92

le to
ed in a biasr furnace, it would not have been tern..
duct iiize these components because of the relatively ssi plowb
o

voiat

— Morefluid slags can be obtained, e.g., inIhe the

partialperattires.redu ecause no flux`'
.
enite to manufacture pig iron and titanium slazctiN
of ilm ontent.
The solut.es are below 1500 °C b
is highly viscous
slag ectric furnace so 0,1" to.Lat thQ
added to maintain a high titanium c
this problem is the utilization of el
high temperatures desired
are obtained. FURNACES

A furnace is a reactor used to conduct a reaction at high tempera ture.

To
prevent the loss of heat, it is usually lined with refractor;
bricks. In the
design of a ered. furnace the method of heating must
Provision must then be made for introducing the
first b' feed consid
, collecting the reaction products, measuring and controllin the
material
temperature, as well other auxiliaries. A furnace may be operatedg on a continuous
or a batch basis, and the reaction products may be molten, or solid.
gaseous,
The furnaces commonly used in rnetallur are given below, while more specialized
furnaces are described later in Chapters 17 and 29.

rnace
Hearth fu
mplest and oldest type of furnaces. When first introduced,
This is the si
aceous fuel was used; presently, it is modernized by using electric
carbon
heating. In an old hearth furnace for heating PbS ores (Figure 5.9), the ore is
mixed with fuel which floats on a bath of mol ten n dish set
lead in a cast iro
in masonry. Air is supplied by a side ckles through
blast. The reduced lead tri
the charge into the bath and overflows down a sloping o an iron pot
plate int
outside the furnace. they
The lumps of slag are picked out and removed as
are formed, and fresh quantities of ore and s
fuel added in small charges a
required. The electric hearth furnace, usually known rnace, is
as electric fu
used extensively for steelmaking (Figure 5.10).
 9 3

Air s
bellow

Bath of molten Pb

fi Lire 5• rth furnace for produ

9: An old hea ction of lead from
fi
icagcl sul de' 101••
•••••IIII.Mar

ODES
ELECTR

141.4,59c4"""sic
MOLTEt1 STEEL-p-
"-wmogwrivt:r4-"-:

ern electrically heated hearth furnace for

Figure 5.10: A mod making
steel.

Vertical furnace

This furnace is a development of the hearth furnace; it is com-

posed of a hearth and a stack on the top. Such furnace is also known as a
shaft or blast furnace (Figure 5.11). The latter is due to the fact that
air is blown or "blasted" through the charge. A cupola furnace is also a
 IQ
c design (l:igure Th
r

HOITIA

C.:As
,AKE

wEARitic,

STEEL JACKET

IN WALL
STACK COOLER PLATE

MANTLE

BOSH
BOSH COOLER PLATE
BUSTLE PIPE
PEEP SIGHT
BLOW PIPE
GOOSE NECK
HEARTH TUYERES
SLAG }JOU
_roi`a,.moor
IRON NOTCH
1111111
COLUMN
glint 1
!unpin JI HEARTH JACKET
U HUI U
BOTTOM
f
Figure 5.11: A vertical furnace — the iron blast furnace.
out
• The charge enters at the top of the stack and the products get
at the bottom. Any gases formed are discharged from the top.
•
Heating can be conducted by a carbonaceous fuel or by electric
methods. In the first case coke is usually used and is incorporated
in the charge. It is ignited by air blown in near the bottom of the,
ld
shaft. The hot gases pass upward through the descending co charge. In
electrically heated shaft furnaces, the charge itself serv.es as the resistance which
develops the heat. One design is shovvrn Figure 5.13, in which three carbon
electrodes are inserted throur,n11
 •
the furnace wall near the top, and three more near the b°"°
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