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32. RAM PREVENTER

32.1 FUNCTION
The BOP is the second barrier to stoppinguncontrolled formations fluids from coming intothe well.The BOP is only used when the first
barrier(hydrostatic mud pressure) has failed.In addition to the bag preventer, a number oframs are used.ENI "Well control policy" stipulates
the minimumBOP stack requirements. (In terms of numbersfor surface and underwater BOP)

The number and type of rams in the BOP stack depends on:
- Maximum pressure expected in the well.
- BHA dimensions (OD).
BOPs are designed to enable the crew to easily change the size and type of rams.

- Types of rams
The types of rams in use include:- Pipe Rams- Variable Rams- Blind Rams- Blind / Shear Rams

- Manufacture specifications
RAM Preventer are manufactured according to API 16A. The relevant ISO standard is the 13533 Spec. ENI requirements are defined by
"Well control policy" and an internal specification.

Bop Rams - Parts

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32.2 DATA- Size and workingpressures

Size and rated workingpressures are (see table1)

Table 1 – API 16A Equipment Size andRated Working Pressure

API SizeDesignation Rated Working Pressure(psi) DriftDiameter(inch)

7 1/16 2,000 thru 20,000 7.032
9 2,000 thru 20,000 8.970
11 2,000 thru 20,000 10.970
13 5/8 2,000 thru 20,000 13.595
16 3/4 2,000 thru 20,000 16.720
18 3/4 2,000 thru 20,000 18.720
20 3/4 3,000 20.720
21 1/4 2,000 thru 20,000 21.220
26 3/4 2,000 thru 20,000 26.720
30 2,000 thru 20,000 29.970
Note: Specific size and pressure rating combinations are notnecessarily available for each tpe of end or outlet connection,e.g., flange and
hub.

- Connections type (flanged or clamped)

BOP top and bottom connections can be flanged or clamped.

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Table 3: Pressure Ratings and Size Ranges Flange Connections

Pressure Rating(psi) Type 16B Type 16BX

2,000 2 1/16 thru 21 1/4 26 3/4 thru 30
3,000 2 1/16 thru 20 3/4 26 3/4 thru 30
5,000 2 1/16 thru 11 13 5/8 thru 21 1/4
10,000 1 13/16 thru 21 1/4
15,000 1 13/16 thru 18 3/4
20,000 1 13/16 thru 13 5/8

Table 4: Pressure Rating and Size Ranges for API Type 16B and 16BX Hubs

Pressure Rating(psi) Type 16B Type 16BX

2,000 7 1/16, 16 3/4, 21 1/4
3,000 11, 13 5/8, 16 3/4
5,000 2 1/16 thru 21 1/4
10,000 1 13/16 thru 21 1/4
15,000 1 13/16 thru 18 3/4
20,000 1 13/16 thru 11

32.3 TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

The main companies that manufacture RAM type preventers include:

CAMERON
HYDRIL
SHAFFER

- CAMERON RAMS BOP

The most commonly used ram BOP is the U type
- CAMERON Type U
- CAMERON Type TL

CAME R ON T yp e U

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- Main Features
The Cameron U BOP is the most widely used ram-type BOP in the world and offers the widestrange of sizes of any Cameron ram-type BOP.
Application: Surface and subsea
Bore Sizes and Working Pressures:
7-1/16", 11", 13-5/8" 3000 - 15,000 psi
16-3/4" 3000 - 10,000 psi
18-3/4" 10,000 psi
20-3/4" 3000 psi
21-314" 2000, 5000, 10,0000 psi
26-3/4" 3000 psi

Body Styles: Single, double

Pressure-Energized Rams: Yes
Bonnet Seal Carrier: Available
Hydromechanical Lock: Wedgelocks (with pressure balance chambers)
Hydraulically Opening Bonnets: Yes

- Ram
The rams in the U BOP are pressure-energized.Well bore pressure:
- increases the rams' sealing integrity
- maintains the seal in case of hydraulic pressure loss
Increased well bore pressure actually improves seal integrity.
- Working System
Working System for ram BOP opening and closing CAMERON type U
If leaks were observed, replace the seals and repeat the test.

- R a m Locking Syste m (ra m lock)

A manual locking system is standard for the U BOP. It consists of a locking screw housing and a locking screw. The locking system is not in
the operating system, and can be removed without disturbing anyoperating system seals. The locking screws are "run in" when the rams are
closed, locking the rams in the closed position. The screws must be backed out before the rams can open.

- Bonne ts
There are three types of bonnets available for some U BOPs:
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- pipe bonnets (pipe rams)
- standard shear bonnets (shear rams)
- large bore shear bonnets (shear rams)
- super shear Bonnet

- La rge Bore She a r Bonne ts

The large bore shear bonnet is available for many U BOPs as a replacement for the standardshear bonnet. It was developed to meet a need
for greater shearing pressure brought about by:
- heavier walled and higher strength pipe
- greater variance in pipe ductility

Large bore shear bonnets eliminate the operating cylinder.This increases the available closing area 35% or more, which increases closing
force by 35% ormore. The large bore shear bonnets also have a different operating piston, and changes in the machiningof the intermediate
flange and bonnet.

Note: Some shear bonnets can be converted to large bore shear bonnets

- Super Shear Bonnets

A BOP equipped with Super Shear Bonnets and non-sealing Super Shear Rams provides asolution to the problem that can result when
shearing becomes necessary and a drill collar is in thebore.
- Tandem Booster
Tandem boosters can be used with the U shear ram.They increase the force available to shear pipe by 100% - 124%, without increasing the
wear antear on the packers.

Ram Types
- Ram selectionA wide selection ofram is available tomeet all applications.
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- Pipe rams
Pipe rams close and seal on one specific size of pipe. They are also used for "hang-off".With hang-off, the ram is used to suspend pipeor
casing by closing underneath a tool joint.Note: Older pipe rams may not be hang-offrams.

- Blind rams

- Shear ramsCAMERON manufactures 3 types of shear rams:

1. SBR (Shearing Blind Ram); which is the most common type and is available for all pipediameters.
2. H2S; equipped with an interchangeable blade with the right degree of hardness to carryout shearing and H2S service. It is available for
13 5/8" models and for 5.000 / 10.000psi.
3. DS; it is the most recent model: it has a wider sealing zone, which ensures a bettersealing after shearing. It is available for 11" and 13
5/8" models and for 5.000 /10.000psi.

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- Shearing Capability

- Variable bore rams (VBR)

The VBR seals on several sizes of pipe or hexagonal Kelly within its specified size range. A typical range is from 5 " to 3 ".Other size ranges
such as 7" to 4 " are available upon request. VBRs are not intended for long-term stripping.

- Table VBR Hang-Off

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- FLEXPACKER Ram Packer

The FLEXPACKER is designed tocomplement the VBR range by closingand sealing around several specificdiameters of tubing and pipe.

Close on different Pipe OD

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CAMERON Type TL

- TL BOP Features
The TL BOP integrates all of the designfeatures of Cameron's popular T and UBOPs into a lightweight unit. The TLoffers side ram removal
and otherfeatures which reduce maintenance andrig time.
Application: Surface and subsea
Bore Sizes and Working Pressures:18-3/4" 5000, 10,000, 15,000 psi13-5/8" 10,000 psi
Body Styles: Single, double, triple
Pressure-Energized Rams: Yes
Bonnet Seal Carrier: Standard
Hydro mechanical Lock: Ram Loks (5000, 10,000, 15,000 psi WP) ST lock (10,000, 15,000 psi WP) Wedgelocks (5000 psi WP)
Hydraulically Opening Bonnets: Yes
Bonnet Studs Instead of Bolt: Yes

Cameron Ram Selection Chart

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- HYDRIL RAMS BOP

- Hydril Ram BOP types

- Hydril Ram BOP Sizes

Manual Lock / Automatic Lock

- Manual Lock

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- Automatic Lock

- Features
The R a m Asse mb ly provides reliable seal off the wellbore for security and safety. The Ramaccommodates a large volume of feedable
rubber in the front packer and upper seal for longservice life.
The Fie ld R e p la ce a b le Se a l Se a t provides a smooth sealing surface for the ram upper seal. Theseal seat utilizes specially selected and
performance effective materials for maximum service life.The field replaceable seal seat eliminates shop welding, stress relieving, and
machining for repair,thus reducing downtime and direct repair costs.
Hinge d Bonne ts swing completely clear of overhead restrictions (such as another BOP) andprovide easy access for rapid change to reduce
downtime.
Ma nua l Locking utilizes a heavy-duty acme thread to manually lock the ram in a sealed-offposition or to manually close the ram if the
hydraulic system is inoperative.
Ram Seal Off is retained by wellbore pressures. Closing forces are not required to retain anestablished ram seal off.

- BOP Data

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- Hydril BOP rams

Rams Type

Blind Ram
Pipe Rams
Variable rams
Shear rams

- Ram Size

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- HYDRIL variable rams

Universal Seal Off
The HVR gives a universal seal off feature especially useful on tapered drill strings and drill pipethat does not have a constant diameter
over its length. Two ram BOPs with HVRs can be used ona tapered string to provide a backup for all drill pipe sizes. This application
eliminates having onepipe ram for small diameter pipe and one for large diameter pipe.
If a BOP stack is assembled with a blind orblind/shear ram and two sets of Hydril VariableRams 3-1/2" to 5-1/2", providing the backup
sealoff capability needed on a tapered string.
The HVR is therefore ideally suited for subseause by expanding the seal off capability of oneram assembly within a BOP.

- SHAFFER RAMS BOP

- Shaffer Rams BOP types

Model SL BOP
Model Sentinel BOP
Model LWS BOP

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Model LWP BOP

- Shaffer Rams BOP Sizes

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- Main Features
Se lf-d ra ining b od y has aram compartment with skidsto support the rams and asloped bottom which allowsmud and sand to drain
backinto the well bore.This keeps the ram cavityfree of caked mud anddebris so that the rams stayready for action.
Single , d oub le a nd trip le models are available.
Full e nvironme nt H2 Strim, conforming to API andNACE requirements, isavailable.
Arctic mod e ls are available which meet APIspecifications for low-temperature service.

- Operating system
- Hydraulic passages
Hydraulic passages drilled through the body eliminate the need for external manifold pipesbetween the hinges.Each set of rams requires
only one opening and one closing line.There are two opening and two closing hydraulic ports, clearly marked, on the back side of the BOP.
The extra hydraulic ports facilitate connecting the control system to the preventer.
- Hydraulic pressure
A hydraulic closing unit with 1,500 psi output will close any Model SL ram BOP with rated workingpressure in the well bore, except for the 7
1/16", 11" and 13 5/8" - 15,000 psi BOPs, which require2,200 psi. However, these units will close against 10,000 psi well pressure with
less than 1,500 psihydraulic pressure.A 3,000 psi hydraulic pressure may be used, but this will accelerate wear of the piston seals andthe
ram rubbers.A 5,000 psi hydraulic pressure test is applied to all Model SL cylinders at the factory. However, it isrecommended that this
pressure not be used in the field application.

Operating system Ram BOP SHAFFER

Locking system
Ram BOP SHAFFER locking system

Automatic lock system

Manual lock system

- Automatic lock system

Model SL Poslock & Multilock Systems
SL preventers equipped with Poslock or Multilock pistons are locked automatically in the closedposition each time they are closed. The
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preventers will remain locked in the closed position even if closing pressure is removed. Open hydraulic pressure is required to reopen the
pistons.
The Poslock and Multilock systems both utilize locking segments to achieve the positivemechanical lock. The Poslock System has one set of
segments and provides for one position locking which is the maximum requirement for standard pipe rams. The Multilock System has
twosets of segments thus allowing a range of locking positions which is required when multirams areutilized. Multilocks accommodate for
most multiram ranges offered, however the ranges coveredfor a selected multiram should be verified with the SHAFFER representative.The
hydraulics required to operate the Poslock are provided through opening and closingoperating ports. Operation of the Poslock requires no
additional hydraulic functions, such as arerequired in some competitive ram locking systems.

- Close Position
When closing hydraulic pressure is applied,the complete piston assembly movesinward and pushes the rams into the wellbore. As the piston
reaches the fully closedposition, the locking segments slide towardthe piston O.D. over the locking shoulderwhile the locking cone is forced
inward bythe closing hydraulic pressure.The locking cone holds the lockingsegments in position and is prevented by aspring from vibrating
outward if thehydraulic closing pressure is removed.Actually, the locking cone is a secondpiston inside the main piston. It is forcedinward by
closing hydraulic pressure andoutward by opening hydraulic pressure.

- Open position
When opening hydraulic pressure isapplied, the locking cone moves outwardand the locking segments slide toward thepiston I.D. along the
tapered lockingshoulder.The piston is then free to move outwardand open the rams.

NOTE ( Pistons adjustment )

Poslock and Multilock pistons are adjusted in the factory and normally do not require adjustment inthe field except when changing between
pipe rams and shear rams.The adjustment is easy to check and easy to change.

Manual lock system

- Model SL Manual-Lock System
Manual-lock pistons move inward and close the rams when closing hydraulic pressure is applied.If desired, the rams can be manually
locked in the closed position by turning each locking shaft tothe right until it shoulders against the cylinder head.Should hydraulic pressure
fail, the rams can be manually closed and locked.They cannot be manually reopened.The manual locking shafts are visible from outside and
provide a convenient ram positionindicator.Threads on the manual locking shaft are enclosed in the hydraulic fluid and are not exposed

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tocorrosion from mud and salt water or to freezing.
- Open position
Rams are opened by first turning bothlocking shafts to their unlocked position, thenapplying opening hydraulic pressure to thepistons, which
move outward and pull therams out of the well bore.

- Close Position
Manual lock-piston in closed and lockedposition

- SHAFFER BOP Rams- Model SL-D rams

Model SL-D rams will support a 600,000-pound drill string load when a tool joint islowered onto the closed rams.These rams comply with
API and NACEH2S specifications.A patented, *H2S-compatible, hard inlay iswelded around the pipe bore to cut into the18 taper on the
bottom of the tool joint andfrom a supporting shoulder. The remainderof the ram block is alloy steel with hardnessbelow Rc22.

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- SL Ram Mounting
SL Rams Mount Horizontally on PreventerRated for Working Pressures of 10,000 andLower except 7 1/16" 10,000 psi

- Type 72 Shear Rams

For 21 1/14" 2,000 psi Model LWSFor 20 3/4" 3,000 psi Model LWSFor 7 1/16" and 11" 5,000 psi ModelLWS

- Shear Pipe Operation

Type 72 shear rams shear pipeand seal the well bore in oneoperation.They also function as blind orCSO (Complete Shut-Off) ramsfor
normal operations.The hydraulic closing pressurenormally required to shear drillpipe is below 1,500 psiaccumulator pressure in BOPswith
14" pistons. However, thisvaries, depending on the size,weight and grade of pipe.

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- Multy Rams

32.4 INSPECTIONS
The BOP Ram Preventers shall be inspected (modally and frequency) according to themanufacturer's recommendations and as per API RP
53.ENI requirements are defined by an internal specification that stipulates the Ram BOP shall berecertified by a Manufacturer authorized
workshop at least every five years.

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