Q1 (a)

A soldier is to throw a hand grenade into an unroofed shed as shown in FIGURE

Q1. The maximum speed of throw by the soldier is 25 m/s. The impact of the
explosions is affected by the angle of throw and the time of the explosion. The
grenade will explode 4.0s after its pin is released and a soldier takes an average
of 1.0s to throw the grenade.

There are three different results in the grenade trajectories which is influenced
by the values of speeds and angles of throw:
• Result 1- The grenade overshoots its target
• Result 2- The grenade achieves its target by entering the shed from top.
• Result 3- The grenade undershoots its target by hitting the outside wall
of the shed or did not reach the shed at all.

This report is written to analysis on the values of the speed and angle of throw
made by the soldier that produce three different results. Based on the given
initial velocity, u, we can divide the components of the action into x-
component and y-component.

When the grenade reached its initial height again, the y-component of the
displacement becomes zero.
 Tabulation of results
Result Initial speed, u (m/s) Angle of throw, θ (°)
Result 1 u ≥ 20.11 θ ≤ 54.54
Result 2 19.19 < u < 20.11 54.54 < θ < 58.60
Result 3 u ≤ 19.19 θ ≥ 58.60

(b)
For the grenades that achieve its target, the grenade will explode when it is still
airborne at coordinate (32.49,5.06). The calculation is as below:
u = 19.65 m/s, θ = 56.57°
ux = u.cos θ
= (19.65)cos(56.57)
= 10.83 m/s
uy = u.sin θ
= (19.65)sin(56.57)
= 16.40 m/s
sx = uxt
= (10.83)(3)
= 32.49m
sy = uyt + (½)at2
= (16.40)(3) + (1/2)(-9.81)(3)2
= 5.06m
Q2
(a)
An engineer has been commissioned by a ski resort owner to design a ramp
to train novice skiers to slide down steadily without using ski sticks. The ramp
would be constructed at a slope of angle θ for the skier to gain speed as shown
in FIGURE Q2a. For a safety reasons, the speed is limited to 40 km/h.

Within the scope of motion and energy, a suitable ramp is designed to meet
the requirement of speed below 40 km/h. In order to find the design, a few
parameters have been set. Firstly, the weight of the man is set to be 70kg it is
the average weight of men. Other than that, the length of the ramp is set to be
30.0m because if the ramp is too long, the angle will be too narrow. Next, the
kinetic friction is set to be 0.05 based on search from google through the link
below:
https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/TabraizRasul.shtml
The principles that has been considered in this research is the Work-Energy
theorem and Newton’s Second Law of Motion. The Work-Energy theorem
explains that the net work done on an object causes a change in the kinetic
energy of the object. The formula for this principle is as below:
Wnet=∆KE
W=Fs
Next, the Newton’s Second Law of motion explains that the acceleration of an
object is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its
mass. The formula is as below:
F=ma
 In order to find the angle, θ calculations has been made as follows:

Thus, the angle of the ramp, θ should be 14.95°.

(b)
Impulse is the change of momentum of an object. Moreover, impulse is the
product of force applied on an object and the amount of time required. Impulse
can be calculated by using the formula below where p represents momentum,
m represents mass, v represents velocity, F represents force and t represents
time taken:
∆p= F∆t
∆p = pf - pi
F∆t = mvf – mvi
The most crucial application of impulse is reducing injuries and improving
safety. The effect of impulsive force can be reduced by increasing the time of
impact. If the time of impact can be increased, the force applied on an object
will be less thus causing less damage to the object. As a care provider, we can
ensure the safety of children by installing padding in day care centres to reduce
the impact during a collision. Padding functions as a protection for the children
in case if they fell or hit the wall. Padding is made from soft materials so it
compresses if a certain amount of force is added onto it. In other words, the
compressing of padding can increase the time of interval over which the
momentum is changed thus reducing the impulsive force acting on the children.
The longer the time of impact of an object, the lesser will be the force acting on
the object.
Q3
Five different cables made of brass, copper, aluminium, iron and steel are
tested separately to study statics and elasticity. The cable is used to suspend
a uniform horizontal plank right at its centre of mass. Two loads are attached to
the plank to keep it in static equilibrium. The mass of one of the loads is 50kg
and the other is unknown. The plank mass is 10kg and have a length of 1m.
The information is given as below:

This experiment is conducted to determine the best type of material for the
cable based on the elongation. The unknown mass was assumed to be 50kg
same as the other mass. By doing so, the equilibrium position will be right in
the middle of the horizontal plank at point 0.5m and the distance between
masses and cable will be the same.

The best type of material is determined by the elongation of the cable.

Elongation is a measure of deformation that occurs before a material eventually
breaks after being applied with certain amount of force. Elongation can be
calculated by using Strain formula, where change in length is divided by original
length:
In order to obtain the elongation of the cables, a few formulas have been used
which are Stress, Strain and Young’s Modulus. The formulas are as shown
below:

Based on the calculations that have been made, brass has the longest
elongation with 1.466 x 10-3m which is followed by copper with the elongation
of 1.249 x 10-3m. Next is aluminium with the elongation of 1.106 x 10 -3m. This
is then followed by Steel 3.926 x 10-4m. And the material with the least
elongation is iron with the elongation of 3.271 x 10-4m. Material with the least
elongation is determined as the strongest material. Thus, the best type of
material for the cable is iron.

All the calculations are as follows: