Zoos uNl# 2 Pxtra oa

SECTION A
You must atte mpt ALL THREE questions in this section. you shoukl NOT spend nrorc than
30 minutes on this section.

1 Figurel below shows the materials and experimental apparatus A, B and C, used to measure
oxygen uptake under tfuee differcnt circumstances.

Capillary tube
Oil drop
Ruler
Rubber bung

Therbometcr Germioating Gerruinating

beaos beans that
Wire gauze were soaked
Soda lime in potassium
cyanide
B C
-
Figure 1. Oxygen uptake under dillerent circurrstances

(a) Outline an experiment, based on the apparatus in Figures IA and B, to measure oxygon
uptake in germinating beans. tt*
11

k{- N66, sA 4
J 4 ,<

t-|aytoq,, .o6(F 4^/-** 6-J

^-r/1r{
-,,-o-1 -C L4^-.o.+ -LeG- @
[ 4 marks]

(b) What is the pggrse of the thermometers used in the experimenta.l apparatus in
Irrgures I AandB?

alo [-<- t*-t - .r.*---.8.

t( B
[1 mark ]
fi- NDV do *rr.-.1o-'.^ -(c^1=,-+1r.j\ t^,--J'-L1 .*--9
GO ON TO TI{E NEXT PAGE
07207020tcp.P8J2005
 3
(c) The beans in the
experiment shou

:::trT.:i".,H,1;{:;;il, : ; ::.,,;ff r:i: :; :; srum cyanidc.

Ygen. Give ONE

o.
.-\r-
P_-

C^*-.--

(d)
[ 2 marksj
#:?:,#:J.d""$.i.,;j::H*?,:iHffi The experiment has
I can drive been
AT? synthesis by

"[flfl*1lj,;Ei11fl#x.#
MitochoDdiior

E[ *:#Hii:;Li.;T:ff
t"::,":Hii:

o[ fi ; ;xx*l;+;m.*:"::r."

Frgure Z. Experiment
1
What conclusion
can be drawn from
the results ofExperiment
I?
t -(e D

I lmarkJ
02207O20/cAPE2OOS
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NEXT PAGE
 li:\
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02207020/caPErr*J,&
l:t .
BIOLOGY
,t
UNIT2_PAPER02 ii€ ii
:-
MARK SCHEME

MARKS llil
,t
UK 3:

QuesEion 2 cont'd.
(c) (a) Y axis - correct class intervals properly
,( idenbified jli
x arri s - correct class intervals properly
identified TtM€ ( HaS)
tris togxam strape correct .*
l. ii! i
clearl 1ines, qrelL drawn
1 poiDt oaeh 1 mark

4 Doills re11 doa.e, 4 uarks 4

2r
(ii) Between 11.00 - 3.OO the higher Eranspiration
dries the air and the branspiration rate is tE
excessive. The gmard cells ].ose watser, close and
prevent furttrer loss of waEer rfl
, li:.r:
1 roark 1
A-NswEr(
l. tl
.i$
* U\q)L
1 3 + s ()
iffi tr.
h \*fo qk^YY\ C-o I ur ma s' s;hs u^tl 0l be ,do^hfirtt fit'hr,
rE
X a.Yls d^d cLrawa cis c' blcttk- r,af ct gorr.,f It18 '*,.
;l
.

1'
5
!1 cr,xrs Uso-ltc- lra7h lne= .l&

4 lo i clo*.tt;hjThL herghF i,1i'

cf ,hc CbiL\rnos |
l?:1
|I1i
i
..,
2
l
 7

(iD Account for the shape of the histogram bet\yeen

I i.00 a-m. and 3.00 p.m

[ 1 rnark ]
I
Total 10 marks
*
3. (a) *
Light exercise creates little demaod on the rate
of breathing and heart output but as
exertion and duration increase, both brearhing
When the body is exercisine at ir
mor"."";;;J;;; oueut intensify. E
fl
:.{l.:i:ffi ifi ';:U'"Ix'fi l}#,J}";;y,T,H:l?}#lfi fi J,:
ig
cen[metres, ".l,"ff
used per kilogram of body mass per minute.
H
VOrmax = 02 cm-3 kfhinure_r .t{

t: *ripped with a sropwarch, a weighing scate, appropriare tubing aad ],,8

1:Tli.1"-9
gas analyser, to measure oxygen consumption.
a
:i'
ttt" you would use and the ca.lculations yoi.r would make
$n11, *g*s
the Vo,max of aD athlere
to frnd out 's

n) /*
*- t-o_<_ - A- .--G fe""^-e-;
a- )-+/ ,4---.+

Lo t^.n - {A e*-1dn /-4 Q- . I

zlr--.-"- a ;t

c* 3

F
.[
a
3
[ 4 marks] :i

:n

r#

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o2zo7o2olcApv2ob.s.-
 8

,i (b) A 40-year-old subject signed up for a 24-month endurance trajning prograntme

The graph in Frgure 5 surnmarizes the adaptive changes in the muscles.
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6 t_

KEY 'e
- aerobic euzrEes in citric acld cycle l
t - clplllrY Detwork i
u - VO, uax
v - cross-sectioEsl size of Euscle fibres I
Figure 5. Adaptive changes itr muscles i
Adapted from Exercise ut
H Mc Ardle, F. l. Katch
V. L Katch. Liryincott Witliams and Wi Ikins

With reference to ttle graph in Figure 5, answer questions (i) to (v)

What is the percentage increase ilV Ormax attained by the 40-year-old
(i) subject
at the end of the 24-month Period? q
i
t(- t'o at E7
5ls la>
I lmark]

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

022070201cAPU2005
 r
9 a\
(ii) Suggest why
.muscle fibres, whic an increase in cross-sectional
ln tne r*st two months, ao
-' -" .:::{t9a=ry
no, ..1,111"'-n flr4el-11g=lse area
rhe nexr 22 months in diameter over

t
i(
,4)--.a-
,< iii:
Lu- t-- t r.A $i
{,
(ii, I l mark ] t.
I]
If the muscle cells do not
increas e i.,
ill size' suggest how muscles i4
cause ar increase in Vo.max. continue to

J i
.Y

(iv)
I lmark] il

i.$".;:'-fl3"n*ilH,r;:;.il::?":ll*;,fl *.s,and,u,decrine
Reason 's' and ,u'decline
abruptly:
+- ^.-<
..:

-s; z*^ ri
c-
q, .:']i

I lmark] t-
Reason ,t' and ,v, decrease
moreslowly
{A-. ,..-a-.4

.- ,-----...{
?a 6. -^-r,G+ .d--\ _
4f,--t---,-, *rn_r-
-
(v)
I I mark ]
Fitness instructors are
advised
mrr**l;",x #?i?,::s:;..;;*i*F."i $:i: r?rilJ;
Total l0 marl(s

0220'7020/cAPF]r2ooS GO ON TO THE NEXT

PAGE

trl
 7

02207 020 ICAPE,/MS 2005

BIOLOGY l"t
I
UNIT2_PAPER02 *
MARK SCHEME
"-- G .P
Question 4 cont ' d. MARKS

ATP 'r I KC UK

5 poiDts froa ATP weLl orq)lained ./l

rB narks
t. 4.
3r 3'
2t 1;
1' 1 Igark

NADPH

5 poLlfcs frc,h NADPB weLl er<plainod 5 ma.rks

dtr
3r
etc ' Total 10 Earks Kc L0

(b) Calvin CvcIe'Processes

Carbon Fixation. i

Three mofecules of ribulose 1, 5 bi phosphate

(5;carbon sugar) combine with three rnolecules of CO 2
to give six moleicules 6f : .-1*rosphoglycera Ee

Reduction
3 -phosphoglycerate (PGA) using energry from ATP and
NADPH is converEed to 1, 3 -bi -phosphoglycerate and then
to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphaLe.
Regeneration of ribulose 1, 5 - biophosphate (5c)
Five molecules of glyceral dehyde - 3-phosphate with Lhe
a, J lrvPIesIIrc.LE,

Reasons why Reactions stop in DAli.K

ATP generation in chloroplasE is a light - dependent. reactioD

NA-DPH generation is a lighE dependent reacEion
The energy from ATP and NADPH is reguired for Lhe
enzlrnratic reacEions in the reduction reaction and th e
regeneratj.on of 5-Carbon suqar
 I

o$2'0"'&'" /t'rs 2005

aroLOcy
UNIT2-PAPER02
-* a,
MAXK SCHEME .P

Ouestion 4 c onE ,d- I }4ARKS

I
I I
Co re ct Ou tlin eo Ca 1 ea tio s
t
3 DolDts 3 narks
2 Doi-u,ts 2 Darks I
1 poiut 1 uark
Student is allovred to
refer to sugars..as 3-carbon
or 5 carbon
Reasons why reaction
s stop in the dark
3 DoInts 3 Ear.ks
2 I)o1!,ts 2 Earks
1 point :. Eark
Total 6 rDarks
(c)

LU2 -ILmi Eed sirrce ther e are 40 p1anEs

rs sealed and Ehe beIl jar
. CQ Orodrrced h, pI6
ph6tosr.n trr.esil{,^;;H:
r::::r:111t,,"u, u be used f or
. Leaf space is .t
crowd
. thgr"ro." rr"r,.-r."'i3 ;: ,'r"ff:i";:"t compere ror 1ishts
i*##n'u" tuitr4*
. ii limited since pot
H2O
is poorly_watered
. LigrhE ]imited
since bell jar is in
the shade
. Ljzard produces
photoslaEtrsis CO-' r,vhich can be used for planE

' Temperature in the

sunshine ---- sharlc -^,,r.r --
-'rade would .
be .Lower than in fu1l
4 DoiDEs 4 rErks
3 Doints 3 Earks
2 DoiDts 2 narks
6tc .
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l-.
w I --
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t,/
syllabus objectives _
uodule I 2-4, 2.5 TO?A!
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15

02207020 /CAPE/W 200s

BIOLOGY
UNIT2-PAPER02
MARK SCHEME

restion 7 i
MARKS

2 KC UK
'du16
Structu('e -

Phloeur is corq)rised of sieve tuSes ald compalion cells

The si.eve areas are clustsers of pores wttere tshe
proEoplasts of adjacent sieve eLements are inher connectsed
Sieve el-ements are conllected end-on-end to form sieve
tubes
Sieve elelnents have protoplast; plasma melnbrane. ER;/.'
mitochondria closely associated with their ceIl wa11. ..
The lrrnet: of the sieve el"o,".rEilree of obsErucEion
Each sieve tube element is asJociated vritsh a companion
cell
The companion ce1l is necessary Eo suppo rt the sieve tube
element r^ri tsh its metabolic requirementd
Sieve elemeDts fack a vacuole and a nucl eus .

" €/.q-:e -'t -!'.4.- . .t,U* t'lL-h l\Utl'\Ltl .;u[1 (tlht

Furction w\lJ.) '
ltLr L; L'i i rtlqi ft i.;'ti't Uy,t, i;ilt,,'brtUiu
u-iL Lt)

Phloeur is the principal food-conducting tissue in

vascular plarrEs
The sie\re platses are areas where the wate!,
pbotoslrnbhetes, minerals can pasE from one sieve eleurents
co the next
The free lurnen of the sieve element provides an
' obstruction-free - pathway for the conducting of food
(phoEoslrnthetes )
Compaaion cells prowide the metabolic energry for
'phloem-Ioading".
Phloem conduct.s 'food, from the sources e-g. Leaves to
sinks e-9. developing buds, tuber. fruit
s^!,taruEs

9 marks
a 8 marks
7 7 point.s
6 6 rLarks
 ri
-.t
1,j
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02207 02O /cAPE/Ms

2Oo5
ATOLOGY
IINIT2_PAPER02
MAXX'SCHETE [jil [:,t_.i tf,'-
les Eion ? cont,d.
MARKS
))
fl ow tryE'ttes,ii s s tates thaE
..-. --

tes ) are transported assinilates KC UK

alongr a from sources to s in)<s
sure\gradi enb that is
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gctively pho tosxElhi
zing planE organs or
eaves o! mes ophvl I or palli.sade
produ cerfood, cel1s thaL
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food, praduced for growEh Eubers
and deveLopmelrt.
Source :
Sink:
CoCyledoD,
{13=|furdo
leJ ,'
n""t", {i""ves, shoot Elp 0LA
Sweet potato Vihe
Source: Leaves. steur
Sink: potatoeE
I
concise a,,d well explained
ffi
sgurce
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1 EarlE
explai-Ded
S iDk explained 1Isark
obe source aad 1 Da:'t
olle siDJ< correct /.
it Sweet potato vtne -one "w/r
:' Dark
rource ard
one sink correct f irurl{
2 Ea.rks xc ]' Dark
4 DarrEs UK
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BIOLOGY

IJnit 2 -Paper 2/ June 2005; Questions 4, 5, 6, and 7

Answer shategies

Question 4:

(a) (i) ArP

. Light is absorbed by the light harvesting oomplex of photosystem II

. Light energy is absorbed and passed to the reaction cenhe chlorophyll
. An electron is ejected from the ctrlorophyll molecule and passes to the electron
transport chain system
. As the electron passes along the electron transport chain system, hydrogen ions
axe actively pumped fiom the stoma into the interior of the thylakoid membrane
. Hydrogen ion gradient is created acrgss the thylakoid membrane
. At the specific protei-n channels in the thykikoid membrane, ATP rytthesisiag
enzlmes are present
. As hydrogen_ions flow from the inside of the thylakoid membrane to outside
(down the conc€ntration gradient) energy is generated to drive AT? sylr'thesis

(ii)NADPH

. Light strikes the tight harvestirLg complex ofphotosystem I

. Light ejects electron ftom the reaction centre chlorophyll
. The electron passes to the electon transport chain of photo system I
. Photosyste@ I chlorophyll reaction cenEe obtains replacement electron from
photosystem II electron transport chain
e The electron moves along the electron transport chain
. The electron moves along the electron transport chain of photosystem I to the
electron carrier NADP
. Each NADP picks up two electrons and a hydrogen ion to give NADPH in the
stroma

(b) CALVIN CYCLE PROCESSES

(D Carbon dioxide fixation - 3 molecules ofribulose - 1,5 - biphosphate (5

cart on sugar) combine with 3 molecules of carbon dioxide to give 6
molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate (3 carbon sugar) PGA

(i1) Reduction - 3 PGA using energy from ATP and NADPH is converted to 1,3
bi - phosphoglycerate and then to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate

(iii) Rcgencration ofribulose - 1,5 - biphosphate

 Reasons why reaction stops in the dark:

generation in ct oroplast is a light dependenr reaction

-,1TP
- NADPH generation is a lighr dependint reiction
- The energy from ATP ana ruaOpH is required for the en4,matic
reactions in the reduction reaction and thi regeneration
of the 5 carbon
sugar

(c)
. Carbon dioxide limited since 40 plants in bell jar
. Carbon droxide produced by respiring plants would
be used for
photosynthesis
. Leaf space crowded so leaves must compete for light
therefore
light is limiting
o tiy'ater
Iimiting - poorly watered
o Light limited since bell jar is in the shade
. Lizard produce carbon dioxide which can be used in
photosgrthesis
o Temgierature in the shade lower than in full srrnshins

Question 5

(a) (i)

' organisms in food chain are grouped together into hophic

levers and counted
. Four basic trophic levels exist; primary producer, primary
consumer,
secondary consumer and tertiary consumer
. UsuaIIy form a basic py,ramid,/ typical
o Producers (autotrophs) in greatest number - lowest rectangle
. Recrangles not exactly in proportion lo numbers
. Numbers decrease as recfengles ascend
. Pyr.amid supports few tertiary consumers _ that is, top recrangle
small
(welJ-labetled diagram can be substitured for writing)

Inconsistencies:
- where primary producer is a single plant e-g. tree, pyraririd
base is narrow
- where tertiary consumer is fleas or protozoans, apJx is broader
than base :.i]".:i
ir'.
(ii) ir::
. P,.ramid of numbers _ valuable i J:+
l'!t'Y
. Biomass - dry weight more reliable measure ii_i
. ti*#
Standing crop biomass analyses trophic relationships at specific
time
ffi
iffi
. Dry weight ofproducers always greatest iSsb
!.JEF
r Dry weight of tertiary consumer always least
;g*
i#*
Hffi
IiEE
ffi*
 :--.it;tiiE

Biomass productivity - materials shed during the year; flowersAeaves/fruit

Grorxth rates di,ffer for different times of year
Breeding cycles/ reProduction

(b) (i)

. trees are dominant species in community

o trees provide new habitats
. trees influence physical conditiors - light, temperahre, microclimate
. variety of food/berries/seeds etc.
o new niches - bark, epiphytes
. complex food webs
. layering of trees - birds/ tree climbers
. wide variety of ground niches
. seursonal sequences - less impact on loss of food aud
protection

(ii)

. Most Eopical forests stable -stable record

. Biological equilibrium - constancy ofspecies interaction
. [nterdependence - food web ( reoewable)
. Altemate food source
. No over predation on any one species (survival ofspecies)
. Detrimental changes absorbed by compensation of the species
o fuchness of habitat ensures niche requirements always met
. Biological factors controlled by long lived species
. Abiotic envilonment - stable/predictable
. Species diversity - different hosts provide resistance to
disease and
pests damage
. ProbabiliB of extinction minimal due to checks and balances

Question 6

(a) (D

. Blood in vena cava fills the diastolic atrium (right)

. Rigbt ventricular muscles relax as heart starts diastole - pressure reduced in right
ventricle, creating tetrdency for blood to enter
. Cardiac muscle fibres naturally re$rn to their pre - contractiotr state; walls of
heart resume position to reduce pressure in cavity
.Riehtventric,Iehastoreducepressureinthecavitysobloodwillflowin
.,q.sshapeisresumed,chordaetendonspullatrio-ventricularvalveflaps
and allows blood fiom right atrium
ltricusiia; apart/down - valve opens slightly
to trickle into right veDficle
. Valve at enfrance to right atriurn (from vena cava) closes so no blood can go out
ofthe right atrium through the atrio - ventricular valve
. Ventricles fill with blood because blood in atria is at higher pressure than atrio -
ventricular cavi$
 SAN stimulates atrial walU right atrial muscle to contract/atria.l systole forces
blood through tricuspid valve to ventricle
Blood fills right ventricle completely - pressure against walls forcing atrio
ventricuiar valve to close
-

(i,
Blood 4 kPa to lung because:
- distance close; iittle resistance
- alveoli foagile - low pressure prevents ruphrre
- l capillary bed
Left ventricle needs 16 kPa because:
- Great distance; has to overcome gravity and resistance
- Circulation extensive; several sets ofcapillary beds, ateromas, arterioles;
contraction due to stress, temperature etc.; higher pressure needed to
overcome resistance

(b) (i) Distribution ofblood

. Arteries tubular; carrying blood from heart; impermeable; contains blood

. Branch smootbly; no resistance; inner tunica intema,/ endothelium is smooth,
flexible
. Tunica media thick; has smooth muscle fibres and elastic tissue
o Tunica extema; supportive, rough, contains collagen Ebres
. Lumen narrow (in relation to artery diameter); copes with high presswes of
blood 10 - 16 lf,a,/ copes with rapid blood flow/ pulsing of blood against
wall. WaIl constricts, recoils, ensures pressure ofpulse wave translated into
speed
. Tunica media ensures puise waves converted to even flow
. Arterioles link arteries to capillaries; they have smooth muscle and can
constrict aod so conhol pressu-res to capillaries; sphincters can shunt blood to
altemate routes

(ii) Return of blood

. Veins; lumen diameter is grcater; less resistance

. Pressure low I kPa,/ walls thicker/ tunica media; smooth muscles, non pulsabie
-
elastic fibres; cannot constrict
. Tunica extemq collagen support layer; valves prevent back flow and vemrles
collect blood from capillaries and lead to veins

(iii) I-nterchange of substances with tissues

n Capillaries; one cell thick; very permeable

" Lumen wide ia relation to diameter (10pm)
" They lirk arteries to veins; form networks with extensive penetration; blood
flows slowly; narrowness of lumen for oxygen diffi-rsion; small gaps allow
phagocltes to leave vessel to enter tissue
Question 7

(a)

Structue Function

phloem comprised of sieve plates prevent collaPse

sieve tubes and under pressure since it has no
companion cells cellulose cell wall

sieve areas are cluster of phloem is princiPal food -

pores where the conducting tissue in vascular
protoplasts are plants
connected

sieve elements have sieve plates are areas where the

protoplasts, plasma water, photosYnthates, minerals
membrane, ER. can pass from one sieve element
mitochondria to next

lumen of sieve element freelunen of tle sieve element

is free of obstmction provides an "obstruction - ftee"
pathways for conducting food

each sieve tube is companion cells provide

associated with a metabolic energY for "Pbloem -
companion cell loading" aDd is necessary to
support the mretabolic activitY of
the sieve tube
sieve elements lack
vacuole and nucleus and phioem conducts "food" ftom
are tubular source to sir:k

(b)

pressure flow hlpothesis ftom source to si-nk along

5f4fs5 thaf as5imilates are transported
a turgor pressure @ydrostatic pressure) gradient that is developed
by osmosis

Sources; are actively photosynthesising plant organs or cells

e g- leaves
(palisade/mesophyll cells), food storage organs

produced for g;rowth

Sbks; are cleveloping organs e.g buds, fruits, nrbers tbat use "food"
and development/
 Source: Cotyledons
Leaves
Bearr seedling
Sink: Roots
Leaves
Shoot tip

Source: Leaves
Stems
Sweet potato:
Siak: Potato tubers

(c)

r root hair cells

. cortex cells: apoplast
syrnplast
o endodermal cells
. xylem elements/ tracheids
. bundle sheath cells
. mesophylV palisade cells
. water passes fiom surface ofmesophyll cells to air spaces
in leaves
o passes tbrough the stomata of leaves