TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. TITLE PAGE

1. Acknowledgement 2-9
Chapter 1 – Concept
 Description what I’ve learnt in Arithmetic
and Geometric sequence and series
2.  The solution for Task 1 10 - 11

Chapter 2 – Problem Solving

 Introduction
 The solution for Task 2
3.  The solution for Task 3 12 - 17

Chapter 3 – Further Exploration

 Introduction
4.  The solution for Task 4 18-21

Chapter 4 – Cost of the Project and Conclusion

 Declaration of cost incurred in order to
5. complete this project 22

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to Allah because given us to complete this assignment just in time. Even we faced
with a lot of difficulties along to complete this task, our group still managed to complete it.
Next, I would like express a huge gratitude to my Mathematics’ Lecturer, Madam Norsyazwani for
being such a good guider for us while doing this task. She had given us appropriate example and
knowledge in order to make us understand more about this topic, Arithmetic and Geometric sequence
and series. She spent her time to help us completing this task. She also make sure we understand
everything she told and explanation before we begin to work on this assignment.
We also want to thank other groups which willing to share their knowledge with us. They give us a
lot of new ideas about the task and use all their information especially on the last question which the
Task 4 that required us to work together in order to finish this task.
Also a great thanks to my friends who tried their best to support us either by giving me a lot of
encouragement for keep up with the task or by supporting the financial for use to pay all the cost
required to print this assignment to complete this assignment.

Arithmetic Sequences and Series

An arithmetic sequence or progression, is a sequence where each term is calculated by adding a
fixed amount to the previous term.

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 Arithmetic Sequences
This fixed amount is called the common difference, d. It can be positive or negative.
The common difference can be calculated by subtracting a term from the one following it. 
e.g. Common difference = t n+1 − t n
The first term of an arithmetic sequence is shown by the variable a.

Arithmetic Sequence First term, a Common difference, d

2, 6, 10, 14, ... 2 6 − 2 = 4

10 − 6 = 4        etc.
14 − 20 = -6
20, 14, 8, 2, ... 20
8 − 14 = -6       etc.

General Term, tn
An arithmetic sequence can be written:

First term Second term Third term Fourth term   General term (n th term)

t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 ... tn

a a+d a + 2d a + 3d ... a + (n − 1)d

EXAMPLE

What is the common difference of Common difference = t n+1 − t n

the arithmetic sequence: Second term − first term = t2 − t1 = 8.3 − 3.5 = 4.8
Example 1 3.5, 8.3, 13.1, 17.9, ... Check:
Third term − second term = 13.1 − 8.3 = 4.8
The common difference is 4.8

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 Find the 20th term of the arithmetic Common difference, d = 9 − 3 = 6
sequence: First term a = 3
3, 9, 15, 21, ... using tn = a + (n − 1)d
Example 2 t20 = 3 + (20 − 1)6
= 3 + 19 x 6
= 117
The 20th term is 117

Which term of the sequence 12, 15, Common difference, d = 3

18, .. would be equal to 54? First term, a = 12
Using tn = a + (n − 1)d
54 = 12 + (n − 1)3
Example 3 54 = 12 + 3n − 3
54 = 3n + 9
3n = 45
n = 15
The 15th term would be 54
The third term of an arithmetic t 3 = 18
sequence is 18 and the tenthterm is t10 = 74
74. using tn = a + (n − 1)d
Find the first term, a, and the 18 = a + (3 − 1)d
common difference, d, and thus list 74 = a + (10 -1)d
Example 4 the first four terms of the sequence. 18 = a + 2d
74 = a + 9d
56 = 7d              ( subtracting)
d = 8                 the common difference
18 = a + 2 x 8
a = 2                 the first term
The sequence is 2, 10, 18, 26, ...

Arithmetic Series
If terms of an arithmetic sequence are added together an arithmetic series is formed.
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 is a finite arithmetic series
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... is an infinte arithmetic series
To find the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence use the formula:

Sum of first n terms of arithmetic

sequence
d = common difference
a = first term
n = number of terms
OR

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 An equivalent formula involving the last term, l

Sum of first n terms of arithmetic

sequence

 
EXAMPLE

What is the sum of the first 15 terms Common difference d=3

of the arithmetic sequence:
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
Number of terms n = 15

First term a=3

Example 1

The first term of an arithmetic First term a=5

sequence is 5 and the last term is
250.
Last term l = 250
The sum of this series is 1020.
How many terms does it have?
Sum of n terms Sn = 1020
Example 2

Geometric Sequences and Series

An geometric sequence or progression, is a sequence where each term is calculated by
multiplying the previous term by a fixed number.

Geometric Sequences
This fixed number is called the common ratio, r.
The common ratio can be positive or negative, an integer or a fraction.
The common ratio can be calculated by dividing any term by the one before it. 
e.g. Common ratio = t n+1 ÷ t n
The first term of a geometric sequence is shown by the variable a.

Geometric Sequence First term, a Common ratio, r

5
 2, 6, 18, 54, ... 2 6 ÷ 2 = 3
18 ÷ 6 = 3        etc.
10 ÷ 20 = 0.5
20, 10, 5, 2.5, ... 20
 5 ÷ 10 = 0.5      etc.

General Term, tn
A geometric sequence can be written:

First term Second term Third term Fourth term   General term (n th term)

t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 ... t n

a ar ar2 ar3 ... ar n − 1

EXAMPLE

What is the common ratio of the Common ratio = t n+1 ÷ t n

geometric sequence: Second term ÷ first term = t2 ÷ t1 = 10 ÷ 20 = 0.5
Example 1 20, 10, 5, 2.5,, ... Check:
Third term ÷ second term = 5 ÷ 10 = 0.5
The common ratio is 0.5

Find the 8th term of the geometric Common ratio, r = 9 ÷ 3 = 3

sequence: First term a = 3
3, 9, 27, 81, ... using tn = ar n − 1
Example 2 t8 = 3 x 3 8- 1
= 3 x 3 7
= 6561
The 8th term is 6561

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 Which term of the sequence 2, 4, 8, Common ratio, r = 2
16, ... would be equal to 1024? First term, a = 2
Using tn = a r n-1
Example 3 1024 =2 x 2 n-1
1024 = 21 x 2 n − 1
1024 = 2 n
n = 10
1024 is the 10th term.
The third term of an geometric t 3 = 8
sequence of positive terms is 8 and t 5 = 32
the fifth term is 32. using tn = a r n-1
Find the first term, a, and the 32 = ar 5 − 1 
common ratio, r, and thus list the first 8 = ar 3 − 1
four terms of the sequence. 32 = ar 4
Example 4 8 = ar 2
4 = r2              ( dividing)
r = ±2                
The common ratio is 2 (discard -2)
8 = a x 22
a = 2                 the first term
The sequence is 2, 4, 8, 16, ...

Geometric Series
If terms of a geometric sequence are added together a geometric series is formed.
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 is a finite geometric series
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... is an infinte geometric series
To find the sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence use the formula:

Sum of first n terms of a geometric

sequence
where
r = common ratio
a = first term
n = number of terms
OR
If the common ratio is a fraction i.e. -1 < r < 1 then an equivalent formula, shown below is easier
to use.

Sum of first n terms of a geometric

sequence
for when -1 < r < 1 i.e. r is a fraction

Example What is the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric sequence:  3, 6, 12, ...

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 Common ratio r=6÷3=2

Number of terms n = 10

First term a=3

 
 

The Sum to Infinity of a Geometric Sequence

Spreadsheets are very useful for generating sequences and series.
For a geometric sequence with a common ratio greater than 1:

The formula in cell B3 is = B2*2

The formula in cell D3 is =D2 + B3
The fill down command is then used to
complete the sequences.

It can be seen that as successive terms are added the sum of the terms increases.
If there were an infinite number of terms the sum would be infinity.
For a geometric sequence with a common ratio less than 1:

The formula in cell B3 is = B2*2

The formula in cell D3 is =D2 + B3
The fill down command is then used to
comlete the sequences.

It can be seen that as successive terms are added the sum of the terms appears to be heading
towards 16. 
If there were an infinite number of terms the sum would be 16.

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 This is called the sum to infinity of a geometric sequence and only applies when the common
ratio is a fraction
i.e. -1 < r < +1. 
r can be positive or negative.
The following formula can be used:

Sum to infinity of geometric

sequence
where
r = common ratio
a = first term
Example
Find the sum to infinity of the geometric sequence 8, 4, 2, 1, ...
a = 8 and r = 0.5

CHAPTER 1 – CONCEPT
Based on what I have learnt in the Arithmetic and Geometric sequences and series is for
Arithmetic an arithmetic sequence or progression, is a sequence where each term is calculated
by adding a fixed amount to the previous term. An arithmetic sequence has a first term, a, and
a common difference, d. If terms of an arithmetic sequence are added together an arithmetic
series is formed. There are formulae for finding the sum of the terms of an arithmetic
sequence. The key skills needed in learning in this topic is I have learnt to determine the
whether the sequence is arithmetic by calculating the common difference. Next, I also learnt
on how to find the first term and the common difference. Moreover, there are also have a
formula to find the formula for the general term and use it to find specific terms of a
sequence. Last but not least, for Arithmetic I also have learnt on how to calculate the sum of
the sequence and use sequences and series to model situations and interpret the findings.

A geometric sequence or progression, is a sequence where each term is calculated by

multiplying the previous term by a fixed number.
a geometric sequence has:
a first term, a, 
a common ratio, r.
if terms of a geometric sequence are added together an geometric series is formed. There are
formulae for calculating the sum of a number of terms of a geometric sequence. an infinite
geometric series can tend towards a finite number. I have learnt on how to determine whether
one sequence is a geometric sequence and
 find the first term and the common ratio of a geometric sequence.
 find the formula for the general term and use it to find specific terms of a geometric
sequence.
 use formulae to find the sum of terms of a geometric sequence
 find the sum to infinity of a geometric sequence

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 TASK 1

1. a) i) a
ii) a+ 3 d
iii) ¿

b) Sn=T 1 +T 2+T 3 +T 4 +…+T n

Sn=a+ ( a+ d )+ ( a+2 d )+ ( a+3 d ) +…+ [ a+ ( n−1 ) d ]  Equation 1

Sn=T n +T n−1+T n−2 +T n−3+ …+T 1

Sn= [ a+ ( n−1 ) d ] +¿  Equation 2

( 1 ) +(2)

2 S n=n [2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ]
n
Sn= [2 a+ ( n−1 ) d]
2
a (1−r n )
2. Sn= , r <1
1−r

a (r n−1)
S n= , r >1
r −1

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 CHAPTER 2 – PROBLEM SOLVING
Brief Introduction
Arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the
consecutive terms in a constant. Looking at this definition I can say that arithmetic
progression can applied in real life by analysing a certain pattern that we see in our daily life.
For example, Modern day arithmetic's allows for people to map out their budget every month
which enables them to choose whether it is okay to spend money on item they may want.
Modern day arithmetic's has also allowed for many to create things that have become
essential to the modern world such as apps, websites, etc.

TASK 2

2. a) Calculate
i. How many stacks of tiles altogether?

a=1
d=2

T n=139

T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

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 a+ ( n−1 ) d=139
1+ ( n−1 )( 2 ) =139
n=70 stacks

ii. How many tiles used altogether?

n
Sn= [2 a+ ( n−1 ) d]
2

70
S70= [ 2 ( 1 )+ ( 70−1 ) ( 2 ) ]
2

¿ 35(140)
¿ 4900 tiles

b) Each tile costs RM 0.55

i) What is the cost of the 20th stack of tiles?
T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d

T 20=1+ ( 20−1 ) ( 2 )

¿ 39 tiles

The cost of the 20th stack of tiles

= 39 x RM 0.55
= RM 21.45

ii) What is total cost of the tiles used for the decoration?
Total tiles = 4900
Total cost of the tiles use for the decoration
= 4900 x RM 0.55
= RM 2695

iii) Due to the GST imposed, how much Mira Filzah needs to pay for the decoration?

GST = 6%
RM2695 X 1.06 = RM 2856.70

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C) Calculate
i) the length of the base of the triangle, in metre.

total tiles (row base) = 139 tiles

139 x 0.03m
= 4.17m

ii) the total area covered by the tiles on the wall, in metre.

area of a square tile = 0.03m x 0.03m

= 0.09m 2

S70=4900 tiles

Total area covered by the tiles on the wall

= 4900 x 0.09 m 2

= 441 m2
= 4.41m

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 TASK 3

a) Calculate

i. The number of red tiles used in Design A

a=3
d=4

n
T n=a+ ( n−1 ) d Sn= [2 a+ ( n−1 ) d]
2
35
139=3+ ( n−1 )(4) S35= [2 ( 3 ) + ( 35−1 ) (4)]
2
35
139=3+4 n−4 ¿ [142]
2
139=4 n−1 ¿ 2485 ¿ tiles
140=4 n
140
n=
4
n=35

ii. The number of orange tiles used in both designs.

Design A
a=1
d=4

n
T n=137 Sn= [2 a+ ( n−1 ) d]
2
35
a+ ( n−1 ) d=137 S35= [2 ( 1 ) + ( 35−1 ) ( 4 ) ]
2
35
1+ ( n−1 ) (4)=137 ¿ [138]
2

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 4 n−4=136 ¿ 2415 orange tiles
140
n=
4
n=35

Design B
a=2
d=2

70
Total stacks divided half ¿
2
¿ 35 stacks

Total middle row tiles ¿ 70 stacks=70 tiles

2 S 35−70
n
¿2 [ 2 ]
( 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ) −70
¿2¿
¿ 2 [ 1260 ] −70
¿ 2450 orange tiles

Number of orange tiles used in Design A and Design B

= 2450 + 2415
= 4865 orange tiles

iii. The number of blue tiles used in both Design B.

Blue tiles = Total number of tiles – total number of orange tiles

= 4900 – 2450
= 2450 tiles

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b) Calculate the total cost incurred, including GST for both designs.
Design A ¿ 2485 ( RM 0.65 ) +2415 ( RM 0.75 )
¿ RM 3426.50

Design B ¿ 2450 ( RM 0.55 ) +2450 ( RM 0.75 )

¿ RM 3185

106
( A+ B ) x
100
106
¿ ( RM 3426.50+ RM 3185 ) x
100
106
¿ RM 6611.50 x
100
= RM 7008.19

c) If the orange tiles in Design A are changed to the green tiles , what is the total cost ,
excluding GST.

2415 ( RM 0.80 ) +2485(RM 0.65)

= RM3547.25

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 CHAPTER 3 – FURTHER EXPLORATION
Brief Introduction
By applying the knowledge of sequence and series, we are required to create another 2 new
design, different from Design A and Design B which cannot exceed RM4000 excluding GST
but still pleasing to the eyes.

TASK 4

DESIGN C

Total pink tiles

a=1
d=2

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 20
S20= [ 2 ( 1 )−( 20−1 )( 2 ) ]
2
¿ 400 pink tiles

Total cost pink tiles

= 400 x RM 0.90
= RM 360

Total red tiles ¿ S40 −S 20

40
¿
20
[2 ( 1 ) + ( 40−1 )( 2 ) ] −400
¿ 1600−400
¿ 1200 ¿ tiles

Total cost red tiles = 1200 x RM 0.65

= RM780

Total blue tiles ¿ S70 −S 40

70
¿ [ 2 (1 ) +( 70−1 )( 2 ) ] −1600
2
¿ 4900−1600
¿ 3300 ¿ tiles

Total cost blue tiles = 3300 x RM 0.55

= RM1815

TOTAL COST DESIGN C

= COST PINK + COST RED + COST BLUE
= RM 360 + RM RM780 + RM1815
= RM 2955

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 DESIGN D

VERTICAL

( 139−5
2 )
=67 stacks

Red tiles
a=1
d=1

30
S30= [ 2 ( 1 )+ ( 30−1 ) ( 1 ) ]
2
¿ 465 tiles

Total red tiles ¿ 2 S 30 total cost for red tiles

= 2(465) = 930 x RM 0.65
= 930 tiles = RM 604.5

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Blue tiles

S67−S30
67
¿ [ 2 ( 1 )+ ( 67−1 ) ( 1 ) ]−465
2
¿ 2278−465
¿ 1813 tiles

Total blue tiles = 2(S67 −S 30 ) total cost blue tiles

= 2(1813) = 3626 x RM 0.55
= 3626 tiles = RM 1994.3

Total green tiles = Total tiles – ( total blue tiles + total red tiles)
= S70 ( horizontal )−( 3626+ 930 )
70
=
2
[ 2 (1 )+ ( 70−1 ) (2 ) ]−4556
= 4900 – 4556
= 344 green tiles

Total cost green tiles

= 344 x RM 0.80
= RM 275.2

TOTAL COST DESIGN D

= green tiles + blue tiles + red tiles
= RM 275.2 + RM 1994.3 + RM 604.5
= RM 2874

The best design is Design D among the four because it incurs the lowest cost and it is more
attractive and appealing with combination of the colours which are Blue, Red and Green will
create an outstanding environment in the kitchen because beauty lies in the eyes of the
beholder.

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 CHAPTER 4 – COST OF THE PROJECT AND
CONCLUSION

ITEMS COST
Coloured Printing RM27.50
Binding RM2.50
Total cost = RM30

It was a wonderful learning experience for us while working on this project. This project took me
through the various phases of project development. Indeed, we have been through some
difficulties completing this assignment but we still managed to complete it. We enjoyed each and
every bit of work we had put into this project. The project is further extendable.

We had trouble understanding about this topic but finally we are more understand about
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression after completing this task. We are totally grateful to
everyone who helped us. Our discussion on Task 4 is the most challenging ones yet the most fun
because we had to come up with own ideas to design a new tiles arrangement

In a nutshell, this project has made our thinking and problem solving skill improved. We can now
apply what we have learned in our real life situation. For example, using sequence and series to
design a wall within our budget. We would like to thank Madam Norsyazwani for the guidance.
We will continue to strive to improve ourselves in the future. Thank you.

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