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LEARNING PACKET NO. 1

SUBJECT: GENERAL MATHEMATICS

TOPIC: Introduction to Functions

Grade 11

Prepared by:
CHRISTIAN ELIM SOLIGAN
 INTRODUCTION

Good Day _____________. I hope you are doing

well today. With my guidance and with the help
of your parents, you are expected to finish the
tasks assigned to you while at home. Please do
not forget to put a check mark (✓) in the box of
every accomplished task.

For your opening prayer, please bow your head and pray the prayer below:

Loving Father, I come to you this day for your blessing and help as I am about to start my
tasks today. I pray for your guidance that you would clearly show me how to do my work with a
spirit of joy and enthusiasm. Give me the desire to find ways to excel in my work. I ask that you
would challenge me to reach my goal to the best that I can be. This I ask in Jesus name, Amen.

Please read the learning competency stated below and fill-up the chart that follows:

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
For this lesson, you will be able to:
a. represent real life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions; M11GM-Ia-1
b. evaluate a function; M11GM-Ia-2
c. perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions;
M11GM-Ia-3
d. solve problems involving functions. M11GM-Ia-4
 From the learning competency stated above, write on the first column of the chart below your
personal learning targets. Fill-up the second and the third colum after finishing all the tasks.

At the end of this lesson, I CAN… I was able to achieve my I was not able to achieve
learning targets because my learning targets
because
Example: evaluate a function ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
1. ______________________________________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
2. ______________________________________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
3. ______________________________________________________ ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________

LET’S RECALL !
Warm-up your brain cells! Let us begin with reviewing the previous topics
that are necessary for our lesson today!

WHAT YOU LEARNED BEFORE!

ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Patterns
Example 1: Find the missing value in the table.

x y

30 0 Each y-value is 30 less than the x-value.

40 10

50 20

60 So, the missing value is 60 − 30 = 30.

ch Find the missing value in the table.

1. 2. 3.

x y x y x y
5 10 0.5 1 15 5

7 14 1.5 2 30 10
10 20 3 3.5 45 15
40 9.5 60
ACTIVITY 2: Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Example 2: Evaluate 2 x−12 when x=5.

2 x−12=2(5) – 12 Substitute 5 for x .

¿ 10 – 12 Using order of operations, multiply 2 and 5.
¿ 10+(−12) Add the opposite of 12.
¿−2 Add.

ch Try it yourself. Evaluate the expression when y=4.

4. −4 y +2

y
5. −8
2

6. −10−6 y

Let’s start learning new concepts and be engage in more activities!

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How can you use a mapping diagram to show the relationship
between two data sets?

ch ACTIVITY 3: Constructing Mapping Diagram

Instruction: Complete the mapping diagram below.

ch Now that you are done with ACTIVITY 3, it’s time to wrap-up what you learned.

From the previous activity, I learned that:

I think our next topic will be:

Let’s Learn MORE Concepts!

DEFINITION: A function is a rule of correspondence between two nonempty sets, such that, to each
element of the first set called domain, there corresponds one and only one element of the second set
called range. Functions can be written as f (x) which is reads as “f of x”. This means that f is a
function of x. The domain also called “input “of a function f is the set of all x values that f can take
and the range also called “output” of a function f is the set of all y values.

A function may be described as a set of nonempty ordered pairs such that no two ordered pairs have the
same first element.

Example 1.1
Determine which of the following an example of a function is and determine the domain and range.

1. S= { ( 3,2 ) , ( 2,2 ) ,(1,2) }

2. M = {(−1,0 ) , (−2,1 ) , (−3,2 ) ,(−2,3) }
3. A={ ( 4,2 ) , ( 8,4 ) ,(16,8) }
4.R={ (−5 ,−6 ) , (−5 ,−12 ) ,(−5 ,−15) }
5. T ={ ( 10 ,−5 ) , ( 15,0 ) ,(20,5) }

Solution:
(1) Function; set S contains elements such that each elements contains unique domain.
D : ( 3 ,2 , 1 ) R :(2)
(2) Not function; set M contains elements that have the same domains paired to different range.
D : (−1 ,−2 ,−3 ,−2 ) R :(0 ,1 , 2, 3)
(3) Function; set A contains elements such that each elements contains unique domain.
D : ( 4 ,8 , 16 ) R :(2 , 4 , 8)
(4) Not function; set R contains elements that have the same domains paired to different range.
D : (−5 , ) R :(−6 ,−12 ,−15)
(5) Function; set T contains elements such that each elements contains unique domain.
D : ( 10 ,15 , 20 ) R :(−5 , 0 , 5)

Sometimes, these ordered pairs can be expressed as mapping of the domain and range of the function.

Illustration 1.1: A={( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x3 , y 3 ) , … ,(x n , y n ) }

Example 1.2

Determine which of the following an example of a function is and determine the domain and range.

Solution:
(1)
(1) Not function; the illustration shows that the domain is paired to two
ranges. Similarly, if we rewrite the example in ordered pair, this will
become;

{( 5 ,−2 ) , ( 5 ,−4 ) , ( 10 ,−2 ) , ( 15 ,−4 ) }

(2)
(2) Function; each domain is paired to only one range. Similarly, if we
rewrite the example in ordered pair, this will become;

{( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 4,0 ) , ( 6 ,−1 ) }

(3)
(3) Function; even though the domains are paired with the range, still
there is no violation in the definition of a function. No domain is being
repeated and paired with different range.

{(−3 ,−5 ) , ( 0 ,−5 ) , ( 3 ,−5 ) }

(4)
(4) Not Function; one of the domains is paired with different range.

{(−6,8 ) , ( 0,4 ) , ( 0,12 ) ,(6,8)

Another way of determining a function is through the use of a vertical line test. Given a graph of a
mathematical relation, it is said to be a function if the vertical line drawn intersects the graph at exactly
one point. Below are examples of the graph and determining if the graph is a function or not.

Illustration 1.2

(a) (b) (c)

Illustration 1.2a is an example of a function because when we draw a vertical line, the line intersects
the graph at exactly one point while illustrations 1.2b and 1.2c are not functions because the vertical line
intersected the graph more than one point.
 In a function f , f (x) is also y, that is, y=f (x ). When a function f is defined by y=f (x ), then x is
called the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. The reason is the value of f (x)
depends on the value of x. A function can be also modeled as a machine.

Illustration 1.3

Illustration 1.3 shows a sample function machine. Notice that the

input x is multiplied to a constant 5 to arrive at a certain output
y. The domain of the function is the set of all input and the
range of the function is the set of all output. Similarly, the
function can be expressed as f ( x )=5 x.

Functions are also used to model a real-life phenomenon. Identifying a model function of a real-life
problem will lead us in understanding the problem.

Example 1.3
What is a model function for the cost C of an item x if each item costs ₱99.00?

Solution:
Not all the time the function is f (x). It could be g( x ) which is reads as “g as a function of x.” Thus, the
problem can be written as C ( x )=99 x. C (x) represents cost C as a function of x items. C ( x) is the
dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Example 1.4
d
The velocity v of an object is given by v= , where d is the distance and t is time in hours. Suppose the
t
distance d is 500 kilometers. Express velocity v as a function of time t in hours.

Solution:
500
The function could be written as v ( t )= expressing v as a function of t. The distance which is 500
t
kilometers is constant. v(t) is the dependent variable while time t is the independent variable.

Example 1.5
Suppose you purchase an item for x months. The down payment of the item is ₱ 5,000.00 and a monthly
installment of ₱ 699.00. Express the total amount A you will pay as a function of x months.

Solution:
The dependent variable is the total amount which is A( x ) and the independent variable is x.There is a
constant in the function which is ₱ 5,000.00 making the function be;
A ( x )=699 x+5000.

The process of replacing the independent variable in the function with a value from the domain and
computing for the result is called evaluating a function. In a function f defined by f ( x )=x + 4, x could be
any real number. However, if we have a function f defined by

f ( x )=x + 4 1≤ x ≤ 5

then the domain of f consists all real numbers between 5 and 1 inclusive. This means all the values between
and including 5 and 1. If we evaluate the function f to f (a) this will become

f ( a )=a+ 4

Similarly, if we have f (2), this will become

f ( 2 ) =2+4=6

Example 1.6
Given the function f defined by f ( x )=2 x−3, find: (a) f ( 0 ); (b) f (1); (c) f (3); and (d) f (t).
Solution:
(a) f ( 0 )=2 ( 0 )−3=0−3=−3
(b) f ( 1 ) =2 ( 1 )−3=2−3=−1
(c) f ( 3 )=2 (3 )−3=6−3=3
(d) f ( t )=2 t−3

Example 1.7
x+1
Given a function g defined by g ( x )= , find: (a) g(−1); (b) g(0); (c) g(3); (d) g(m+1), and (e) g(5).
x −5

Solution:
−1+1 0
(a) g (−1 )= = =0
−1−5 −6
0+1 1 −1
(b) g ( 0 )= = =
0−5 −5 5
3+1 4
(c) g ( 3 )= = =−2
3−5 −2
( m+ 1 )+ 1 m+2
(d) g ( m+ 1 )= =
( m+1 ) −5 m−4
5+1 6
(e) g ( 5 )= = =undefined
5−5 0
 Note that any number divided by zero is undefined, zero divided by any number is zero and zero
divided by zero is indeterminate. In this example, our function is not defined when x=5, it only implies that
x ≠ 5. Hence, the domain of the function g is the set of all real number except 5.

Example 1.8
Given a function h defined by h ( x )=a x 2 +ax , find: (a) h(a); (b) h(2); and (c) h(ax).

Solution:
(a) h ( a )=a( a)2+ a ( a )=a 3+ a2=a2 (a+1)
(b) h ( 2 )=a(2)2+ a (2 )=a ( 4 ) +2 a=4 a+ 2a=6 a
(c) h ( ax )=a(ax )2+ a ( ax )=a3 x 2+ a2 x

Example 1.9
Given the function y=f (x ) defined by the set of ordered pairs {(−1,4 ) , ( 0,7 ) , ( 1,10 ) , … }, find: (a) f (−1); (b)
f (0); and (c) f (1).

Solution:
We base our answers on the given ordered pairs for the function y=f (x ).
(a) f (−1 ) =4
(b) f ( 0 )=7
(c) f ( 1 ) =10

We now consider operations on functions. Just like numbers, functions can also undergo
operations – that is, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Given two functions f and g:
i. their sum, denoted by f +g, is the function defined as ( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x);
ii. their difference, denoted by f −g, is the function defined as ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x );
iii. their product, denoted by f ∙ g, is the function defined as ( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f (x )∙ g(x ); and
f f f (x)
iv. their quotient, denoted by , is the function defined as
g g ()
( x )=
g (x)
.

The domain D of the resulting functions of f and g is defined as Df ∩ D g with the exception that is in
case (iv), the domain is D f ∩ D g except for the value of x that will make the function undefined and
also g( x )≠ 0.

Example 1.10
Given the function f ( x )=3 x and g ( x )=x 2+1, find the following: (a) f ( x ) + g(x ); (b) f ( x )−g (x); (c)
f (x )
f (x)∙ g( x); (d)
g ( x)
Solution:
a. f ( x ) + g ( x )=3 x+( x 2+1)
¿ 3 x+ x 2 +1
¿ x 2+ 3 x +1 ∎

b. f ( x )−g ( x )=3 x−( x 2+1)

¿ 3 x−x 2−1
¿−x 2+3 x−1 ∎

c. f ( x ) ∙ g ( x )=3 x ∙(x 2 +1)

¿ 3 x 3+3 x ∎

f (x ) 3 x
d. = ∎
g ( x) x 2+1

PRACTICE TIME!
To check your undertstanding of the topic, answer the activity below.

PRACTICE 1.1

Instruction: Identify if the following is a FUNCTION or NOT A FUNCTION.

1. { ( 2,1 ) , ( 2,4 ) , ( 1,3 ) , (−2 ,0) }

2. { (−2,1 ) , ( 10,0 ) , ( 0 ,−5 ) ,(5 , 1) }

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. f ( x )=x 2 +2
8. f ( x )=3 x +1
9. x 2+ y 2=9
10. f ( x )=x

PRACTICE 1.2
Instruction: Evaluate the given function f ( x )=3 x +2.
1. f ( 0)

2. f (−1)

3. f (15)

4. f (−10)

5. f ( y )

PRACTICE 1.3

Instruction: Perform the indicated operations given the functions f ( x )=x 2−4 and g ( x )=x+ 2.

1. f ( x )+ g (x)

2. g ( x )−f (x)

3. f (x)∙ g( x)

g ( x)
4.
f (x )

Enrichment
How functions are applied in your daily life? Can you give examples of real-life situations where we
use the concept of function?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.

Do this on your own!

IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a mapping diagram to show the
relationship between two data sets?
TEST YOURSELF!

SCUBA DIVING PROBLEM: The normal pressure“Itatshows

“I made a mapping sea level
howisI one atmosphere
feel about my of pressure (1
skateboard with each passing
ATM). As you dive below sea level, the pressure increases by
diagram.” 1
day.”ATM for each 10 meters of depth.

1. Complete the mapping diagram.

2. Is the relation a function? Explain.
3. List the ordered pairs hen plot the ordered pairs in a Cartesian plane.
4. Compare the mapping diagram and the graph. Which do you prefer? Why?
Input, Output,
Depth Pressure

0m ATM
10 m ATM
20 m
30 m
40 m
50 m

DOLPHIN PROBLEM:

A dolphin eats 30 pounds of fish per day.

1. Write and graph a function that relates the number of pounds p of a fish that a dolphin eats in d days.

2. How many pounds of fish does a dolphin eat in 30 days?

BRACELET PROBLEM:

You decide to make a sell bracelets. The cost of materials is 4,200 pesos. You charge 175 pesos for each
bracelet.

1. Write a function that represents the profit P for selling b bracelets.

2. Which variable is independent? Dependent? Explain.

3. You will break even when the cost of materials equals your income. How many bracelets must you
sell to break even?

OPERATING FUNCTIONS:
Perform the indicated operations given the functions f ( x )=2 x−1 and g ( x )=x−6.

1. f ( x ) + g(x )

2. g ( x )−f (x)

3. f (x)∙ g( x)

g ( x)
4.
f (x )

5. f ( 6 )+ g ( 2 ) −g(10)

CRITICAL THINKING: Make a table where the independent variable is the side
length of a square and the dependent variable is the perimeter. Make a second table where the
independent variable is the side length of a square and the dependent variable is the area.
Graph both functions in the same coordinate plane. Compare the functions and graphs.

JOURNAL:

How do functions applied in your day-to-day living? Cite a specific example.