AMINO ACID

Monomer in making proteins Translation Process

Code for protein is embedded in the DNA
Transcription Process
 Copying process that occurs in the nucleus
 Copes section of DNA using mRNA to code for a
certain protein
 RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and puts RNA
nucleotides into place
 After the pairing (G-C, A-U)  forms mRNA
 mRNA moves out of the nucleus from the
nucleus pore to cytoplasm
 Long duplicate copy = messenger RNA
Called messenger bec DNA cant go out of nucleus
Translation Process
mRNA -> cytoplasm -> ribosome -> binds with it & reads
it
tRNA comes & brings the specific amino acid needed
 Ribosome reads mRNA & pairs it with the
corresponding amino acid
 mRNA attaches to a ribosome and start codon
must be read
 The next tRNA molecule moves in and matches
with the mRNA codon while the amino acids
form a peptide bond
 The previous tRNA detaches and mRNA
shifts/moves for the tRNA molecule to come in
 The protein grows until a STOP codon is
reached.
 The protein is formed and ready to finish folding
to become functional
Triplet Code (Codon)
 Determines what amino acid is needed
CAC = GUG
AUG – always the starting codon
Peptide bond – bond between proteins
Process – condensation/dehydration

After completing sequencing, folding starts

DNA CTAGGCATGCAATGC
mRNA (Codon) GAUCCGUACGUUACG
tRNA (Anti – Codon) CUAGGCAUGCAAUGC
Amino Acid Met – Asp – Pro – Tyr – Val – Thr - UAA

Amino Acids in the human body

ESSENTIAL Amino Acids – Obtained form nutrition
1. Leucine 4. Histidine 7. **Phenylalanine
2. Isoleucine – isomer of Leu 5. Lysine 8. Threonine
3. Valine 6. Methionine 9. Tryptophan

NON-ESSENTIAL Amino Acids – Synthesized by the body

1. Alanine 5. Cysteine 9. Proline
2. Arginine 6. Glutamine 10. Serine
3. Asparagine 7. Glutamic acid 11. Tyrosine
4. Aspartic acid 8. Glycine

Side chain/Extreme side – will react w/ water; determining factor

Carbon, Hydrogen – most common bec organic molecule
Amino Acid Groups
Group Characteristics Names
Non-polar Hyrdrophobic Ala, Val, Leu, Ile,
CH In the middle Pro, Phe, Try, Met
Polar Hydrophyllic (non-charged) Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys,
OS Outside amino acids Tyr, Asn, Gln
Acidic Negatively charged Asp, Glu
COO
Basic Positively charged Lys, Arg, His
N

Side chain/Extreme side – will react w/ water; determining factor

Carbon, Hydrogen – most common bec organic molecule
 LIPIDS
 Organic compounds
 Formed from alcohol & fatty acids combined
together by ester linkage
 Insoluble in water
 Soluble in fat/organic solvents (ether,
chloroform, benzene, acetone)
 Include fats, oils, waxes & phospholipids,
steroids & related compounds
 Widely distributed in nature (plants & animals)
Slower metabolism when older
1. Cell loses a # of its mitochondria
2. Loses muscle density
B. STEROIDS
 Organic compounds that contain 4 rings of
Carbon atoms (3 hexa; 1 penta)

FUNCTIONS
Structural building material
 Cell membrane is composed of lipo-protein
molecules
Source of Energy
 Contain twice the amount of energy due to
greater # of C-H bonds as compared to carbs &
proteins
Insulator
 Lipids provide insulation to various organs of
animals & act as lubricants Cholesterol – precursor for the synthesis of other
Regulation of vital chemical reactions steroids
 Hormones w/c are steroids regulate many vital 1. Estradiol – estrogen
processes in plants & animals 2. Testosterone – male hormone
3. Progesterone – female hormone
4 CATEGORIES 4. Cortisol – stress hormone
A. Triglycerides 5. Aldosterone – conserve sodium, secretion of
B. Steroids potassium, water retention & stabilize blood
C. Phospholipids pressure
D. Waxes All these hormones are made in the body; they just need
raw materials
A. TRIGLYCERIDES
1. Fats – solid at room temp; used by animals Vitamin D – Middleman of calcium & bones
2. Oils – liquid at room temp; used by plants  Calcium absorption of bones

Structural formula Triglycerides & Steroids are diff but why are they under
 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids through dehydration lipids?
synthesis = Triglycerides They share the same properties
 Hydrophobic
Fatty Acids  Not soluble in water
Acid Grp – Hydro-carbon chains – Methyl Grp Most vitamins are fat-soluble
Fats C. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 Build cell membrane
 Make myelin sheaths – coating of nervous
system
 Insulate body
 Alternative fuel source

Saturated {monosaturated}
 All carbon is paired w/ H
all C is single bond = fully hydrogenated D. WAXES
Unsaturated – Healthiest {polyunsaturated}  Earwax – protects eardrum
 Double bond (more double bond = healthier)  Honeycomb
Trans – Deadliest  Leaves appearing w/ shiny coating – protects
 In a trans fat, the hydrogen atoms are bound on from water
opposite sides of the carbon in the fatty acids,  Birds’ feathers – protects from water during rain
giving the acids a straight structure
Waxes & steroids – function group is what matters
Adipocytes – stores fat thru the adipose tissues
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS
Lipid Composed of nucleotides (monomer), are very large &
 A fat-like molecule that doesn’t dissolve in water complex organic molecules that contain the genetic code
 Starts & ends in small intestine of living organisms
Bec fat doesn’t like water, it tends to clump together
When fat reaches small intestine, it hasn’t been digested
at all
Globs remain until bile mixes with the fat droplets

Liver produces bile (stored in gallbladder)

Bile contains Bile salts = emulsifier of lipids

Emulsify
 Break large fat droplets into smaller droplets
Pancreatic Lipase
 Fat- digesting enzyme

(Digestive products of)Pancreatic Lipase breaks down to

1. Free fatty acids
2. Monoglycerides

Endoplasmic Reticulum Differs in the nitrogenous base

 A system inside the cell that synthesizes & Nucleotide
transports lipids Components
(Breaks down for absorption of small intestine then they 1. Phosphate
are reassembled in the epithelial cells} 2. 5 C sugar
3. Nitrogenous base AGCT
Lymphatic system
 Where antibodies are produced for wounds  Linked together by dehydration
synthesis/polymerization reactions
 Digestion stars and ends in the small intestine Sugar phosphate backbone
 Bile contains bile salts, which act as an  Links nucleotides together, base/support
emulsifier of lipids. The term 'emulsify' means to Nitrogenous base
break large fat droplets into smaller droplets. - Ladder
(Produce: Liver ; Store: Gallbladder)
 The bile salts break up and coat the fat to form
much finer droplets. These finer droplets have
more surface area, and this aids digestion
because the fat-digesting enzyme pancreatic
lipase (digestive products) can only act on the
surface of the fat droplet.
 Bile in the gall bladder is dense
 The enzymes of the small intestine are
responsible for almost all of the fat digestion.
When pancreatic lipase acts on the lipid, it
Deoxy = oxygenated
breaks it down, which results in free fatty acids
and monoglycerides, the two digestive products
2 TYPES
of lipids.
1. DNA
 Blueprint, double, bigger, long chain
URACIL
2. RNA
 Protein synthesis, single, smaller, short
THYMINE
 DNA RNA The DNA Double Helix Discovery
Provides Delivers the msg  Maurice Wilkins used x-ray diffraction, a
Functions instructions for to the ribosomes technique that involved aiming x-rays at the DNA
making proteins to make proteins molecule. In King’s College in London, she took
Organic Photo 51 & collected data that was eventually
Nucleic Acid used by James Watson & Francis Crick.
Molecule
# of Strands Double stranded Single stranded  Photo 51 showed that DNA is a double helical
Deoxyribose structure, twisted like a ladder formed by 2
Sugar Ribose sugar strands of nucleotides.
sugar
Nitrogenous  After this finding, Watson & Crick determined the
A, G, C, T A, G, C, U components of the double helix.
Base
 In 1953, Watson & Crick published an article
Nucleus,
Location(s) Nucleus & regarding the structure of DNA & hypothesized a
chloroplast,
Found cytoplasm method for DNA replication. They carefully
mitochondria
analyzed all data & constructed a 3D model of
DNA for which they received a Nobel Prize in
Endosymbiotic Theory 1962.
 1 bacteria w/o a mitochondria lives in RNA
another bacteria w/ a mitochondria TYPES
 Bacteria w/o mitochondria gets energy from 1. Messenger RNA
bacteria w/ mitochondria  Makes a copy during transcription process
Central Dogma of Biology 2. Ribosomal RNA
DNA -> RNA -> Protein (Forms life)  Ribosome – made of 2 parts (ribosome &
ribosomal RNA)
Biomolecules Rank of Importance 3. Transfer RNA
1. Nucleic Acid  Ribosome reads mRNA (by 3 letters), each
2. Protein triplet code corresponds to an amino acid
3. Carbs  Code brought by mRNA Is translated &
4. Lipids
changed into amino acid
FUNCTIONS
DNA
mRNA
 Connected reversely
 Used as template to make proteins
 Double helix
 Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis
 Anti-parallel (opposite to each other) from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
 2 strands are held together by Hydrogen bonds rRNA
 Stores information needed to construct a protein  Makes up ribosomes
 Forms am important part of both subunits of the
A-T; C-G – complimentary base pairing & plays an ribosome
important role in replication of DNA Molecule tRNA
 Matches amino acids to make mRNA to help
RNA
make protein
 Less stable than DNA because it is single
 Carries amino acids to ribosomes & matches
stranded and doesn’t typically form a helix
them to coded mRNA message
 Regulates expression of information during
protein synthesis
ATP
 Modified (bec there’s 3 phosphate) nucleotide
that plays a central role in energy processing
 Temporary energy batteries for the cell
Components
1. Nitrogen base
2. 3 phosphate groups w/ high energy bonds

When energy is needed, the terminal phosphate is

removed releasing energy and forming adenosine
DIphosphate
 Loses phosphate = cant give out energy
 Cell cant use glucose so cell converts it to ATP

Double ring makes DNA stable