• WAQAS ZULFIKAR SANGI • TOUFIQUE KHUHARO • ADIL BASHIR FACULTY

MEMBERS:
• AAMIR ALI THARI • ANEES AHMED • HITESH KUMAR
• MISS FARWA
• MUHAMMAD ALI NITKANI • KAMAL DHARANI • SARKAR SHAH
• MISS SONIA
• ASIF CHANDIO • SUMAIR AHMED • UBAID YASEEN
• SHABEEH UL
• SADDAM HASSAIN MAGSI • FAROOQ AHMED
HASSAN
CLAUSE

• A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.

• (A clause functions as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.)
• A clause contrasts with a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb. The
distinction between a clause and a phrase is clearer when you see them side by side:
• Anna sings when she wakes up.
(This is a clause. It has a subject ("she") and a verb ("wakes up"))
• Anna sings in the morning.
(This is a phrase.There is no subject and no verb.)
EASY EXAMPLES OF CLAUSES

• During the day,Vlad slept in a coffin.(The subject of this clause is "Vlad." The verb is
"slept." "During the day" is a phrase because there is no verb.)
• When the Moon shone, he lurked in the shadows.(The subject of the first clause is "the
Moon." The verb is "shone." The subject of the second clause is "he." The verb is
"lurked.")
• He stalked a pretty milkmaid, who lived in the neighbouring village. (The subject of the
first clause is "He." The verb is "stalked." The subject of the second clause is "who." The
verb is "lived.")
TYPES OF CLAUSE

• There are two types of clause:

1. An independent clause (one that can stand alone as a sentence).
2. A dependent clause (one that is usually a supporting part of a sentence).
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE & DEPENDENT CLAUSE

• An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence (i.e., it expresses a
complete thought).
• A dependent clauses (or subordinate clause) is one that cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence (i.e., it does not express a complete thought).
• Remember that a clause has a subject and a verb.
TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSE

• Dependent clauses can act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.

•
The Adjective Clause :dependent clause acting as an adjective:
• Eg: The car that your wife sold me last week has broken down.(The dependent clause that your wife sold
me last week describes the car. It is an adjective clause.)
• The Adverbial Clause: dependent clause acting as an adverb:
• Eg. He literally stitched mail sacks until his fingers bled.(The dependent clause until his fingers
bled modifies the verb to stitch. It is an adverbial clause.)
• The Noun Clause: dependent clause acting as a noun:
• Whoever turned the ovens off is keeping quiet.(The dependent clause Whoever turned the ovens off is the
subject of this sentence. It is a noun clause.)
THE TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1. Simple Sentence
2. Complex Sentence
3. Compound Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
SIMPLE SENTENCE

• A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause.

• A simple sentence has no dependent clauses. (An independent clause (unlike a
dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.
• Examples:
• I cannot drink warm milk.
• A day without sunshine is like night.
• Only the mediocre are always at their best. (Novelist Jean Giraudoux)
• Reality continues to ruin my life. (Cartoonist Bill Watterson)
COMPOUND SENTENCE

• A compound sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses.

• Examples:
• Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the
former. (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)
• There used to be a real me, but I had it surgically removed. (Peter Sellers, 1925-1980)
• Any fool can criticize, condemn, and complain - and most fools do. (Dale Carnegie)
• Go, and never darken my towels again. (Groucho Marx, 1890-1977)
• (Note: Go is the shortest sentence in English.)
JOINING THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A
COMPOUND SENTENCE
• In a compound sentence, the independent clauses are joined using one of the following
methods:
• A conjunction with a comma (e.g., ", and") ------ I like tea, and he likes coffee.
• Semicolon ----- I like hot chocolate; it sends me to sleep.
• Colon ------------ I know one thing: I love that girl. (This is rare because the words after a
colon are not often an independent clause.)
• A dash ---------- I know you're here — I can smell your perfume.
• A conjunction with a semicolon (e.g., "; and") -------- After the lights went out, I
could hear you whispering; and I know you were talking about me.(This is rare because it's
an outdated style.)
COMPLEX SENTENCE

• A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
• Examples of Complex Sentences
• Below are examples of complex sentences. In each example, the independent clause is in bold
letters.
• Stay in the bath until the phone rings.
• Both the cockroach and the bird would get along very well without us, although the
cockroach would miss us most. (Joseph Wood Krutch, 1893-1970)
• Leave while you can.
• When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost
certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.
(Arthur C. Clarke) (here are two complex sentences.)
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS IN
COMPLEX SENTENCES
• The word used to link an independent clause to a dependent clause is called a subordinating
conjunction.
• The most common subordinating conjunctions are although, because, before, even
though, if, since, until, and when.
• Example:
• We can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves. (Dalai Lama)
• Wise men speak because they have something to say. Fools speak because they have to say
something. (Athenian philosopher Plato)
• Even though he's a moron, I supported Tyson Fury. (Boxer David Haye)
A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

• A compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
• For example:
• I stopped believing in Santa Claus when he asked for my autograph in a department store,
but I still want to believe in him.
THANK YOU ALL