5550

SELF-CONTROL AND IMPULSIVITY IN CHILDREN:

MULTIPLE BEHAVIORAL MEASURES
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The College at Brockport, State University of New York

The present experiment investigated the relationship between labo-

ratory measures of self-control and delay of gratification in children
and explored several other factors that may influence self-control. In
the self-control paradigm, 30 four-year-old children repeatedly chose
between three reinforcers received after a delay and one reinforcer
received immediately. A self-imposed delay modification allowed par-
ticipants to reverse their choices to the smaller, less delayed reinforcer
during the delay to the larger reinforcer. In the delay-of-gratification
paradigm, the children received three reinforcers if they waited 20 min
until the experimenter returned or one reinforcer if they terminated
the trial by ringing a bell. A strong positive correlation between the
proportion of self-control choices in the self-control paradigm and the
wait times in the delay-of-gratification paradigm was found, suggest-
ing concurrent validity between the two measures. In addition, the ex-
posure to visual food cues had no consistent effect across participants
on choice in either measure.
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Table 1
Demographics, Proportion of Self-Control for Both Initial and Final Choices,
and Wait Times (s) Demonstrated by Each Participant in Both the Food-Cues-
Present and Food-Cues-Absent Conditions

Food cues present Food cues absent Wait times (s)

Age
Participant (months) Gender Order SCinitial SCfinal SCinitial SCfinal FCpres FCabsent
1 54 M 3 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.55 1,200 1,200
2 55 F 4 0.55 0.50 0.80 0.75
3 51 M 4 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.25 2 1,200
4 49 M 1 0.45 0.10 0.55 0.40 10 10
6 54 F 3 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.85 1,200 1,200
9 55 M 2 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.70 1,200 5
10 50 M 4 1.00 1.00 0.60 0.60 1,145 1,200
11 54 F 2 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.50 1 1
12 49 F 1 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.45 7 1
13 52 F 4 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 4 630
14 57 M 3 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 504 8
15 59 F 2 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.40 47 4
16 55 M 2 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.55 54 536
17 51 M 4 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.80 1,200 1,200
18 55 M 2 0.50 0.45 0.70 0.35 1,200 559
19 53 F 3 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 124
20 58 M 1 0.45 0.40 0.75 0.75 1,197
21 54 M 4 0.90 0.65 0.55 0.45
23 52 M 1 0.45 0.45 0.70 0.70 2
24 56 F 4 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 1,200 1,200
25 50 F 4 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.45
26 48 F 3 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 2
27 58 M 3 0.85 0.70 0.45 0.35 3 .02
28 52 F 2 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1,200
29 54 M 3 0.35 0.35 0.60 0.60 200 100
30 53 F 1 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1 236
31 50 F 4 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 1,200
33 56 M 2 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 137 18
34 56 M 1 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.60 106 199
35 56 M 4 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 1,200 1,200

M 54 0.58 0.54 0.59 0.54 537.3 508.9

(SE) 0.53 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 121.4 106.24
Note. SCinitial = the self-control proportions demonstrated by the first choice the child made;
SCfinal = the final self-control proportions, which include any reversal that occurred from the
self-control choice to the impulsive choice; FCpres = wait time demonstrated in food-cues-
present condition; FCabsent = wait time demonstrated in food-cues-absent condition.
436 G&]4=&94

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Figure 2. Proportion of self-control for four conditions for each participant.

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References
4;=+;9$@/85A;"*
 
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Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 215050/
E/H<%/85,50
 +9G,.&=&;=.';?9= 443

49++;+(U9>=(@A 

 % 3  

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* "
*
Behavioural Processes, 655
EH+8,8@A,
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!
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!
,   
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Child Development, 50///


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,%
1   

 "# 4?'?&?? Journal of Abnormal Child
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EH7E4.5805%
7&.-7&.-'U'4;=$&=?(@/85A+
  3 %
* 
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!!
, "* 3 
Developmental Psychology, 10
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*
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Journal of
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EH" 050
.'9&=;+&$294+'99'>U(4&@//0A9!! 
!
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  Animal Learning and Behavior,
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.'99-?U4=9+?@///A9!! 
!,!!* 
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  * #  

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Psychopharmacology, 1465850
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.&GG9>+G$2?9+-;$?+44?;=(9U74?>-@A
;"* 3 "  
* 
!"
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 ,"   3 *Experimental and Clinical
Psychopharmacology, 110
E8H5,/80
.&==9+.-@//A4    !
* * * # 
 American Journal of Psychiatry, 126005000
.&==9+.- @5AConners’ CPT II continuous performance test II=
 

#=>E(* ' + 
?;.-(4=+@//AG*
!*
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 3
 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58
/
E8H,50/
?;e&=(9'G9?4U4=?;.'@A9 
 

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!  3  3 Journal of Applied
Behavior Analysis, 36,
?&($?9;?97'2+;=K4=?9=7;=-U+47797@A
73
*" 
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Appendix A

Participant Instructions for Self-Control Sessions

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Appendix B

Participant Instructions for Delay-of-Gratification Sessions

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