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The Philippines is prone to many natural hazards due to

its geologic and geographic setting
Flood Earthquake Volcano Eruption

Storm Surge Typhoon Landslide

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- a weak to violent shaking of

the ground produced by the
sudden movement of rock
materials below the earth’s
surface.

Mahina hanggang malakas na pagyanig dahil sa

biglaang pagkilos ng bato sa ilalim ng
lupa.
Ang pangunahing dahilan ng lindol ay paggalaw
ng mga active faults at trenches.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Ground Rupture Ground Shaking Landslide Liquefaction Tsunami

Ground Rupture Ground Shaking Landslide Liquefaction

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Earthquake
Generators
• Philippine Trench
• East Luzon Trough
• Manila Trench
• Palawan-Mindoro Collision
Zone
• Negros Trench
• Zamboanga-Western
Mindanao
Collision Zone
• Philippine Fault
• Mga Active Fault (e.g.
Valley Fault System,
Lubang, Tablas, Casiguran
at Mindanao Fault)

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Structural Vulnerability Parameters on Ground M otion

Source: Brizula and Oreta (2013)
High = Before 1972 (Pre-Code)
1 Year Built Moderate = Betw een 1972 and 1992 (Benchmark)
Low = 1992 and beyond (Post-benchmark)
High = Greater than 60 feet/18 m
2 Column Spacing Moderate = 25 to 60 feet (8 to 18 m)
Low = Less than 25 feet/8 m
High = There are 2 or more vertical irregularities
Vertical
3 Moderate = There is one vertical irregularity
Irregularity
Low = No vertical irregularity present
High = Less than 3 bays
Number of bays
4 Moderate = 3 or 4 bays
in short direction
Low = 5 or more bays
High = Unreinforce Masonry
5 M aterial Moderate = Concrete, steel frames and w all buildings
Low =Timber frame, light steel frame
Source: FEMA P-154 (2015)
High = Seismic gap is less than the minimum
6 Building Proximity Moderate = Minimum seismic gap of 2 inches per story
Low = No adjacent building
High = below 4 stories (Low -rise)
7 Building Height Moderate = 4 to 7 stories (Medium-rise)
Low = 8 stories and above (High-rise)
Source: Dey et al.(2015);Herreraand Soberon (2008);Inan and Korkmaz (2011), FEMA P-154 (2015)
High = T and U shape
8 Plan Irregularity Moderate = L-Shape, Non-parallel System
Low = Square and Rectangular shape
Source: Guevara and Garcia, 2005; FEMA 310
High = Column captivated by partition w all in less than the clear height of the
9 Captive Column column.
Low =There is no captive column

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The performance criteria of RC

members resisting earthquake:
Serviceability Limit State - material remains elastic
- No damage is expected
- Minor earthquake, < M4
- Return period is < 10 years

The performance criteria of RC

members resisting earthquake:

Control Limit State - yielding of

structural members may occur
- Minor structural damage
- Moderate earthquake, M4 - M6
- Return period is 10 to 20 years

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The performance criteria of RC

members resisting earthquake:

Survival Limit State - inelastic

behavior of material occur
- Major structural damage is
expected
- Major earthquake, > M7
- Return period is 100 to 500
years

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Affected area: Central and

Northern Luzon
Casualties:
Dead – 1,283
Injured – 2,786
Missing – 321
Houses Damaged:
Total – 25,305
Partial – 77,249

Intensity Description: PEIS VIII - Very Destructive;

PEIS VII - Destructive; and PEIS VI - Very strong

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 M 7.8, Rizal, Nueva Ecija

 Concentrated along Digdig Arboleda,

Fault (DF) at Philippine Umbal and
Punongbayan,
Fault Zone (PFZ) 1990

 along a 40-km stretch of

national highway through
the Cordillera range, about
852,000 cubic meters of
landslide debris buried
various sections of the
highway

MAGNITUDE VS. INTENSITY

Ang enerhiya na nagmula sa Ang lakas ng isang lindol ayon sa
episentro ng lindol at sinukat ng naramdaman ng mga tao at
mga instrumento (seismograph) istruktula; humihina habang
papalayo sa episentro
It is based on instrumentally derived information
and correlates strength with the amount of total
It is the strength of an earthquake based on
energy released at the earthquake’s point of
relative effect to people and structures; generally
origin
higher near the epicenter

http://img.ehowcdn.com/750x500/ehow-uk/images/a04/b8/me/build-seismograph-
800x800.jpg

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PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE
INTENSITY SCALE

1 – scarcely perceptible
2 – slightly felt
3 – weak
4 – moderately strong
5 – strong
6 – very strong D
A
7 – destructive M
8 – very destructive A
9 – devastating G
10 – completely I
N
devastating G

Wattage, 50 watts
(Magnitude)

Light
(Intensity)

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- When an active fault moves at depth

and breaks through the ground
surface transecting landforms and
structures.
- surface rupture / fault trace
- Can be few or hundreds of
kilometers long.

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The surface rupture of the Digdig Segment of the Philippine Fault. (Photo from PHIVOLCS, 1990)

- -Up and down earth motion: first felt by people near the
epicenter, not felt by people far from epicenter; Sideways:
felt after up and down by people near epicenter, first felt
by people far from epicenter

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FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE

SEVERITY OF GROUND SHAKING
 LOCATION
 MAGNITUDE
 LOCAL SOIL CONDITION
 Effect of local soils to ground shaking
 Amplification/deamplification

Intense Shaking + Steep Intense Shaking + Water

slopes = Landslides Saturated Soil =
Liquefaction

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- Is a phenomenon, when loosely consolidated sediments soil deposits lost their

strength and appeared to flow as fluids. Triggered by strong ground shaking

LIQUEFACTION PRONE AREAS EFFECTS

 Water-Saturated, low-lying  Titling / Settlement
 Have loose  Lateral Spread
(unconsolidated), sandy or  Ground Oscillation
silt deposits  Bouyant rise of buried vessel
 Flow failure
 Sand boils

 LANDSLIDES – Down slope movement of

rocks, soil and other debris triggered by
rain and/or strong earthquakes
 EIL is an extreme ground shaking on
steep slopes

• Ang pagguho ay nangyayari kapag ang taglay na lakas ng lupa ay mas nalampasan ang
tumutulak sa lupa dahil sa pagkabasa ng ulan o lakas ng lindol.

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IMPACTS
 Casualties: 41 confirmed deaths, 680 injured
 EIL triggered landslides in the wet soil (Typhoon Jebi)
 Local soil condition

https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/hokkaido-japan-earthquake-landslides

EARTHQUAKES CANNOT BE
PREVENTED,
BUT WE CAN PREPARE FOR THEM.

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