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N ON - P L A N
EDITED BY JO N A T H A N HUGHES & SIMON SADLER

E S S A Y S ON F R E E D O M P A R T I C I P A T I O N A N D CHANGE
: (N M O D E R N A R C H I T E C T U R E A N D U R B A N I S M

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o p p o s i t e p a g e and f o l l o w i n g p a g e s f i g u r e s 1 . 2 - 1 , 1 0 NEW SOCIETY 20. M ARCH 1969
N O N - P L A N : AN E X P E R IM E N T IN FREEDO M , NEU SOCIETY, NO. 3 3 8 ,

NON-PLAN:
2 0 MARCH 1 9 6 9 , P P . 4 3 5 -4 4 3

AN EXPERIMENT IN FREEDOM
the forecourc is almost impossible. Only in the motorway service areas (themselves: Town-and-country planning has today become an unquestioned shibboleth.
Yet few of its procedures or value judgments have any sound basis, except delay.
damply over-planned) is there anything like this; and here the unfortunately not unique: Why not have the courage, where practical, to let people shape their own environment?
combination of incompetence and non-spontaneity kills the whole thing. ;• “A dispute has arisen about a booklet, Dorset Build W elw yn G arden C ity and Hampstead Garden Reyner Banham
ing In Rural Areas, just issued by D orset C ounty Suburb were therefore built— and then duly mocked
Council, and aspiring to be a guide to good design fo r d u ll dbctrinairism . T h e layout made public
Paul Barker
transport alm ost impossible; the tin and the frozen Peter Hall
And yet theres no doubt that the popular arts o f our time (i.e. those on which every-, A r c W i « u i * a ^ pack rapidly outdated the vegetable patch. But then Cedric Price
one thinks he has a valid opinion) are car design and advertising; and these are doubly.; ample,s, lt]at 11 lllustrales and recommends as models the spread o f car ownership outdated the mockery:
those roads lived to find a justification; the space
“ , . 0 . b . '»••• are utterly commonplace, the sort o f house to be
symbolized by such characteristic forecourt figures as the Esso tiger or the BP little man.». found in almost any speculative builder's suburban around the house could absorb a garage without
r-t , I , r\ •, r n t i* «late. T h is view is shared by the W ilts and Dorset too much trouble; and lhe garden (as, even, in many
The great recent soap-opera rums have been Jacques Demys Les Parap lutes ae^ Society o f Architects, which, through its president. inner-London conversions o f G eorgian houses)

Cherbourg (hero: a filling station owner) and Claude Lelouch’s Un Homme et Une M r- Pet" Wake?ieldi . has Mked for ,he publication
lo he w ithdraw n "— The Times, Decem ber 1968.
became an unexceptionable outdoor room, and
meeting space fo r children, away from the lethal
Femme (hero: a racing car driver). If you drive down the French Rhone valley motoi- Th is news item illustraies the kind o f tangle we pressed steel and rubber hurtling around the streets.
have got ourselves into. Somehow, everything must N o w it’s nice that a plan should turn ou t to have
way - not so planned as ours - one of the most memorable sights is a Total petrol be watched: nothing must be allow ed simply to “ hap. reasons fo r succeeding w hich the planner himself
pen." N o house can be allow ed to be comm onplace did not foresee. A t every stage in the history o f
station, writing the letters T-O-T-A-L huge across the valley, with a flutter of flags, in the way that things just are comm onplace: each planning, we have cause to be grateful for these
underneath. Stay in Moscow, and you end up yearning to see un Esso sign. u project must be weighed, and planned, and approved,
and only then built, and only after that discovered
quirks of lime. It’s do u btfu l if John Nash saw how
well his Regent's Park w ould serve as an ajty but
j to be com m onplace after all. Somehow, somewhere, fairly democratic pause on the north edge o f inner
.someone was using the w rong year's model. Lo n d on — just right fo r football and swings and non-
Ask yourself why it is that almost the only time you ever see flags on any unofficial occa-} . Once, Rasmussen, in London: the Unique City, copulating pandas and Sunday-promenading Central
.(first published 1934), thought it worth printing a Europeans; inhabited not by Regency aristos but
sion - i.e. not at an ordained festival or other jamboree and not on a public building picture o f the entirely comm onplace domestic arch i by film people, lumps o f Lo n d on U niversity and
is on filling stations or else on the rear windows of cars. tecture built along Parkw ay, Cam den T o w n , in the h m government, the A m erican ambassador and high-
early 19th century. It was architecture that worked; class tarts. A n d d id Scott foresee how his St Pancras
it provided what the inhabitants wanted from it. Hotel, superbly planned to fit in with departing trains
Now there'd be trouble if you tried to knock it down and arriving hotse-carringes, w ould survive being a
Now the purpose of this is not to write a kind of Elegy in a Country Filling Station . (though the L o n d o n m otorway box w ill skirt it much-mocked office block so successfully that it can
dose). But at least the preservationists didn't get in now be argued for as a natural home for a sports
The purpose is to ask: why don’t we dare trust the choices that would evolve if we let^ at ground level, as they do today, in order to try centre o r a transport museum o r B irkbeck College?
rin d make sure — before the event— that something
them? It’s permissible to ask - after the dreariness o f much public re-building and after}, N o r is it just the cities and towns that have
|;|jtat w ill eventually be worth preserving is built. benefited, H o w many further-education departments
the Ronan Point disaster“ - what exactly should we sacrifice to fashion? | Ip.The whole concept o f planning (the town-nnd- can be duly grateful for m inor G eorgian country
•country kind at least) has gone cockeyed. W hat we houses, o r their V ictorian im itators— so apt for giving
Ijtave today represents n whole cum ulation o f good courses in? H o w many angling clubs can thank the
: intentions. A n d what those good intentions are worth,
Here we take a look at three zones where one might make the experiment of succumb :•we have almost no way o f knowing. T o say it has
canal-builders fdr where they spend their peaceful
Sundays? H o w many Highlands-addicted tourists,
ing to the pressures and seeing where it led: the East Midlands, ‘Lawrence country’; the> ;.b,een with us f o r so long, physical planning has been even, depend fo r the solitude they love on those
. . r_ II > 1 I r- I ,• - remarkably unmonitored: ditto architecture itself. A s harsh men w ho preferred the glens clear o f people
area around Nuthampstead, Constable country; and the oolent, Montagu country.u Melvin W ebber has pointed out: planning is the and w ho planned them out o f the H ighlands and
into Canada or Australia?
There are, obviously, other candidates. Anyone can fill in his own sacred cows or beteiy. k iiJ ^ / s d e n c e w h i ^ Y e t it’s hard to see where, in this, the credit can
no ires. (Imagine, for example, dividing the Lake District so that Coniston andj, go to the planner. T h a t last example— w hich pushes
the concept o f planning altogether too far— is justified
Windermere could satisfy all those M6 hordes by becoming a Non-Plan zone: it might' 11 was meant t0 d°-and whether, if it does something as rubbing in the coerciveness o f it. M o s t planning
. . I w , I 1 • \ -r-1 L- • l l L different thls 15 fo r lhe better o r fo r the worse, is aristocratic or oligarchic in method even
help protect the Wastwaters that are worth preserving). I he main thing is that thefe J'.The result is that planning tends to lurch from today— revealing in this its historical origins. T h e

experiment should be tried - and tried quickly. Even the first waves of inform a tion p °n^ ^ Acceptance". One good“ecem
would be valuable; if the experiment ran for five years, ten years, twenty years, m oreff^,mple. *a? th.e f « h io n . - f o r high
> r , i i ,.o ~ i t t RT*flats— wh,ch been dying fo r some time before
and more o f use would emerge. Legally, It would not be too difficult to set up. l l only» Ronan Point give it a tombstone. T h is fashion had
, . I f - ' r inaugurated with bizarre talk o f creating
requires the w i l l to do it - and the desire to knoiu, instead of impose. « 'vertical streets w hich would somehow, it was
t implied, recreate the togetherness o f Bethnal Green
. .¡•/.w. Road on Saturday m orning-in (presumably) the lift

O f course, any experiment of this sort will have a tendency to endure. The megaliths^ Jh4nnéihin thV«ructure*y equiValent communic!llion
are still with us; so is Paddington station; so is Harlow New Town. Non-Plan woulck vNo; that one can be too sw iftly mocking, w e
W jlttay .yet. find that for some future-tw ist o f ' social
leave an aftermath at least as interesting as these. But what counts here, for once, is now |4^it:i(eclinó|ogipai development, tall flats are just the
jg^lMpg Th is happened with, another fashion— that fo r f "
•v*®»tòe/garden city, os ¡promulgated by'.Patrick Geddès, '¡j':
||&BI>(ep(tte|; H ow ard and R aym ond U n w lm I t’s worth:
^ M y fm e m b in n g that.the ¡garden in this theory was there £•,
:à ® fsp tcjfisa lly to grow fo o d in : the acreage was carefully «-
Affiftneatured out with this fodder ratio in m in d.-Th e t i.
2 6 T h e new R onan Point cower block o f council liar, in Ease London, buile byindustrialized methods,collapsed on 16 Mamlfatiouses; in (soy) W elw yn G arden C ity o r Hampstead 1
1968.lc was che beginning o f die end, in Britain, fortower blocks as social housing. Later, Icommissioned Nicholas Taylor,to'Ei}-,Carden. Suburb were, also scattered -thinly .because J:
w rite The Village in the City (in Paul Barker (general edicor),'Towards a N e w Society' scries, London: Tem ple Smith, 1973) lit y ' °f Wjdth o f spacejulloued (for reasons o f health) -Sr
pioneer defence o f Britain's suburban streets against planning megalomania. gjk to th^ (oop and iw e gp q f rp^ds. q:

m ost rigorously planned cities— like Haussman’s and
N a p o le o n i l l ’s Paris bave, nearly always been the
least dem ocratic.
T h e w a y that Haussman •rebuilt Paris gladdens
the tourist; it was not su ch 'a help, though, fo r the
p o o r through whose homes the demolition gangs went
to create those avenues and squares. Similarly,- the
urban renewal programmes o f the Am erican cities
gladdened the real estate men; they did not help
the N egroes and poor whites who were uprooted
w ith little to compensate them. In Britain, public
housing program m es gladden the housing committees
and the respectable w orking class; they don't help
the poorest, the must fissile o r the most drifting
fam ilies.
T h e p o in t is to realise bow little planning and
the accom panying architecture have changed. The
w h ole e th o s .is doctrinaire; and i f something good
emerges, it remains a bit o f a bonus. N o t to be
expected-but nice if you can get it— like totalling
e nough G reen Shield stamps to get a M in i. A t the
m om ent, most planners'- in Britain are on a. tautness
j a g ; ' C am den's neatly -interlocked squares; or
S outhw ark's bigh-density juggernauts, o r Cum ber
nauld's and the ' Elephant’s sculptural shopping
centres;
S om e o f these loo k pleasant enough now— and
some d o n ’t. But the fact is that, so far as one can
judge, taut arrangements last much better when
plenty o f m oney can be spent on their upkeep (O x
bridge colleges, Chelsea squares) than when it isn't
(remember a il .those Improved industrial Dwellings
put u p in the late 19th century by M r Peabody and
others?
S o It’s at least plausible that some other doctrine
than the current, one w ould be right fo r everyday
bousing and building. It w ould be pleasant if “do c
trine" were precisely what it wasn't.
'B u t how are we to know? Planning is being sub
jected to increasing scepticism. Th e T o w n and C ou n
try Plan n in g A ct, .1968, tidies up some o f the abuses
(especially some o f those w hich caused delay in gran
ting permissions); and the Skefiington committee is
c urrently trying to decide how people migbt be given
m ore say ("participation,” in the jargon) in planning.
T h e N e w C ity plan for M ilto n Keynes tries to shy
aw ay com pletely from planning. A t universities,
research is being done. T h e one thing that is not
being done is the harshest test, the most valuable
experiment, o f all. W hat w ould happen i f there were
n o plan? W h a t w o u ld people "prefer to do, If their
cb d ice .w e re 'u n tra m m e lle d ?. Woujd. inalters be any
better, o / . any worse, o r much the same7 (M ight
p lanning turn out to be rather like Eysenck's view
of- psychoanalysis: " an activity, .which, insofar at
itv.g^.-'.aediti'.gata it fo r benefits that wp.uld.-bappen
.ia fly ^ a i^ rtin d iv c a n <cure- tje!
o àd :plan':thém*élv<3 ?),: ButreythtuJtóajrteù àeìdte'd uc
NEW SOCIETY 20 MARCH 1969
NEW SOCIETY 20 MARON 1M»¡
Uristic, foreco u rt figures as the Esso tiger or the
tnight make the experiment o f succumbing to the Won-PIgn
pressures, and'seemg-wherb it led; the east midlands,
sf. little man. T h e great recent sdap.-opera flints have
been Jacques Dem y’s Lei Porapluiesde' C h erb o u rg
“ Law rence coun try"; the ar.ea round Northamp-
stead, "C onstable country"; and the Solent, "M on tagu
(hero; a filling-station owner).and O tiu d e L e lo u c h ’s
country,” T h e re are, obviously, other candidates.
U n H o t r t m i e t U n e Femme (hero; a racin g-car
A n y o n e can fill in his ow n sacred cows o r bites
' driver). ‘I f you drive down the French Rhone valley
motorway— not so planned as ours— one o f the most
noircs. (Imagine, 'for example, dividing the Lake
D istrict so that C on is io n and W inderm ere could
(nemorabie sights is a To ta l petrol station, writing
satisfy a ll those M6-borne hordes by becoming a
¡the letters t - o - t - a - l huge across the valley, with a
N o n -P la n zone: it ruight help protect the Wastwaters
flutter o f flags underneath. Stay in M oscow , and you
that are worth preserving.) T h e main thing is that
end u p yearning to see a Esso sign.
the experiment should be tried— and tried quickly.
- A sk yourself why it is that almost the only time
Even the first waves o f info rm atio n w ould be valu
you ever see flags on any unofficial occasion— ie,
able; if the experiments ran for five years, ten years,
not at an ordained festival or other jamboree, and
twenty years, more and more o f use would emerge.
not on a p u b lic building— is oq -filling-stations or
L e g ally it w ou ld not be too difficult to get up. ft
else, on the rear windows o f cars. o n ly requires the w ill to do i'— and the desire to
- N o w the purpose o f this is not to w rite a kind
know instead o f impose.
of Elegy in a C ou ntry Filling-Station. T h e purpose
O f course, any experiment o f this sort w ill have
is to aslts-.-why d o n ’t we dare trust the choices that
a tendency tc endure. T h e megaliths are still with
woujdt'-evolve if we let therp'l It’s permissible to
.us; so is Versailles; so is Paddington station; so is
ask— after’ the dreariness o f much pub lic rebuilding,
H a rlo w N e w To w n , N on -Plan would leave an af
and after the Ronan Point disaster— what exactly
termath a t'le ast as interesting as these.’ But what
should we sacrifice to fashion?
ones where counts here, fo r once, is now.
where one •
LAWRENCE COUNTRY
Here we lake a look at three Zones one
much- the same, in terms o f durable successes or
disastrous failures, the overall pattern w ould be sure
to be different: the look- of the experiment would o f the,century a conurbation was what they might
The east midlands, are perfect fo r N on-Plan . Stretch
be .sure to differ from w bat we have now. have. It was unnecessarily afraid. T h e west midlands
ing from Nottingham and D erby northwards through
T h is is what we’re-now proposing: a precise and conurbation around Birmingham , w hich was the ex
Mansfield up to Chesterfield, the Nottingham -Derby
carefully observed experiment in non-planning. It’s am ple that frightened them, w as-a product o f the
industriàl zone has a population o f close on 1j
hardly an experiment one could carry out over the public transport era— first the tram, then the bus
million. By the year 2000, it is expected to have
entire country. Some knots— like Lo n d o n — are, by bound the towns together. T h e three quarters of
2} m illio n ; the same as the west midlands con
now, far too G ordian for that. N o r are we suggesting a m illio n extra people expected, in the east midland
urbation today. Just to the north o f this zone (and,
(here) that other than physical planning should be industrial zone in the next 30 years w ill mostly have
by an adm inistrative accident, in another planning
shelved. cars, and their tastes in housing w ill be quite different
region), ¡s' Greater Sheffield with over three quarters
T h e right approach is to take the plunge into from those that shaped the B iack Country.
heterogeneity: to seize on a few appropriate of a m illion more people. A s A m erican experience shows, such people w ill
T h is is an anomaly in England: a big, fast-growing
zones o f the country, w hich are subject to a be more m obile than previous generations. T h e y w ill
.characteristic range o f pressures, and use them as industrial area with à lot o f people on the ground
comm ute farther each day, some o f them much
but with no Birmingham -type conurbation. T h e east
launchpads fo r N on-Plan. A t the least, one would farther. Industrial decentralisation w ill mean that
midlands regional economic planning council, in Its
find out what people want; at the most, one might m any o f them w ill be w orking outside the cities
report back in 1966, was frightened that by the end
discover the hidden style o f mid-20th century Britain.
It's “ hidden’’ for the same reason that caused any
good social democrat, to shudder at the anarchic sug
gestion o f . the previous paragraph. T o w n planning
is always in thrall to some outmoded rule-of-thumb;
as a profession, in fact, planners tend to read the
Telegraph and the Express, rather than the Guardian
or The Times. Ta k e a specific example: the filling
station.
"W atch the little filling-station,’'' Fran k Llo y d
W right said. "It is the agent o f decentralisation."
L ik e all focuses o f transport, the filling-station'could
be a notable cause o f change. Self-service automats,
dispensing fo o d ' and other goods, could spring up
around the forecourt; maybe small post offices, loo;
telephone kiosks; hoiiday-gear shops; eateries (no/
restaurants); all this quite apart from the standard
b p V isco static Iice cream /m ap and guidebook shop.
(Thus, at Cum bernauld New To w n, it's already clear
that only the most repressive controls can stop the
two conveniently sited filling stations from replacing
the inconveniently centred town centre as shopping
focus.)
W e ll, you can watch as long as you tike in Britain,
but you w ill see small sign o f this happening. I t’s
hard enough to get planning permission to put up
a filling station in the first' place. (There's still a
feeling— dating probably from the hoo-ha which
broke out when the Set Britain Free Tories decided
to replace pbol petrol; in the 1950s by commercial
brands— that it's' verf.faay to have "too m any” filling
stations.) T o have!-anything- else on the forecourt
is almost impossible! O nly in-the m otorway.service
areas (themselves' damply ¡overplanned}ifs there
a->'*‘-ing like this; and here the unfottuh itely not
unique combination o f incompetence and non-tspon-
lane.iy kills me wnale thing. motorways & motorway
.And- yet there’s no doubt that the popular arts g. suipcitiei .................... standard wads,
of our-’, time- (to, those that everyone thipks fie has dew villages , * - 2 - , fisting
motorway fun Canties - 1 > ' *== f u W ^
a .v a lid 'o p in io n ''b n ) are car,,design and advetJising;
-and-these are 'doubJy- eym bolised-by spch -charac-
 4U NEW SOCIETY SO M ARCH 1WS NO T 80C W T V SO MARCH 19«S

N o n - P la ii to o ‘ 086 urban tccnonusu', jargon, .they w ill
" t r a d e o H " amenity! against- accessibility. .fro r . m a n y
the resuit w ill be life in far-flung suburbs; close to
open countryside..
in tne east m id la n d s this is ail the more likely,
because the countryside is worth, having, and because
it is relatively more accessible than eisewnere.
Law re nce in Lady Cnatterley's Lover describes what
in d ustrialism nao done to the countryside he knew,
n orth west o f N om n g nam . B ut really, the. im pact o f
the towns is suit rem arkably small in the wnole o f
this countryside. Everywhere, there are still patches
o i uie oid sym oiosi* ut m ining and tae rural economy,
w nich Law re n ce him self describes poignantly in (he
opening pages o l ¡tons and Lovers.
T h e biggest dinerence in tact has come in the
last year o r two. N o w , the M l to lls on only tw o
miles fro m the village o f Eastwood, where Law rence
grew up. It link s northwards not only w iln Leeds
but also w ith tne G re at N o rth R oad at Doncaster,
thus form in g the new mam north-south route down
the eastern side o f the Pennine*. F ro m Nottingham
to Snettield by tbe m otorway is now half an nour's
drive. F ro m N o ttingnam to Leicester, also h alf an
hour. F ro m N ottingham through to the outskirts o f
Lo n d o n , tw o hours, l'he transform ation in space rela
tionships is as great as anywhere in England; and,
as is already occurring on the M i between St A lbans
and N ortham pton, it w ill be accompanied, after a
tim e lag, by a massive sh ift in commuting. In the
w hole b fh m ile tract between Leicester and Sheffield;
m any people w ill find that,they .can live where they
lik e. T h e re w ill be colossal ptessure fo r scattered,
often small-scale grow th in hundreds o f villages and
sm all towns. N o n -P la n would perm it this.
T h e biggest practical problem is preserving open
space. There is really n o difficulty about the ordinary
lo c a l open spaces; they can be bought in the market,
o r fro m the land, comm ission, in •such amounts as
CONSTABLE COUNTRY
N utham pstead? O n ly 38 miles fro m Lo n don— this,
am ong the R o s k ill comm ission's four short-list sites
ifn is fo r a th ird L o n d o n airport, has a not-had chance
o f being finally chosen. A s an alternative to Stansted
i t w ould change nothing. It doesn't matter w hich
side o f B ishop's Stortford tbe airport is located:
the ultim ate disturbance to the Herts-Essex border
lit® c o un try w ill be the same. T h e actual aircra ft noise
the appropriate departm ent thinks necessary. (But ,
only'After an examination o f actual needs.) T h e pro
blem is the large regional o r national park areas; .
The Peak park, west o f the zone, is one case; the
Dukeries, form ing a series o f potential country parks ’
to the east, are another.
La n d for these parks would simply be bought in
tbe market by a state Countryside Com m ission
because the social benefits from recreation w ould ;
outweigh those from development. T h e commission .
w ould then recoup its expenditure (like a nationalised
industry) by charging fo r entry to the country parks,
with the aim o f breaking even, “ taking one year
with another." A m erican experience shows this can
work. It may be necessary to buy now, while the
expected benefits o nly justify the purchase some time
is the future. T h is may justify a state subsidy, but
it does not justify an arbitrary refusal to consider
the alternative uses to w hich this land m ight possibly
be put.
N on-Plan, applied to this area, w ould keep all
the options open. N o land-use pattern co u ld be
regarded as sacrosanct.
W h a t w ould result? Probab ly - a pattern w hich
intensified the present one, but w ithout (he "plan
nin g" rigm arole. Th e fo rc e s o f dispersion, o f mobility,
are already strong. But there w ould be certain
differences. Developm ent w ould be more scattered
and less geometrically tidy than our present planners
wpuld like. It w ould be lowidensity— the apotheosis
ijfo x u rb ia . There would be more out-of-town shop
ping centres and drive-in cinemas, and Non-Plan
w ou ld let’ them zoom to considerable size by the end ;
o f the. century. W ith the aesthetic brakes off, strip
development w ould spread along the main roads on
the Am erican model. M u c h o f this w ill serve the
needs o f a m obile society: eating places, drinking'
places, petrol stations, supermarkets. It w ould not
look like a planner's dream, but it w ould work. ^
» ~»i — » ...... ............
W alden,-'and the W a re /H e rtfo rd bijou mihi-con-
(ionatej trauic toad on the *11, w nich probably ought S?
urbation. A n d then add to this (he effect o f an airport,
lo have been let rip to develop as a thick local r
w ith a ll the attraction that scheduled flights would
’‘midway", rather than being regarded, as at present, 8
have fo r factory owners— consequently for
But this is largely illusory; most o f the trees are as an inefficient trunk route to rem oler parts o f E ast ?
speculative house builders. (One ought to remember,
in the belts o f a few very handsome parks that more Anglia. Th e building o f the M l ) m otorway (which 3
too, that there’s an airp o rt at Stansted already— and,
or less alternate with the half-timbered, or G eorgian, an airport at Nuthampstead w ould certainly hasten) •
will lift the through-traffic load from the old *11
though small, not a ll that tranquilo
villages along the *11, w hich hat almost the air o f T h e result o f these pressures would not, probably,
a parkway in places. T h e rest o f the area is fairly trunk, but w ill leave untouched the unacknowledged
lo o k like the prewar ribb o n development (of evil
badly off fo r roads o f this quality (with the possible local pressures lo w hich that road is increasingly
fame). T h e liftin g o f planning restrictions w ou ld not
exception o f the easi-west *120) but tends to exhibit subject In its role as a kind o f diffuse, linear
instead the kin d o f intricate grid o f m inor roads "downtown” for the whole area between Potter Street
and the Chesterfords. These pressures are revealed
sim ply connect a ll the *11 villages into a continuous

contours w ill be moved ten miles to the north west,
but the a irp o rt project is n ot a cause, It is merely
one sym ptom o f w hat is trying to happen anyhow
in this rare enclave o f a dying way o f life that
has, so far, escaped pressures that are norm al in
that characterises the heartlands o f Hertfordshire.
T h is close-grained and rather private terrain has
long been immune to the development pressures that
have transformed many other areas in London's ex
urbanite belt. I f this area were freed o f direct or
not only by (he eruption o f m ore motels than their
national average distribution w ould suggest (two at
Epping, ooe at H arlow , others rumoured further
north) but even more clearly by the constant widen-

IfÉ ® the rest o f L o n d o n 's exurbanile belt. Proclaim ing
a N o n -P la n zone .thereabouts w ould reveal w hat
pressures are currently being held in.check (but only
just) by present planning routines. Even m ore than
that, taking the planning lid o ff w ould produce a
situation traum atic enough-am oog the amenity lo b
bies to m ake their real m otivations visible; to show
im plicit planning prohibitions, what semi-submerged
tensions (which underlie, the present malaise o f
insecurity here) could come to the surface and be
studied?
By comparison with the other three suburban
quadtaou o f London, the north-east quadrant is
almost an underdeveloped country. Because o f this,;
mgs, re-alignments and general tinkering with the
*11 lo cope with the local traffic crossing o r turning
on and off it.
O f course, H a rlo w N e w T o w n is the m ajor cause
o f hidden pressures on the w hole area. N o t in the
way in w bichl for instance, Stevenage has become
a focus for junkie activity in the northern home,

tfS * I b o w m uch 'is genuine concern for environmental and

cultu ral vglues, how m uch merely class panic. •
it t ii . F o r th e .k in d , o f population that rallies to its
defence, this countryside and its villages have
everything .id recomm end them, the .perfect ecology
f o r retiredj jofficers. and gentlemen -who are now
S om ething In the C ity.
T h e ’ Scale ot. the countryside is relatively small
and ’ gardem likej—the' landscape does not really open
o ut until th'e'qh’alk dQwnlaod rises north o f . the
Chesterfords) where the main com m unication
lin k s— the railw ay -to Cam bridge, and th e -A ll tru n k
ro a d to New m arket— separate. U p to that- point, the
a te terrain is mostly* g e n t ly ‘folded; with shallow dips
separating spo t heights that rarely break the 400.
fo o t contour. T h e tree cover- is often thick enough
to give the illu sion that this might be some westward
extensiop 6 f Ithait t b is i ksaqredl.of .E n g lish sacred
scenery: “ C onstable country;"
ft was able to absorb a disproportionate arnputy o f
London's satellite N e w T o w n population— or, .to ex
press the matter another way, jt had.enough spare
space J o t th e . w o r k in g p n d lo w c r m jd d le . classes tp
be shut away in separated gbpttoes o f which tfio
Becontr.ee Estate was.ffiE prototype, apd H arjow N ew
T o w n ih e .final solution. U n til recently, the-nortji
east - quiadrant was, buffered against .deyelopntenfa)
pressures that ’we're’"hqi^nal” nUthe offier quadrant^,
Ur.ban sprayrl o f eajrl.ie^ 'kjniip.,tvas largely bjocked
by the marshes’’ o f Haqkaey. anil WansleAd.’ an^ b’y
the inviolable com m on lands ojf Jipptng a n c ^ a irja u lt
forests. I^ajej dpyelopipen.tal. pressures were plpp ab
normal, probably because ‘ these, $atne''blockages
pushed the m ain railway lines towards the edges
o f ” the quadrant— n o rthw ards. to Cambridge;
eastwards to Colchester, .with anything In between
typically polerlog.out at Ojnga,rv
T h is ha* ^ w a y s thrown a, (probably di^pfopof-
couplies, ’but sim ply because the introduction o f a
large and unbalanced new population in any area
Brings with it many more .demands and needs than'
can (be' accommodated by. Iffe b uild in g o f homes,
schools and com m unity centres. H arlow has been
parasitical on surrounding.' 'communities fo r en-
w ’liijim ent, to ..take only one example, ever since
if 'was founded— and Bishop's.Stortlord appeared’ to
Be’ profiting handsomely _ from the New T o w n ’s
unsatisfied needs in its early- days.
"Pressures o f this kin d a d p e ir (o'be' contained fo r
thfe mdmbm, but it w ill be phjlsicality; impossible to
contain ihefti if Ha’rfow ¿row s much" bigger; A nd .
if the population target of-about 100,000 is achieved.’
Harlow w ill be the largest settlement on the *11
.between the G reater L o n d o n boundary and.N.qrwich.-
•and m usr mgike dependem ku biirb i; o f 'ail''dti>*r
. ibSdslde1 cofrtmudlties Irbfn1 ’ f to’ "the
; Chesterfords, in cludin g S tortford • and- Saffron

16
 NEW SOCIETY », M U C H - « 6 9 *EW 8 0 c ) E t y 2(j M A n cH 1#„

N on -Plan ribbon, ru n n in g north-from . .Sawhridgeworth. One o f Chicago's O 'H are airport.

the national advantages o f Nuthampstead is the fact
that motorised traffic from the midlands and the
north can-(w ith a little ingenuity) reach it without
passing through Lo n d o n at all, and does not need
E q u a lly well, they m ight not. We don't know,
because we have not seen the area around an airport <
develop naturally in England since C roydon in the
twenties. Indeed few prospects seem less welcome .
wall/Devon might ideally be better (for a start,
they're warmer) but they’re too fa r from the .London
magnet at the moment. T h e .division between freely
willed and directed (ie, between leisure and w ork)
would erode

&ï. . the A l l . .
M o s t conceivable airports in the other three
to ou r present planning establishments, undermined ;
culturally by Stephen Spender's identification o f such ’
Residents : might bedome '.‘auto-nomads” at

Ì0. quadrants around L o n d o n would throw their main
W' traffic load on the radial arteries'leading to them
from the m etropolis. However, any airport near
B is h o p ’s S tortford w ill shed quite a bit o f that load
on to roads running east-west o r north-westwards— in
other words, m oving through the area at right angles
to the line o f flow apparently envisaged by London-
obsessed ‘'natio nal” thinking o f the sort responsible
fo r the M i l .
' A fa ir am ount o f heavy comm ercial traffic already
moves through Stortford on this axis which, some
IS o r so miles further east, connects with Braintree
and thè diffused zone o f m iscellaneous'light industries
in central Essex. I f local (and other) authorities can
respond freely to a plan-free situation, then Bishop's
S to rtfo rd could shortly have an improved east-west
throughway, w hich it probably needs even more than
to be disembarrassed o f the A ll. T h is could also
be a step towards the creation o f a fan o f better
q u a lity roads carrying ah increasing amount o f con
tainerised traffic to the rest o f England out o f the new
freight facilities at T ilb u ry o r Felixstow e— and,
again, w ith out entanglement in the private traffic
neuroses o f L o n d on .
In other words, w hat m ight be in store under
a planning-free dispensation might not be the simple
‘‘d estruction" o f the pretty coaching villages on the
m ain road to New m arket, but’ a much more evenly
distributed process o f'in fillin g and backfilling o f com
M m unities in an area o f some five to ten miles around
the S tortford airpo rt complex with a general thicken
ïÿi’ ing in a ll parts as far as D unm ow o r Royston. Nearest
the airports .one can expect a zone o f motels, long
term’ parking (essential a n d ’inevitable with a la rg e ly '
m otorised access) and secondary services, with
prim ary and engineering services down towards
H a rlo w because o f its. existing in dustrial'zone. Th e
m otels, restaurants and so o n fo r Stansted might
w ell st,ring out eastwards, however, along the a120,
in a similar, m anner to the-development o f the “ little
L a s V egas" strip along .Mannheim. R o a d to serve
situations as the landscape o f hysteria and deafened •
by the barrage o f propaganda that thunders down
from the .anti-noise lobby. A n d to have this happen :
in what is virtually Constable country . . .
A ctu ally, the close-textured, tree-grown, Constabli
type country is supposed, by bodies o f opinion lik
the Architectural Review, to be ahle to absorb prac
licalty anything that is not taller than a grow n tree, ,
and the buildings which free enterprise w ou ld put
up in this planning-free situation w ould not be half ;
that height. O n an open site, one and two storey
buildings have overwhelming commercial
tractions— it is only ultra-high urban land values or :
the activities o f determined architect-planners like .
W alter B or o r Sir Hugh Casson, that make m ulti- r
storey com m ercial development thinkable.
So this small-scale, rather private landscape might .-
barely reveal its new comm ercial buildings to the
eye. But this would be-very bad com m ercial practice, ,
since an invisible building is no advertisement, and ;.
there w ould certainly have to be a compensatory j
efflorescence of large and conspicuous advertising '
signs. T h e overall result could thus be lo w comm ercial .
buildings set well back from the road behind adequate .-
parking courts, backed by tall trees and fronted by -
tall signs, with a soft, rolypoly countryside appearing
behind.
It might be quite graceful to the eye; certainly ,
more so than the quasi-regimented squalor o f ou r ;
present suburban industrial concentration damps (or ?
trading estates), a n d ' equally more so than the -
featureless boredom o f the increasingly large areas ;;
o f East A ng lia that are being flattened out fo r efficient ?
exploitation by agro-industry. 1 do n ’t suppose th a t;
it w ill appear graceful to the eyes o f the present;,
generation o f Stansted nay-sayers. But it may appear |
differently to their successors— as a deliverance'from i’
creeping death by economic stagnation that w ill aw ait )
the area; if it remains, in its present condition o f t
stalemate between development pressures and plan- ;•
ning prohibitions. _____
holidays and weekends o r in fine weather, and still
remain within the Solent zone. T h e tourist pearls
are remarkably evenly spread throughout the area;
nulti-funsiops. T h is w ould not be fo r the big setpiece
oliday— which, more and more, w ill be abroad (in
>falta if the exchange regulations don't permit the
i'bsta del S o l o r Rim ini). It w ill be for small, io-
irmittent holidays. V isito rs (as opposed to residents)
kill increasingly see it the same w ay— though they
might stop off at the Buckler's H ard motel complex
to refresh themselves en route from the continent
to Stoke-on-Trent, Balham o r Oxford-with-Reading.
at
The New Forest pony sales w ould become a heavily
plugged rodeo time.
Culturally, the prospect is bizarre. It was in
Hampshire, after ail, that the proposed New T o w n
of H ook was killed : planning used in order to defeat
planning. N on-Plan w ould upheave all that. A n
enclave w ould be irrupted into and become one o f
the main play-and-live edges o f the Lo n d on region.
M obile homes ,m ight dot the N e w Forest and the
Isle o f W ight. Caravans to begin with; later more
elaborate, o r a t any rate more efficient, constructions.
There w ould be high-level, tree-top chair rides
through the Forest and convoys, o f computer-pro Levan t nudist scene in the country’— thermostatically
grammed holiday houseboats (both pu blic and
controlled and ten bob a head.
private) on the Solent. Faw le y refinery w ould have
It w ould be a good zone in w hich to tack on
ion et lumière. Flo ating grandstands, with pu blic ad to the basic N on-PJan scheme a number o f other
dress systems and inform ation displays, w ould involve possible try-outs: freedom for- local authorities to
visitors ip the speed and performance trials o f new
water gear (hovercraft, speedboats, water-skis, -life-
raise money in ways they see fit (a sales tax, a
sail tax, a poll tax, a po n y tax); local commercial
saving). La rg e retractable m arinas w ould have sail-in g radio, w ith in form ation fo r visitors and tourists;
movies arid row-in bars. Beach buggies w ou ld drive S “ pot” shops instead o f all those declining tobacconists
through the heathland. Particular villages, especially a (and see how different the population seems, o r how
on the Isle o f Wight, w ould be got up as showpieces. £ similar, after five o r ten years); the abandonment
Britain's first giant dome w ould rise on the Isle o f Î o f a few other rules, like pub hours— as at present
Wight coast ; the first all-weather, all-public lie du * happens, i f you know where, during Cow es Week.
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL M A / JUNE JULY AUGUST

MONTAGU COUNTRY A few years ago a-nuclear power station was rejected W ight (with its dim inishing rail network) is r:
5
"M ;:

f o r .the Isle o f -Wight, uridei the dou btfu l slogan o f
preserving the nation's heritage. In fact, this V ictorian
island— once one o f the. O ld Queen's favourite foosls,
and J. B. Priestley's— is losing what heritage it had.
In the Solent area— Portsm outh/Southam pton/New
F o re s t/Is le o f W igh t— the island t i one o f the few
parts suffering any loss o f population. It might gain
m ore . from, an abandonm ent o f preservation than it
has so fa r w on from its continuance.
: A ltogether, the Solent is a curious hodgepodge.
A t Fawley, fo r example, it has the largest o il refinery
in E u ro p e and ..the most publicised productivity
Agreem ents, in ' B ritain — from w hich pipelines and
m oralisation stretch out to the rest o f the country.
T h e n :th e re - S o u th a m p to n — a m ajor-port with huge
oapacity-for .expansion— already, w ithin the orb't o f
Greater. Lo n d on . T o arrive at-’Southampton, either
by boatiot-j>y pfane, is to feel yourself at the edge
q f art incipient, megalopolis w hich doesn’t stop till,
it reaches ';Blet.chley,;''.Ipsw ich and Sevenoaks,:’’
S outham pton -do esn 't -jii'st have four tides ,a day-
(w hich seems like an almost sinful am ount o f deep
water), U has a .university as expansionist as the
rest of- them and. a rapidly swelling population.
F a w le y hnd .Southam pton, in fact,' are at present
the p o le sp f-g ro w th . T h e y generate various secondary
in dustries*.h pye/craft, synthetic jobber, electricity,
tech nica l frkinihg.;
iTbg Jpthpji j?qle -of ideclioo * p a r f jrprov lh* ( M e o f
Portsmouth. T h e highly equipped naval dockyard is
being run down; skilled labour is looking fo r work. . 9
m g
T h e ditched Buchanan plan for a Solent C ity is i n - ; . ■
tended to arc between the Southampton and Porta- ;
mouth poles like a spark looking fo r a gap. It w i l l >
be valuable to have the check o f w hat Professor \
Buchanan expected to be able to instil here.
Besides growth and decline, the Solent has a ; S I
flourishing middle area w hich is neither grow ing nor ;
declining but sim ply being preserved. It has historic i
towns, villages'and monuments— like the w ill-kn ow n j
: 9 !
monumental village school at Winchester;, the’ palace, ;
abbey and lo rd at Beaulieu; the N e a r Forest itselF. i E l
j j j & p S ; • j Teptayr
There’s fhe small-boats jn d u stry tT h e preservationist’i Taie any
counter end
lobby is pow erful: ihgtc are ^ s o r te d arch ite ctu ral;
knights at Beaulieu a ij& a t Bite^ier's H ard, and the 1
ygchting brotherhood p lfle a u lie u (again the lynch- :
pin), H am ble and Lymiflgson; E d w ard M ontagu and i piece it on the
Edm und d f jR o tljs fh ild (the (atteiU ji^ Exbury) are |
showm en-geotiyi but they remain gentry.' A - fon« |
pieesure zone
sortlum of..landowner^ jn- the,Beaulieu va lle y ih a y t i
launched aW f^ elopgiirit plan.
heard; mere
W ith N S a j i ; "industrial^ sites . w o u liib e likely i
to ‘spitad more (reefy’ along ’ the -coast west of- i
ayeie hefere 12
Southam pton/ Fawley. -So’ w ould housing. B ut there : hears ere up;
would also be a spread o f pleasure. It’s cut out
efter e year er
twe hut/d a eew
jsnpfWAinrzNnnmNWdyHowiN'Awnyazjxav/ww heard\
19
442
SPONTANEITY AND SPACE
A n y advocate o£ N o n -P la n is sure to be misrepre
sented; we had bette: repeat'.what ,we mean. Sim ply
to.dem and au end to plánning, ali'planning, w ould be
sentimentalism; it w ould .deny the very basis o f
e cono m ic life in tbe second h a lf o f the 20th century.
A s G a lb ra ith has reminded us, the economies o f
all advanced industrial countries are planned, whether
they c a ll themselves capitalist or communist. In the
U n ite d States o r Japan or G erm any or Britain, the
need to m ake elaborate and long-term plans is as
pressing f o r the in div idu al firm, as it is fo r the cen
tral government. B ut we are arguing that the word
planning itself is misused; that it has also been used
f o r the im position o f certain physical arrangements,
based o n value judgments or prejudices; and that it
should be scrapped. .
T h re e developments in particular makes this argu
ment com pelling. They are developments o f the last
15 years; their m ain force has been felt in this coun
try in the last ten. Th e y are: the cybernetic revolu
tion; the mass affluence revolution; and the pop/
youth culture revolution.
Cybernetics is com m only described as a techno
logical revolution; but it is much more. It has its
technological basis in the computer, as. the 18th cen-
tury industrial revolution- had in the steam engine.
B u t just as that revolution arose out o f the intellec
tu al ferment o f the age o f New ton and the R o y a l
Society, so this has gone along with a major revolu
tion in oUr ways o f thought.
T h e essence o f the new situation Is that we can
master vastly greater amounts o f inform ation than
was hitherto thought possible— inform ation essen
tia lly about the effect o f certain defined actions upon
the operation o f a system. T h e practical implications
are everywhere very large, but nowhere are they
greater than in thé area we loosely c a ll planning. I t is
true that the science o f decision-making, o r manage
ment, was being developed in the U nited States from
the 1920s, a quarter century before the cybernetic
revolution; and it is almost true that it was this
science o f management, applied to m ilitary ends in
W o r ld W a r T w o , w hich made tbe cybernetic revolu
tio n possible.
20
NEW SOCIETY 20 MARCH 1911.HEW SOCIETY 20 M ARCH 1909
N o w , the two fields— that o f scientific managemtnS
and' that w hich embraces operations research an|
systems analysis— are so closely related as to be it'
practice inseparable. B ut physical planning flourish«^
in this country when the science of management wtf
almost unknown, Thus, simple, rule-of-thumb v « M
judgments could be made, and were held to ha4j
perpetual validity, like tablets o f the law. S ince\tl|
cybernetic revolution, it has become clear that su&
decisions ate. meaningless and valueless— as, indeed
ought to have become clear before. Instead, physics
planning, like anything else, should consist at most o|
setting up frameworks for decision, w ithin which a|
much objective inform ation as possible can be fitted!
N o n -Plan w ould certainly provide such inform ation!
But it m ight do more.1 Even to talk o f a ‘‘general
fram ew ork” is difficult. O u r inform ation about future,
states o f the system is very poor. f
I f -the cybernetic revolution makes our traditional'
planning technologically and intellectually obsolete!
social change reinforces this conclusion. T h e revoluf
tion o f rising affluence (despite the current economic;
problems) means that a grow ing proportion o f pet«
sonal incomes w ill be funnelled off into ever mor«c
diverse and unpredictable outlets. N on-Plan would!;
let them be funnelled. G albraith (again) has showtjvi
how the modern industrial state depends on thi*;
ability to m ultiply wants fo r goods and services; cer|?
tainly a large am ount o f prediction is involved in thisg:
C a r manufacturers have a fa ir idea o f how many)!,
cars w ill be sold in 1984. S im ilarly with refrigerator?;
manufacturers, co lo u r t v set makers and purveyotfe
o f M editerranean or Caribbean holidays. !};
But in detail and in combination, the effects are no®
easy to relate to programmes o f p ublic investment!;
• One change, however, Non-Plan would inevitably^,
underline: as people become, richer they deman#;
more space; and because they, become at the samt|
time more mobile, they w ill be more able to com-.|v
mand it. Th e y w ill want this extra space in andf,
around their houses, around their shops, around their1 ;
T o say that L a s Vegas is exciting and memorable
offices and factories, and in the places where they', British landscape has been nil, fo r the simple reason
and fine is also a value judgment. It cannot be sup
go fo r recreation. T o impose rigid controls, in order? that the planners have suppressed it.
Three particularly ripe examples: one, the row ported by facts. B u t except for a few conservation
to frustrate people in achieving the space standard)
areas w hich we wish to preserve as living museums,
they require, represents simply the received personal,; over the psychedelic painting on the Beaties' form er
"A p p le " boutique in B aker Street (objected to, and physical planners have no right to set. their value
or class judgments o f the people who are making the.
judgment up against'yours, or indeed anyone else’s.
decision. ! duly erased, because on a building o f architectural
merit— though the shop Is next door but one to a I f the-Non-Plan experiment works really well, people
W orst o f a ll; they are judgments about how they:'
should be allow ed to b u ild what they like. (Oh, and a
think other people— not o f their acquaintance or. fairly unreticent cinema); tw o, the rebuilt Jack
word fo r the preservationists: much easier to relieve
class— should live. A remarkable number o f the;, Straw’s Castle on Ham pstead Heath, one o f the few
pressure' on medieval town centres by letting -the
architects and planners who advocate togetherness,;: bits o f pop fantasy to get past the taste censors, but
only after a major row among the planners; three, the edges o f the-city sprawl, and give people chance to
themselves live among space and green fields.
Prince o f W ales pub in Fortun e Green R oad, north shop there in drive-in suburban superstores, than by
T h is assertion may be most clearly demonstrated:;
London, internally perhaps the most remarkable piece brooding on ihner-relief roads o r whatever.)
where different value judgments are Involved. The::;,
of pop design in Europe, externally a tedious piece A t the very .least, Non-PJan w ou ld provide accur
most remarkable manifestation so far o f mass a (flu-;' ate inform ation, to fit into a "com m unity investment
of planner's O ld Englishe G o o d Taste.
ence— above a ll in B ritain— has been the revolution;) plan.” T h e balance -of costs and benefits to the in
The planning system, as now constituted in Britain,
in pop culture. This is a product o f newly emergent.; d ivid u al is not ihe same as to the co m m u nity.-if there
Is not merely negative; it has positively pernicious
social groups and, above all. o f age groups. A m o n g:’;
results. T h e irony is that the planners themselves co n are social costs, the . people who are responsible pay
the young, it has had a remarkable effect in bre^kipgf.
stantly talk— since the appearance o f Jane Jacob’s them. -If. !ow-dehsity development is expensive to the
dow n class barriers, and replacing these by age-'
Death and Life of Great American Cities— about the community, tbe reaction should be to make it propor
barriers. Though pop culiure is eminently capable of: tionately expensive-to those who live in it; not to
need to restore spontaneity and vitality to urban life.
com m ercial exploitation, it is essentially a real cui->:
They never seem to draw the obvious c o n c lu s io n - stop'it. T h e notion that the planner- has the Tight to
ture, provided by people drawn from the same;
thaï the monuments o f oür century that h iv e spon say whgt is "rig h t" is- really an extraordinary hang
groups as the customers.
taneity and vitality are found not in the old cities, over from the days o f collectivism in left-wing
M o s t im portantly for Non-Plan, it is frenetic and) thought, which has long ago been abandoned else
but in the A m erican west.
Immediate culture, based pn the rapid obsolescence
There, in the desert and the Pacific slates,'crea where.
cycle. R a d io . One's "revived 45" is .pyobably three, We: seem so . afraid o f freedom. But ’Britain
tions like Frem ont Street in Las Vegas o r Sunset
months old, and on.the £ipw Y o r k art sceqe fashions:, shouldn’t be;a Peter Pan Edw ardian ntirsery. Let it at
Strip in Beverly H ills represent the living architecture
change almost as quickjy as on tye K in g 's Road. Pop: Itest move into the p lay school e ra : why should only
of'our age. A s Torh W olfe'poin'ts out in 'h is brilliant
culture is a n ti high bourgeois ..culture. Though it-; tbe undejr-sevens .be aJIbwecj their bright materials,
essay -bri Las Vegas, they aihie ve their quality by re
makes mapy statements it does, not like „big .state,:; their gay .cpBstructions, their wind-up D alcks. In that
placing buildings by sighs. In B ritain you o n ly get
meats.. Reyoer Banham is Reader in
occasional hints o f how w ell this could work. T h e w orld ,-M arx is?best kpo w n 'as the m aker o f plastic,
A l l these characteristics could not be more opposed? • battery-driven dum p trucks. L e t’s becofne-that sort of Architecture,-. Bartlett School of
prime example— Piccadilly C ircus at night— is Architecture. University- C o l
to the-traditional judgments o f the physical planner— .t
apparently so successful it needs to be preserved, marxist, - lege, London; Pant Barker ia
.whjch,.in essence, are the,values p f the old bourgeois): God help us. W hy preserve it? W hy not simply allow . fc.tt’s:issve< QUf jbr.endi fq r genuine, problem s— likjr. Editor o f NEW s o c i e t y ; : Peter
culture'. 'jPpp culture in..Britain has produced-the big-; oilier'efflorescences bt fluorescence in other places? P4 w illy us; ^ n d !cl‘* Non- H all is Professor of'Geogr^phy,
gest visual explosion for decades— or even, in the;
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case.o t fashion, fo r - c e n tu rie s ,Y tlc ifra ffe c t ion; titty-
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