the trees that block

For a physicist, the many formula of physics are

It is the forest - the basic law and principle of

•Basis of physical quantities •Combination of one or more

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass: the kilogram

Time: the second

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Derived quantity Symbol Formulae Unit

Density  m/V kg m-3

Momentum p mv kg m s-1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

In physic, when we speak of the

For example, a distance measured in

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The same is true of compound units

A velocity measured in miles per hour

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

To check the dimensional consistency of an

We will use square bracket, [ ], for this purpose.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

However, dimensions obey the same rules of

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Check the dimensions:

From the table:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Converting feet to meters:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

PICTURE THE PROBLEM

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Convert the length of the warehouse to meters:

2. Convert the width to meters:

3. Convert the height to meters:

4. Calculate the volume of the warehouse:

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

35 km 35 km  1000 m  1hr  1min 

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The rules for identifying significant digits when