Republic Of Iraq

Ministry Of Education & Scientific Research

Southern Technical University
Engineering Technical College/Basra
Fuel & Energy Dpt.

"MASS TRASFER"

NAME : MOSTAFA AHMED A. RAZAK

CLASS : THIRD CLASS

SUB : MASS

MS.ALAA JABER

2020
INTRODUCTION OF MASS

The phenomenon of material transfer occurs when there is a

difference in the concentration of a particular substance in a
solution between two places from one stage to another or in the
same phase, and we can find it in many situations that we pass
daily, when placing water in a container and leaving it exposed to
the static air is a concentration The vapor at the surface of the
water is greater than its concentration in the air surrounding the
surface, so the water evaporates, as there are driving forces that led
to the transfer of vapor from the surface to the air, which is the
difference in concentration, as the transfer of the material occurs in
many purification processes, such as the process of processing
uranium where salt is extracted from Its salts are from the solution
using an organic solvent, or as separating alcohol from water by
distillation, or as removing sulfur dioxide from the flue gases by
absorbing it in a basic solution.

The separation processes of all kinds are based on the

phenomenon of the transfer of matter, such as distillation, drying,
absorption, absorption, liquid extraction from a liquid, exchange of
ions and separations using membranes. Gas, liquid or solid. Mass
transfers include (gas absorption ‫ ؛‬distillation ‫ ؛‬extraction ‫؛‬
adsorption ‫ ؛‬drying Etc… )

DISTILATION

INTRODUCTON OF DISTULATION

This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the
reader to understand the necessary components along with
distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two
or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The
bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate
may be liquid or a vapor or both. The separation process requires
 three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both
liquid and vapor phases are present and can contact each other on
each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components
have different volatilities so that they will partition between the
two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be
separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs
from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by
thermal means (Seader, 1998)

TYPES OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS

► Packed Bed Columns

• Used often for absorption and distillation of

Fig 1 packed bed
vapor-liquid mixtures

• Liquid flows downward through the

packing

• Vapor flows upward through the

packing

Advantages

• Cost efficient

• Lower pressure drop

• Good for thermally sensitive liquids

Disadvantages

• Packing can break during installation

• Maldistribution of liquid
 ► Trays Column
Fig1 trays
• The number of trays is dependent on the

number of equilibrium stages

Advantages

• Better distribution

• Can handle high liquid flow rates

Disadvantages

• Higher pressure drop than packed

columns

• Foaming can occur due to induced

agitation

DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES

♦ A distillation column is a series of

equilibrium flashes with two feeds
and two product streams

♦ Exiting liquid is at bubble point

♦ Exiting vapor is at dew point

♦ Compositions obey the equation

yi= Ki*xi

“distillation” comes from Latin

“destilla”, or “of” “drop, trickle”

 A subcooled liquid (“A”) is heated, its concentration remains constant

until it reaches the bubble-point, when it starts to boil (“B”)
 The vapor evolved during the boiling has the equilibrium composition
given by “C”

 This is approximately 50% richer in component A than the original

liquid

 This difference between liquid and vapor compositions is the basis for
distillation operations

DEFINE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION(S)

Select light key and heavy key components

There are three ways of specifying a

desired product

A percentage recovery of a feed

component in the overhead or bottom
streams

A composition of one component in

either product

A specific physical property, such as

vapor pressure, for either produce
USEFUL REFERENCES

 Kister, H.Z., Distillation Operation

 Kister, H.Z., Distillation Design

 GPSA Handbook, Chapter 19, “Fractionation” Branan, Carl, Rules

of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Chapter 3, 4th ed., 2005, Gulf
Publishing.

 Watkins, R.N., Petroleum Refinery Distillation