CHAPTER III IV and V

CHAPTER III
TECHNICAL DESIGN AND REQUIREMENTS
Overview of Combined Cycle Power Plant
The use of combined cycle technology has been significantly rising for its improved
efficiency and reduced emission of waste into the atmosphere. This has been widely used by the
industry for base load power generation and installed where there is access to substantial
quantities of natural gas.
A combined cycle power plant, also called combined cycle gas turbine is a plant which
generates electricity using a gas turbine generator and recovers the waste heat to produce a steam
that can be used as an additional source of power. The major components of a combined cycle
power plant are the gas turbine, heat recovery system, and a steam turbine. This plant differs
from other electricity generating plant in terms of its components and working principle. A
simple cycle plant uses only gas turbine and the exhaust gas is release into the atmosphere.
Unlike the combined cycle power plant which utilizes the heat from the exhaust gas to produce
steam and uses a steam turbine to produced extra power. The efficiency of both gas and steam
cycle is combined with the same fuel source which makes the plant xelmore efficient than other
types.
Working Principle of a Combined Cycle Power Plant
Combined cycle power plant is known to be one of the most efficient type of electric
generating power plant as it further utilizes the waste product of the combustion in the gas
turbine by collecting the waste heat. Studies shows that the heat produced as waste in the
combustion process is capable of producing super-heated steam. These super-heated steam is
then used to produce additional energy by working it in a steam turbine.
At the beginning of the cycle, the filtered and conditioned air enters the compressor that
is design to sustain the proper amount of air needed by the combustion process. Fuel nozzles
then injects and mixes the natural gas fuel to the compressed air in the combustion chamber.
After the combustion process, energy is released by the natural gas fuel which turns the gas
turbine into a fast spinning motions up to thousands of revolutions per minute. Since the load
demand for the power plant varies from time to time, the frequency of the turbine is monitored
and is regulated by the throttle valve for fuel supply. Gas turbine operates by following the
principle of Brayton Cycle, a thermodynamic process that involves uniform applied force per
area. It generally involves isobaric processes for the rejection and addition of thermal energy to
the system. In real application of the Brayton cycle, no transfer of heat is produced in
compressing the sucked air. Next is a constant pressure application for the accumulation of
thermal energy to the system. Next is another adiabatic process for the releasing of working
energy and increasing the volume of the fuel to the turbines. Lastly, an isobaric operation for the
elimination of energy used not used by the system.
As the waste product used in the gas turbine contains high potential in generating super-
heated steam to operate a steam turbine, a heat recovery steam generating unit is used to recycle
the heat energy and thus producing super-heated steam. Water tube heat exchangers are
commonly used in these steam generating units as the waste products of the gas turbine pass
these pipes producing the required steam to operate a turbine. After passing to the heat
exchanger, the exhaust of the gas turbine is released to the atmosphere using a chimney or smoke
stacks. Series of pipe system delivers the steam to the steam turbine for energy production.
16
Steam turbine commonly operates at a principle of Rankine cycle, a cycle used to operate
and predict the behaviour of the steam as is passes through the steam turbine. The four common
operations observed while operating the Rankine cycle are constant entropy for reducing the
volume of the air, uniform pressure for adding thermal energy in the system using heat
exchangers like the heat recovery steam generating unit for combined cycle power plant. Another
uniform entropy for releasing of working energy to turn the steam turbine and thus expanding the
volume. The final process is isobaric for the elimination of the heat produced to return the steam
into the working water using condenser. The cycle continuous as the plant continuously operates.
Equipment Used in Combined Cycle Power Plant
a) Gas Turbine
The gas turbine is an essential component in establishing power plant. It is used to
transform a combustible fuel into a usable mechanical energy. On the proposed power
plant, a Siemens 60 Hz SGT6-2000E gas turbine in design option 1 is used. This was
chosen due to its power output of 117 MW and its gross efficiency of 35.4 %. Also, it
develops a heat rate of 10,169 k J/ kWh and a pressure ratio of 12:1. The exhaust mass
flow and temperature are 386 kg/s and 532 ̊C respectively. In the design option 2, the 60
Hz SGT-A65 of Siemens was used. It can generate a power output of 70.8 MW and a
gross efficiency of 41.4%. Its heat rate is 8696 kJ/kWh with an exhaust mass flow and
temperature of 176 kg/s and 447 ̊C respectively. Also, a pressure ratio of 39.3:1 is
produced. For design option 3, the gas turbine model SGT-750 from Siemens with the
power output of 38.1 megawatts and a gross efficiency of 40.2% was used. Along with
the gross efficiency, it has a corresponding heat rate of about 8,953 kJ/kWh. The pressure
17
ratio of the said turbine is 23.8:1 and a limiting speed of 3,050-6,405 rpm. Also, the said
turbine has an exhaust temperature of 458 ̊C and a mass flow of 113.8 kg/s.
b) Steam Turbine
This type of turbine is driven by a superheated steam, the exhaust gas from the gas
turbine is utilized on the heat recovery steam generator to heat the circulating water and
transformed it into superheated steam. In design option 1 and 2, the steam turbine from
Siemens, SST-300 was the turbine used on the proposed design. It generates power
output up to 50 megawatts. It has an inlet pressure and temperature of 120 bars and 540 ̊C
respectively. With respect to the condensing pressure, it is limited to 0.3 bar / 4.4 psi
respectively. For design option 3, SST-400 turbine designed by Siemens was used. It has
a power output of 65 MW and an inlet pressure and temperature of 140 bar and 540 C. In
relations to its condensing pressure, it has a limiting pressure of 0.3 bar.
c) Combustion Chamber
A combustion chamber is a space of the combustion engine where the ignition is done.
The mixture of air and fuel is compressed until it leads to high pressure and temperature
of a certain parameter then it is ignited. It releases a gas to valve and the high pressure
and temperature gas drive the turbine. This chamber must be deftly designed to be
efficient.
d) Air Compressor
18
The air compressor is the provider of vast amount of pressurized-air to the engine. It
compresses the air and supply the engine to easily combust when mixing with fuel. The
compressors blades must be well designed, and have an optimum stability.
e) Heat Recovery Steam Generator
A heat recovery steam turbine is a connection between gas turbine and steam turbine. It
recovers heat from the exhaust gas of turbine and utilized it to heat and transform flowing
purified water in tubes into steam. It is substantially used in combined-cycle power plant.
The produced steam is the driver for the blades of steam turbine to rotate. The mechanical
energy produced in the system is used to drive the generator coupled into it.
f) Condenser
A steam condenser is a device used to convert the low pressured steam released on the
turbine into condensed water. Through the cooled water contact from the bodies of water,
the removal of latent heat from the steam is done. And the converted liquid is circulated
to heat and used again in the system.
g) Pump
The pump is essentially used to conveyed liquid from a source into a desired
distance. In the system it is used to pump the water that comes out in the condenser. Also,
it is used in pressurizing water in the system. The pump model used in the system is a
boiler feed pump, ES 6507. This pump has a capacity of 269 GPM on speed of 2900 rpm.
It is manufactured by SPECK PUMPEN which offers variety of pump used in power
plants.
h) Flash tank
19
The flash tank acts as separator of condensate and the flash steam. It helps in
reducing the pressure of steam and allows the high-pressure to condensate. The reduction
occurs before the pressure supply back to the main stream line. This equipment is near
located in the condenser or other in designed it attached to the condenser. It depends on
the used on the system.
Fuel Used in Combined Cycle Power Plant
Natural gas is usually used to power a combined cycle power plant, although other fuels
such as synthetic gas, coal and fuel oil can be used. Solar radiation can also be used to power a
combined cycle power station to lessen the fuel cost and environmental impact. It is impractical
to build a gas pipeline to the places where the source of natural gas is not abundant that’s why it
is advisable to use renewable fuels for small-scale combined cycle plants. This includes biogas
acquired from agricultural wastes which are available in rural areas.
Gas turbine usually uses natural gas and light oil. Some fuel, like crude oil, needs to
undergo some distillation process in order to remove the impurities and heavy metals that can
damage the components of the plant. Fuels that requires this treatment needs a separate system to
accurately monitor the fuel for good and low maintenance operation of the gas turbine.
Performance Analysis of the Proposed 100 MW Combined Cycle Located at El Nido,
Palawan
The performance analysis of 100MW combined cycle power plant in terms of efficiency
will be presented in the study. Each design option will be considered taking into consideration of
different parameters such as energy balance, work output and overall efficiency. The main
objective of this study is basically the determination of the best energy efficiency of the plant.
20
Better performance of the plant the higher the efficiency. But to achieve the high efficiency, each
design must consider the number of units and price of equipment to be used to be able to comply
with the efficiency requirement. Economic analysis has a big role for choosing the best design
option in the study. This will determine how long it would take to return the capital that will be
invested in each design. Thus, efficiency and economic analysis are both considered for choosing
the best design option of the study.
Each design option in the study, the following formulas are used and evaluated;
1. Entering and Leaving condition in Compressor,

k-1
T 2 P2
= ( )
T 1 P1
k
2. Compressor Efficiency,
T2-Ta
nc=
Tb'-Ta
3. Entering and Leaving condition in Turbine,
k-1
T 3 P3
. = ( )
T 4 P4
k
4. Turbine Efficiency,
T3 - T4'
nt =
T3 - T4
5. Indicated Heat Rate,
Computing for Indicated Heat Rate
21
mf x 3600 x Q
IHR =
IP
where,
BP
IP =
Mechanical Efficiency
where,
Electrical Output
BP =
Generator Efficiency
6. Wnet,
Wnet = mgCpg ( Tc-T d ') - maCpa(T b ' -Ta)
7. Actual Work for Compressor,
Wc = maCpa(T2'-T1)
8. Ideal Work for Compressor,
Wc = maCpa(T2-T1)
9. Ideal Work for Turbine,
Wt = mgCpg(T3-T4)
10. Actual Work for Turbine,
Wt' = mgCpg(T3-T4')
11. For the Wnet:
Wnet = Wt'-Wc'
12. Work of Pump
Wp = v3 (change in Pressure)
13. Actual Work Pump,
22
Wpump (ms)
Wpump,actual =
ŋp
14. For the amount of cooling water:
Mass Balance at the Condenser,
ms (h8 – h9) = mwCpw (tcwo – tcwi)
15. Work of steam turbine:

Wt = ms[(h1-h2)]
16. Thermal Efficiency,

nths = Wnet/ Qa
17. Overall Efficiency,

Overall Efficiency = (nthg + nths) – (nthg*nths)
Stoichiometric Analysis of Natural Gas Fuel

One way of determining the equivalent product amount for a certain reactant is by the
method of stoichiometry. Each molecule for different types of elements and compounds links to
its corresponding mass which is then calculated and analyzed to predict the possible amount of
product after combustion. For the main fuel of the combine cycle power plant which is the
natural gas, its chemical composition is analyzed and recorded to predict the products formed
after the process. Different component of gases constitutes the natural gas but with different
amount and percentage. Based on the observed main component of gas for natural gas, methane
occupies most of its volume percentage. Methane comprises ninety-five percent of the natural
gas. The remaining five percent constitutes for carbon dioxide, propane, ethane and nitrogen.
23
Methane, having a chemical formula of CH 4 is known to be a highly flammable gas containing
high amount of energy that is proportional to its mass.
Figure 5 shows the stoichiometric analysis of methane during combustion. Molecule
present in the equation has been balanced for complying law of conservation of mass. Adequate
amount of air is assumed, thus producing a complete combustion of methane.
Figure 5. Stoichiometric Analysis of Methane for Complete Combustion

Source: www.learner.org
To balance the equation, equivalent number of molecules must be present at the reactant
side and to the product side. Take an example for the molecule count of oxygen. At the
beginning of the process which is combustion, there are more molecules of oxygen in the product
side rather than the reactant. To balance the equation, a prefix of “two” is added to oxygen
molecule in the reactant to compensate the missing molecules required by the product.
Figure 6 shows the combustion equation for methane when there is an insufficient
amount of water used in the combustion. Balancing method is also used to comply the law of
conservation of energy by equating the molecules of the reactant side to the product side.
Figure 6. Stoichiometric Analysis of Methane for Incomplete Combustion

Source: web.wpi.edu
Unlike the properties of the complete combustion where only carbon dioxide and water
are present in the product side, there is an addition of carbon monoxide to the product side due to
24
insufficient amount of air for combustion. Carbon monoxide is known to be harmful especially
to living organism as it can be a form of toxic air when inhaled.
Complete combustion is assumed in calculating the predicted output mass of the product.
The molecular analysis and molecular mass computation of methane yields one molecule to
sixteen and five hundredths grams or 0.035384 pounds. For the molecular weight of carbon
dioxide, one molecule corresponds to forty-four and one hundredths grams or 0.097025 pounds.
Water on the other hand has a corresponding mass of eighteen grams or 0.039683 pounds. The
product side contains two molecule of water, thus having an equivalent molecular mass of thirty-
six grams or 0.079366 pounds. To summarize, sixteen and five hundredths grams of methane
during a complete combustion will yield to a product of forty-four and one hundredths grams of
carbon dioxide and thirty-six grams of water.
Design Option No. 1
The figure below shows the schematic and T-S diagram of design number one. In the
diagram, single shaft air compressor and gas turbine is used. The exhaust heat will be used in the
heat recovery steam generating units for production of superheated steam. Steam produced will
be utilized using a rankine cycle with single steam extraction.
25
Figure 7. Schematic Diagram of Design Option No. 1
This figure 7 shows the process flow of the design option 1. The open heater for this
design option serves to increase the thermal efficiency of the plant. The design is expected to
have an overall thermal efficiency of 56.76275774% with an average energy output of
187.6057248 MW. The steam cycle composes of a regenerative cycle as the bleed steam is used
to raise the temperature of the feed water in the open heater vessel.
The figure 8 presents the T-S diagram of the design option 1. This serves as a path for the
actual process the brayton and regenerative cycle. The state points 1-5 are the points where the
brayton cycle starts, while the 6-12 state points represent the regenerative cycle.
Figure 8. T-S Diagram of Design Option No. 1

This figure shows that the state point 6,7 and 8 are constant in entropy since it follows the
regenerative cycle.
26
Gas Turbine Specifications:
Model: 60 HZ SGT6-2000E
Power Output (Wnet,gas): 117 MW
Frequency: 60 Hz
Gross Efficiency: 35.4%
Heat Rate: 10 169 kJ/kWh
Turbine Speed: 3600 rpm
Pressure Ratio: 12:1
Exhaust Mass Flow: 386 kg/s
Exhaust Temperature: 532 °C
Source: Siemens Energy
Steam Turbine Specifications
Model: SST 300
Power Output: Up to 50 MW
Inlet Pressure: 120 bars
Inlet Temperature: 540 °C
Controlled Extractions: 25 bars
Condensing Pressure: 0.3 bar
Generator Specifications
Model: SGen5 – 100A – 2P
Power Factor: 0.85
Apparent Power: 25 MVA to 370 MVA
Frequency: 60 Hz
27
Efficiency: up to 98.9%
Terminal Voltage: 6.3 kV TO 20 Kv
Condenser Specifications:
Tcwi = 37.78 °C
Tcwo = 59.97 °C
Source: Mark Handbook
Design Computation for Brayton Cycle

k-1
T2 P
T1
= 2
P1( ) k
0.4
1.4
T 2 = (28+273) ( 12 )
T 2 = 612.2150399 K
P2 = P2 (12) = 101.325 (12)
P2 = 101.325 (12)
P2 = 1215.9 KPa
T 4 = 532 °C (exhaust temperature)
Design Computation for (Regenerative Rankine Cycle)
KJ KJ
h6 = 3454.4 ; s 6 = s 7 = s8 = 6.6209
kg kg-K
h9 = h f @ 0.03 MPa
KJ
h 9 = 289.23
kg
28
-3 m3
v 9 = v f = 1.0223 x 10
kg
Solving for h7 ; Interpolating at Superheated Pressure 2.5 MPa
KJ KJ
S, h,
kg-K kg
6.6007 2984.3
6.6209 h7 = 2995.782599
6.6438 3008.8
s 8 = x Sfg + Sf
KJ
6.6209 =x ( 6.8247 ) +0.9439
kg - K
x = 0.8318314358
h8 = x h fg + h f
h8 = 0.8318314358(2336.1) + 289.23
KJ
h8 = 2232.471417
kg
h10 = h 9 + W p1
W p2 = v 9 ( P10 - P9 ) =1.0223 x 10-3 (2500 KPa - 30KPa)
KJ
W p2 =2.525081
kg
h10 = 289.23 + 2.2.525081
KJ
h10 = 291.755081
kg
29
h11 = hf @ 2.5 MPa
KJ
h11 = 962.11
kg
-3 m3
v 11 = v f @ 2.5 MPa = 1.1973 x 10
kg
W p1 = v 11 ( P12 - P11 ) =1.1973 x 10 -3 (12000 KPa - 2500KPa)
KJ
W p1 =11.37435
kg
h12 = h 11 + W p2
h12 = 962.11 + 11.37435
KJ
h12 = 973.48435
kg
Figure 9 shows where the state point 4 from the gas turbine enters the heat recovery
steam generator and released heat energy to convert the stream of water flowing from state point
12 into a superheated steam and then released in the state point 6.
30
Figure 9. HRSG Mass Balance
This figure presents the mass balance from different equipment. The exhaust gas from the
turbine was conveyed and entered to state point 4 where the transportation of heat starts, then the
water flowing entered the state point 12 then it released in the HRSG at state point 6.
Mass Flow Rate
W net 117 MW
35.4% = =
QA QA
Q A = 330.5084746 MW
Table 4
Lower Heating Values of Fuels
Gas Gross Heating Value Net Heating Value
(Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb)
Acetylene(ethylene)-C2H2 1498 21569 1447 20837
Benzene 3741 18150 3590 17418
Blast Furnace gas 92 1178 92 1178
Blue water gas 6550
Butane-C4H10 3225 21640 2977 19976
Butylene (Butane) 3077 20780 2876 19420
Carbon to CO2 14150 14150
Carbon to CO 3960 3960
Carbon Monoxide- CO 323 4368 323 4368
Carbureted Water Gas 550 11440 508 10566
Coal gas 149 16500
Coke Oven Gas 574 17048 514 15266
Digester gas (Sewage or Biogas) 690 011316 621 10184
Ethane – C2H6 1783 22198 1630 20295
Ethyl alcohol saturated with water 1548 12804
Gas Gross Heating Value Net Heating Value

(Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb)
Ethylene 1631 21884 1530 20525
Hexane 4667 20526 4315 18976
Hydrogen (H2) 325 61084 275 51628
Hydrogen Sulphide 672 7479
Landfill Gas 476
31
Methane- CH4 1011 23811 910 21433
Methyl alcohol saturated with water 818 9603
Naphthalene 5859 17298
Natural Gas (typical 950 19500 850 17500
11150 22500 1050 22000
Octane saturated with water 6239 20542 3170 10444
Pentane 3981 20908 3679 19322
Producer gas 2470
Propane-C3H8 2572 21564 2371 19834
Propane(Propylene)- C3H6 2332 20990 2181 19630
Propylene 2336 21042 2185 19683
Sasol 500 14550 443 13016
Sulphur 3940 4206
Toluene 4408 18129 239 17301
Water Gas (bituminous) 261 4881 4469
Xylene 5155 18410
Source: Engineering Toolbox, 2005
KJ
Q A = m f LHV ; LHV = 45 940
kg
m f =7.194350774 kg/s
m t = m a + mf
386 kg/s = m a +7.194350774 kg/s
m a = 378.8056492 kg/s
Q A = m t Cpg ( T 3 - T2 ) ; Cpg for natural gas =1.15
330508.4746 = 386(1.15)( T 3 - 612.2150399)
T 3 = 1356.771183 K
Table 5
Exhaust Gas Parameters in Exhaust Temperature
T Ρ Cp μ*106 v*106
(°C) (kg/m3) (kJ/kgK) (Pas) (m2/s)
0 1.295 1.042 15.8 12.2
32
100 0.95 1.068 20.4 21.54
200 0.748 1.097 24.5 32.8
300 0.617 1.122 28.2 45.81
400 0.525 1.151 31.7 60.38
500 0.457 1.185 34.8 76.3
600 0.405 1.214 37.9 93.61
700 0.363 1.239 40.7 112.1
800 0.33 1.264 43.4 131.8
900 0.301 1.29 45.9 152.5
1000 0.275 1.306 48.4 174.3
1100 0.257 1.323 50.7 197.1
1200 0.24 1.34 53 221
Source: PipeFlowCalculation,
Interpolating using the table of specific heat constant at different exhaust temperature
500 1.185
532 CPg =1.19428
600 1.214
m t Cpg ( T4 - T5 ) = ms ( h6 - h 12 )
386(1.19428) ( 532-145 ) = m s ( 3454.4-973.48435 )
m s = 71.9105202 kg/s
The figure 10 shows the mass balance in the open heater in the design option no. 1.
33
Figure 10. Open Heater Mass Balance
In the figure above shows the masses from state point 7 and 10 entering the open heater and state
point 11 leaving the open heater.
m s ( h 11 ) = m 1 ( h7 ) + (ms - m 1 )( h10 )
71.9105202(962.11) = m 1 (2995.782599) + (71.9105202 - m 1 )(291.755081)
m 1 =17.82732262 kg/s
The figure 11 shows the mass balance in the condenser in the design option no. 1.
Figure 11. Condenser Mass Balance
34
The figure above shows the mass 60.141 entering to the condenser and leaving at state point 9.
The entering temperature is 37.78 degree Celsius and the leaving temperature is 59.97 degree
Celsius.
(ms - m 1 )( h 8 - h 9 )= m w Cpw ( T wo - Twi )
(71.9105202 – 17.82732262)(2232.471417 – 289.23) = m w (4.187)(59.97-37.78)
m w =1131.172545 kg/s
Computing for the Turbine Work
W Turbine = m s ( h 6 - h 7 ) + (m s - m 1 )( h7 - h8 )
W Turbine = 71.9105202 (3454.4 – 2995.782599) +
(71.9105202 – 17.82732262) (2995.78 – 2232.471417)
W Turbine = 74 261.72535 KW
W Pump1 + W Pump1
W Pump actual =
nP
71.9105202 ( 11.37435 ) + ( 71.9105202 - 17.82732262 )( 2.525081 )

W Pump actual =
0.6082
W Pump actual = 1569.384874 KW
W steam = W Turbine - W Pump actual
W steam = 74 261.72535 - 1569.384874
W steam = 72 692.34048 KW
35
Computing the Overall Work of the Combined Cycle
W total = W steam + W gas
W total = 117 + 72.69234048
W total =189.6923405 MW
Computing Thermal Efficiency
W Total
n Thermal = x 100%
QA
189.6923405 MW
n Thermal =
330.5084746 MW
n Thermal = 57.39409276 %
Computing Total Energy Output
EP = BP ( n Generator )
EP = 189.6923405 MW ( 0 .989)
EP = 187.6057248 MW
EP
n overall = x 100%
QA
187.6057248 MW
n overall = x 100%
330.5084746 MW
n overall = 56.76275774 %
Design Option 2
36
The figure 12 below shows the schematic and T-S diagram of design number two. In the
diagram, single shaft air compressor and gas turbine is used. The exhaust heat will be used in the
heat recovery steam generating units for production of superheated steam. Steam produced will
be utilized using a rankine cycle with single steam extraction. The design is expected to have an
overall thermal efficiency of 52.21059892 % with an average energy output of 172.5604541
MW.
37
The figure above shows a simple design of a combined cycle plant composing of an air
compressor, combustor, gas turbine, gas turbine generator, heat recovery steam generator, steam
turbine, steam turbine generator, condenser and condensate pump.
The T-S diagram of design option no. 2 is shown in figure 13.
38
The figure above shows the brayton and simple rankine cycle. The pressure in the boiler is 40
bar, while the pressure in the condenser is 0.30 bar.
GAS TURBINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: SGT-A65
Power Output (Wnet,gas): 70.8 MW
Frequency: 60 Hz
Gross Efficiency: 41.4 %
Heat Rate: 8696 KJ/kWh
Turbine Speed: 3,600 rpm
Pressure Ratio: 39.3:1
Exhaust Mass Flow: 176 kg/s
Exhaust Temperature: 447°C
STEAM TURBINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: SST 300
Power Output: Up to 50 MW
Inlet Pressure: 40 bar / 580 psi
Inlet Temperature: 440°C
39
Condensing Pressure: 0.3 bar
GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: SGen-100A-2P
Power Factor: 0.85
Apparent Power: 25 MVA to 370 MVA
Frequency: 60 Hz
Efficiency: Up to 98.9 %
Terminal Voltage: 6.3-20 kV
CONDENSER SPECIFICATIONS:
Tcwi: 37.78 °C
Tcwo: 59.97 °C
DESIGN CONDITIONS COMPUTATION:
TOPPING CYCLE (BRAYTON CYCLE)
k-1
T 2 P2
= ( )
T 1 P1
k
1.4-1
1.4
T 2 = 301K ( 39.3 )
40
T 2 = 859.2256321 K
P2
=39.3
P1
P2 = 101.325 kPa (39.3)
P2 = 3982.0725 kPa
P3
=39.3
P4
3982.0725 kPa
P4 =
39.3
P 4 = 101.325 kPa
W net
ƞt = x100%
QA
70.8 MW
41.4 = x100%
QA
Q A = 171.0144928 MW
Q A = m f LHV
kJ
Qh of natural gas = 45938.5
kg
kJ
171014.4928 kW= mf (45938.5 )
kg
mf = 3.72268343 kg/s
mt = ma + mf
41
176 kg/s = ma + 3.72268343 kg/s
ma = 176 kg/s – 3.72268343 kg/s
ma = 172.2773166 kg/s
For T3:
QA = mt Cpg (T3-T2)
171014.4928 kW= 176kg/s (1.15 kJ/kg-K)(T3 – 859.2256321)
T3 = 1704.158897 K
BOTTOMING CYCLE (STEAM CYCLE):
h6 = h at 40 bar and 440 ̊C
kJ
h6 = 3307.1
kg
s6 = s at 40 bar and 440°C
kJ
s6 = 6.9041
kg-K
kJ
s6 = s7 = 6.9041
kg-K
s7 = sf + xsfg at 0.3 bar
kJ kJ kJ
6.9041 = 0.9439 + x(6.8247 )
kg- K kg-K kg-K
x = 0.8733277653
h7 = hf + xhfg
42
kJ kJ
h7 = 289.23 + 0.8733277653 (2336.1 )
kg kg
kJ
h7 = 2329.410993
kg
h8 = hf at 0.3 bar
kJ
h8 = 289.23
kg
v8 = vf at 0.3 bar
v8 = 0.0010223 m3/kg
Wp = v8ΔP
Wp = 0.0010223 m3/kg (4000 kPa – 30 kPa)
Wp = 4.058531 kJ/kg
Wp = h9 – h8
h9 = h8 + Wp
kJ
h9 = 289.23 + 4.058531 kJ/kg
kg
h9 = 293.288531 kJ/kg
The mass balance of heat recovery steam generator is shown in figure 14 for design option
no. 2
43
Figure 14. Mass Balance at the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
The figure above shows how the enthalpies enter and leave the HRSG. The mass balance will be
done in the HRSG to determine how much mass will circulated and will be transferred to the
open heater.
The properties of exhaust gases at certain temperature is shown in table 6 for design option no. 2.
Table 6
Properties of Exhaust Gases at Certain Temperatures
T ρ Cp μ*106 v*106
(°C) (kg/m3) (kJ/kgK) (Pas) (m2/s)
0 1.295 1.042 15.8 12.2
100 0.95 1.068 20.4 21.54
200 0.748 1.097 24.5 32.8
300 0.617 1.122 28.2 45.81
400 0.525 1.151 31.7 60.38
500 0.457 1.185 34.8 76.3
600 0.405 1.214 37.9 93.61
700 0.363 1.239 40.7 112.1
800 0.33 1.264 43.4 131.8
900 0.301 1.29 45.9 152.5
1000 0.275 1.306 48.4 174.3
1100 0.257 1.323 50.7 197.1
1200 0.24 1.34 53 221
Source: PipeFlowCalculation,2005
From the figure above, it shows the temperature of the exhaust and its corresponding density,
specific heat of air, viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
44
Mass Flow Rate
W net 117 MW
35.4% = = ; Q A =330.5084746 MW
QA QA
KJ
Q A = m f LHV ; LHV = 45 940
kg
m f =7.194350774 kg/s
m t = m a + mf
386 kg/s = m a +7.194350774 kg/s
m a =378.8056492 kg/s
Q A = m t Cpg ( T 3 - T2 ) ; Cpg for natural gas =1.15
330508.4746= 386(1.15)( T3 - 612.2150399)
T 3 =1356.771183 K
Interpolating using the table of specific heat constant at different exhaust temperature
500 1.185
532 CPg =1.19428
600 1.214
m t Cpg ( T4 −T5 ) =m s ( h 6 −h9 )
386(1.19428) ( 532-145 ) = m s ( 3307.1 - 293.288531 )
m s = 59.19545293 kg/s
45
Turbine Work
Wsteam turbine = ms (h6 – h7)
kg kJ kJ
Wsteam turbine = 59.19545293 (3307.1 – 2329.410993 )
s kg kg
Wsteam turbine = 57874.7436 kW
W pump
Wpump, actual = ( ms )
ƞp
kJ
4.058531
Wpump, actual = kg kg
0.6082 (
59.19545293
s )
Wpump,actual = 395.0124643 kW
Wnet,steam = Wsteam turbine - Wpump, actual
Wnet,steam = 57874.7436 kW – 395.0124643 kW
Wnet,steam = 57479.73114 MW
Wnet,total = Wnet,gas + Wnet,steam
Wnet,total = 117 MW + 57.47973114 MW
Wnet,total = 174.4797311 MW
W net,total
ƞthermal = x 100%
QA
174.4797311 MW
ƞthermal = x 100%
330.5084746 MW
ƞthermal = 52.79130325 %
46
Generator Efficiency = 98.9 %
EP = BP (ƞgenerator)
EP = 174.4797311 MW (0.989)
EP = 172.5604541 MW
EP
Ƞoverall = x 100%
QA
172.5604541 MW
Ƞoverall = x 100%
330.5084746 MW
Ƞoverall = 52.21059892 %
Design Option 3
The figure below shows the schematic and T-S diagram of design number three. In the
diagram, two single shaft air compressor and gas turbine is used. The exhaust heat will be used
in the heat recovery steam generating units for production of superheated steam. Steam produced
will be utilized using a rankine cycle with single steam extraction. The design is expected to
have an overall thermal efficiency of 53.50795005 % with an average energy output of
104.3175379 MW.
47
GAS TURBINE SPECIFICATION
Model: SGT-750
Power Output (Wnet,gas): 38.1 MW
Frequency: 60 Hz
48
Gross Efficiency: 40.2%
Heat Rate: 8,953 kJ/kWh
Turbine Speed: 3,050-6,405 rpm
Pressure Ratio: 23.8:1
Exhaust Mass Flow: 113.8 kg/s
Exhaust Temperature: 458 ̊C (857 ̊F)
STEAM TURBINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: SST-400
Power Output: 65 MW
Inlet Pressure: 140 bar / 2,030 psi
Inlet Temperature: 540 ̊C / 1,004 F

̊
Condensing Pressure: 0.3 bar / 4.4 psi
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
Exhaust Temperature: 145 ̊C
GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: SGen6-100A-2P
49
Power Factor: 0.85
Apparent Power: 25-370 MVA
Frequency: 60 Hz
Efficiency: up to 98.9 %
Terminal Voltage: 6.3 – 20 kV
CONDENSER SPECIFICATIONS:
Tcwi: 37.78 ̊C
Tcwo: 59.97 ̊C
DESIGN CONDITIONS COMPUTATION:
TOPPING CYCLE (BRAYTON CYCLE)
Entering parameters in Compressor
Pressure: Local Atmospheric Condition: 101.325 kPa
Temperature: Local Ambient Temperature: 301K
Pressure Ratio (rp): 23.8 – from catalogue
Leaving condition in Compressor
50
k-1
T 2 P2 P2
( )
=
T 1 P1
k
P1
= 23.8
1.4-1
P2 = (101.325 kPa) (23.8)
1.4
T 2 = ( 28+273 ) K (23.8)
T 2 =744.516278 K P2 =¿ 2411.535 kPa
Assuming 80 % compressor efficiency,
T2 -Ta
nc =
Tb'-Ta
T 2 - 301 K
0.8 =
744.516278 K - 301 K
T 2 = 655.8130224 K
Entering condition in Combustor;
T 2 = 655.8130224 K
Leaving Condition:
Where,
T4 = 731 K (from catalogue)
k-1
T 3 P3 P3
=
T 4 P4 ( )k
P4
= (23.8)
1.4-1
T 3 = ( 458+273 ) K (23.8)1.4 P 4 = (2411.535 kPa)(23.8)
T 3 = 1808.110961 K P4 = 101.325 kPa
51
Entering Condition in Gas Turbine
T 3 = 1808.110961 K
Leaving Condition in Gas Turbine
T4 = 731 K (from catalogue)
Assuming 87% turbine efficiency,
T3-T4'
ƞt =
T3-T4
1808.110961 K - 731 K
0.87 =
1808.110961 K - T4
T 4 = 570.0523851 K
Computing for Indicated Heat Rate,
mf x 3600 x Qh
IHR =
IP
BP
IP =
Mechanical Efficiency
Electrical Output
BP =
Generator Efficiency
Generator Efficiency = 98.9% (from catalogue)
50000 kW
BP =
0.989
BP = 50556.11729 KW
Turbine Efficiency = 87%
52
50556.11729
IP = , kW
0.87
IP = 58110.47964 KW
Qh = LHV of fuel = 45938 kJ/k
IHR = Net Heat Rate = 8,953 kJ/kWh (from catalogue)
Therefore,
mf x 3600 x 45938 kJ/kg

8,953 kJ/kWh = , kg/s
58110.47964 kW
kg
mf = 3.145925693
s
Computing for Qa,
Qa = mf x LHV
Qa = 3.145925693 kg/s x 45938 kJ/kg
Qa = 144517.5345 kW
From the formula of Wnet,
Wnet = Wturbine - Wcompressor
Wnet = mgCpg ( Tc-T d ') -maCpa(T b' -Ta)
Given the relation = mg - mf , therefore,
Wnet = mgCpg ( Tc-T d ') - (mg-mf)Cpa(T b' -Ta)
Getting the value of mg,
53
kg
mg =
58110.47964 KW- [ 3.145925693
kg.K
s
*1.0062kJ
* ( 655.8130224 K-301K ) ]
1.2177kJ 1.0062kJ
[ kg.K
* ( 1808.110961K -731K ) - ][
kg.K
* ( 655.8130224 K-301K ) ]
kg
mg = 59.69854387
s
Computing the value of ma;
ma= mg – mf
kg
ma = 59.69854387 kg/s – 3.145925693
s
ma = 56.55261818 kg/s
For the work of Compressor:
Actual Work:
Wc = maCpa( T2 '- T1 )
kg KJ
Wc = 56.55261818 x 1.0062 x ( 744.516278 K -301 K )
s kgK
Wc' = 25237.51517 KW
Ideal Work:
Wc = maCpa( T2 - T 1 )
kg KJ
W c ' = 56.55261818 x 1.0062 x (655.8130224 - 301) K
s kgK
Wc = 20190.01213 KW
54
A. For the Work of Gas Turbine:
Ideal Work:
Wt = mgCpg( T3 - T4 )
KJ
Wt = 59.69854387 kg/s x 1.2177 x (1808.110961 - 570.0523851 )K
kgK
Wt = 90000.56526 KW
Actual Work:
Wt' = mgCpg( T3 - T 4 ')
KJ
W t ' = 59.69854387 kg/s x 1.2177 x (1808.110961 -731)K
kgK
W t ' = 78300.49177 KW
For the Wnet:
Wnet = Wt'-Wc'
Wnet = 78300.49177 kW - 25237.51517 kW
Wnet = 53062.9766 kW
EPg =53062.9766kW(98.9%)(87%)
Wnet
Wnet = 45656.97696 kW Thermal Efficiency=
Qa
45656.97696 kW
nth = *100%
144517.5345 kW
nth = 31.5926902 %
55
BOTTOMING CYCLE (STEAM CYCLE):
h1 = h at 140 bar and 540 ̊C
kJ
h1 = 3432.4
kg
s1 = s at 140 bar and 540 ̊C
kJ
s1 = 6.5289 = s2
kg-K
s2 = Sf + x Sfg
kJ kJ kJ
6.5289 = 0.9439 + ( x ) 6.8247
kg-k kg-k kg-k
x = 0.8183509898
h2’= hf + xhfg at 0.3 bar
h2’= 101.25 Kj/kg + (0.8183509898) 2545.5 kJ/kg
h2’= 2184.362445 kJ/kg
h3 = hf at 0.3 bar
h3 = 101.04 kJ/kg
56
57
V3 = v at 0.3 bar
V3 = 1.0027* 10-3 m3/kg
h4 = h3 + Wp
Wp = v3 (change in Pressure)
Wp = 1.0027* 10-3 m3/kg (14000 kPa- 30 kPa)
Wp = 14.007719 Kj/Kg
h4 = h3 + Wp
h4 = 101.04 kJ/kg + 14.007719 kJ/kg
h4 = 115.047719 kJ/kg
For the isentropic efficiency of work of steam turbine 0.87 from manufacturer’s catalogue for
SST series:
kJ
3432.4 -h2
kg
0.87 =
kJ
3432.4 - 2184.362445 kJ/kg
kg
h2 = 2346.607327 kJ/kg
Figure 17 shows the mass balance of heat recovery steam generating unit of design option
no. 3.
56
Figure 17. Mass Balance at the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
The figure above enthalpies of state point 4 and 9 enters to the unit and exit as the
enthalpy of state point 5 and 6.
Table 7 shows the properties of exhaust gases at certain temperatures.
Table 7
Properties of Exhaust Gases at Certain Temperatures
T (°C) ρ (kg/m3) Cp (kJ/kg-K) µ*106 (Pas) v*106 (m2/s)
0 1.295 1.042 15.8 12.2
100 0.95 1.068 20.4 21.54
200 0.748 1.097 24.5 32.8
300 0.617 1.122 28.2 45.81
400 0.525 1.151 31.7 60.38
500 0.457 1.185 34.8 76.3
600 0.405 1.214 37.9 93.61
700 0.363 1.239 40.7 112.1
800 0.33 1.264 43.4 131.8
900 0.301 1.29 45.9 152.5
1000 0.275 1.306 48.4 174.3
1100 0.257 1.323 50.7 197.1
1200 0.24 1.34 53 221
Source: Pipeflowcalculations
The table above is used as the reference in computing the Cp of exhaust temperatures.
Computing the value of Cp at T4 = 458 ̊C
57
T Cp
400 1.151
458 X
500 1.185
x = Cpg = 1.17072 kJ/kg-K
mt Cpg (T4 – T5) = ms [(h7 – h6) + (h9 – h8)]
mt(Cpg)(Td-145)
ms =
( 3499.25-391.13148 )
kg
113.8 (1.17072 kJ/kg-K)(458-145)K
s
ms =
3432.4 kJ
( kg
-303.480862 kJ/kg)
ms = 13.32739586 kg/s
Wpump (ms)
Wpump,actual =
ŋp
( 14.007719 Kj/Kg)( 13.32739586 kg/s)

Wpump,actual =
0.6082
Wpump,actual = 306.9490566 kW
For the amount of cooling water:
ms (h8 – h9) = mwCpw (tcwo – tcwi)
13.32739586 kg/s (2625.254kJ/kg – 303.480862 kJ /kg) = mw (4.187 kJkg - K )(59.97-37.78) K
mw = 333.0464561 kg/s
Work of steam turbine:
Wt= ms[(h1-h2)]
58
Wt = 13.32739586 kg/s[(3432.4−2346.607327)]kJ/kg
Wt= 14470.78878 KW
14.007719
Wnet = [14470.78878 - (13.32739586)] kW
0.6082
Wnet =14163.83972 kW
Wnet total = 91.31395392 MW +14.16383972 MW
Wnet total= 105.4777936 MW
EPg = Wnet * 98.9%
EPg = 105.4777936 MW * 98.9%
EPg = 104.3175379 MW
W net
ƞ ths =
Qa
3432.4kJ
ƞ ths = 14163.83972KW / 13.32739586 kg/s [( - 115.047719 kJ/kg)]
kg
ƞ ths= 32.03642989%
ƞoverall = (nthg + nths) – (nthg*nths)
ƞoverall = (31.5926902 % + 32.03642989%) – (31.5926902 % * 32.03642988%)
ƞoverall = 53.50795005
59
CHAPTER IV
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the economic analysis of the design options for the proposed 100
MW Combined Cycle Power Plant including the capital expenses, operating expenses, and the
total project cost. The Net Present Value, Payback Period and Rate of Investment will also be
presented.
A. Capital Expenditures
This refers to the expenses needed to start up the project. This includes the cost of the
land, installation of mechanical equipment and I & C Supply, civil and structural cost,
electrical cost and cost of the owner.
1. Land Costs
The plant location is at El Nido, Palawan. It has a total land area of 3 hectares.
2. Mechanical Equipment and I&C Supply and Installation
This includes the gas turbine, steam turbine, generators, pumps, condensers,
electrical transformers, switchgear, motor, control centers, switchyards, distributed
control systems (DCS) and instrumentation and electrical commodities such as
wire, cable tray and lighting.
3. Civil and Structural Costs
It consists of the allowance for site preparation including clearings, roads,
drainage, underground utilities, installation, concrete for the foundations, pilling
material, structural steel supply and installation and buildings. Building cost is
approximately 33% of the equipment cost based on the “Power Plant Theory and
Theory” written by Potter.
4. Electrical Costs
Electrical cost is assumed to be 20% of the equipment costs.
5. Cost of the Owner
It consists of the development costs, preliminary feasibility and engineering
studies, environmental studies and permitting, legal fees, project management,
insurance costs, infrastructure connection cost and the contingency of the owner
and property taxes during construction. It is assumed to be 10% of the equipment
cost.
B. Operation Expenditures
It refers to the expenses that can be sustained during the operation of plants and
the maintenance cost of the plant and the fuel cost that will be utilizing during
operation.
1. Fuel Cost
Natural gas will be using as the main fuel for the proposed combined cycle
power plant. In order to determine the fuel cost, fuel consumption over a year will
be computed then multiplied to the fuel rate per million metric British Thermal
Unit.
2. Fixed Operating and Maintenance Cost (Fixed O&M)
60
It consists of the staffing and monthly fees, bonuses, plant support equipment,
administrative expenses, preventive routine and predictive maintenance, structures
maintenance and other fees required for the project.
3. Variable Operating and Maintenance Cost (Variable O&MM)
It consists of the raw water, waste and disposal of waste water, power purchase,
charges on the demand, related utilities, lubricants and consumable materials and
supplies. These are the expenses that vary with electrical generation.
C. Economic Indicators
1. Annual Revenue
This is the amount of money generated by the investment within the year.
2. Annual Cost/Depreciation
It refers to the decrease of power plant value within the useful life. The useful
life of a typical power plant has a range of 25-30 years according to Rajput book
entitled “Power System Engineering”. The power plant salvage value is assumed
to be 5% of the capital expenditures.
3. Net Present Value
In order to determine the net present value of the three different design options,
the rate of investment must be established. According to the “Power Plant
Engineering” by Morse, the usual rate of investment is 6.5%
4. Payback Period
61
It refers to the time that the initial cash outflow of an investment is expected to
be recovered from the cash inflows generated by the investment.
5. Rate of Return
It refers to the profit of an investment within a period of time.
6. Sensitivity Analysis
According to Morse, the range of rate of investment is 5% to 65%, and the
evaluation made is based on the maximum limit.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN OPTION 1
A. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
 LAND COST
The proposed 100 MW combined power plant has a total land area of 3 hectares or
30,000 m2. The cost of land per square meter is ₱3,000.00.
Land Cost = Area (Cost/ m 2 )
Land Cost = ( 30,000 ) ( ₱3 ,0 00.00)
Land Cost = ₱ 90,000,000.00
Land Cost =$ 1,707,075
Table 8
Mechanical Equipment
Components No. of Price/Unit Total Cost
62
Units ($) ($)
Black Start System 1 618,000 618,000
Gas Turbine and
1 65,000,000 65,000,000
Generator Assembly
Heat Recovery Steam
1 12,000,000 12,000,000
Generator (HRSG)
Steam Turbine Units 1 8,500,000 8,500,000
No. of Price/Unit Total Cost
Components
Units ($) ($)
Generator Step-up
1 2,000,000 2,000,000
Transformers
Auxiliary Transformers 1 500,000 500,000
Feed Water Pumps 2 8,000 16,000
Open Feed Water Heater 1 85,000 85,000
Main Condenser 1 5,500,000 5,500,000
Cooling Water Pumps 2 10,000 20,000
Instrumentation and
1 1,660,000 1,660,000
Control
Total 95,899,000
 CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL COSTS
Building Costs = 0.33 (Equipment Costs)
Building Costs = 0.33 ($ 95,899,000)
Building Costs = $ 31,646,670
 ELECTRICAL COSTS
Electrical Costs = 0.20 (Equipment Costs)
Electrical Costs = 0.20 ($ 95,899,000 )
Electrical Costs = $ 19,179,800
 OWNER COSTS
Owner Costs = 0.10 (Equipment Costs)
63
Owner Costs = 0.10 ($ 95,899,000 )
Owner Costs = $ 9,589,900
Table 9
Summary of Capital Expenditures
Land Cost $ 1,707,075
Mechanical Equipment $ 95,899,000
Civil and Structural Cost $ 31,646,670
Electrical Cost $ 19,179,800
Owner Cost $ 9,589,900
Total $ 158,022,445
B. OPERATION EXPENDITURES
 FUEL COST
$ 1 MM Btu
Fuel Cost = 2.87 x x 187 605.7248 kW x 8760 hrs
MM Btu 293.3 kWh
Fuel Cost = $ 16,081,258.26
Table 10
Fixed Operating Cost
POSITION QUANTITY LABOR RATE ($)
General Manager 1 222,485
Business Manager 1 89,672
Technical Manager 1 172,274
Performance Engineer 1 175,702
Instrumentation and Control
1 175,702
Engineer
Gasification Engineer 1 175,702
Syn Gas Engineer 1 175,702
Assistant Manager 1 95,612
Asset Scheduler 1 85,186
Contract Administration 1 83,479
Fuel and Bi-Product Manager 1 155,195
Procurement Manager 1 89,418
Accountants 1 77,226
64
EH & S Manager 1 152,373
Environment Specialist 1 84,800
Safety Specialist 1 117,027
Storeroom Manager 1 95,701
Maintenance Planner 2 256,391
Store Person 2 101,285
CMMS Technician 1 92,018
Admin Support 3 198,531
HR Generalist 1 85,186
Billing Clerk 2 130,125
Plant Chemist 1 121,896
Lab Tech 2 148,539
Operation’s Manager 1 193,702
Assistant Operation Manager 1 186,701
Shift Supervisor 5 751,145
Control Operators 5 649,811
Auxiliary Operators 5 447,467
Control Operators (Gasifier) 12 1,559,546
Operations Coordinator 2 259,924
Auxiliary Operators
20 1,789,867
(Gasifier)
Auxiliary Operators (Water
12 1,073,920
Treatment)
Maintenance Manager 1 182,158
Plant Mechanics 8 813,280
I&C/DCS Specialist 8 839,045
Mechanical Supervisor 1 107,776
Electrical Supervisor 1 165,419
Mechanical Specialist 2 209,826
Contract Maintenance
1 118,414
Supervisor
Total 116 12,705,228
Table 11
Total Maintenance Cost
MAINTENANCE COST ANNUAL COST
Parts and Materials $ 23,400,000
Outside Labor $ 10,760,690
TOTAL $ 34,160,690
Table 12
Summary of Fixed Operating Cost
65
Labor Cost $ 12,705,228
Maintenance Cost $ 34,160,690
Total $ 46,865,918
Table 13
Variable Operating Cost
CONSUMABLES ANNUAL COST ($)
Gas Catalyst 5,698,848
Water Treatment Consumables 1,567,780
Power Block Consumables 487,500
TOTAL 7,754,128
Table 14
Summary of Operating Expenditures
Fuel Cost $ 16,081,258.26
Fixed Operating Costs $ 46,865,918
Variable Operating Cost $ 7,754,128
TOTAL $ 70, 701, 304.26
C. ECONOMIC INDICATORS
 ANNUAL REVENUE
$1
Annual Revenue = Php 5.10 x ($ 187 ,605.7248 * 0.925)(8760 hr)( )
Php 52.7
Annual Revenue = $ 147,113,147.2
 ANNUAL COST
Capital Expenditures - Salvage Value

Annual Plant Depreciation =
Useful Life
$ 158,022,445 - ( 0.05 ) ($ 158,022,445)

30
66
Annual Plant Depreciation = $ 5,004,044.092
 NET PRESENT VALUE
Net Present Worth = Cash inflows - Cash outflows
Cash inflows = Revenue p - Salvage Value p
1- 1.065 -30
(
Cash inflows = $ 147,113,147. 2 x
0.065 ) +($ 7,901,122.25)( 1.065)-30
Cash inflows = $ 1,922,297,450
Cash outflow = Capital + Operating cost p
1- 1.065-30
Cash outflow = $ 158,022,445+ $ 70,701,304.26 ( )
0.065
Cash outflow = $ 1,081,287,863
Net Present Worth = $ 1,922,297,450 - $ 1,081,287,863
Net Present Worth = $ 841,009,586.5
 PAYBACK PERIOD

Payback Period =
Cash inflow per Period
$ 158,022,445 - ( 0.05 ) ($ 158,022,445)

Payback Period =
$ 147,113,147.2- $ 70, 701, 304.26
Payback Period = 1.964634237
Payback Period =2 years
67
 RATE OF RETURN
Ne t Annual Profit
Rate of Return = x 100 %
Capital Expenditure
$ 147,113,147.2 - $ 70, 701, 304.26

$ 158,022,445
Rate of Return = 48.35505674%
 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
1- 1.05 -30
Revenue p = $ 147,113,147.2 ( )
0.05
Revenue p = $ 2,261,489,651
Salvage Value p = $ 7,901,122.25 (1.05)-30
Salvage Value p = $ 1,828,141.508
Cash inflows = $ 2,261,489,651+ $ 1,828,141.508
Cash inflows = $ 2,263,317,793
1- 1.05-30
Operating p = $ 70, 701, 304.26 ( )
0. 05
Operating p = $ 1,086,852,337
Cash out flows = $ 16,081,258.26 + $ 1,086,852,337
Cash outflows = $ 1,102,933,596
Net Present Value = $ 2,263,317,793 - $ 1,102,933,596
68
Net Present Value = $ 1,160,384,197
 LAND COST
Land Cost = ( 30,000 ) ( ₱3 ,0 00.00)
Land Cost = ₱ 90,000,000.00
Land Cost =¿$ 1 707 075
Table 15
No. of Price/Unit Total Cost
Components
Units ($) ($)
Gas Turbine and
1 65,000,000 65,000,000
Generator Assembly
Heat Recovery Steam
1 12,000,000 12,000,000
Generator (HRSG)
Generator Step-up
1 2,000,000 2,000,000
Transformers
Main Condenser 1 7,000,000 7,000,000
Instrumentation and
1 1,660,000 1,660,000
Control
Total 97,296,000
69
Building Costs = 0.33 ($ 97,296,000)
Electrical Costs = 0.20 ($ 97,296,000 )
 OWNER COSTS
Owner Costs = 0.10 ($ 97,296,000 )
Owner Costs = $ 9,729,600
Table 16
Land Cost $ 1,707,075
Owner Cost $ 9,729,600
Total $ 160,299,555
70
 FUEL COST
$ 1 MM Btu
MM Btu 293.3 kWh
Fuel Cost = $ 14 791 602.08
Table 17
1 175,702
Engineer
Storeroom Manager 1 95,701
Lab Tech 2 148,539
71
Auxiliary Operators
20 1,789,867
(Gasifier)
12 1,073,920
Treatment)
1 118,414
Supervisor
Total 116 12,705,228
Table 18
TOTAL $ 28,550,690
Table 19
Labor Cost $ 12,705,228
Maintenance Cost $ 28,550,690
Total $ 41,255,918
Table 20
TOTAL 7,754,128
Table 21
Fuel Cost $ 14 791 602.08
Fixed Operating Costs $ 41,255,918
72
TOTAL $ 63,801,648.08
 ANNUAL REVENUE
$1
Annual Revenue =Php 5.10 x ($172,560.4541 * 0.925)(8760 hr)( )
Php 52.7
Annual Revenue = $ 135 315 228.3
 ANNUAL COST
Capital Expenditures-Salvage Value

Useful Life
$ 160,299,555 - ( 0.05 ) ( $ 160,299,555)

30
Cash inflows = Revenue p - Salvage Value p
1- 1.065-30
(
Cash inflows = $ 135,315,228.3 x
0.065 )+ ($ 8,014,977.75)(1.065) -30
Cash inflows = $ 1,768,249,465
1- 1.065-30
Cash outflow = $ 160,299,555 + $ 63,801,648.08 ( ¿
0.065
73
Cash outflow = $ 993,464,599.5
Net Present Worth = $ 1,768,249,465 - $ 993,464,599.5
Net Present Worth = $774,784,865. 6
 PAYBACK PERIOD

Payback Period =
$ 160,299,555 - ( 0.05 ) ($ 160,299,555 )

Payback Period =
$ 135,315,228.3 - $ 63,801,648.08
Payback Period =2 years
 RATE OF RETURN
Ne t Annual Profit
Capital Expenditure
$ 135,315,228.3 - $ 63,801,648.08
$ 160,299,555
Rate of Return =44.61246335%
1- 1.05-30
Revenue p = $ 135,315,228.3( )
0.05
Revenue p = $ 2,080,126,720
74
Salvage Value p = $ 8,014,977.75 (1.05)-30
Salvage Value p = $1,854,485.103
Cash inflows = $ 2,080,126,720 + $1,854,485.103
Cash inflows = $ 2,081,981,205
1- 1.05-30
Operating p = $ 65,091,304.26 ( )
0. 05
Operating p = $ 1,000,612,887
Cash out flows = $ 14,791,602.08 + $ 1,000,612,887
Cash outflows = $ 1,015,404,489
Net Present Value = $1,066,576,716
 LAND COST
Land Cost = ( 30,000 ) ( ₱3,000.00)
Land Cost = ₱ 90,000,000.00
75
Land Cost = $ 1,707,075
Table 22
Price/Unit Total Cost
Components No. of Units
($) ($)
Gas Turbine and Generator
2 35,000,000 70,000,000
Assembly
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
1 12,000,000 12,000,000
(HRSG)
Generator Step-up Transformers 1 2,000,000 2,000,000
Main Condenser 1 7,000,000 7,000,000
Instrumentation and Control 1 1,660,000 1,660,000
Total 102,287,000
Building Costs = 0.33 ($ 102,287,000)
Electrical Costs = 0.20 ($ 102,287,000)
76
 OWNER COSTS
Owner Costs = 0.10 ($ 102,287,000)
Owner Costs = $ 10,228,700
Table 23
Land Cost $ 1,707,075
Owner Cost $ 10,228,700
Total $ 168,434,885
 FUEL COST
$ 1 MM Btu
MM Btu 293.3 kWh
Fuel Cost = $ 8 941 930.051
Table 24
1 175,702
Engineer
77
Stor`eroom Manager 1 95,701
Lab Tech 2 148,539
Auxiliary Operators
20 1,789,867
(Gasifier)
12 1,073,920
Treatment)
1 118,414
Supervisor
Total 116 12,705,228
Table 25
78
TOTAL $ 42 762 690
Table 26
Labor Cost $ 12,705,228
Maintenance Cost $ 42 762 690
Total $ 55 467 918
Table 27
TOTAL 7,754,128
Table 28
Fuel Cost $ 8 941 930.051
Fixed Operating Costs $ 55 467 918
TOTAL $ 72 163 976.05
 ANNUAL REVENUE
$1
Annual Revenue =Php 5.10 x ($ 104,317.5379 * 0.925)(8760 hr)( )
Php 52.7
Annual Revenue = $ 81,801,775.12
 ANNUAL COST
Capital Expenditures-Salvage Value

Useful Life
79
$ 168,434,885 - ( 0.05 ) ( $ 168,434,885)
30
Cash inflows = Revenue p + Salvage Value p
-30
1- 1.065
(
Cash inflows = $ 81,801,775.12 x
0.065 ) +($ 8,421,744.25)( 1.065) -30
Cash inflows = $ 1,069,496,120
1- 1.065-30
Cash outflow = $ 168,434,885 + $ 72,163,976.05( ¿
0.065
Cash outflow = $ 1,110,800,860
Net Present Worth = $ 1,069,496,120 - $1,110,800,860
Net Present Worth = - $ 41,304,740
 PAYBACK PERIOD

Payback Period =
$ 168,434,885 - ( 0.05 ) ($ 168,434,885 )

Payback Period =
$ 81,801,775.12 - $ 72,163,976.05
80
Payback Period =16.5 years
 RATE OF RETURN
Ne t Annual Profit
Capital Expenditure
$ 81,801,775.12 - $ 72,163,976.05
$ 168,434,885
Rate of Return =5.721973254%
1- 1.05 -30
Revenue p = $ 1,801,775.12( )
0.05
Revenue p = $ 1,257,493,782
Salvage Value p = $ 8,421,744.25 (1.05)-30
Salvage Value p = $1,948,601.698
Cash inflows = $ 1,948,601.698 + $ 1,257,493,782
Cash inflows = $ 1,259,442,384
1- 1.05 -30
Operating p = $ 72,163,976.05 ( )
0. 05
Operating p = $ 1,109,337,188
Cash out flows = $ 8,941,930.051+ $ 1,109,337,188
81
Cash outflows = $ 1,118,279,118
Net Present Value = $141,163,266.2
82
83
CHAPTER V
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
This chapter presents the Environmental Impact Assessment for each design option of the
project that contains the social-economic benefits; this will include the political, ethical and
social considerations. This chapter encompasses the environmental impacts resulting from
operation of the proposed 100MW combined cycle power plant. The health and safety
requirements will also be considered. During the building and operation of the plant, wastes that
will be generated are categorized and the implementation of the mitigation measures is applied in
order to reduce the unexpected environmental that may arise. This chapter also covers on
environmental assessment and risk management standards, atmospheric analysis standards, waste
management standards, water testing standards, and environmental toxicology standards.
Environmental Impact Assessment
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an evaluation of probable environmental
impacts of a proposed project considering the human health and culture and socio-economic
aspects. According to UNEP, EIA is the method of identifying the impacts of a project whether it
is socio-economic and environmental impacts aforementioned to decision-making.
Main objective of this is to forecast to the environmental impacts at an early time to be
able to find solution to reduce those unfavorable impacts in project planning and design, and to
form suitable and relevant development proposals that will be used in decision making.
Implementing of EIA, both aspects, socio-economic and environment, can be obtained. It will
lessen the cost and time and treatment cost.

Socio-economic Benefits
The effects of the proposed project in the community are determined in socio-economic
impact assessment and change accordingly set by the government to the tolerable standards. Both
parties, community and proponent, should understand the situation for the proposed project.
Proponent must have a clear negotiation to the community to achieve social acceptability. They
ought to make public participation so that they can have feedback for their proposed project from
the people of community. Government serves as mediator and they are responsible to govern the
rights of the two parties.
Socio-economic benefits of the proposed project are community will have improved
sources of energy, employment and livelihood of people will increase, plant will have an access
in reliable sources of energy and improved infrastructure. Nevertheless, undesirable impacts
should be anticipated to prevent worsening situation. For sustainable development of the project
it requires good infrastructure that may bring to better growth. Rapid expansion takes a sufficient
infrastructure that leads to good socio-economic development. It will improve the way of living
of people in the community and as it can attract international investors.
Health and Safety Requirements
A safe working environment should be observed and the safety of the employees should
be secured. The government agency that is accountable for the safety of the workplace and health
of the employees is the occupational safety and health administration. They provide safety
standards and guidelines to prevent accidents. They examine all the violations concerning safety
and ensuring all the hazards and dangerous are corrected. They conduct safety seminar or
orientation about hazards and how that hazards have will be prevented.
84
Workers and contractors during building and operation of the proposed plant should
implement strategies about risk management because they open to the elements of hazards.
Unforeseen accidents are unavoidable. Strategies that includes in risk management are working
site should be constrained and hazardous circumstances that are inevitable successfully with
restriction of site.
Each injury and disease happens the working site has a primary outcome of loss in
manpower and it affects the economy. There are some PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) to
be used to prevent accident or injuries during operation and construction of the plant are safety
shoes, earmuffs, hard hats, safety harness and gloves. Proper training with the operation and
procedures in maintenance is the solution to decrease accidents and extenuating their cause.
Wastes Generated and Mitigation Measures
During building of the plant, there are wastes that will be generated like metal scrap,
excess materials, excess oil, packing waste, debris may also be generated. Hazardous wastes
generated from chemical products, discarded chemicals, paints and etc.
To successfully avoid the generation of solid waste, at the time of construction there are
mitigation measures be followed they are: Different types of waste that will be collected should
be stored on and be segregated; Waste for disposal related shipment should be recorded the
information and their type should be indicated also; Disposal facilities, standards for storage
area, and management system, with related parties will be agreed; Accountable for solid waste
and other environmental aspects is the Engineer; Organized working site minimized management
risk; Hazardous material should be stored according to their characteristics and standards; All
storage vessels should be labelled; Hazardous waste should be separated from other waste and it
85
should have a emergency response plan; Employees should be trained about proper waste
management.
ASTM International Environmental Standards
Monitoring the exhaust waste from the impurities, particulates, components of a power
plant is a must to ensure that the company is committed to produce quality energy and still
complying with the environment protection standards. Components in the exhaust like the carbon
emission, sulphur and nitrogen particulates are examined. Other impurities like dust, volatile
materials and other left constituents are recorded and analyzed for environmental protection
purposes.
Natural gas and fossil fuels normally emits carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur,
nitrogen and ash during combustion. Amount of its components depends on the percent volume
available in the fuel before combustion. Environmental standards must be complied at any cost
or the government will have the authorization to discontinue the operation of the power plant and
shut it down permanently for severe violation of these standards. Elaboration for the common
natural gas emission having the potential to harm the nature will be discussed further.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide is produced when the combustion of the fuel in the engine is
incomplete or burns with insufficient amount of air. It is commonly the result of not good engine
design of deficiency or faulty air or fuel intake system. Failure in converting the fuel of
combustion in to carbon dioxide and water produce a bi-product that can be a serious problem if
not payed proper attention. Basically, a carbon monoxide concentration of two tenths per million
like what is commonly observed in the atmosphere is tolerable to the health and safety of the
people.
86
Carbon monoxide by nature is odorless and colorless, a major reason for the difficulty of
its early detection. Increased amount of carbon monoxide can be lethal to the health of person
that inhaled it and can cause death if not given proper medication. Specific device can detect the
presence of carbon monoxide in an area and its tolerable amount to human being but aside from
inconvenient to bring is its expensive cost to purchase.
The presence of the aforementioned harmful component can be reduced or eliminated if
by improving the design of the engine for better fuel burning and complete fuel combustion.
Some engine design incorporates enhanced fuel and air intake system to ensure the complete
conversion of fuel to carbon dioxide and water. Periodical maintenance and checking can greatly
reduce the production of carbon monoxide as the common reason of its production is uncleaned
port and unmaintained parts of the engine.
Using a continuous non-dispersive infrared spectrometry in checking the presence of
carbon monoxide in the environment is one method to determine if the exhaust products of the
power plant complies with the air standard of ASTM D3162-12.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
Production of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust product used by the power plant is due to the
presence of unburned fuel, nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion process. Nitrogen Oxide when
exposed to the atmosphere can react to the elements and particulates randomly scattered in the
air and can form ozone that contributes to global warming or acid rain that can damage concrete
building and infrastructure. Global warming abruptly changes the pattern of climate and season
in a particular area that some of the organisms present in it cannot adapt to the changes and can
cause specie endangerment or even extinction.
87
Amount of nitrogen oxide can be monitored by using the method Griess-Saltzman
reaction as it complies with the environmental standard ASTM D3608-95 as of 2011.
Sulfur Oxide (SOx)
Sulphur oxide is one of the component that can be found in the exhaust gas of a gas
turbine. Sulphur oxide in excessive amount can be dangerous if mixed to water as the production
of corrosive acid can be occur. Sulphur acid can corrode machine components as it weakens the
component of the assembly and eventually wearing it down. Presence of sulphur oxides in the
bodies of water can contaminate the life sustaining capability of the ecosystem, thus harming the
balance of ecosystem in a particular region. Good quality of fuel doesn’t contain large amount of
sulphur oxide as it burns. With the selection of optimal fuel for the power plant, production of
harmful sulphur oxide can be limited and meet the demand of the consumer without destroying
the environment.
One method of testing the sulphur oxide content is by using the West Gaeke method as it
complies with the standard of ASTM D2914-15 for environmental protection.
Particulate Matter (PM)
The end product of combustion, the combust gas, emits particulate matter (PM), this
become the sources of various types of compounds including nitrates(NO3), sulfates(SO4),
carbon (C), oxides (O2-) , and any uncombusted elements in the fuel. These particulates can be
corrosive, virulent to animals and plants, adverse to human health.
Every particulate matter mainly depends on the grade of fuel ignites in the steam
generator. Generally, natural gas has the lower level of particulate matter than other type of oils.
Excerption of oils results to less degree of particulate emissions than residential oils. Particulate
level of burned fuel depends on the four fuel elements; sulfur(S), ash, carbon residue, and
88
asphalenes. These occurs in fuel oils, mainly in residual oils, and have a drastic effect on the
particulate emissions. By knowing the constituent degree of fuel, the estimation of the degree of
particulate matter emissions can be known. Controlling methods of particulate depends on the
different type and sizes of steam generator. The electroctatic precipitators, scrubbers, and
baghouses are mainly used for the control of the particulates. By switching from a residual to
distillate oil or by diverting from distillate oil to a natural gas. Also, through proper arrangement
of burner, modification, and proper maintenance, particulate emissions can be diminished, but
not to the intensity accomplished by shifting fuels.
The table below shows the different ASTM standards that are to be used for the analysis
if the atmosphere.
Table 29
Atmospheric Analysis Standards
Designation Title
ASTM D1607- Standard Test Method for Nitrogen Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere
91(2011) (Griess-Saltzman Reaction)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere
ASTM D2914-15
(West-Gaeke Method)
Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere
ASTM D3162-12
(Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
ASTM D3608- Standard Test Method for Nitrogen Oxides (Combined) Content in the
95(2011) Atmosphere by the Griess-Saltzman Reaction
ASTM D7036-16 Standard Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing Bodies
ASTM D1356- Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
15b Atmospheres
ASTM D4490- Standard Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or
96(2016) Vapors Using Detector Tubes
Source: ASTM International 2017
Environmental Assessment Standards and Risk Management Standards
The ASTM’s environmental assessment and risk management standards provide the
appropriate steps in accomplishing a particular evaluation methodology for foreseeing and
distinguishing the conceivable biophysical, social, and other applicable effects on a specific
89
items and ventures may have on natural ecology, just as on the safety and health standards.
Different professions corresponding with the environmental evaluation and risk management
standards are valuable to ensure the prevention of the risk associated. The environmental
standards target to aid or control a designated use of a resource in an ecosystem, area or region.
The positive and negative effects on output brought by a project impact on the environment can
be assessed when it is compared to a suitable environmental standard. The environmental
standards are constructed to protect human health and the ecological system itself. These
standards are based on the prevailing knowledge, environmental status, existing standards and
technologies. As any parameter change, it is necessary to amended the standards.
Table 30
Environmental Assessment Standards and Risk Management Standards
Designation Title
Standard Practice for Conducting Environmental
ASTM D6008 - 96(2014)
Baseline Surveys
Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments:
ASTM E1527 - 13
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments:
ASTM E2247 - 16 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for
Forestland or Rural Property
Standard Guide for Readily Observable Moisture
Affected Materials and Conditions Conducive to
ASTM E3026 - 15
Elevated Moisture in Commercial Buildings: Visual
Moisture Assessment Process
Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on
ASTM E2600 - 15
Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions
Environmental Toxicology Standards
The ASTM’s environmental toxicology standards target to provides an appropriate
methodology in establishing suitable tests and other evaluation procedures to determine and
characterized the possible impacts of a substances on the species and components of eco-system
90
in which the toxins were released into the environment. Also, it obtained either from natural or
synthetic pollutants.
Utilizing the liquefied natural gas as the fuel in the cycle can lessen the impacts of main
emission of particulate such as NOX, SO2, CO, and TSP. Also. It is expected from the LNG to
released a less emissions since it is a clean fuel. The department for environment and natural
resources has a required allowable limit of the emissions to be released in the natural ecology.
The project does not extract any heavy metal toxics like mercury(Hg) emitted by the combined
cycle power plants.
Waste Management Standards
Elimination of product waste must always comply to the standards set by the government
for environmental compliance and protection. Improper disposal of waste can be detrimental to
the environment. Power plant waste must be disposed accordingly as the plant produces different
types of end product that require specific disposal methods. American Society for Testing
Materials provides set of standards that must be followed by every company to ensure
environment protection and conservation. Due to different types of waste products produced by
the power plant, different methods of utilizing waste are implemented by each company. Some
of these includes recycling the components that still have the value to be reused. Aside from its
environmental protection, health of human beings and aesthetics are considered when dealing
with power plant wastes.
Republic Act of 9003 which deals to the proper disposal of solid waste management
tackles the proper approach on how to segregate wastes. These law emphasize the importance of
clean environment and greatly concerns about the health of the people around a designated
region. Proper process of dealing waste from collection, segregation, conveyance, removing of
91
harmful materials up to discharge is specified in the said republic act. It also encourages the
citizens to greatly use recycling materials for reduced waste production and eco-friendlier way of
living. Compliance to the republic act by the companies producing energy like power plants are
strictly observed and inspected as these infrastructures produce large scale amount of waste that
can be a primary problem to the environment and health concerns. An easy to follow instructions
is attached to the law for proper disposal as well as the sanction and penalties for those
individuals not obeying to the law.
Water Testing Standards
Different methods of testing the quality of water from the process are used by the power
plant to ensure that the water disposed from the receiving bodies of water are safe and will not
disturb the marine ecosystem. Monitoring the presence of contaminants, discharge temperature
and water quality are obtained through series of lab experiments and testing. This is to ensure
that water disposed is well treated and safe for disposal. This is done for health and
environmental purposes. Failure to comply will result to corresponding sanction and penalties
and severe cases like imprisonment and permanent shut down for severe violations.
The ASTM standards are considered in assembly of the combined cycle power plant to
ensure that the proposed power plant complies with the environmental standards.
Table 31
Water Testing Standards
Designation Title
ASTM D859 - 16 Standard test Method for Silica in Water
Standard Test Methods for Acidity or
ASTM D1067 - 16
Alkalinity of Water
Standard Test Methods for Chromium in
ASTM D1687 - 12
Water
92
Design Option 1
Using the data obtained from technical calculations,
Heat Rate = 9638862.559 Btu/MWh (Design Option No. 1) from Catalog
Thermal Efficiency = 56.76275774 % (Design Option No. 1)
SOx Emissions / MWh = (emission factor) (Heat Rate) (Plant Efficiency)
35 x 1.13
SOx Emissions / MWh = ( )( 9638862.559)(0.5676275774)
26 x 10^6
SOx Emissions / MWh = 8.322665009 lb of SOx / MWh
NOx Emissions / MWh = (emission factor) (Heat Rate) (Plant Efficiency)
12
NOx Emissions / MWh = ( )( 9638862.559)(0.5676275774)
26 x 10^6
NOx Emissions / MWh = 2.525208094 lb of NOx / MWh
CO2 Emissions / MWh = (emission factor) (Heat Rate) (Plant Efficiency)
116.9
CO2 Emissions / MWh =( )( 9638862.559)(0.5676275774)
1 x 10^6
CO2 Emissions / MWh = 639.5931234 lb of CO2 / MWh
Design Option 2
Heat Rate =8242654.028 Btu/MWh (Design Option No. 2) from Catalog
Thermal Efficiency = 52.21059892 % (Design Option No. 2)
35 x 1.13
SOx Emissions / MWh = ( )(8242654.028)(0.5221059892)
26 x 10^6
93
12
NOx Emissions / MWh = ( )(8242654.028)(0.5221059892)
26 x 10^6
116.9
CO2 Emissions / MWh = ( )(8242654.028)(0.5221059892)
1 x 10^6
Design Option 3
Heat Rate = 8486255.924 Btu/MWh (Design Option No. 3) from Catalog
Thermal Efficiency = 53.50795005% (Design Option No. 3)
35 x 1.13
SOx Emissions / MWh = ( )(8486255.924)(0.5350795005)
26 x 10^6
12
NOx Emissions / MWh = ( )(8486255.924)(0.5350795005)
26 x 10^6
116.9
CO2 Emissions / MWh = ( ) (8486255.924)(0.5350795005)
1 x 10^6
94

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CHAPTER III

TECHNICAL DESIGN AND REQUIREMENTS

Overview of Combined Cycle Power Plant

quantities of natural gas.

Working Principle of a Combined Cycle Power Plant

then used to produce additional energy by working it in a steam turbine.

elimination of energy used not used by the system.

Equipment Used in Combined Cycle Power Plant

The gas turbine is an essential component in establishing power plant. It is used to

relations to its condensing pressure, it has a limiting pressure of 0.3 bar.

compressors blades must be well designed, and have an optimum stability.

e) Heat Recovery Steam Generator

to heat and used again in the system.

It is manufactured by SPECK PUMPEN which offers variety of pump used in power

located in the condenser or other in designed it attached to the condenser. It depends on

the used on the system.

Fuel Used in Combined Cycle Power Plant

acquired from agricultural wastes which are available in rural areas.

Performance Analysis of the Proposed 100 MW Combined Cycle Located at El Nido,

the best design option of the study.

1. Entering and Leaving condition in Compressor,

5. Indicated Heat Rate,

Computing for Indicated Heat Rate

Wnet = mgCpg ( Tc-T d ') - maCpa(T b ' -Ta)

7. Actual Work for Compressor,

8. Ideal Work for Compressor,

9. Ideal Work for Turbine,

10. Actual Work for Turbine,

11. For the Wnet:

12. Work of Pump

13. Actual Work Pump,

14. For the amount of cooling water:

Mass Balance at the Condenser,

ms (h8 – h9) = mwCpw (tcwo – tcwi)

15. Work of steam turbine:

16. Thermal Efficiency,

17. Overall Efficiency,

Stoichiometric Analysis of Natural Gas Fuel

high amount of energy that is proportional to its mass.

Figure 5 shows the stoichiometric analysis of methane during combustion. Molecule

amount of air is assumed, thus producing a complete combustion of methane.

Figure 5. Stoichiometric Analysis of Methane for Complete Combustion

Figure 6. Stoichiometric Analysis of Methane for Incomplete Combustion

to living organism as it can be a form of toxic air when inhaled.

carbon dioxide and thirty-six grams of water.

Design Option No. 1

be utilized using a rankine cycle with single steam extraction.

Figure 8. T-S Diagram of Design Option No. 1

Power Output (Wnet,gas): 117 MW

Gross Efficiency: 35.4%

Heat Rate: 10 169 kJ/kWh

Turbine Speed: 3600 rpm

Pressure Ratio: 12:1

Exhaust Mass Flow: 386 kg/s

Exhaust Temperature: 532 °C

Source: Siemens Energy

Steam Turbine Specifications

Model: SST 300

Inlet Pressure: 120 bars

Inlet Temperature: 540 °C

Controlled Extractions: 25 bars

Condensing Pressure: 0.3 bar