Proper

 Wiring  Method  
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF GROUNDING 127

Utilizing
S ervice E nt rance P a ne l B o a r d Equipment
Circuit Power
Breaker Fuse Receptacle
Phase ("hot") Line Fault
F
Neutral ("return") Line Load
N N N
Safety ("ground") Line
G G G

Power Utility Earth Equipment

Connection at the Ground
Service Entrance

Figure 3.9. Power and safety grounding circuits (115/230 VAC single-phase configura-
tion).
  Z1 + Z 2 

l across Z2 could reach hazardous levels, enough to cause a(a)shock hazard.Safety Ground Conductor
Why  hazardous  Condi/on?  
No Electrical
tant point to consider is that floating the system does not eliminate poten-
Hazardous Condition
azards. At first glance, it would seem that floating is an ideal solution,

Equipment Enclosure Accidental

Equipment Enclosure Accidental
Short
Short
230V
230V
Phase
Phase

Neutral Neutral
Ground at
Service Ground at
to Return Ground to Safety GND
Entry Service
Entry

(a) No Electrical Safety Ground Conductor (b) Electrical Safety Ground Conductor Protection
Hazardous Condition Safe Condition

Figure 3.10. The electrical safety ground conductor (ESGC) shunts the
Equipment Enclosure to the earth.
Accidental
 2.50.1.2 Definitions
•  Ground  Fault  
– An  inten/onally,  electrically  conduc/ng  
connec/on  between  an  ungrounded  conductor  of  
an  electric  circuit  and  the  normally  non-­‐current  
conductors,  metallic  enclosures,  metallic  
raceways,  metallic  equipment,  or  earth.  
•  Short-­‐circuit  
– A  conduc/ng  connec/on,  whether  inten/onal  or  
accidental,  between    any  of  the  conductors  of  an  
electrical  system  whether  it  is  from  line-­‐to-­‐line  or  
from  the  line-­‐to-­‐grounded  conductor.  
Short-­‐Circuit  &  Ground-­‐Fault  Condi/ons  

Basic diagram of a short-

circuit condition Basic diagram of a ground-
fault condition
Electric  Shock  
 Electric Shock
•  Electric Shock Severity
1. Path of Current
through Body
2. Length of Time
Current Flows
3. Amount of Current
through Body
 Effects  of  AC  
 Electric  Shock  

ELCB!!!

Level (in milliamperes) of current through the body

 Electric  Shock  

Human in parallel with equipment

Human completing the path grounding conductor during ground
for current the earth fault
“Grounding Principle”
 Poten/al  Difference  

Potential difference between a grounded

Water pipe and an ungrounded motor.
Poten/al  Difference  

Motor ground-fault. A hazard now

exists.
Poten/al  Difference  

The hazard results in an electric shock.

Poten/al  Difference  

Another shock hazard exists.

 Poten/al  Difference  

Shock hazard eliminated by installing

a bonding jumper. (“Bonding Principle”)
 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

q GFCI  –  A  device  intended  for  the  protec/on  of  

personnel  that  func/ons  to  de-­‐energize  a  
circuit    or  por/on  thereof  within  an  
established  period  of  /me  when  a  current  to  
ground  exceeds  the  values  established  for  a  
device.  
q The  GCFI  does  not  protect  someone  against  
receiving  a  electrical  shock,  but  it  does  limit  
the  /me  hazards  exists.  Hazard  exist  only  
during  period  of  /me  fault  is  there.  
 
 Ground  Fault  Circuit  Interrupter  

240 - V

240 V – Line Source

 Solid-state Test
Shunttrip circuitry switch
J

Toroidal
coil Receptacle
* /

Eoualcurrent Equalcurrent
 A
to
c
c
G
a
6.0 A m
R
5.994to 5.996A h
c
0.004to 0.006A returnsoutsidethecoil c

-{F -<l}

FIGUREl-29 GFCIPrinciplesof operation.(@CengageLearnin

Video  on  GFCI  
Ground  Fault  Circuit  Interrupter  
Ground  Fault  Circuit  Interrupter  
 Ground  Fault  Circuit  Interrupter  

A GFCI is designed to protect persons against electric shock.

It operates on the principles of monitoring the unbalanced current
Between the ungrounded and the grounded neutral conductor.
 Ground  Fault  Circuit  Interrupter  

GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!

 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
1. Dwelling Bathroom Receptacle

and /or 250 V

 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle

All 15 and 20 A, 125/250 V receptacles in accessory

buildings and similar work areas must be GFCI protected.
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
3. Dwelling Outdoor Receptacle
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
4.  Dwelling  Basement  Receptacle  
GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
5. Dwelling Unfinished Basement
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
6. Kitchens for Countertop Appliances
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
6. Dwelling Laundry or Utility Sink
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  
7. Dwelling Wet Bar Sinks
 GFCI  Protec/on  for  Personnel  

PEC-2.10.1.8 (a)
a)  Dwelling Units
1. Bathrooms
2. Garages
3. Outdoors
4. Crawl spaces at or
below grade level
5. Unfinished
basements
6. Kitchens for
countertop
appliances
7. Wet bar sinks
Video  on  Tamper  Resistant  Outlets  
 Receptacles
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles in
Dwellings Unit (NEC 2008 - 406.11)
Why do you think it is a tamper-
resistant receptacle?

…..To increase safety for children.

…..maybe that your son, daughter, or

grandchildren that you will save…
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles

Insertion of an object in any one side does not open the shutter
(left), but a two-bladed plug or grounding plug compresses the
Spring and simultaneously opens both shutters (right)
 Summary/Conclusion  
•  Proper  Grounding  System  eliminate  the  
electrical  shock  hazard  condi/on.  
•  Equipment  grounding  conductor  provide  an  
effec/ve  ground-­‐fault  current  path  to  trips  the  
circuit  breaker  for  ground  fault.  
•  Must  used  GFCI  for  wet  located  receptacles.  
•  Must  used  Tamper-­‐  Resistance    Receptacles.  
•  Must  used  the  proper  color-­‐conductor  in  
electrical  wiring  installa/on  
References  
1.  Na/onal  Electrical  Code    2011  Edi/on  
2.  Na/onal  Electrical  Code    2008  Edi/on  
3.  NEC  2008  Handbook.  11th  Edi/on  
4.  NEC  2011  Handbook,  12th  Edi/on  
5.  Soares  Book  on  Grounding  and  Bonding  10th  Edi/on  by  IAEI  
6.  Home  Electrical  Fires  by  John  R.  Hall  jr.,  NFPA-­‐  Fire  Analysis  &  Research  Div.,  January  2012  
7.  Handbook  of  Interna/onal  Electrical  Safety  Prac/ces,  2010  Scrivener  Publishing  LLC  
8.  NFPA  70  B  Recommended  Prac/ce  for  Electrical  Equipment  Maintenance  2010  Edi/on,  NFPA  
9.  Electrical  Grounding  and  Bonding,  3rd  Ed.,  by  Phil  Simmons,  Delmar,  Cengage  Learning  
10.  Grounds  for  Grounding  by  Elya  B.  Joffe  &Kai-­‐Sang  Lock,  2010,  IEEE,  Inc.  
11.  Electrical  Safety  Handbook,  3rd    by  Cadick,  Capelli-­‐Schellpfeffer,  &  Neitzel,  McGraw  Hill    
12.  Understanding  the  Na/onal  Electrical  Code  Volume  1,  5th  Edi/on  by  Mike  Holt  
13.  NFPA  70E  Standard  for  Electrical  Safety  in  the  Workplace  2009  Edi/on  by  NFPA  
14.  Na/onal  Electrical  Code    2005  Edi/on  
15.  Na/onal  Electrical  Code    2002  Edi/on  
16.  NEC  2005  Handbook.  10th  Edi/on  
17.  Illustrated  Guide  to  Na/onal  Electrical  Code  4th  Edi/on  by  Charles  R.  Miller,  Delmar,  Cengage  Learning  
18.  Interpre/ng  the  Na/onal  Electrical  Code  7th  Edi/on  by  T.C.  Surbrook  &  J.  R.  Althouse,  C  
19.  Significant  Changes  to  the  NEC  2008  by  Thomson  Delmar  Learning  &  NJATC  2008  
20.  Elecrical  Grounding  6th  Edi/on  by  Ronald  P.  O’Riley  ,Delmar  Thomson  Learning,  2002  
21.  The  Guidebook  for  Linemen  and  Cablemen  by  Wayne  Van  Soelen,  Thomson  Delmar  Learning,  2006  
22.  Some  pictures  courtesy  of  Engr.  Francis  V.  Mapile  
GOOD Morning!
&
Thank You !!!!