Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diseño de Redes
Diseño de Redes
What Is Design?
1
Design Principles
2
Network Design Is an
Ongoing Process
Determining Requirements
3
Requirements and
restrictions related to
business issues
– Budget Capital (for new equipment) and operating (for ongoing
expenses).
– Schedule This could include the phasing out of older applications,
hiring of new personnel, and so forth.
– People Considerations include who will install and operate the
network, what skills they have, whether they require training,
whether any of these tasks will be outsourced, and so forth.
– Legal Issues include any restrictions on the use and storage of
data collected, whether the organization has contractual
obligations or opportunities related to the network (for example,
long-term maintenance or lease contracts), and so forth.
– History Factors include examining the existing network's structure
and determining whether any person or group will block changes
or additions.
– Policies Consider whether current organizational policies might
restrict the network design.
As when used for a building, a modular design for a network has many
benefits, including the following:
• It is easier to understand and design smaller, simpler modules rather than
an entire network.
• It is easier to troubleshoot smaller elements compared to the entire
network.
• The reuse of blocks saves design time and effort, as well as
implementation time and effort.
• The reuse of blocks allows the network to grow more easily, providing
network scalability.
• It is easier to change modules rather than the entire network, providing
flexibility of design.
4
Hierarchical Network
Design
.
Hierarchical Network
Design
.
5
Modular Network Design
As when used for a building, a modular design for a network has many
benefits, including the following:
• It is easier to understand and design smaller, simpler modules rather than
an entire network.
• It is easier to troubleshoot smaller elements compared to the entire
network.
• The reuse of blocks saves design time and effort, as well as
implementation time and effort.
• The reuse of blocks allows the network to grow more easily, providing
network scalability.
• It is easier to change modules rather than the entire network, providing
flexibility of design.
Hierarchical Network
Design
6
Hierarchical Network
Design
Wireless Networks
7
Wireless Networks
Wireless Network
Applications
• Basic Configurations
• Internet Access
• Voice over Wireless
• Inventory Control
• Health Care
• Education
• Real Estate
• Utilities
• Vending
• Public Networks
• Location-Based Services
8
Wireless Networks
Categories
Comparison of Wireless
Network Types
9
Wireless PANs
Wireless LANS
• rates of up to 54 Mbps
• IEEE 802.11
• 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz frequency ba
10
Wireless MANS
• IEEE 802.16
• IEEE 802.11
Wireless WANS
11
Wireless PAN Components
• User Devices
• Radio NICs
• USB Adapters
• Routers
• Streaming Multimedia
• Control
• Printing
• Internet Connections
12
Wireless PAN Technologies
Bluetooth
13
Wireless LANs: Networks for
Buildings and Campuses
• User Devices
• Radio NICs
• Access Points
• Routers
• Repeaters
• Antennae
14
Wireless LAN Systems
• 802.11
– 802.11 MAC Layer
– Scanning
– Authentication
– Association
– WEP /WAP
– RTS/CTS
– Power Save Mode
– Fragmentation
• 802.11 Physical Layers
– 802.11a
– 802.11b
– 802.11g
• WiFi
– is an international nonprofit organization focusing on the marketing and
interoperability of 802.11 wireless LAN products
15
Wireless MANs: Networks for
Connecting Buildings and
Remote Areas
• Bridges
– Basic Ethernet-to-Wireless Bridges
– Bridges Versus Access Points
– Workgroup Bridges
• Directional Antennae
– Semidirectional Antennae
– Highly Directional Antennae
16
Wireless MAN Systems
• Point-to-Point Systems
• Point-to-Multipoint System
17
WiMax
WiMax
18
WiMax y WiFi
WiMAX y WiFi
19
Wireless WANs: Networks for
Worldwide Connections
• Wireless WANs satisfy needs for networking over vast distances, such as
countries and continents. In most cases, wireless WANs offer connections
while away from the office, home, and the indoor public wireless LANs.
Wireless WANs do provide coverage inside buildings, but performance in
these areas is often much less than when operating outside.
• Radio NICs
• Base Stations
• Antennae
20
Wireless WAN Systems
Wireless WAN
Technologies
21
Tecnologías xDSL
Qué es DSL?
22
Tecnologías DSL32
Tecnologías xDSL
23
Tecnologías DSL
Tecnologías xDSL.
Modos de Transmisión en
xDSL
IP
VD SL Asymmetric
ATM ADSL
G.SHDSL
Symmetric
TDM
IDSL / HDSL / SDSL / MDSL
24
Tecnologías xDSL
Service Line Coding Telephony Applications
Digital Telephony
IDSL 2B1Q Digital telephony on a single BRI channel
1Internet Access
1Video Conferences
T1/E1, FT1/FE1 service
1LAN/WAN Interconnection
HDSL 2B1Q Digital telephony in 64 kbps channel
1Fiber Extension Access
1Intranet
LAN/WAN Interconnection
MSDSL CAP Digital telephony in 64 kbps channel
1Intranet
T1/E1, FT1/FE1 service
1LAN/WAN Interconnection
SHDSL TC-PAM 16 Digital telephony in 64 kbps channel
1Intergrated Access Device (IAD)
1Intranet
Internet Access
1Remote LAN access
ADSL QAM, CAP, DMT Analog POTS 1Video on Demand
1Interactive Multimedia
1Intranet
Same as ADSL
QAM, CAP, DMT, ISDN, and
VDSL 1HDTV
DWMT Analog POTS
1Other Multimedia Service
Evolución de Accesos de
Adonodo
25
Avance en Códigos de
Línea
26
Qué es SHDSL?
27
G.SHDSL - Generalidades
Qué es ADSL?
28
ADSL: Asymmetric DSL
• 1,5 a 8 Mbps down / 16 Kbps a 1 Mbps up
• Emplea un solo par de cobre
• Alcance hasta 3 Km (aprox.)
Tecnología ADSL
29
Tecnología ADSL
ADSL - Generalidades
30
Esquema de Interconexión de
una Red ADSL
Enlace ADSL
31
Equipamiento en una Red ADSL
32
SPLITER
RADSL
33
ADSL Lite (G.Lite)
ADSL2 / ADSL2 +
34
Codificación en ADSL
• DMT:Discrete MultiTone
DMT
35
DSLAM
DSLAM ATM
36
DSLAM ATM
37
DSLAM Lucent Stinger FS+
38
BAS JUNIPER ERX1440
CABLE Modems
39
Cable Industry Broadband Advantages
• Capacity
MPEG
– Multiple Gigabits services
• Interactivity
– MPEG/IP (video, data, voice)
• Security
– It’s a service, not just technology IP
services
• Management
– Providing end-to-end services
40
Global Broadband Subscribers*
Top ten broadband countries by penetration: Q2 - Q3 2004
Source: Point Topic Ltd., World Broadband Statistics
Cable Architecture
New Services
Opportunities PacketCable DOCSIS CableHome
•HVAC control
•Fire sense & control
•Security
•Air quality monitoring CM
CM
MPEG Services •Child monitoring CMTS CM
•Energy management, etc.
CM
CM
Operator Core Operator
Aggregation CMTS CM
Backbone
network CM
•Remote file sharing CM CM
IP Services •Shared calendar CMTS CM
•Unified messaging
•Managed services CM
Core Network Aggregation Network Access Network
Operator administered
41
DOCSIS Solid Gold
• DOCSIS
– Open standards process in the ITU and SCTE
– Based on member requirements
– Managed by operators for global use
– Multi-supplier support and cost advantages
• 1000+ vendors have signed the DOCSIS NDA
• 85+ vendors have received certification or qualification
– Low cost, consumer-oriented brand
• DOCSIS is fundamental technology
– PacketCable
– CableHome
– Scalable, Manageable, Interoperable
– Catalyst for development of new cable services
42
DOCSIS 1.1
Overview
• Interoperable with DOCSIS 1.0, plus more…
– Access to bandwidth at high data rates or lower latency adds more value
• Enhanced “Quality of Service” (QoS)
– Guarantees and/or limits for data rates
– Guarantees for latency
• Improved security - designed to reduce possibility of “theft of service,
provide secure software downloading.”
• Interoperability - DOCSIS 1.0 and DOCSIS 1.1 cable modems and
CMTSs on the same plant. Better operation and OSS features
• Transmit Equalization - more robust transmission
43
Moving DOCSIS Forward
44
DOCSIS Summary
Broadband 1.0
(Data, Voice, Video)
Cable has bandwidth & interactivity resources that have not been exploited
45
Broadband Platform
OCAP/ PacketCable™ DOCSIS® CableHome™
Services
Home Devices
Home
Backbone HFC
Net
Broadband Roadmap
New Service Offerings
Win-Win Business Plan Multimedia
Future-proof Architecture Services
Core Packaged
Technology Services
Personalized
Services
DOCSIS®
PacketCable™
DOCSIS 2.0
Symmetric services
CableHome™
46
How Cable Modems Work
Picasso Einstein Leonard
Headend
Fiber
Node
Rosie
Coax
Fiber
Node
Coax
Coaxial
Cable
Jimmy Mom
Legend
Pad
Grandpa
Amplifier
Splitter
Tap Junior
Set-Top
Box
Cable Modem
RF QAM
Control Logic
Tuner Demodulator
Data and
QPSK/QAM MAC
Modulator
47
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Cable Modems
Advantages of Cable Modems
–Existing cable TV systems offer plenty of available
bandwidth for both upstream and downstream traffic.
–A cable TV infrastructure upgrade with hybrid fiber-
coaxial (HFC) has addressed many of the existing
service bottlenecks.
Disadvantages of Cable Modems
–Cable modems almost always require an overhaul of
the existing cable infrastructure, an expensive
undertaking for smaller providers.
–Cable modems exist in a shared-media structure, so
the more users that come on the network the less
bandwidth is available for users.
MetroEthernet
48
MetroEthernet
Ethernet
Historia y
estándares
49
Qué es ethernet?
Se basa en los
estándares 802.3 de
IEEE
suplemento año descripción
802.3a 1985 Original 802.3: 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 10BROAD-36
802.3c 1986 Especificaciones de repetidores
802.3d 1987 FOIRL (enlace de fibra)
802.3i 1990 10Base-T Ethernet sobre par trenzado de cobre
802.3j 1993 10Base-F Ethernet sobre fibra
802.3u 1995 100Mbps Ethernet
802.3x e 802.3y 1997 operación full duplex
802.3z 1998 1000Base-X (Gigabit Ethernet)
802.3ab 1999 1000Base-T (GE sobre par trenzado)
802.3ac 1998 Extensiones de trama (hasta 1522 bytes) para VLANs
802.3ad 2000 link aggregation
802.3ae 2002 10 GE
802.3af 2003 PoE (Power over Ethernet). Hasta 15W
802.3ah 2004 Ethernet in First Mile
802.3an 10 Gbase-T (en draft)
Bridging en 802.1D
802.1w Cambios y mejoras en el spanning tree
802.1s Múltiples spanning trees
50
Estándares de
ethernet sobre
optico
• ITU-T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
• ITU-T X.86 Link Access Protocol (LAPS)
• ITU-T H.707 Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
• ITU-T G.7042 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
• Otros:
• IEEE 802.1X Port Based Network Access Control
• IEEE 802.1D Ethernet switching
• IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN (VLAN)
• IEEE 802.1P Priorización de tráfico a nivel 2
• IETF: MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
• IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
• Ver:
– http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/
– http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/1/
51
802.1Q/P
3 1 12
User Priority CFI Bits of VLAN ID (VIDI) to identify possible VLANs
• User Priority- Defines user priority, giving eight (2^3) priority levels. IEEE 802.1P defines the operation for
these 3 user priority bits.
• CFI- Canonical Format Indicator is always set to zero for Ethernet switches. CFI is used for compatibility reason
between Ethernet type network and Token Ring type network. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI
set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to an untagged port.
• VID- VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN, which is basically used by the standard 802.1Q. It has 12 bits
and allow the identification of 4096 (2^12) VLANs. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to identify
priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094.
• Length/Type- 2 bytes. This field indicates either the number of MAC-client data bytes that are contained in the
data field of the frame, or the frame type ID if the frame is assembled using an optional format.
• Data- Is a sequence of nbytes (48=< n =<1500) of any value. The total frame minimum is 64bytes.
• Frame check sequence (FCS)- 4 bytes. This sequence contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value,
which is created by the sending MAC and is recalculated by the receiving MAC to check for damaged frames.
Foros involucrados
• IEEE
– http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/index.html
• ITU-T (Study Group 15)
– Adaptar ethernet a redes de transporte SDH y MPLS
– http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com15/index.asp
• IETF
– Emulación de enlaces ethernet y LAN´s sobre redes de conmutación de
paquetes
– http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mpls-charter.html
• Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)
– Definir los servicios ethernet así como sus atributos y parámetros
– http://www.metroethernetforum.org
52
Servicios
Servicios
Metropolitanos
53
Qué es Metro
Ethernet?
SONET/SDH
RPR Oficina
Sede Central Remota 1
DWDM/CWDM
Ethernet
MPLS/IP (VPLS)
10 Mbps
Oficina
Ethernet
Remota 2
Red
Metro Ethernet 10 Mbps
100 Mbps Ethernet
del Proveedro
Ethernet de Servicios
10 Mbps
Ethernet
• Red Metro Ethernet: Cualquier red destinada a suministrar
servicios Metro Ethernet.
Oficina
• En general el término Metro Ethernet se aplica a redes de
operador. Remota 3
• Servicios Metro Ethernet: Servicios de conectividad MAN/WAN
de nivel 2 a través de UNIs Ethernet
• La red del proveedor puede implementarse con varias opciones
de transporte
54
Metro Ethernet:
Revolución o
Evolución?
• Preguntas:
– Cómo puede Metro Ethernet afectar al diseño y desarrollo de las redes
empresariales?
– Qué aporta Metro Ethernet a las redes de empresa?
• Respuestas:
– No afecta en absoluto; se puede mantener la misma estructura y
jerarquía.
– Metro Ethernet permite que las aplicaciones determinen el ancho de
banda. Incrementar el ancho de banda, facilmente escalable.
– Los tipos de servicios dictarán las consideraciones de diseño.
Metro Ethernet y L2
VPN
55
Aspectos claves en
el diseño de la red
Clasificación de
tecnologías y servicios
Metro Ethernet
Servicios
Tecnologías
Optical
EoMPLS VPLS RPR EoS CWDM/DWDM
Ethernet
SDH EFM E-PON Fibra UTP Línea de cobre
56
Evolución de
Ethernet
Casa Acceso Distribución Metro Metro Core
Residencial
MDU
ATM ADSL ATM ATM
T1/E1 SONET/SDH SONET/SDH Global
FR Internet
ATM
STU
Empresa
MTU
57
Metro Ethernet
Forum
• Misión
– Acelerar la adopción de la tecnología y servicios Ethernet a nivel de
operador
• Objetivos
1. Build consensus and unite service providers, equipment
vendors and end customers on Ethernet service definition,
technical specifications and interoperability.
2. Facilitate implementation of existing and new standards,
Ethernet service definition, test procedures and technical
specifications of the MEF to allow delivery of Ethernet services
and make Ethernet-based metro networks carrier class.
3. Enhance worldwide awareness of the benefits of Ethernet
services and Ethernet based metro transport networks.
Competencias del
MEF y prioridades
58
Servicio Ethernet –
Modelo de referencia
• Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta a través de UNI
• CE puede ser un
– router CE
UNI
– Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)
Metro
Ethernet
• UNI (User Network Interface) Network
– Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY and MAC (MEN) CE
– 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps UNI
– Soporte de varias clases de servicio (QoS) CE
• NNI en un futuro
Servicio Ethernet –
Modelo (2)
59
Servicio Ethernet –
Modelo (3)
• Multiplexación de servicios
– Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:
• Hay varios clientes en una sóla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI)
• Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente
• Transparencia de VLAN
– Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador de la
VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch)
– En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia
• “Bundling”
– Más de una VLAN de cliente está asociada al EVC en una UNI
• Etc.
Atributos
• Atributos de UNI: (
– identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etc)
– Atributo de soporte de VLAN tag
– Atributo de multiplexación de servicio
– Bundling attribute
– Security filters attribute
– etc
• Atributos de EVC:
– Parámetros de tráfico (CIR, PIR, in, out, etc)
– Parámetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc)
– Parámetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc)
– Atributo de Service frame delivery
– Unicast frame delivery
– Multicast frame delivery
– etc
60
Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
Point-to-Point
Ethernet Virtual Circuits Servers
(EVC)
IP Voice UNI
IP PBX
CE Metro
Data Ethernet
Network
CE
1 or more
UNIs Video
IP Voice
UNI
CE
Data
Servicio Ethernet
Line (E-Line)
• Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó con un ancho de
banda compartido.
61
Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
Ethernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC) Servers
IP Voice
UNI
UNI
Data IP PBX
CE Metro
Ethernet CE
Network
IP Voice
UNI CE IP Voice
CE UNI
Data
Data
Servicio Ethernet
LAN (E-LAN)
• Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó con un ancho de
banda compartido.
• EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN
– Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o más UNI´s, con un
ancho de banda dedicado.
• EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
– Otros nombres:
• VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service
• TLS: Transparent Lan Service
• VPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network
– La separación de clientes vía encapsulación: las etiquetas de VLAN´s del
proveedor no son suficientes (4096)
– Es el servicio más rentable desde el punto de vista del proveedor.
62
Clasificación de Metro
Ethernet Services L2/3
CE
Metro Ethernet Service UNI
CE UNI
EPL EVC1 CE
UNI
Conectividad dentro de MEN (EWS)
CE UNI EVC2
Private Line Service
UNI CE
UNI EVC3
L2/3
PtP EVC
(VPWS, PW, ELS, VLL) VLAN 1 CE
VLAN 2 UNI
ERS L3 VLAN 3
CE EVC1
(ERS) UNI
CE
EVC2
A EVC FR Multiplexed EVC3 ISP POP
UNI Router
UNI
Service Interface CE CE
LAN Extension UNI
Physical port/ UNI
Logical port (VLAN) L2/3
CE
(EMS)
MPtMP EVC EVC1
CE CE
(VPLS, E-LAN Service, TLS) UNI
UNI
ISP POP
CE Router
CE
ERMS UNI UNI
A EVC (ERMS) CE
L3 EVC1
CE CE
UNI
EVC2
Service Multiplexed UNI
Servicios metro-
ethernet
Aplicación
Almacena Acceso a VPN Telefonía
sobre CESoE VoD
miento Internet ethernet IP
ethernet
Servicio de
Servicios E-Line y E-LAN
conectividad
(virtual y privado, MAN y WAN)
ethernet
Tecnología de Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
suministro de sobre fibra sobre SDH
ethernet sobre RPR sobre MPLS sobre xWDM
óptica (NGN)
63
What’s Carrier Ethernet
Protection
• 50ms Protection
• End to End Path Protection
• Aggregated Line & Node Protection
Scalability
• Services and Bandwidth
• 100,000’s of EVC’s Hard QoS
• From Mbps to x10Gbps • Guaranteed end to end SLA
• End to End CIR and EIR
• Business, Mobile, Residential
Carrier
Ethernet
Service
Management
• Fast service creation TDM Support
• Carrier class OAM capabilities • Seamless integration of TDM
• Customer Network Management (CNM) • Circuit Emulation Services
• Support existing voice applications
64
Especificaciones del
MEF
MetroEthernet
y tecnologías de
transporte
65
Tecnologías para
transporte los
servicios ethernet
Aplicación
Almacena Acceso a VPN Telefonía
sobre CESoE VoD
miento Internet ethernet IP
ethernet
Servicio de
Servicios E-Line y E-LAN
conectividad
(virtual y privado, MAN y WAN)
ethernet
Tecnología de Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
suministro de sobre fibra sobre SDH
ethernet sobre RPR sobre MPLS sobre xWDM
óptica (NGN)
CWDM
DWDM
66
Servicio Ethernet
LAN (E-LAN)
Ejemplo de Transparent
LAN Service usando
el tipo de servicio E-LAN
Transparent LAN Service
• El servicio suministra VLANs
Sales
– Conectividad Intra-company Customer Service
Engineering
– Total transparencia de los
protocolos de control (BPDUs) Multipoint-to-
UNI 1 Multipoint EVC
• Se pueden añadir VLANs
– Sin intervención del proveedor UNI
2
67
Metro tecnologías...
Q-in-Q
CPE
scheduling Limitación de
MAC A 100 100 MAC G
100
100 100
100
direcciones MAC
MAC F MAC H
No se puede reservar
802.1q tagged VLAN
A Broadcast Domain over
ESP network Bandwidth en el
Metro Ethernet Network
= Secure Tunnel
backbone (end-to-end)
MAC M MAC N No permite traffic
MAC
-
VLAN type VLAN ID
tagged 100
Port
1, 2
engineering en el BB
- tagged
……….
200 1, 3
(STP Path)
A
B
2
1 Tiempo de recuperación
C 2
………. lento (STP, RSTP, EAPS)
EoS
69
MPLS
VPLS-MPLS
70
Conclusión
71