Core Subject Description: Earth and life sciences include all facets of earthly life,

such as complex and dynamic processes in the earth, continents, atmosphere, the
natural environment, including humans. This area of learning is designed to provide
a general background for understanding the science and biology of the earth. It also
analyze the structure, composition, and processes of the Earth. There are also
questions, issues, and problems related to natural hazards. Lastly it also addresses
the basic principles and processes. This includes the mechanisms and interactions
of life in the cell, organism, population and ecosystems level.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1. EARTH SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1: Origin and Structure of the Earth
PRETEST
A. The Universe
B. The Solar System (Theories on the Origin of the Solar System)
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 2. Earth and Earth System
PRETEST
A. Earth
B. The Earth System
POSTEST
CHAPTER 3. Minerals and Rocks
PRETEST
A. The Three main Categories of Rocks
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 4. Exogenic Processes
PRETEST
A. Weathering
B. Erosion
C. Mass Movement (Mass Wasting)
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 5. Endogenic Processes
PRETEST
A. Magma
B. How are magmas formed?
C. Types of Magma
D. Rock Deformation
POSTTEST

CHAPTER 6. Deformation of Crust

PRETEST
A. Continental Drift
 B. Formation of faults and folds
C. Seafloor spreading
D. The Structure and Evolution of Ocean basins
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 7. History of the Earth
PRETEST
A. Geologic Events
B. Fossil Records of Climate Change
C. Earth’ s Story
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 8. Geologic Processes and Hazards
A. Hazards due to Earthquake
B. Hazards due to Landslide
C. Hazards due to Volcano Eruptions
POSTTEST
CHAPTER 9. Hydrometeorological Phenomenon and Hazards
PRETEST
A. Hazards due to Tropical Cyclones
B. Hazards due to Tornadoes
C. Hazards due to Monsoons
POSTTEST

CHAPTER 10. Marine and Coastal Processes and Their Effect

PRETEST
A. Coastal Erosion
B. Marine and Coastal Processes
C. Greenhouse effect, Global Warming and Climate Change Connection
POSTTEST
 CHAPTER 1
Origin and Structure of the Earth: The Universe
and the Solar System
In this modern world, where advancement of technologies, machineries, hi-
techy gadgets, there are still many basic questions that we might ask. These
questions could be from the things that we usually see and observe in everyday life.
We ask ourselves: How did the universe originate? When do life start and originate?
What are the interesting ideas that we can found in studying the universe and solar
system? We shall answer and justify of these questions as we dig deeper in this
chapter.

bjectives
:
In this chapter learners must be able to:
1. Describe the structure and composition of the Universe;
2. Identify the heavenly bodies that revolves around the sun;
3. State the different hypothesis that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the Origin
of the Universe; and
4. Explain the Big Bang Theory

PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. A system which is made up of sun and the heavenly bodies that move around
is known as_____.
a. Lunar system
b. solar system
c. Space
d. galaxy
2. Heavenly bodies that revolves around the sun are called:
a. orbits
b. stars
c. planets
d. galaxies
3. Natural satellites of planets are:
a. moon
b. stars
 c. sun
d. space craft
4. The term “big bang” refers to:
a. Ultimate fate of the universe
b. Formation of planets
c. Supernova explosion
d. Origin of the universe
5. The following planets having rings around them, except one. Which planet?
a. Jupiter
b. Saturn
c. Uranus
d. Mars
6. One of the largest volcanos in our solar system, if not the largest, is named
Olympus Mons. Name the planet which has the volcano.
a. Jupiter
b. Saturn
c. Uranus
d. Mars
7. What is the correct order of the planets in the Solar System, starting closest to
the Sun?
a. Mars, Mercury, Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
b. Mercury, Mars, Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
c. Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
d. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

8. Which planet besides the earth has evidence of erosion by running water?
a. Mars
b. Mercury
c. Neptune
d. Uranus
9. What is the largest planet in the solar system?
a. Earth
b. Jupiter
c. Mars
d. Neptune
10. What is Io?
a. A comet
b. A moon of Jupiter
c. A protoplanet
d. An asteroid
 The

What is Universe?
Universe constitutes a systematic whole. It can be portrayed by a cluster of
objects interacting with each other. According to NASA (National Aeronautics and
Space Administration) the Universe is a big, open place. You are in the Universe.
Things you can't see are in it, too. The biggest stars are in it. Even the smallest
things on Earth are part of the Universe.
The term “the Universe” is derived from the Latin word “universum”, which
was used by Roman statesman Cicero and later Roman authors to refer to the world
and the cosmos as they knew it. This consisted of the Earth and all living creatures
that dwelt therein, as well as the Moon, the Sun, the then-known planets (Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) and the stars.
https://www.universetoday.com/36425/what-is-the-universe-3/
Structure, Composition, and Age
• The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all matter
and energy in it.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies),
24% cold dark matter (matter that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4%
dark energy (a source of anti-gravity)
• Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that
the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy can
explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
• Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
• Stars - the building block of galaxies-are born out of clouds of gas and dust in
galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse,
rotation, heating up, and transformation into a protostar-the hot core of a future star
as thermonuclear reactions set in.
• Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or
combined/fused together. Most stars such as the Sun belong to the so-called “main
sequence stars.” In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through
thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms. Massive main sequence stars burn
up their hydrogen smaller stars. Stars like our Sun burn up hydrogen in about 10
billion years.
A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In
between the clusters is practicallyan empty space. This organization of matter in the
universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a large scale, it
appears homogeneous and isotropic.
• Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The diameter of the
universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year =
9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3.
Theories behind the origin of the Universe
Non-scientific Thought
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that the world
arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or
Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain
and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon.
• In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose
head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively.
• The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a supreme
being created the universe, including man and other living organisms.
Steady State Theory or Infinite Universe Theory
This theory has many versions, but most popular version is the one proposed
in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Herman, Bondi et.al. It states that the universe
has been present ever since and therefore has no beginning and no end, and has
expanding constantly. According to this theory, the density of matter in the
expanding universe remains unchanged due to continuous creation of matter.
Big Bang Theory
• As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe, the Big
Bang Theory postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a
tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state.
• The theory rests on two ideas: General Relativity and the Cosmological Principle. In
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, gravity is thought of as a distortion of space-
time and no longer described by a gravitational field in contrast to the Law of Gravity
of Isaac Newton. General Relativity explains the peculiarities of the orbit of Mercury
and the bending of light by the Sun and has passed rigorous tests. The
Cosmological Principle assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic
when averaged over large scales. This is consistent with our current large-scale
image of the universe. But keep in mind that it is clumpy at smaller scales.
The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion: 1) the redshift 2)
abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, and 3) the uniformly pervasive cosmic
microwave background radiation-the remnant heat from the bang.

Pulsating Theory
This Theory says that thed universe aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa