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    IKM Biostatistika Uji Chi Square 2019

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    Ida Bagus Putu Swabawa
    1. Chi square is a non-parametric statistical test used to analyze nominal scale data by calculating the difference between observed and expected frequencies. 2. The chi square test is used to test hypotheses about whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the distributions. 3. Several requirements must be met for the chi square test to be valid, including having frequency data rather than proportions, no empty cells, and no more than 20% of cells with expected counts less than 5.

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    IKM Biostatistika Uji Chi Square 2019

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    Ida Bagus Putu Swabawa
    28 views17 pages
    1. Chi square is a non-parametric statistical test used to analyze nominal scale data by calculating the difference between observed and expected frequencies. 2. The chi square test is used to test hypotheses about whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the distributions. 3. Several requirements must be met for the chi square test to be valid, including having frequency data rather than proportions, no empty cells, and no more than 20% of cells with expected counts less than 5.

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    Uji Chi Square

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    227371 IKM Biostatistika Uji Chi Square 2019

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    1. Chi square is a non-parametric statistical test used to analyze nominal scale data by calculating the difference between observed and expected frequencies. 2. The chi square test is used to test hypotheses about whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the distributions. 3. Several requirements must be met for the chi square test to be valid, including having frequency data rather than proportions, no empty cells, and no more than 20% of cells with expected counts less than 5.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    28 views17 pages

    IKM Biostatistika Uji Chi Square 2019

    Uploaded by

    Ida Bagus Putu Swabawa
    1. Chi square is a non-parametric statistical test used to analyze nominal scale data by calculating the difference between observed and expected frequencies. 2. The chi square test is used to test hypotheses about whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the distributions. 3. Several requirements must be met for the chi square test to be valid, including having frequency data rather than proportions, no empty cells, and no more than 20% of cells with expected counts less than 5.

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    of 17

    5/7/20

    Biostatistika:
    Uji Chi Square

    Wienta Diarsvitri, dr, MSc, PhD, FISPH, FISCM


    Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FK UHT

    Prinsip Chi square test

    • Merupakan uji statistika non parametrik


    • Untuk analisis data berskala nominal
    • Data berupa frekuensi (bukan proporsi atau
    persentase)
    • Menghitung perbedaan antara nilai
    pengamatan (observed value) dengan nilai
    harapan (expected value)

    5/6/20 Wienta 2

    1
    5/7/20

    Hipotesis utk Chi square

    • H0: Tidak ada perbedaan ....(nominal)


    • H1: Ada perbedaan ..... (nominal)

    5/6/20 Wienta 3

    Syarat Chi square test

    • Data frekuensi
    • Besar sampel cukup sehingga:
    – Tidak ada sel yg kosong
    – Tidak ada sel dg expected value < 1
    – Banyaknya sel dengan expected value < 5 tidak
    melebihi 20% dari banyak sel seluruhnya

    5/6/20 Wienta 4

    2
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    Distribusi Chi square selalu asimetris dan nilainya


    selalu positif

    5/6/20 Wienta 5

    Contingency (2X2) table

    Outcome (V terikat)

    Exposure (V Yes No
    bebas)
    Yes a b

    No c d

    v a, b, c, d merupakan data hasil penelitian


    (observed value). Yg dimasukkan dalam tabel
    adalah data frekuensi.
    5/6/20 Wienta 6

    3
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    Out of 25 women who had uterine cancer, 20


    claimed to have used estrogens. Out of 30
    women without uterine cancer 5 claimed to have
    used estrogens.

    Outcome Total
    Exposure
    Yes No

    Yes 20 5 25

    No 5 25 30

    Total 25 30 55
    5/6/20 Wienta 7

    Formula
    (O - E) 2
    X 2 (df) = å
    E
    O : observed value
    E : expected value
    Σ : jumlah
    df : the degrees of freedom = (baris-1) (kolom -1)

    5/6/20 Wienta 8

    4
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    Yates Correction for Continuity


    The chi square statistic is sensitive to small cell
    sizes. Whenever any of your cell sizes are <5, a
    slightly modified formula (Yates’ correction for
    continuity) to calculate chi square should be used.

    ( O - E - 0.5) 2
    X 2 c(df) = å
    E
    5/6/20 Wienta 9

    2 x 2 Table : Observed Value


    Disease Total
    Yes No
    Exposure
    Yes a b a+b
    No c d c+d
    Total a+c b+d T
    T=a+b+c+d

    5/6/20 Wienta 10

    5
    5/7/20

    2 x 2 Table : Expected Value


    (perhitungan manual)

    Disease
    Yes No
    Exposure
    Yes (a + b)(a + c) (a + b)(b + d )
    T T
    No (c + d )(a + c) (c + d )(b + d )
    T T
    5/6/20 Wienta 11

    Example (Observed values)


    Myocardial Infarction Total
    Yes No
    PMH use
    Yes 32 825 857
    No 56 1048 1104
    Total 88 1873 1961

    5/6/20 Wienta 12

    6
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    Example (Expected values)

    Myocardial Infarction Total


    Yes No
    PMH use
    Yes 38.5 825 818.5
    No 49.5 1048 1054.5

    5/6/20 Wienta 13

    Contoh (Cont’d)

    • Dari tabel distribusi chi square diketahui


    bahwa X2 hasil tes = 2.04 dengan df =1 lebih
    kecil daripada nilai X2 tabel = 2.71. p > 0,10.
    • Kesimpulan: PMH (estrogen) secara statistik
    tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap
    kejadian MI pada wanita menopause, (X2 =
    2.04, df = 1, p > 0,1).

    5/6/20 Wienta 14

    7
    5/7/20

    Upper Percentage Points for Chi Square Distribution

    df 0.95 0.60 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01


    1 0.00393 0.275 1.074 1.642 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635

    2 0.103 1.022 2.408 3.219 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210

    3 0.352 1.869 3.665 4.642 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345

    4 0.711 2.753 4.878 5.989 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277

    5 1.145 3.655 6.064 7.289 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086

    Determine df & calculated Chi Square. Go to the right, find Chi


    Square value that corresponds to what was calculated. The
    corresponding p value is found at the top of that column.

    5/6/20 Wienta 15

    Chi square dg SPSS

    5/6/20 Wienta 16

    8
    5/7/20

    Chi square dg SPSS (Cont’d)

    5/6/20 Wienta 17

    Determine if the results are statistically significant

    5/6/20 Wienta 18

    9
    5/7/20

    5/6/20 Wienta 19

    When is the significance level low enough?

    5/6/20 Wienta 20

    10
    5/7/20

    Hati-hati menginterpretasikan tabulasi silang. Perhatikan persentasenya,


    merupakan bagian dari total persentase (100%) baris atau kolom.

    5/6/20 Wienta 21

    Interpretation

    5/6/20 Wienta 22

    11
    5/7/20

    5/6/20 Wienta 23

    Yang dilaporkan dlm X2

    • Nilai X2
    • Nilai df

    • Nilai p

    5/6/20 Wienta 24

    12
    5/7/20

    Degree of freedom (df)

    • degree of freedom can be defined as the


    minimum number of independent
    coordinates that can specify the position of
    the system completely

    5/6/20 Wienta 25

    Hati-hati menginterpretasikan persentase


    dalam tabulasi silang

    5/7/20 Wienta 26

    13
    5/7/20

    Hati-hati menginterpretasikan apakah uji Chi-square


    memenuhi syarat untuk digunakan atau tidak

    Memenuhi syarat uji Chi-square


    5/7/20 Wienta 27

    Hati-hati menginterpretasikan apakah uji Chi-square


    memenuhi syarat untuk digunakan atau tidak

    Tidak memenuhi syarat uji Chi-square

    5/7/20 Wienta 28

    14
    5/7/20

    Chi square

    • Chi-square merupakan uji untuk mengetahui


    adanya perbedaan variable terikat
    berdasarkan variable bebas, bukan uji
    korelasi.
    • Jika penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui
    hubungan antara 2 variabel berskala nominal,
    maka bisa digunakan uji kontingensi, phi,
    atau lambda

    5/7/20 Wienta 29

    Uji korelasi dengan tabulasi silang (cross-tabs)

    5/7/20 Wienta 30

    15
    5/7/20

    Uji korelasi dengan tabulasi silang (cross-tabs)

    5/7/20 Wienta 31

    References

    • Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics. 8th ed.


    Cengage Learning, 2016.

    5/6/20 Wienta 32

    16
    5/7/20

    Thank you
    5/6/20 Wienta 33

    17

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