INDEX:

Speaking

Read Aloud ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Repeat Sentences ………………………………….…………………………………………………………….…… 08

Describe Image …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 11

Retell Lecture ……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………. 29

Answer Short Questions ………………………………………………………………………….…………….... 41

Summarise Written Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 46

Writing

Essay ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… 65

Reading

Reorder Paragraph ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drop - Down): ……………………………………………………………… 79

Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop): …………………….……………………………………… 101

Listening

Summarise Spoken Text …………………………………………………………………………………………… 110

Listening: Fill in the Blanks ………………………………………………………………………………………. 116

Highlight Incorrect Words …………………………………………………………….…………………………… 120

Write from Dictation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 127

Read Aloud:

1) Father:
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his
study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother,
and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized
that he did this for a living.

2) Himalayas:
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas. This plant now looks entirely
at home on the banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. In
the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests, but take these away and it grows
and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the
US.

3) Pluto:
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar
system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the IAU
General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met
the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.

4) Fiscal Year:
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance
with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of
expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are
available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.

5) Lincoln:
Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was
caused by the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken
the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

6) Incentive Pay Schemes:

If bonus or incentive pay schemes work so well for chief executive and bankers, why does
everyone not get them? After all, many jobs involve making important decisions or taking
risks is there anything about corporate decision and financial risks that makes these
categories of work special in terms of how they need to be incentivized and rewarded?

7) Population Growth:
How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other developed
countries, the current growth rate is very low. In most developing countries, the human
population is growing at a rate of 3 people per second. Because of this bustling growth rate,
the human population is well on its way to reaching 9 billion within lifetime.

8) Augustus:
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the
preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect,
and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army
by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
9) Industrial Revolution:
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in
inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in
the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial
Revolution, there were substantial divergences among writers.

10) Diversity of Language:

The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just
as the demise of plant species reduces genetic diversity, and deprives humanity or potential
medical and biological resources. So extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture,
art and knowledge.

11) Two Sisters:

Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder
sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather
frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are
you talking about?” she said, “Our parents were very lenient”.

12) Weakness:
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last
month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the
board, according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales
numbers were also revised higher.

13) Japanese tea ceremony:

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is
prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can take
as long as four hours and there are many traditional gestures that both the server and the
guest must perform.

14) Russia:
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the development
like the Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious
value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of European family, if indeed it is
European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.

15) Marketing Management:

For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as
Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only
planning handbook that guides students through step by step creations of a customized
marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the process.

16) Internal Combustion Engine:

Internal combustion engine enables the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate
for the travel requirements of a given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now
developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for
their electric cars.
17) Being Green:
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change has
made you realise that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon-
neutral, but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to become carbon-
neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons, or just to save the planet?

18) The Maximum Yield of Plants:

The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom achieved
because factors such as insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate condition, plant
diseases, and insect damage will limit growth at some stage. Plants subjected to these biotic
and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.

19) A World Without Light:

Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made
light sources in our life. Without engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way we do. No
streetlights, no TV, no computer displays, no house lights. Engineers design and build all
these things.

20) Sustainable Agriculture:

Since its inception, the UN system has been working to ensure adequate food for all through
sustainable agriculture. The majority of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas of
developing countries. They depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods.
This makes them particularly vulnerable to man-made and natural influences that reduce
agricultural production.

21) Rural Population:

Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in
which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their
occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to
include an important agrarian party.

22) Information Technology:

The emergence of information technology has created new products, processes and
distribution systems. New products include the computer, the Internet and digital TV; new
processes include Internet banking, automated inventory control and automated teller
machines; and new distribution systems include cable and satellite TV.

23) Informative Speech:

The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique
information to your audience. By dedicating yourself to the goals of providing information and
appealing to your audience, you can take a positive step toward succeeding in your efforts as
an informative speaker.

24) Method of learning:

There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn that depends on
many different factors. What works best for you will not necessarily be the same as the
approach used for the other students even if they study the same course. We are all unique
as learners, although some patterns emerge from any groups of students.
25) Electronic Discourse:
Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we
reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes
language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a
recipient, who responds by a keyboard.

26) Magnetar:
The researchers said that the best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star with
a powerful magnetic field. Magnetars also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars are
thought to be young stars, the two flaring objects in this study reside near elliptical galaxies,
which contain older stars. So the objects are likely too old to be magnetars.

27) Modern Food Production:

Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern
food production is no longer related to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them.
The relationship between diet and our fertility, our cancer, heart disease and mental illness is
becoming clear. Yet much of our food is nutritionally bankrupt.

28) Examination Candidates:

The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In
cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a substantial
financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate studies, may recommend to the
dean of the Graduate School for a virtual, video-conferenced examination of the candidate.

29) Companies:
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally
for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute
positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural
environment. And third, cherishing their people.

30) Constellation:
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of stars forms an imaginary
outline or pattern, typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, or an
inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory.

31) Global Financial Crisis:

New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs did not
reduce their working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses. A
study found that the life of people who stayed with the same employer remained relatively
unchanged.

32) Brain hemispheres:

The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve
fibers which enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the
left hemisphere usually controls movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while
the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side of the body.
Repeat Sentences:
1) Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month.
2) Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
3) Elephant is the largest land living mammal.
4) Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible.
5) I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.
6) It’s time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar.
7) Journalism is the collection and publication or transmission of news.
8) Just wait a minute. I will be with you shortly.
9) Make sure you correctly cite all your sources.
10) Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
11) Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere.
12) No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
13) On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your participation.
14) On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three.
15) Clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is always fascinating.
16) The contest includes both land living history and human history.
17) I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice.
18) The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention.
19) The glass is not a real solid, because it doesn’t have a crystal structure.
20) The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is no less than 75%.
21) The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar.
22)The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
23) Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here.
24) Physiology is the study of internal and external structure of the body.
25) The portfolio is due at the internal review office no later than Tuesday.
26) Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
27) In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
28)The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the
semester.
29) Would you please put the materials on the table?
30) Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
31) Please keep this medicine in the fridge.
32) You should go to the reception to get your student card.
33) Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory.
34) You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
35) Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
36) Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to your topic and speech
time.
37) You need to read the chapter before the management class.
38) Applicants for the course should preferably have a degree in English or Journalism.
39) In the 1880s, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe.
40) Contemporary commentators dismissed his idea as eccentric.
41) Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.
42) The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply for.
43) Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid.
44) The university has a number of scholarships that students can apply for.
45) In my free time, I would like to read current events and newspapers.
46) Children are not allowed to be in the lab at any time.
47) All old university buildings are still in use.
48) Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish.
49) Every year, students pass the biology course easily.
50) The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library.
51) Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank account in our bank.
52) This is how we deliver health care to millions of people all over the world.
53) Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners.
54) Lots of students have their money and passports stolen especially at night.
55) The competency of language in the assignment is to use more formal words.
56) The trip for professional training will start soon, so pack the items before we leave.
57) The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.
58) It's important that humans dispose off their waste in appropriate ways.
59) Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
60) The most modern agricultural equipment is now extremely expensive.
61) We are constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
62) Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
63) In this library, reserved collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
64) Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
65) The cafe will close soon but you can still use the snack machine which is running
overnight.
66) Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living organism.
67) The current and conventional method has many disadvantages including the side effects.
68) The gap between the rich and the poor was not decreased rapidly as expected.
69) The professor will be the last speaker this evening.
70) There is a limited amount of departmental funding which is available for qualified
students.
71) This essay examined the use of computer in the science classroom.
72) Would you pass the material text book on the table?
73) The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on weekends.
74) In English, the first letter of the months of the year is always capitalized.
75) In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
76) This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
77) The thought never crossed my mind.
78) The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities.
79) All of our accommodations are within walking distance to the academic buildings.
80) The application form must be submitted before the end of term.
81) History is not a collection of dates and events.
82) Generally, students have unusual problems in school.
83) Before choosing your university course, you should consider your career.
84) The problem with this is that it fails to answer the basic question.
85) Diagnosis is not a discrete or limited process.
86) Science-based approach is vital for effective advancements.
87) A key feature in drug development is examination of the pharmacological effects.
88) This process has enabled the rational identification of core machinery.
89) Genetic and biochemical analyses have generated a detailed portfolio of mechanisms.
90) Cellular engineering strategies are highly desirable.
91) There has been a rapid growth in the commercial market.
92) Most of the strategies are in a preclinical state.
93) Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.
94) The professor will talk about the summary in the lecture.
95) There will be no extensions given for this project.
96) We are warning the clients that the rates are increasing.
97) We've decided to ask you to write four short pieces of written coursework this year.
98) The mismatch between the intended and reported uses of the instrument has become
clear.
99) The fire left the area almost completely devoid of vegetation.
100) The meeting will take place in the main auditorium.
 Describe Image:
1) Projected Poplulation, Australia:

2) Precipitation and Average Temperature:

3) Happiness:
4) Trout Size:

5) Food Pyramid:

6) The Graduation Laboratory:

7) Flags:

8) Hut:

9) The world’s water:

10) Computer then and now:

11) Trees with Different height:

12) Human arm v/s bat wings:

13) Water wheel:

14) Language:

15) Landuse Map of India:

16) Germination of bean plant:

17) Evaporation process:

18) Life cycle of a frog:

19) Life cycle of apple:

19) Simple Circuit:

20) Fish Count in Daytime and Night-time:

22) Azerbaijan:
23) Where the Air Pollution Comes From:

24) Arctic Food Chain - Polar Bear

28) Condensation:
29) Student Accommodation Southampton University:

30) Oxbow Lake Formation:

31) Global water use by sector:

32) Polar bear:

33) Penquin:
34) Birth rates in china and the USA.

35) Renewable Energy Total Consumption and Major sources

36) Joe’s Fruit stand sales:

37) Destinations of holiday makers from Indonesia:

38) Population of Major European Counteries in 1997 and 2007:

39) Unemployment Rate:

40) Potatoes Consumed:

41) Total wine Sales:

42) Years to Double Population:

43) iTunes purchased songs:

44) Litchfield Population Growth:

45) US Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Trends:

46) Fast Food vs. Sitdown Restaurant:

Retell Lecture:
1) Mother Rat:

So the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and grooming, nipple switching an
arch back nursing. So the rats that do a lot of licking and grooming and their last rats that
rule very little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a human human behavious
as well, right, you have mothers that are highly mothering and mothers that couldn't care
less and most mothers are somewhere in between. So if you look at these rats. So all you do
you observe them and put them in separate cages. So you put the high lickers in one cage
not the mothers, but the offspring and the low lickers in another cage and then you let them
grow and they're adults now, their mothers are long buried and you look in the brain and you
see that those who had high licking mothers express a lot of glucocorticoid receptor, gene and
though so our lawmakers express know that reflects a number of factors and that results in a
different stress response, but this is not the only difference. We found later on there are
hundreds of genes that are differently expressed. So if you get in a mutation, you know
polymorphism once in a million. Here, just the motherly lauching just hundreds of genes in
one shot and it changes them in a very stable way that you can look at the old rat and you
can say whether it was licked or not. But you can also save by behavior. So if you walk to the
cages to the room the rats that were poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to handle, aggressive,
and, and the rats that were very well handled as as off as little pups. They are much more
relaxed much easier to handle. So you know, like every technician in the lab knows looking at
the adult rat how it was licked when it was a little tough any question , of course, mechanism
, how does this work?

2) Brain Development:

3 stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are three stages,
starting from the primitive brain (the action brain), limbic brain(feeling brain), and finally to
the neocortex (thought brain).Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive
brain functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control,
monitoring body funtions, and process information coming from sensing. Limbic brain
functioning as a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks, and the primitive
brain.While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part of the brain, receiving input
from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. However, he needed more time to process
information from the primitive brain and the limbic brain. The brain thinks the merger is also
a place of experience, memory, feeling, and thinking ability to give birth to ideas and
actions.Nerve myelination of the brain take place in sequence, starting from the primitive
brain, the limbic brains, and brain thought. Neural pathways are more frequently used to
make more myelin thicken. Increasingly thicker myelin,the faster the nerve impulses or
signals travel alone nerves. Therefore, a growing child is encouraged to receive input from the
environment in accordance with its development.

3) Welsh Language:

This busy little town is named after Sir David’s first cousin. It’s also a Welsh language
stronghold according to the 2001, census results 70 percent of the town’s population could
speak Welsh language, but even here the language may not be completely safe. The Welch
language board expects last year’s census results to show a fall in the number of Welsh
speakers living in its Northern and Western heartland. One of the main reasons for that the
board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the country. At the same
time, only small percentage of those moving in can speak the language or choose to learn it.
Historically, over the past seventy eight years, welch people have continually left in order to
find better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment. And the thing is change was
probably is that there is a larger amount of English people now who have found Wales over
last twenty, twenty five years, particularly this corner of wales, and they’re regarded as a
desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas of the England that people
get the Cotswolds chief good as well.

4) Monkey theorem:

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter
keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the
complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, “almost surely” is a mathematical
term with a precise meaning, and the “monkey” is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for
an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem
illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and
vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as
Shakespeare’s Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the
order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero. But technologies can help
monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word
“monkey”, they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it
will take them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer
programming, they can finish the task within a day.

5) Theory of relativity:

Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and
quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics.
Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the
solar system with the heliocentric Copernican model, the laws governing the motion of
planetary bodies determined by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, pioneering work on
telescopes and observational astronomy by Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and
Isaac Newton's discovery and unification of the laws of motion and universal gravitation that
would come to bear his name. Newton also developed calculus, the mathematical study of
change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problem.

6) World War II:

The world's worst recorded food disaster occurred in 1943 in British-ruled India. Known as the
Bengal Famine, an estimated 4 million people died of hunger that year in eastern India (which
included today's Bangladesh). Initially, this catastrophe was attributed to an acute shortfall in
food production in the area. However, Indian economist Amartya Sen (recipient of the Nobel
Prize for Economics, 1998) has established that while food shortage was a contributor to the
problem, a more potent factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II, which made
food supply a low priority for the British rulers.
7) Thermodynamics:

The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from
greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased. The laws
comprising classical physics remain very widely used for objects on everyday scales travelling
at non-relativistic speeds, since they provide a very close approximation in such situations,
and theories such as quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity simplify to their classical
equivalents at such scales. However, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects
and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century.

8) Biomedical Engineering:

Today's world that we live, has a huge impact of biomedical engineering. Thanks to
biomedical engineering, there are now a variety of medical devices and machines that can
both improve health and save lives. MSc in Biomedical Engineering in Ireland is the fusion of
engineering expertise with the world of clinical medicine, developing technologies such as
laser systems used in corrective eye surgery and systems for analysing blood. Doing Masters
in Biomedical Engineering in Ireland is key in the development and recreation of artificial
organs, limbs and skin. The biomedical engineer will work with healthcare professionals
including physicians, doctors, nurses, therapists and technicians after completion of MS in
Biomedical Engineering in Ireland.

9) Super Symmetry:

Super-symmetry is a mathematical idea that people have developed an effort to understand

the sharpest organising principle for the fundamental constituents of matter. You see, we
have learned that particles that seem to be different, can actually secretly be united by
certain symmetry principles. So we use the fact that there are symmetric objects in the world
like a sphere or basketball. You turn a sphere, and even though you've transformed it, it
looks the same fundamentally. We found that certain particles when you transform one
particle into another, even though looks like the identity of the particle has changed, overall
the equations describing it they don't change at all at an underlying level of symmetry, but
we've not been able to do is find a symmetry that would relate certain kinds of particles,
namely matter particles and force particles. Matter particles are particles like electron, muons
and corks, force particles are like photons and gluons and WZ bosons. Super-symmetry is a
symmetry that actually relates to these two kinds, these two classes of particles. And people
have proven that super-symmetry is the last possible symmetry of the fundamental particles
that are mathematics, reality has not yet been shown to make use of it. So people are now
trying to see whether that symmetry might actually be working in the world can be found
evidence for it in our understanding of fundamental particles.

10) Conduct Disorder:

Conduct disorder in children is very serious. It's a disorder of childhood and adolescence that
is long term, that's chronic, where children have very aggressive impulses, where children are
involved in difficulties with the law and really seem to have no regard for the rules or for
authority. When children have conduct disorder they are definitely at risk of carrying these
difficulties into adulthood which also brings about a myriad of different problems. Children
with conduct disorder often have difficulties in schools, have difficulty with relationships and
have difficulty with employment and lifelong long-term relationships. It's important to
recognize that if your child is not doing well in school, if your child has had difficulty where
legal action was necessary, if your child is bullying, getting into fights and this is constant and
ongoing, if your child does not get help these complexities will really exacerbate into other
major difficulties. Look for signs of your child's grades dropping, look for signs of repeated
detentions, suspensions and brushes with the law. Parents please recognize that if your child
has signs of conduct disorder the sooner you get help, the sooner your child can start to learn
more adaptive behaviors.

11) Electric Cars:

Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely modern, they were
in fact some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle.
At the beginning of the twentieth century electric cars were actually more popular than cars
with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in. However, as
cars fuelled by petrol increased in importance, electric cars declined. The situation became
such that electric vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes - as fork-lift trucks,
ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example.
Although electricity declined in use in road vehicles, it steadily grew in importance as a means
of powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was quick to develop an electrified train system,
encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil resources of its own.
Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a means of powering road vehicles. Why
is this the case? Well, undoubtedly economic reasons are of considerable importance. The
cost of oil has risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an
alternative. However, there are also environmental motivations. Emissions from cars are
blamed in large part for - among other things – the destruction of the ozone layer and the
resultant rise in temperatures in the Polar Regions. A desire not to let things get any worse is
also encouraging research into designing effective electric transport.

12) Air Pollution:

In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last
century and what has created these changes. So. urn — by the 1950s, air pollution was very
visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world.
The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems.
For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths.
Obviously, something had to be done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain.
This addressed the pollution from factories and the smog’s soon disappeared. However, as
you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and
the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is
from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs. this air pollution is still a
significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that
we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains
and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air pollution around the
world.
13) Monkey and typewriters:

Life from non-living matter. This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the
typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if
you leave chance in time long enough you will get life, don't worry about it, yes, its strange.
Yes, its wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life.
So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter the chances are eventually he produces the complete
works of Shakespeare so what's the problem. So. there's no problem. There's no issue, right?
You just leave it long enough and you'll find. And one key striker seconds, the monkey might
well eventually get to you the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn't manage to do it
in 600 million years. So, what I decided to do is to run the numbers. I, instead of saying
typing the complete work of Shakespeare, I just run the numbers for how long would it take a
monkey typing one key striker a second. To type "to be or not to be that is the question'.
Right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second? I
don't know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or
more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn't supposed to have emerged
within and when I run the numbers" to be or not to be is the question' takes 12.6 trillion
trillion trillion years to type just that phrase and a DNA string has got as much as information
the Encyclopedia Britannica. Are we saying that something of that complexity emerges by
chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, its mathematically possible but its so
incredibly unlikely that it would have that it tilts me in favor of the Christian story in which
God created life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.

14) Aseptic Techniques:

Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who was the first man to realize the importance of
aseptic techniques during surgical procedures. Lister was born in Essex, England, and after
obtaining a bachelor of arts degree from University College London. He qualified as a doctor in
1852. Lister became assistant surgeon at Edinburgh Royal infirmary and was like to make
such an at the Glasgow Royal infirmary and Scotland. The accepted belief at the time was the
contact of an open wound with moisture in the air caused infection, so surgical wounds
recovered after operating with nonsterile cloths, which increase the risk of infection, Lister
refused to accept this theory and after reading the works of Louis Pasteur. He tried to prevent
bacterial infection of surgical wounds by applying pure carbolic acid to surgical dressings, as
well as cleaning wins with the acid during and after surgery. Lister studied the effects of his
treatment for two years and then published his findings. This led to the adoption of doctors
wearing white gowns which were used to show dirt and using surgical goals and carbolic acid
to clean wounds after surgery. Lister successfully treated Queen Victoria using his new
methods and he was appointed chairman of clinical surgery at King's College Hospital,
London, where he continued his research into antiseptics and plane surgery until he retired in
1893 and died in Kent England, aged 85.

15) Frogs:

The graph shows three types of frogs in different regions. indicating their life habits and their
influence on human. The variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have
more limbs while some have fewer limbs. The lecture also explains the reason for the gene
mutation. Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and
affect our health. Frog population changes in North America with different limb, 20-30%,
people would worry such species may affect and post the risk to people in the local area
cause their drinking water is from the river.

16) Schizophrenia:

Until the advent of new medications. People diagnosed with schizophrenia occupying one half
of the hospital beds in United States, one out of every 10,000 people come down the
schizophrenia 750,000 are treated every year. Several million people in United States
currently has had this disorder at one time or another in their lifetime. Although we think
schizophrenia as a mental disorder, a lifetime risk of this illness is the same as for diabetes,
which of course is illness one hears a lot more about and for which there's been a lot more
research and treatment development. The peak age of onset is somewhat different for men
and women.men usually begin to have difficulties in a late teens or early 20s as women tend
to begin to have this illness in their middle 20s, and even into their 30s.

17) TV:

More than three hours a day. The study was published in the archives of disease in childhood.
Researchers studied more than 11,000 British children ages five to seven. Parents completed
a questionnaire about the strengths and weaknesses of their kids and they were also asked to
report how much time their children spend watching television. Researchers say those who
watch more, are more likely to ... or ... by age seven. Then again, they see the overall
likelihood of that antisocial behavior is pretty low. And a writer for the Atlantic, says the risks
discovered are not significant. They feel to look at the content of the shows and games
occupying their subjects' time. And all things considered, a mother and blogger for Mother
Nature network says, the real danger of too much TV is obesity. In NW L NY anchors pointed
out mobile devices seem to make it easier to give kids TV to watch. I know it can be
challenging, and look you see people in restaurants and all the time the shows on iPad, on the
phone to keep kids -you know- occupied. Just maybe watch the clock. Interestingly enough,
the researcher said they found no link between computer and electronic games and antisocial
behavior, and experts say bottom line, Its a good rule of time to try to limit how much TV
young kids watch to less than two hours a day.

18) Space Vehicle:

The shuttle was designed to be a space truck is a multipurpose vehicle. We've done
tremendous number of different things. Whether its the most versatile space vehicle that has
ever been built. We've used it to launch satellites. We've used it to repair satellites in orbit
and put them back into orbit. We've used it to capture satellites and bring them back to earth
for repair. We outfitted it with the space lab billed by our European partners and used it
before the year of the space station to do scientific research. we used it as part of our
partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing. First, as part of the Mir space station
where we actually prolong the useful life of nearby several years through logistical supply
visits with the shuttle. And now of course were using it to build the new international space
station, which is a huge international partnership.
19) Law of Energy:

This phenomenon of conservation is explained by what we call the first law of

thermodynamics. Sometimes referred to as the law of energy conservation. The law State,
energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be described as the ability to do work,
where work is the movement of matter when a force is applied to it. A closed system is a
system in which no matter or energy is allowed to enter or leave the first law of
thermodynamics tells us that the amount of energy within an ecosystem is constant. It
doesn't change. an open system on the other hand, allow stuff to come in and go out. since
most systems are not closed, the laws energy conservation can be rephrased to say that the
change in the internal energy of the system is equal to the difference between the amount of
energy coming in, minus the amount of energy going out. In other words, the amount of
energy in the system can change but only if it comes from another system or goes to another
system. At any rate, systems, whether they're open or closed, do not create or destroy
energy. rather energy can enter from one system and leave to another.

20) DNA and RNA:

Your body is composed of trillions of cells. Lots of the different types of cells that make up
different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also read 10 times that number
bacteria call home sweet home. but don't be afraid these bacteria do more good than harm to
you and besides just in case you want to strike up a conversation with your tenants, union
bacteria deal have a few things in common. Also share some common characteristics that
make them living things. All Organisms are composed of cells the basic fundamental unit of
life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They
transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins and ribosomes. They can also
regulate transport across the cell membrane and require chemical energy from the cyclic
processes. The number one biggest difference between bacteria in your body and the cells
making up your body are these tiny cellular components called organelles. You've actually
learned a lot about organelles and other cells without knowing it. Organelles are simply
membrane bound compartments within a cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast,
Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum. You are eukaryotes. Your cells are eukaryotic. Eukaryotic
cells contain membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single celled
or multicellular such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects.

21) Cognitive skills:

It is wrong. however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive
skills, because language stands apart in several ways. For one thing, the use of language is
universal-all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many
learn more than one. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical
reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune. Because
everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
But just the opposite is true-language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
22) Delusions:

There are a few different types of psychotic symptoms which we will review individually.
Hallucinations are hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting or smelling something that isn't really
there. This sensation has no external stimuli. Due to the lack of insight these individuals think
that what they perceive is real. Schizophrenia is usually associated with auditory
hallucinations where the individual hears voices. Tactile Hallucinations like the sensation of
bugs crawling on their skin is usually related to street drugs. Olfactory (smell) hallucinations
are more commonly seen in the aura before seizures. Delusions are strongly held beliefs that
are not based on fact. Due to the lack of insight trying to convince a psychotic person that
their delusions are false is almost impossible no matter of how much evidence you present.
Delusions of Persecution are the most common type and involve paranoia. These individuals
think others are out to get them" and are trying to follow them, spy on them, poison them,
steal from them or otherwise harm them. Delusions of Grandeur are when an individual
believes that have special powers, talents or intellect. They may think they are famous, have
supernatural abilities or have religious prominence. Other common themes in delusion are
guilt thought control, thought broadcasting (belief that others can hear your thoughts) and
ideas of reference (belief that people on TV/radio/print media are talking about you).

23) Creativity:

Here are three important factors in creativity. people, process and product. the most
important one is the process. First you have to create the right person through education with
a creative mind. Second, you have to create the right process to have people engaged in an
innovation process. Third, you need to find the right problem to work on. human beings can
survive and prosper largely depending on the creativity they have. If you can identify and
assess the creativity of the finished product. It is taken as a proxy for the creativity of the
person who produced such a product. therefore, a creative product should be surprising,
original, beautiful and useful. People should have factors necessary for genius, ability and
right mindset. you should improve to imitate and change inside look from muse perspective.
Inevitably create something with imagination to expand conceptual spaces.

24) Distractions:

Thinking of doing the right thing or wrong thing. For example, if a task is well designed,
people are likely to do the right things, otherwise they are prone to make mistakes.
Distractions: People will forget they are in the middle of doing something. For example, we
usually forget to take the original copy after using the copy machine if something disrupt the
thinking process. There are two strategies to avoid making mistakes. The chance of making
mistakes depends on the quality of task design so you could polish the instructions. If the
task is well designed, people are likely to do right things. People are likely to make mistakes.
Remember to avoid distractions. The people who do photocopying might leave the original
copy in the machine if the thinking process is disrupted.

25) Learning Languages:

Here are some of the benefits that you could get from learning another language. Learning
languages offers an unparalleled insight into other people and other cultures There's even
research to suggest that companies value intercultural and language skills very highly. So,
learning a new language could be a huge advantage for your career. Learning languages can
also help you to deal with stress and other mental health issues. Research shows that, by
learning a language, you can actually delay the onset of dementia by 4.5 years on average.
The NHS even recommends it as a way to actively fight depression. Finally, learning
languages is a great way to broaden your mind and make you a better lateral thinker. That
means that people who learn languages are not just good at word puzzles, but they're also
good at maths and arithmetic’s.

26) Ocean:

Interviewer: In an article that you wrote that I just read, you said you wished you could take
everyone back to decades ago to look at the Florida Keys.
Interviewee: Fifty years ago. Think about how much change has taken place in that short
period of time. We have managed to consume on the order of 90% of the big fish in the
ocean: the tunas, the swordfish, the sharks. They're mostly gone. Until recently people have
had the belief that there isn't much we puny human beings can do to change the nature of
the ocean. But in fact we have, not just because of what we've been taking out and the
destructive means often applied to take fish and other creatures from the sea, but also what
we're putting into the sea, either directly or what we put into the atmosphere that falls back
into the sea.
Interviewer: So if you were going to give a grade on the health of the oceans today, what
would it be. Interviewee: Well, it depends on which aspect. Across the board. Huh. The
oceans are in trouble. It's hard for me to assign a specific grade. Maybe C.

27) Wind Turbine:

Wind turbine is a device that will convert wind into mechanical movement, which we can use
to power water pump or electricity generator. Now the power that the turbine creates is
obviously depended on the wind speed, it also depended obviously on the number of sails, the
area of the sails and the angle of the sails makes to the wind. So you can imagine if the
turbine blades flat onto the wind, the wind is going to just bend it, if there is slight angle
when the wind hits it, its going to turn the blades. We can use that for powering things. Now,
were going to have a go, making some of the very, very simple paper windmills, a sort of
things that you can make from the bits and pieces lying around home, and use that to drive
very small generator to power electronic devices.

28) Haussmann:

By 1850, there were 1 million people living in Paris, the population overflowed into the
streets. Movement on the street was at a standstill and trade was impossible. The nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon the third came up with a dramatic plan to rebuild Paris by
widening streets improving traffic flow and clearing the slums. Haussmann decided to buy up
the land and move the slums and their inhabitants to the outskirts of the city. Now, he can
focus on public transportation problem. By easing traffic conditions, he felt he was organizing
Paris and opening it up to an economic boost. Since the slums have been torn down, he had
room to construct condominiums in their stead. He was very interested in giving Paris a
modern look. Every apartment building was constructed to Haussmann's standards.
29) Welsh:

Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people and in the Welsh colony
in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in England,
Scotland, Canada, the USA. Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century
about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language. Towards the end
of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%. According to the
2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659.301 people can either speak, read or
write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of
the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh language TV channel, the
number of Welsh speakers in Wales is around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can
"understand" Welsh. In addition there are an estimated 133,000 Welsh-speakers living in
England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.

30) Top of the class:

For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new
study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls
performed at reading, mathematics, and science. Boys still score somewhat better at maths,
and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it comes to the students who really
struggle, the difference is stark: boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic
standards in all three areas. Researchers suggest that doing homework set by teachers is
linked to better performance in maths, reading, and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of
their free time in the virtual world; they are 17% more likely than girls to play collaborative
online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer pressure
plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school which means
they’re more likely to be rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous
tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers
don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap?
Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. But most of all,
abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students. Boys in countries with the best
schools read much better than girls. And girls in Shanghai excel in mathematics. They
outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.

31) Brain Architecture:

The key to forming strong brain architecture is what’s known “as serve and return” interaction
with adults. In this developmental game, new neural connections form in the brain as young
children instinctively serve through babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults
return the serve, responding in a very directed, meaningful way. It starts very early in life
when a baby cool and the adults interacts and directs the baby’s attention to a face or hand.
This interaction forms the foundation of brain architecture upon which all future development
will be built. It helps create neural connections between all the different areas of the brain
building the emotional and cognitive skills children need in life. For example, here’s how it
works for literacy and language skills.

When the baby sees an object, the adult says its name. This makes connections in the baby’s
brain between particular sounds and their corresponding objects. Later, adults show young
children that those objects and sounds can also be represented by marks on a page. With
continued support from adults, children then learn how to decipher writing and, eventually, to
write themselves. Each stage builds on what came before. Ensuring that children have adult
caregiver who consistently engage in serve and return interaction, beginning in infancy, builds
the foundation in the brain for all the learning, behavior, and health that follow.

32) Water temperatures:

In this study we should talk about a new kind of remote monitoring technology called
underwater Antares detectors. These detectors can be used to observe the environment
change and water temperature change. More importantly, these detectors are installed
underwater to monitor the fish’s reaction to the feeding. By putting a camera into the cage
and then putting the cage into the water, people can observe the fish’s reaction to feed so
that it can help people to observe fish reactions without being physically there. This makes it
possible for people to change their feeding strategy quickly when fish do not react to the
feeding. The technology can also identify the water quality.
Answer Short Questions:
1) Which of the following is not fiction? unicorn or giraffe- giraffe

2) Where do you normally watch a play? – Theatre

3) In which kind of book can we find Africa maps? - Atlas

4) How many faces does a pentagon have? - Five

5) Which tool is not considered to be the modern general transportation tool? Car, carriage,
airplane – Carriage

6) What kind of school admit children between the ages of 5 through 11? - Primary school

7) Which drink has caffeine alongside tea and hot chocolate? - Coffee

8) What is the line in the middle of the candle? - Candle wick

9) What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by color white and black? - Piano

10) What is the subject of studying changes in the temperature of the weather? -
Meteorology

11) What do we call it where we find information in front of a book? - Content

12) How many letters are there in the English alphabet? - 26

13) What divides a circle into 2 halves? - Diameter

14) What are piano and guitar? - Musical instrument

15) How many hemispheres does the earth have? - 2

16) Who is the person who cooks in the kitchen? – Cook/chief

17) What do we put in a backpack? Chair or book? - Book

18) Who controls the flight of an aircraft? - pilot

19) Noisy environment affects which sense? - Hearing

20) Which device can be used for telling the time by using the sun? - Sundial

21) Where can we find a crossword? - Newspaper

22) What is the name of a person who is ill in the hospital? - Patient

23) What is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm? - Elbow

24) Which continent has most of the Indian and Chinese population in the world? - Asia

25) What do we call the material used in carpenter? - Wood

26) What is the first stage of applying for graduate students and PhD? – Degree application

27) Who is the person hired to do a specific job in a company? - Employee

28) What are preserved remains of a long-dead plant or animal? - Fossils

29) What is the process of payment at the counter after shopping? - Check out

30) What is the name of money people pay for the public construction? - Taxation

31) How does a bird fly? - wing

32) What is more fuel-efficient, car or truck? - Car

33) What is the ceremony called for marriage? - Wedding

34) What is the title of a newspaper called? - Headline

35) A microscope is used to see what? - Organism/ Living things

36) Where is the natural habitat of animals classified as aquatic, in the land, in the sea or the
sky? - In the sea

37) Would a person suffering problems with vision, consult a biologist or an optometrist? - An
optometrist

38) Would fresh milk last longer in a fridge or a cool cupboard? - Fridge

39) How many times in a year is a quarterly journal published? - Four

40) A lack of which kind of weather causes drought, dry weather or rain weather? - Rainy
weather

41) What is the meeting point of Sea and Sky called? - Horizon

42) Which sense of human relates to the following words, opaque, vivid, brilliant, shiny? -
Vision/sight

43) Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is dangerous? - Smoking

44) Which field of study relates to the human mind and behavior? - Psychology

45) What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? - Milk

46) What is the month between January and March? - February

47) What is the opposite of southeast? - Northwest

48) What is the antonym of vertical? - Horizontal

49) If someone lives in an urban area, where does he live? - City/Town

50) What color is the medal if you win the competition? - Gold

51) What is the economic sector that deals with farming? - Agriculture

52) In medical terms, are antibodies harmful or beneficial for patients? - Beneficial

53) In a recession, does economic activity increase or slow down? - Slow down

54) What is the subject that involves geometry and algebra? - Mathematics
55) From where can you have a full view of a building, the outside, inside or top? - The
outside of the building

56) Computer, telephone and typewriter, which one is the first invention? - Typewriter

57) Why do people wear gloves when they do experiment? - Protection

58) What do you need if you want to see things far away? - Binoculars

59) When a company’s position improves, does revenue decrease or increase? -Increase

60) Which of the 5 senses are you using, if you detect the odor of gas in a laboratory or in
your kitchen? - smell

61) Which is usually considered against the law? Use of illicit drugs or use of prescribed
medication? - Use of illicit drugs

62) To improve their health and fitness, most people either try to improve their diet or? - Do
more physical exercise

63) In which direction does the sun come up? - East

64) Where do students provide materials and resources at the university? - Library

65) What is the natural coloring or form of an animal which enables it to blend in with its
surroundings? - Camouflage

66) Where would you most lidkely go to buy some flour, a bakery, a florist or a supermarket?
- Supermarket

67) Where would you expect to find equipment like microscopes, Bunsen burner, beaker and
petri dish? - Laboratory

68) Profit means gain or loss? - Gain

69) When would it be safe to take medication, which causes drowsiness before sleeping,
driving or operating machinery? - Before sleeping

70) When you create a table, the data in horizontal dimension is organized in rows and the
data in vertical dimension is organized in what? - Column

71) Historians use evidence to conclude the past, would a contemporary artist’s painting of
an ancient battle be an original source or secondary source? -Secondary source

72) What is the name of the student who has not completed his course? - Undergraduate
student or dropout

73) What is the name of birds’ regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a
flyway? - Migration

74) A dozen is a grouping of which number? - Twelve

75) What is common between these musical instruments? Guitar, Violin, Cello - String

76) What material is used for most of vehicles and aircrafts? - Metal
77) What is the string or lace for fastening the shoes usually called? - Shoelaces

78) What is the opposite of artificial? - Natural

79) In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with ourselves? - Closed
reserve book /Reference materials

80) What century are we in now? - Twenty-one

Summarise Written Text:

1) Benefits of honey:

According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D ,M.P.H. the average American consumes more than 150
pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high-fructose corn syrup every year.
In comparison, we consume only around1.3 pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S.
According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure
raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous.

What is raw honey? Its a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from
the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that’s been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw honey
does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help with
everything from low energy to sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey
may even help weight-loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high-fructose
corn syrup. I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural sweeteners
today.

2) Voting rights in UK:

Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But
how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral
participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of
compelling citizens to vote.
There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United
Kingdom, in particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and
politicians have begun advocating for mandatory electoral participation. Those in favor of
compulsory voting often adduce the importance of participation among all segments of
society. Citizens of democracies are forced to do many things in the interest of the public
good, they maintain, including serving on juries and educating their children, and full
participation serves the country as a whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting often argue
that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly includes a right not to
vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal good that
might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of compulsory voting often contend that
the country may be better off if those who are disinclined to vole are not pushed to
participate in public affairs.
Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other,
compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies
mandate voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating
results from these countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory
voting.

3) Demographic revolution:

We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed
countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global
communication is "shrinking" the world, and global ageing is "maturing" it. The increasing
presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in
a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless
of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note that if current trends in
ageing continue as predicted, a demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young
and the old will undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This
portrait of change in the world's population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution
traditionally considered the most significant social and economic breakthrough in the history
of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a sustained movement
towards modern economic growth in much the same way that globalization is today marking
an unprecedented and sustained movement toward a "global culture". The demographic
revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the future effects are not known,
a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge
from a vessel into which exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured.
Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous
phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present
themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to
gain from their contribution.

4) American English:

American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the
world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most
powerful nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the
distinction between a dialect and a language has frequently been made by reference to
power. As has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political
influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through the
international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane has pointed
out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful expansion of its
language... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it.
Third, the international prominence of American English is closely associated with the
extraordinarily quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an
American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is American
English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the
increased influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant
diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance, and the rapid development of
communications technology.

5) Vividity of TV and Newspaper:

To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is
so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is
important to distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the
“vividness” experienced by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of
words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the
brain that are used in the process of concreating the representation of reality the author has
intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to
trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself—and without being
modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in
the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the
representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an
incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling
and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the
conjuring of the reality the book’s author is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the
human brain that are central to the reasoning process are continually activated by the very
act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols—letters—that have no
intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into recognizable sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of
reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded.

6) Importance of teachers:

Spurred by the sense that disorderly behavior among students in South Euclid was increasing,
the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the principal's office.
He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the
junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police
data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after school
hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all students attending
the junior high and high school. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with students—
identified as victims or offenders— teachers, and guidance counselors. Finally, the South
Euclid Police Department purchased a Geographic Information System to conduct crime
incident mapping of hotspots within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary
areas of concern: the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and response
to the problem; parental attitudes and responses; and student perspectives and behaviors.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher.
They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was intended
to respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes
included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots.
Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and
bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with information about bullying, an
explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to
address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between
homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO also
opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio Department of Education contributed
by opening a new training center to provide a non-traditional setting for specialized help.
The results from the various responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40
percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym
area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among
students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers would take action
when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training sessions were helpful and that they
were more likely to talk about bullying as a serious issue. Parents responded positively,
asking for more information about the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest
that the school environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was helping at-
risk students succeed in school.
7) The Rosetta stone:

When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its
surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid over
it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text—but in reverse. Since
then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably,
the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from these activities,
despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many thousands of
human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem. An opportunity for investigation
and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this famous object was made the centerpiece of
the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to
remove all but the original, ancient material, the stone was black with white lettering. As
treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from
human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799
were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and
purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place
until now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small
square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the
darkened wax and the white infill.

8) American English:

American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the
world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most
powerful nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the
distinction between a dialect and a language has frequently been made by reference to
power. As has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political
influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through the
international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahuna has pointed
out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful expansion of its
language… the expansion of language contributes… to the prestige of the culture behind it.
Third, the international prominence of American English is closely associated with the
extraordinarily quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an
American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is American
English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own circumstances. In short, the
increased influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant
diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance, and the rapid development of
communications technology

9) Climate change impact on birds:

As warmer winter temperatures become more common, one way for some animals to adjust
is to shift their ranges northward. But a new study of 59 North American bird species
indicates that doing so is not easy or quick -- it took about 35 years for many birds to move
far enough north for winter temperatures to match where they historically lived. The
researchers used 35 years of data from the North American Christmas Bird Count to match
winter temperatures to where birds were seen. They tested 59 bird species individually and
found that they responded differently to climate change. When summarized across bird
species, there was evidence for a strong delay lasting about 35 years. For example, black
vultures have spread northward in the last 35 years and now winter as far north as
Massachusetts, where the minimum winter temperature is similar to what it was in Maryland
in 1975. On the other hand, the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker did not alter its range
at all despite the warming trend, possibly because it’s very specific habitat requirements
precluded a range shift. Both of these scenarios could represent problems for birds, La Sorte
said. Species that do not track changes in climate may wind up at the limits of their
physiological tolerance, or they may lose important habitat qualities, such as favored food
types, as those species pass them by. But they also can't move their ranges too fast if the
habitat conditions they depend on also tend to lag behind climate. If warming trends weaken,
as they did over the past few years, birds may be able to catch up. But accelerated warming,
which is likely as global carbon emissions continue to increase, may put additional strain on
birds. The study highlights these challenges and the high potential climate change has for
disrupting natural systems. It also underscores the challenges ecologists face in predicting the
long-term consequences of climate change for many species simultaneously.

10) Nurse Shark:

Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive groups of up to 40
individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices within the reef, the Nurse sharks
seem to prefer specific resting sites and will return to them each day after the nights hunting.
By night, the sharks are largely solitary. Nurse sharks spend most of their time foraging
through the bottom sediments in search of food. Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans,
mollusks, tunicates and other fish such as spiny lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sea urchins,
octopuses, squid, marine snails and bivalves and in particularly, stingrays. Nurse sharks are
thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would otherwise be too fast for the sharks to
catch, although their small mouths limit the size of prey items, the sharks have large throat
cavities which are used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, Nurse sharks are able to suck
in their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral. Generally slow and
sluggish, Nurse sharks spend much of their time resting on the bottom of the ocean. Nurse
sharks have been observed resting on the bottom with their bodies supported on their fins,
possibly providing a false shelter for crustaceans which they then ambush and eat. If it must
move, the Nurse shark may even use its large front (or pectoral) fins to ‘walk’ along the
ocean floor.

11) Orbital Debris:

For decades, space experts have worried that a speeding bit of orbital debris might one day
smash a large spacecraft into hundreds of pieces and start a chain reaction, a slow cascade of
collisions that would expand for centuries, spreading chaos through the heavens. In the last
decade or so, as scientists came to agree that the number of objects in orbit had surpassed a
critical mass — or, in their terms, the critical spatial density, the point at which a chain
reaction becomes inevitable — they grew more anxious. Early this year, after a half-century
of growth, the federal list of detectable objects (four inches wide or larger) reached 10,000,
including dead satellites, spent rocket stages, a camera, a hand tool and junkyards of whirling
debris left over from chance explosions and destructive tests. So our billion dollar of satellites
are at risk.

12) The Year Without Summer:

In 1815 on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, a handsome and long-quiescent mountain

named Tambora exploded spectacularly, killing a hundred thousand people with its blast and
associated tsunamis. It was the biggest volcanic explosion in ten thousand years—150 times
the size of Mount St. Helens, equivalent to sixty thousand Hiroshima-sized atom bombs. News
didn’t travel terribly fast in those days. In London, The Times ran a small story— actually a
letter from a merchant—seven months after the event. But by this time Tambora’s effects
were already being felt. Thirty-six cubic miles of smoky ash, dust, and grit had diffused
through the atmosphere, obscuring the Sun’s rays and causing the Earth to cool. Sunsets
were unusually but blearily colorful, an effect memorably captured by the artist.J. M. W.
Turner, who could not have been happier, but mostly the world existed under an oppressive,
dusky pall. It was this deathly dimness that inspired the Byron lines above. Spring never
came and summer never warmed: 1816 became known as the year without summer. Crops
everywhere failed to grow. In Ireland a famine and associated typhoid epidemic killed sixty-
five thousand people. In New England, the year became popularly known as Eighteen
Hundred and Froze to Death. Morning frosts continued until June and almost no planted seed
would grow. Short of fodder, livestock died or had to be prematurely slaughtered. In every
way, it was a dreadful year—almost certainly the worst for farmers in modern times. Yet
globally the temperature fell by only about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Earth’s natural
thermostat, as scientists would learn, is an exceedingly delicate instrument.

13) Online teaching & online Learning:

What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially the World Wide
Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have
to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of paper or your laptop to
a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high-tech,
interactive classroom “smart” whiteboard), or grade papers in a stuffy room while your
students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to show up
for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner. You can do
all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you are
working for a college whose administrative office is located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend
an important conference in Hawaii on the same day you teach your class in New Jersey,
logging on from your laptop via the local café’s wireless hotspot or your hotel room’s high-
speed network. Or you may simply pull out your smartphone to quickly check on the latest
postings, email, or text messages from students. Online learning offers more freedom for
students as well. They can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even
the world for programs, classes, and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an
appropriate course, they can enroll and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to
lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive their
final grades-all online. They can assemble virtual classrooms, joining other students from
diverse geographical locales, foraging bonds and friendships not possible in conventional
classrooms, which are usually limited to students from a specific geographical area.
14) Vividness of TV and Newspaper:

To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is
so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is
important to distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the
“vividness” experienced by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of
words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the
brain that are used in the process of concreating the representation of reality the author has
intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to
trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself—and without being
modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in
the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the
representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an
incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling
and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the
conjuring of the reality the book’s author Is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the
human brain that are central to the reasoning process are continually activated by the very
act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols—letters— that have
no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into recognizable sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of
reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded.

15) Frog amber:

A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has been preserved in amber for 25
million years, a researcher said.If authenticated, the preserved frog would be the first of its
kind found in Mexico, according to David Grimaldi, a biologist and curator at the American
Museum of Natural History, who was not involved in the find. The chunk of amber containing
the frog, less than half an inch long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico’s southern Chiapas
state in 2005 and was bought by a private collector, who loaned it to scientists for study.A
few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by ancient
tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to
be of the genus Craugastor, whose descendants still inhabit the region, said biologist Gerardo
Carbot of the Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the discovery
this week. The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago, based on the geological
strata where the amber was found. Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog’s
remains in hopes of finding DNA that could identify the particular species but doubts the
owner would let him drill into the stone.

16) Take-all Disease:

The soil dwelling fungus ‘take-all’ inflicts devastating stress to the roots of cereals crops
worldwide and is a major disease problem in UK wheat crops. However, recent field trial data
from Rothamsted Research, an institute of the BBSRC, has demonstrated that farmers could
control this devastating disease by selecting wheat cultivars that reduce take-all build up in
the soil when grown as a first wheat. Wheat is an important staple crop worth 1.6 Billion a
year to the UK economy alone. This work funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences
Research Council (BBSRC), the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(Defra) and the HGCA will help farmers to increase yields, combating global food security and
contributing to UK economic growth. Take-all disease, caused by the fungus,
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, reduces grain yield and quality and results in an
increased amount of residual applied nitrogen fertilizer left in the soil post-harvest. Despite
the use of chemical, biological and cultural control methods the take-all fungus is still one of
the most difficult pathogens of wheat to control. The risk of take-all infection in second and
third wheat crops is directly linked to the amount of fungus remaining in the soil after the first
wheat is harvested. The Rothamsted Research study, published in Plant Pathology, has
demonstrated that wheat cultivars differ in their ability to build-up the take-all fungus.
Growing a low building cultivar, such as Cadenza, as a first wheat crop can be used to
manipulate take-all inoculum levels in the soil resulting in better yields from the second and
third wheat crops. Yield increases of up to 2 tons per hectare in 2nd wheats have been
observed.

17) Benefits of physical activities:

Promoting active lifestyles can help us address some of the important challenges facing the
UK today. Increasing physical activity has the potential to improve the physical and mental
health of the nation, reduce all-cause mortality and improve life expectancy. It can also save
money by significantly easing the burden of chronic disease on the health and social care
services. Increasing cycling and walking will reduce transport costs, save money and help the
environment. Fewer car journeys can reduce traffic, congestion and pollution, improving the
health of communities. Other potential benefits linked to physical activity in children and
young people include the acquisition of social skills through active play (leadership, teamwork
and co-operation), better concentration in school and displacement of anti-social and criminal
behavior. The importance of physical activity for health was identified over 50 years ago.
During the 1950s, comparisons of bus drivers with more physically active bus conductors and
office-based telephonists with more physically active postmen demonstrated lower rates of
coronary heart disease and smaller uniform sizes in the more physically active occupations.
This research led the way for further investigation, and evidence now clearly shows the
importance of physical activity in preventing ill health. It is important for us to be active
throughout our lives. Physical activity is central to a baby’s normal growth and development.
This continues through school, and into adulthood and older years. Being physically active can
bring substantial benefits and there is consistent evidence of a dose–response relationship,
i.e. the greater the volume of physical activity undertaken, the greater the health benefits
that are obtained.

18) Australia-US Alliance:

Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time. David Day,
for example, looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to America" statement of
December 1941, a moment remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's
strategic alliance away from Britain towards the US. As Day points out, the shift to the US as
our primary ally was a long, drawn-out process which occurred over half a century. Curtin's
statement is iconic - it represents and symbolizes the shift - but in and of itself it made
almost no difference. Russell McGregor makes similar arguments with regard to the 1967
referendum, falsely hailed in our memories as a huge advance in Aboriginal rights. There are
many other important events which our contributors examine - the campaign to save the
Franklin River; the landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of gold in 1851, the disastrous
Premiers' Plan designed to cope with the Great Depression, to name just a few. Taken
together, our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as
simple as might be imagined. There is of course the issue of what should be included and
what should not be - what, after all, makes a moment or an event sufficiently important to be
included in an official narrative? Just as importantly, the moments and events that are
included in narrative histories are open to multiple interpretations. We hope this collection will
provide an important reminder to those wanting to impose a universal history curriculum for
our schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson to all Australians wishing to understand their nation's
past; History is never simple or straightforward, and it always resists attempts to make it so.

19) Fertile farmland:

A farming technique practiced for centuries by villagers in West Africa, which converts
nutrient-poor rainforest soil into fertile farmland, could be the answer to mitigating climate
change and revolutionizing farming across Africa. A global study by researchers has for the
first-time identified and analyzed rich fertile soils found in Liberia and Ghana. They discovered
that the ancient West African method of adding charcoal and kitchen waste to highly
weathered, nutrient poor tropical soils can transform the land into enduringly fertile, carbon-
rich black soils which the researchers dub ‘African Dark Earths’. Similar soils created by
Amazonian people in pre-Columbian eras have recently been discovered in South America —
but the techniques people used to create these soils are unknown. Moreover, the activities
which led to the creation of these anthropogenic soils were largely disrupted after the
European conquest. Encouragingly researchers in the West Africa study were able to live
within communities as they created their fertile soils. This enabled them to learn the
techniques used by the women from the indigenous communities who disposed of ash, bones
and other organic waste to create the African Dark Earths.

20) Songbird:

Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even
cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune. Laszlo
Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on
233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available,
they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could the team conclude
that females did not sing. Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because
their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in
less well studied areas such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the
oversight. “He emphasized the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone
has been looking at.” The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an
evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least
two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may
have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate
breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates. “It leaves us with a perplexing
question.”
21) Tree Rings:

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology, works. If you cut a tree
down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code
formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code,
wide-widenarrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually, the tree ring sequence is
even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually
contain rings spanning much different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot
and dash. Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting the
sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and also
noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. In that way,
dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for thousands of years
in some parts of the world. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of
each ring reflect the amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that
particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct the past climate.

22) Computer Programming for America and India:

Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and
technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative
new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what
their counterparts earn in the United States; Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a
lower dollar cost than the United States: India has absolute advantage in both. In other
words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the Unites States, and it
can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the
United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology job, too? Does
that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in the
international trade? David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions - as we do
today. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in
determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage
in doing programming in part because of such activity requires little physical capital. The flip
side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly
because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run
projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S.
programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and
more innovation.

23) Nobel Peace Prize:

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations
Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work
that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change. The other award
winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear.
While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem
to be similarly restrained. Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently
labelled “one sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea
level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who
conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with
their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over
the past 150 years. Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland
and what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the
current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the
century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were
higher in 1941 than they are today. The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a
predicted rise in heat related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to
mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger
killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but
1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of
the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.

24) Sleeping and Napping:

Could midday nap save your life? If the experience of Greek men is any guide, the answer
just may be yes. In a study released yesterday, researchers at the Harvard School of Public
Health and in Athens reported that Greeks who took regular 30-minute napping were 37%
less likely to die of heart disease over a six-year period than those who never napped. The
scientists tracked more than 23,000 adults, finding that the benefits of napping were most
pronounced for working men. Researchers have long recognized that Mediterranean adults die
of heart disease at a rate lower than Americans and Northern Europeans. Diets rich in olive oil
and other heart-healthy foods have received some of the credit, but scientists have been
intrigued by the potential role of napping. The study concluded that napping was more likely
than diet or physical activity to lower the incidence of heart attacks and other like-ending
heart ailments. Specialists not involved with the study said there are sound biochemical
reasons to believe that a nap may help protect against heart disease. Essentially, they said,
sleep at any time of day acts like a value to release the stress of everyday life.

25) Skip Breakfast:

Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It’s no mystery why so many people routinely skip
breakfast: bad timing. It comes at a time when folks can be more occupied with matters of
grooming, attire and otherwise making themselves presentable for a new day. However,
studies conducted both in the United States and internationally have shown that skipping
breakfast can affect learning, memory and physical well-being. Students who skip breakfast
are not as efficient at selecting critical information for problem-solving as their peers who
have had breakfast. For schoolchildren, skipping breakfast diminishes the ability to recall and
use newly acquired information, verbal fluency, and control of attention, according to Ernesto
Pollitt, a UC Davis professor of pediatrics whose research focuses on the influence of breakfast
on mental and physical performance. Skipping breakfast can impair thinking in adults, also.
For both children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk goes a long way toward
providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day. Green-Burgeson recommends choosing a
cereal that’s low in sugar — less than five grams per serving — and using nonfat or one
percent milk. Frederick Hirshburg, a pediatrician at UC Davis Medical Group, Carmichael, says
that babies and other preschoolers rarely skip breakfast because “they’re usually the
hungriest at the beginning of the day. Breakfast then becomes more of a “learned
experience” than a response to a biological need, Hirshburg says.

26) Plants research:

Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by
humans, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three
major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental
degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or
indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy production. And they are
intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental
concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway
pollution. What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate change
places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is
instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant
research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development is
critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh
hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms
function and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most
advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.

27) Compulsory Reburial of Human Remains:

In April 2008 the British government announced that, henceforth, all human remains
archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period
of scientific analysis. Not only would internationally important prehistoric remains have to be
returned to the ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be
any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged
and developed in the future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and
environmental samples could be analyzed and re-analyzed in future years, human remains
were to be effectively removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists
were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human
remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman,
Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.

28) Office environment:

The notion that office space has a role in promoting or inhibiting performance is backed up by
solid research. A recent study conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General
Hospital showed that improvements to the physical surroundings of workers impacted on
productivity not just because the working environment was more attractive, but because the
changes made employees feel cared for. A Swedish research paper revealed a strong link
between the type of office an employee worked in and their overall job satisfaction and
health. Various findings have emerged as a result of studies such as this. Pot plants and
greenery can apparently have a real impact on psychological well-being. Those who work in a
private room tend to be in better health than workers based in open-plan offices. Sufficient
light can reduce sickness among workers and increase productivity, and an attractive office
can make workers feel more cared for and therefore more loyal to their company. Most of
these points make good rational sense. But some companies aren’t content simply to increase
the health, productivity and contentment of their employees. Pioneers such as Google, Walt
Disney and Dyson have tried to create offices that will do everything from promoting
collaboration between workers to stimulating their creative juices. “Environment, both
physical and cultural, can make or break creativity.” says Kursty Groves, author of I Wish I
Worked There! A look inside the most creative spaces in business. Stimulating spaces expose
the mind to a variety of stimuli - planned or random - In order to encourage people to think
differently. Reflective spaces promote the filtering of information into the brain slowing it to
make connections. An environment which encourages a team to build trust and to play freely
is an essential ingredient for innovation.

29) Nutrition science:

Most of the time when I embark on such an investigation, it quickly becomes clear that
matters are much more complicated and ambiguous — several shades grayer — than I
thought going in. Not this time. The deeper I delved into the confused and confusing thicket
of nutritional science, sorting through the long-running fats versus carb wars, the fiber
skirmishes and the raging dietary supplement debates, the simpler the picture gradually
became. I learned that in fact science knows a lot less about nutrition than you would expect
– that in fact nutrition science is, to put it charitably, a very young science. It’s still trying to
figure out exactly what happens in your body when you sip a soda, or what is going on deep
in the soul of a carrot to make it so good for you, or why in the world you have so many
neurons – brain cells! – in your stomach, of all places. It’s a fascinating subject, and someday
the field may produce definitive answers to the nutritional questions that concern us, but —
as nutritionists themselves will tell you — they’re not there yet. Not even close. Nutrition
science, which after all only got started less than two hundred years ago, is today
approximately where surgery was in the year 1650 – very promising, and very interesting to
watch, but are you ready to let them operate on you? I think I’ll wait awhile.

30) Babies:

Contrary to popular belief, babies under a few months don't grin at you because they're
copying your own smile, according to new research. Many studies have indicated that from
birth, infants imitate the behaviors and facial expressions of the adults around them.
However, a team of Australian, South African and British researchers have released a study
this week that refutes this widespread belief. "Numerous studies from the 1980s and 90s
indicated no imitation by newborns, while others claimed it was there," says Virginia
Slaughter, a biologist at the University of Queensland and co-author of the study. "We wanted
to clear up the confusion because the 'fact' that newborns imitate is widely cited, not just in
the fields of psychology, neuroscience and pediatrics, but also in popular sources for parents."
The international research team, led by Janine Ostenbroek, a psychologist at the University of
York in the UK, exposed more than 100 infants to a broad range of gestures and recorded
their responses at one, two, six and nine weeks of age. The gestures included social cues like
adults poking their tongues out, frowning or grinning, as well as non-social cues such as
pointing or opening a box. The findings showed no link between behaviors exhibited by babies
in their first few months and the gestures they were exposed to. The babies were just as
likely to exhibit gestures they had never seen before as repeat ones they had. For instance,
babies stuck their tongues out just as frequently if they were being exposed to pointing or
opening a box, rather than anything to do with mouths or tongues.

31) Academic Networking:

Getting to know fellow academics, especially more senior ones, can be very daunting.
Lecturers and researchers are used to spending a lot of time in isolation working
independently. The thought of going public and ‘selling yourself' does not seem enticing.
However, it is easier than you think to begin to develop your own career-enhancing networks.
Your PhD supervisor and examiners or if you are already in post, your mentor, are a great
place to start. They will have been chosen to guide you because they are more experienced
and in most cases they will work close to your field of interest. Ask their advice for ways of
building up your own network of contacts. Also it is easier to approach someone unknown to
you if you can mention the name of a mutual acquaintance. If you are a postgraduate who is
serious about a career in academia, or a more senior scholar wanting to develop one, you will
surely be attending conferences on a fairly regular basis. There is no right or wrong number
of these, some scholars stick to one or two a year, others seem to attend one a month!
Conferences are the main way that academics network with each other, so do not miss out on
these opportunities. If you are presenting a paper it gives others a chance to see what you
are working on, and the informal sections of the programmed (such as food and drink breaks)
encourage mingling and further discussion.

32) Micro-plastics:

Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles
finding their way into the world’s oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have
been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving
them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of microplastics – tiny particles of
polymer-type materials from modern industry – has been thought for several years to be a
peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials.
Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through
litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are
discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal
systems and sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard
plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These
easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and
forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans. The impact of these materials has been
hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have
been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but cannot digest them,
leading to a build up in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated
that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and
increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.

33) Online Safety for Children:

When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web, he surely didn’t anticipate that children
would end up becoming some of its main users. Most start using the internet at the average
age of three – and as recent research shows, children now spend more time playing and
socializing online than watching television programs. Given this change in habits, it is not
surprising that a recent House of Lords report has raised online safety and behavior as an
important issue. The report said that for children, learning to survive in a world dominated by
the internet should be as important as reading and writing. The House of Lords
Communications Committee also warned that children should not be leaving school without “a
well-rounded understanding of the digital world”. It also suggested that the government
should think about implementing new legal requirements and a code of conduct companies
would have to adhere to, which would help to bring the internet up to “childfriendly
standards”. Of course, trying to rectify this lack of child-centered design is not an easy task,
but one that requires the cooperation and goodwill of many sectors. It will need to involve
consultation with technology, education, legal and policy experts. And it would also be a good
idea to make children and young people part of the process.

34) Asda:

Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much customers can
save by cutting back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) with
the University of Leeds. The idea behind the KTP was for the University, using Asda’s
customer insight data, to apply its research to identify, investigate and implement ways of
helping customers to reduce their food waste. This was one of the first times that a major
retailer had tried to deliver large-scale sustainability changes, with the two-year project seen
as a way for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in this area. The campaign
focused on providing customers with advice on everything from food storage and labelling, to
creative recipes for leftovers. Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to make
changes in their own homes. In fact, two million customers have said they will make changes
to how they deal with food waste in their own homes, leading to an average saving of 57
pounds per customer, as well as a reduction in waste. A key aspect of a KTP is that an
associate is employed by the University to work in the firm and help deliver the desired
outcomes of the KTP. As a part of the collaboration with Asda, Laura Babbs was given the
task of driving forward the sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the success of
her work, Laura eventually became a permanent member of the team at Asda.

35) Fallow Fields: Resting the Lands:

With a good system of crop rotation, and especially with the addition of any sort of fertilizer
you may be able to come up with, it’s possible to grow crops on a plot of land for upwards of
2 – 3 years at a time with good results. Ultimately, though, you must let the land rest if you
hope to continue farming there in the long-run. Allowing a plot of land to rest for a period of
time is known as letting the field go fallow, and there are several reasons for this. Allowing a
field or plot to lie fallow means that you don’t grow anything new on it, don’t harvest anything
and don’t graze any animals on the land for at least a year. Sometimes a field will lay fallow
for two, three or even four years, but the traditional standard on many farms was to let a
field lie fallow once every 2 – 3 years. This fallow period allows the land to replenish many of
its nutrients. The root networks of various grasses or groundcovers (like clover) have a
chance to expand and grow, which further strengthens the soil and protects it from erosion.
During the fallow period, there are many beneficial flora and micro-fauna, including
cyanobacteria, which live in the soil. These microorganisms continue to be active at the root
level, steadily improving the quality of the soil so that when you come back in a year or two,
you can begin planting food or cash crops anew.

36) Disabled people & computers:

Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers. They were quick to
appreciate that word processing programs and printers gave them freedom from dependence
on others to read and write for them. Some of these disabled early adopters became very
knowledgeable about what could be achieved and used their knowledge to become
independent students at a high level. They also gained the confidence to ask that providers of
education make adjustments so that disabled students could make better use of course
software and the web, rather than just word processing. For some disability groups,
information in electronic format (whether computer-based or web based) can be more
accessible than printed information. For example, people who have limited mobility or limited
manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold printed material; visually impaired people
can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both these groups can be enabled to use a
computer and, therefore, access the information electronically. Online communication can
enable disabled students to communicate with their peers on an equal basis. For example, a
deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may find it difficult to interact in a face-
to-face tutorial, but may have less difficulty interacting when using a text conferencing
system in which everyone types and reads text. In addition, people’s disabilities are not
necessarily visible in online communication systems; so disabled people do not have to
declare their disability and are not perceived as being different.

37) The Greenland Sharks:

An international team of scientists, including a physiologist from The University of

Manchester, will head to the largest island in the world later this month to investigate the
Greenland shark – believed to be the longest-lived vertebrate animal. Dr Holly Shiels, who is
also a trustee of the Physiological Society, will be the only UK-based scientist on the
expedition aboard the research vessel Sanna commissioned by the Greenland government.
The purpose of the mission is to understand more about the Greenland shark, a top predator
in the Arctic, which lives for more than 272 years - possibly more than 400. This extreme age
was only revealed by scientists from Copenhagen last year and published in the journal
Science. Little else is known about how the shark survives in the deep seas around the Arctic
Circle. It is both a hunter and a scavenger and has been seen to feed on seals and been found
with the remains of polar bears and whales in its stomach. It is also one of the largest species
of shark – growing to about five-and-a-half metres, just a bit smaller than the great white.
However, more information is required to ensure the species is adequately protected, as Dr
Shiels explained: "Greenland sharks are classified as data deficient," she said. "This means
that we don't know enough to put measures in place to protect them from over-fishing,
pollution or climate change. This expedition has a broad range of expertise which means that
we'll be able to take full advantage of any sharks that we discover."
38) Ecology and Climatology:

Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with their
environment. It seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the spatial and temporal
distribution of organisms) and the processes governing those patterns. Climatology is the
study of the physical state of the atmosphere – its instantaneous state or weather, its
seasonal-to-interannual variability, its longterm average condition or climate, and how climate
changes over time. These two fields of scientific study are distinctly different. Ecology is a
discipline within the biological sciences and has as its core the principle of natural selection.
Climatology is a discipline within the geophysical sciences based on applied physics and fluid
dynamics. Both, however, share a common history. The origin of these sciences is attributed
to Aristotle and Theophrastus and their books Meteorological and Enquiry into Plants,
respectively, but their modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century naturalists and geographers saw changes in
vegetation as they explored new regions and laid the foundation for the development of
ecology and climatology as they sought explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander
von Humboldt, in the early 1800s, observed that widely separated regions have structurally
and functionally similar vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de Candolle
hypothesized that latitudinal zones of tropical, temperate, and arctic vegetation are caused by
temperature and in 1874 proposed formal vegetation zones with associated temperature
limits.
Essay:
1) Television serves many functions. Watching TV makes us relax. We can learn knowledge
and information from TV programs. Besides, TV can also be seen as a companion. To what
extent do you agree with this?

2) In this technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please
describe a new invention, and determine whether it will bring advantages or
disadvantages.

3) Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as sky diving and
motorcycling. Are you in favour of them? Use examples to support your opinion.

4) Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences their accomplishments. Some
people think their success and accomplishment were influenced by the places where they
grew up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect people's accomplishment
and how it affects?

5) Should individuals limit the use of cars and use alternatives instead to protect the
environment?

6) With enough amount of motivation and practice, people can learn anything that the
experts teach in the classroom. Do you believe or not?

7) “The only thing that interferes with my learning is education.” – Albert Einstein. What did
he mean by that? Do you think he is correct?

8) In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you believe with the notion
of compulsory voting?

9) Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. It is more positive for their
future prospects, though it can also have some adverse effects. Do you believe or
disbelieve?

10) There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

11) Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss the positive and
negative impacts of this change.

12) Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues – such as environmental
problems – that we should be focusing on. What are your views on the allocation of public
funding?

13) Nowadays, people believe that environment influence their accomplishment. Some people
think their success and accomplishment were influenced by the places where they grew
 up. Do you think the environment does or does not affect people’s accomplishment and
how it affects?

14) As national services, which one deserve to receive more financial support, education or
health?

15) Some people think schools should group students according to their academic abilities
while others think students can achieve better performance in mixed groups. Discuss both
opinions and give your own opinion.

16) How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work
and live

17) The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think
is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give the solution?

18) Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you believe
with this opinion? Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.

19) Advertising may make people buy something they don’t need or cannot afford, but also,
they can convey information to increase their life quality. What is your opinion?

20) The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you
think it is a curse or a blessing?

21) Students can obtain information of academic subject from online, the printed books and
articles, and discussion with their teachers and their peers. Which one is the most reliable
source?

22) A healthy diet is more important for keeping fit than exercise. To what extent do you
believe with this statement? Give example or personal experiences.

23) Many people choose to immigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of living in a foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.

24) There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.

25) Some universities deduct students’ work if assignment is given late. What is your opinion
and suggest some alternative actions?

26) Some people argue that science is more important than arts. What is your opinion?

27) Lifestyle influence people’s health. Talk about what political services could help.

28) Do you think experiential learning is beneficial in high schools or colleges?

29) We have entered a throw-away society and fill the environment with rubbish. What are
the causes and what are your solutions?

30) In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a
student to combine learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the
other. Is it realistic to combine them at the same time in our life today? Support your
opinion with examples.

31) Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has made us more
knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use your own experience to support.

32) Online materials like music, movies are accessible at no cost. Do you think online material
should be accessed at no cost? Support.

33) Teenagers should receive lessons on principles of personal finance, such as investing and
debt. To what extent do you believe with this statement?

34) For children, use films to study is as important as study literature. To what extent do you
believe?

35) Some people claim that instead of having to prepare for huge numbers of exams in
school, children should learn more. To what extent do you believe with this statement?
Use your own experience to support your ideas.

36) There are more and more situations using credit cards instead of cash. It seems that
cashless society is becoming a reality. How realistic do you think it is? And do you think it
brings benefits or problems?

37) Some people said creativity is something a person was born with. Others thought
creativity can be taught and developed. What’s your opinion? Explain.

38) Is a competitive environment in school or university good or bad? Discuss and give your
own experiences as examples.

39) Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for disseminating
news and information, and for some it acts as a companion. What is your opinion about
this?

40) It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study
locally. Is travel really necessary for a better education?

41) Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities,
governments, big companies or individuals?
42) Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws, others think laws have little
effect. What is your opinion?

43) Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly
on the younger generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the
extent you believe or disbelieve. Use your own experience or examples.

44) Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some disadvantages.
Discuss.

45) The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, influences our society and shapes
our opinions and characters. What is your opinion?

46) Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more
effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you believe with this idea?
Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal experience.

47) As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads
for vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to
support.

48) The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is
the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?

49) When you look for work, some people think salary is more important while others think
work condition is more important. Which one is more important when you are looking for
a job?

50) Students should choose a subject that is better to future employee rather than a subject
they are interested in. What’s your opinion?
Reorder Paragraph:
1)

(A) But we cannot deny the advantages of technology, for example, phones have brought the
world closer.
(B) Technology has both advantages and disadvantages.
(C) For example, phones are known to cause problems due to radiation.
(D) I think it all boils down to how we use a particular technology.
(E) Some people also make phone calls while driving, which cause incidents.

Answer: BCEAD

2)

(A)Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early at 1550.
(B) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an
important design that carried over to later locomotives.
(C) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
(D) In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.
(E) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or
carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.Wagonways were the beginnings of
modern railroads.

Answer: AECDBE

3)

(A) Increased glaciation and storms also had a devastating impact on those that lived near
glaciers and the sea.
(B) Western Europe experienced a general cooling of the climate between the years 1150 and
1460 and a very cold climate between 1560 and 1850 that brought dire consequences to its
peoples.
(C) In addition to increasing grain prices and lower wine production, there were many
instances of economic impact by the dramatic cooling of the climate.
(D) The major impact was seen in the inflation of the basic commodities and the wine
industry.
(E) The colder weather impacted agriculture, health, economics, social, strife, and even art
and literature.

Answer: BEADC

4)

(A) The consequence is that refugee acceptance is slowing down.

(B) Australian immigration policy was relatively loose before.
(C) We accept more refugees than we were expected.
(D) At the same time, new refugee policies have been changed secretly.
(E) Because of the election, refugee applications are extended.

Answer: BCEDA

5)

(A) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals.
Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.
(B) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(C) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an
essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet terrifying world.
(D) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human;
they created religions at the same time as they created works of art.

Answer: ADBC

6)

(A) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 20 years.
(B) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
(C) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonfuls of management incentives and trim
all the fat.
(D) Take an underperforming company.

Answer: DCBA

7)

(A) They (managers) should avoid this phenomenon. because this is not good for the
company.
(B) Many managers find the employee's performance column is decreasing.
(C) And they went home very late, some even overwork.
(D) They go to work very early, from 7:00 am to 8:00 am.
(E) Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting themselves into the
limit.

Answer: EDCBA

8)

(A) As a boy, Alex used to collect insects and dead animals and bury them in the black yard.
Death and the spirit are themes in his artwork even to this day.
(B) Today we’d like to feature a unique artist. His name is Alex Grey and once you see his
paintings, you will never forget them.
(C) However, there seem to have been many major influences on Alex’s artwork, which made
him one of the most talented artists in his adult life.
(D) Alex grew up in Columbus, Ohio in the 1950s and 60s. His father was a graphic designer,
who taught Alex how to draw.

Answer: BDAC

9)

(A) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in
APA styles.
(B) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
(C) A requirement of humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
(D) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.

Answer: CBAD

10)

(A) Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.
(B) It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
(C) A review is a survey of what you have covered.
(D)Rereading is an important part of the review process.

Answer: CBDA

11)

(A) All guests bring a used T-shirt that they slept in the night before.
(B) Other guests smell the shirts and if they like what they smell, they have a chance to meet
the shirt’s owner.
(C) Scientists have been researching pheromones for years, but recently some people have
started to hold pheromone parties in Los Angeles and New York. The rule is simple to come
for the party.
(D) T-shirts are separated into plastic bags with numbers.

Answer: CADB

12)

A) The only way in which this problem can be solved is by making artificial blood which has
remained a distant dream for science.
B) Donation of blood is considered to be the most noble of the charities.
C) If they succeed, it would be noted as one of the most important inventions in the history of
mankind.
D) This is because this donated magic potion can give life to another person in an emergency.
E) A group of scientists, however, has dedicated themselves towards making this a reality.
F) A growing problem, however, is that the requirement for sale blood is increasing whereas,
the number of donors is decreasing.
Answer: BDFAEC

13)

(A) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad
practices.
(B) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when
foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
(C) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by
watchdog groups.
(D) At the beginning of the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.

Answer: DACB

14)

(A) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
(B)He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield. Illinois, Peoria, and Chicago.
(C)After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately
phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
(D) After finishing first in his pilot training class. Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot
of an airmail route operated by Robertson’s Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis,
Missouri.

Answer: DBAC

15)

A) At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes,
making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
B) By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet,
though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more
economical than other aircraft at that time.
C) After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both
private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many
inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available.
D) Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light
aircraft for the new middle-class market.

Answer: CDBA

16)

A) However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special
surveys since 1920.
B) A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south between Africa and
the two Americas. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
C) Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.
D) The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the
available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
E) Use of the recently perfected method of echo sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge
of submarine topography.
F) During World War II great strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly
in many parts of the vast pacific basin.

Answer: DABCEF

17)

A) These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth.
B) Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller
than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
C) A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a
Sunlike star.
D) In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
E) Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five planets
orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.

Answer: CEBAE

18)

A) In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on
the environment.
B) The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has
changed forever how companies do business.
C) Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for
strict government regulation.
D) In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan,
people were dying of mercury poisoning.
E) Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the
environment.

Answer: BACDE

19)

A) Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were
conducting testes to exploit the same.
B) But Polish forces could not defend a long border.
C) They lacked compact defence lines and additionally their supply lines were also poorly
protected.
D) In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her
borders.
E) German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.

Answer: EDBCA

20)

A) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of
which it forms part.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
C) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among
travellers for being free with drinking water.
D) Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
E) Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.

Answer: CBADE|

21)

A) These rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads, but because the initial construction cost
was less, this method was sometimes used to quickly build an inexpensive rail line.
B) Early rails were used on horse drawn wagon ways originally with wooden rails, but from
the 1760s using strap-iron rails, which consisted of thin strips of cast iron fixed onto wooden
rails.
C) These were superseded by cast iron rails that were flanged (i.e. 'L' shaped) and with the
wagon wheels flat.
D) However, the long-term expense involved in frequent maintenance outweighed any
savings.
E) The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert Forester Mushet, who laid them at Derby
station in England. Steel is a much stronger material, which steadily replaced iron for use on
railway rail and allowed much longer lengths of rails to be rolled.
F) An early proponent of this design was Benjamin Outram. His partner William Jessop
preferred the use of "edge rails" in 1789 where the wheels were flanged and, over time, it
was realised that this combination worked better.

Answer: BADCFE

22)

A) This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of partners.
B) Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and time,
arranging accommodation, etc.
C) People always think it’s easy to organize a meeting. However, there are many potentials
can hinder the starting time.
D) In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the
meeting participants.

Answer: CABD

23)

A) Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special
diet.
B) This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not managed
well.
C) Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract those
who are not vegetarians.
D) Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
E) These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.

Answer: DBACE

24)

A) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.

B) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
C) Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
D) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.

Answer: CABD

25)

A) They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps because they
like the country and its language.
B) All over the world students are changing countries for their university studies.
C) Some students go overseas because they love travel.
D) Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a university
education come true.
E) They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular place to study.

Answer: BEACD

26)

A) But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make a phone call when we are
under a crisis.
B) Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone
instead of looking at roads.
C) I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-dramatized in order
to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
D) In other words I firmly believe that the development of science and the extension of
understanding is a public good.
E) Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty, which will be
seized upon by the news organisations, but the role of science within modern society remains
valuable.

Answer: CEBAD

27)

A) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
B) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
C) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be
uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might
threaten the political viability of the policy.
D) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories
will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.

Answer: BADC

28)

A) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.

B) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
C) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to
invite all candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
D) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.

Answer: BDCA

29)

A) It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
B) The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to
relax.
C) All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
D) If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother
so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
E) So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then they are
satisfied and the living is easy.

Answer: CABDE
30)

A) By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few

people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
B) For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to
speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.
C) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive
skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
D) But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
E) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem
to be simple.

Answer: CBAED
Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks:

1)
Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger — or so says a new study
from Harvard University, which shows that another person’s experience is often more
informative than your own best guess. The study, which appears in the current issue of
Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007
bestseller “Stumbling on Happiness,” along with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also
of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia. “If you want to know how much
you will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it
than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing our
eyes and imagining the future, we should examine the experience of those who have been
there. Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown
that people have difficulty predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which
leads them to make a wide variety of poor decisions. Interventions aimed at improving the
accuracy with which people imagine future events have been generally unsuccessful.

1. Informal, informative, positive, predictable.

2. Imagining, imitating, predicting, visualizing.
3. Leads, forces, requires, compels.
4. Reducing, improving, advancing, controlling.

2)
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich
and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for
inspiration to build a scaled—down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full—size
aircraft. The complex design of full—size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk,
meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay
stable in the air. The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable
passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out
that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single—
blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds,
known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called
autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the samara with high—speed cameras, Ulrich and
his team were able to copy its design.

1. turned to, came across, stayed within, dropped in

2. overhaul, gauge, imagination, design
3. denying, meaning, objecting, proving
4. never leads, will drive, had beaten, is holding
5. charges, pushes, allows, hampers
6. spin, fluctuate, drift, bob

3)
There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which players
phy1111sically interact with images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in
children. The aim of this review was to assess active video games as a means of increasing
energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children. Studies were obtained from
computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last search was
conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of active
video games as an intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared with
traditional non-active video games, active video games elicited greater energy expenditure,
which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate intensity physical activity. The intervention
studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to increase free-living
physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological
limitations prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger,
methodologically sound intervention trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this
technology is effective in promoting long-term physical activity in children.

1. Promote, obstruct, examine, inspect

2. Promotion, intervention, development, revision
3. Reduce, consume, elicited, spread
4. Tissue, composition, nutrition, element
5. Definitive, positive, optimistic, optimal
6. Obstructing, assessing, reviewing, promoting

4)
A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science
Festival this week. The plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull,
where the event is taking place at the city's university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art
installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness of
plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university's Energy and Environment
Institute, said: 'Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is already having
devastating consequences. We have a duty to protect these fragile environments and the
marine life and ecosystems which we call home. The university has commissioned this
installation as a physical reminder of what is ending up in the oceans, but also to ask visitors
to campus to stop and think what they could do to try to reduce their own waste.'

1. has, being, have, was

2. only, already, otherwise, yet
3. settle, call, originate, go
4. reminder, receipt, reinforcement, recognition

5)
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-up.
At each of these points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are
delegating the right to perform an action, you are delegating the right to make decisions. It
is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you delegate may have a better and
faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain the overall
responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on their
performance.
1. Learn, anticipate, summarize, think
2. Action, exercise, observation, execution
3. Smart, clever, feasible, flexible
4. Decision, complete, overall, major
5. More, constructive, critical, comprehensive

6)
Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms,
occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration.
The first is that it is a voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between
themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority over
them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no
clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior
agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed
suitable.

1. Concepts, characteristics, importance, impacts

2. Required, bound, bond, punished
3. Contents, phrases, body, sentences
4. Government, law, lawyer, regulation
5. Saying, instruction, reference, set
6. Agree, agreed, subjected, subject
7. Suitable, remarkable, predictable, capable

7)
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put
out of use shortly after its introduction.

1. arguments, essays, assumptions, proposals

2. expected, accomplished, overthrown, offered
3. portable, strict, regular, abnormal
4. accepted, accept, acceptance, accepting

8)
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A
jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often
procedures and requirements, including a fluent understanding of the language and the
opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to
be less than neutral or partial to one side.

1. Qualified, equalled, capable, able

2. Used, intended, likely, failed
3. Steps, stages, procedures, necessities
4. Central, natural, supportive, neutral
9)
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments. After these have
been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists
around the world have a picture of world.

1. Hypotheses, assumptions, thinking, principles

2. Experiments, assignments, thesis, essays
3. Evidence, numbers, proofs, results
4. Data, statistics, static, figure
5. View, look, picture, idea

10)
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may
be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on
fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back
5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in
the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician
called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De
materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and
Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed
herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable
information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and potions prescribed by
physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by William
Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose illustrations
would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries
later.

1. Recorded, registered, kept, memorised

2. Moved, translated, interpreted, removed
3. Remains, survives, leaves, suffers
4. determined instructed, prescribed, pointed
5. stimulate simulate, wake, inspire

11)
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us,
these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be
curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but
we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our
noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not
dying at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.

1. scared, cranky, worried, curious

2. have, with scare, deal, experience
3. satisfied, persuaded, reassured, convinced
4. crippled, lost, disabled, dented
12)
SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT
(1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of
SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both crew and cargo to orbit.
This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US human space
flight programme,' said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a
teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX's CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said
he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. ' Even if we prove out
just that the first stage functions correctly, I'd still say that's a good day for a test,' he said. '
It's a great day if both stages work correctly.' SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to
launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government
space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons
at the end of 2010.

1. setup, mockup, setting, base

2. promising, hopefully, rapid, encouraging
3. track, orbit, path, trajectory
4. trust, contract, support, arrangement
5. accelerate, launch, resign, retire

13)
Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales
representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service
jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of
their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place to motivate and
guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance
goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly
goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they
must perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output
goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this
question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well
the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business
hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the
financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they
eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.

1. Guide, mislead, stimulate, evaluate

2. Achieve, perform, finish, compete
3. hinges on, contributes to, leads to, results in
4. Producing, consuming, protecting, purchasing
5. What, where, when, that

14)
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford,
the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and
prerequisite of four years’ work experience and instead have set their sights on recent
college graduates and so-called ‘early career ‘professionals with only a couple years of work
under the belt.

1. Lure, motivate, stimulate, encourage

2. Exclusion, prerequisite, offer, preliminary
3. Preferably, despite, instead, rather
4. Professionals, employees, graduates, elites
5. Belt, contract, experience, control

15)
School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and
reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training. The transition
process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of
vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems,
institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers. The status passage of
youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people
are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for
entry into the labour market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life,
youth who manage this step successfully are more optimistic about their future; till others
are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of society. While some young people have
developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and
otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for
careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours.

1. Persistent, assistant, consistent, permitted

2. Transportation, transition, translation, transaction
3. Competition, inception, completion, complement
4. Deployment, experiment, empire, employment
5. Forced, willing, forward, desired
6. Diamonds, demands, supply, attitudes
7. Negative, passive, optimistic, neutral
8. Successive, success, successful, succeed
9. Disadvantaged, outstanding, advantaged, proficient
10. Risky, well, regulated, disciplined

16)
Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
shortterm resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas
and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using historical
time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources such as
the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and International
Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent
with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively
influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel
and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of travel and accommodation
overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting
Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the number of short-term resident
departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the
Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and Australians’ interest in experiencing
different cultures and lifestyles.

1. Encourages, analyses, describes, facilitates

2. Variables, variation, varieties, variability
3. Sources, origins, resources, websites
4. Positively, hardly, significantly, negatively
5. Experiencing, celebrating, understanding, preserving

17)
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of
muscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost
constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes
contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break.
"The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure to the
point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the
affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen,
you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one
nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the
body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm.”

1. Of, in, with, at

2. In, with, to, for
3. With, by, to, on
4. By, with, in, at
5. Into, with, on, at

18)
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin
and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the
shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve
because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in
recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over
the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban
middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring
countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down governments and
scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian politics. This week
reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the
governing elite.
1. Vital, impressive, affordable, ordinary
2. Simple, basic, great, only
3. Material, luxury, element, ingredients

19)
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment
such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) ---result in loss of bone density and
damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six
months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 vision faded
after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.

1. Environment, climate, weather, planet

2. Damage, gain, recovery, enhancement
3. Muscles, development, action, flexibility
4. Allowed, limited, exceeded, excessive
5. Eye, ratio, sight, vision

20)
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense
scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business
meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the
environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing
technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to
become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face
meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of
international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point,
dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together
from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivalled transmission
quality.

1. Produce, generate, create, conduct

2. Gases, steam, strain, affect
3. Stress, limit, pressure, press
4. Separate, each, respectively, single
5. Unreliable, unrivalled, unrealistic, unreasonable

21)
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the
subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that
influence the subspecies' genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in
northern spotted owls, sever: landscape features were important in structuring genetic
variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains
restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a '
genetic corridor.' The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly
over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for
longdistance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and
genetic structure.
1. distinct, resemble, obvious, assemble
2. few, several, much, many
3. hindered, embedded, enabled, facilitated
4. suggesting, demonstrating, telling, stating

22)
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for
the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every
browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. instead of spending hours working out
how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement
it in browsers that don' t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know
what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief
among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a
developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if
you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

1. building, creating, designing, establishing

2. moderately, progressively, gently, gradual
3. taking, take, spending, spend
4. challenge, opportunity, issue, risk

23)
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early
1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the
late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing
tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the
ability and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has
been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which
included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university
to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off
their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for
postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher
education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources -
Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of
total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant
component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several
years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university
students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

1. Assumed, represented, clarified, paid

2. Including, abolishing, combining, accomplishing
3. Achievable, reliable, accepted, accessible
4. Ability, liability, responsibility, reality
5. Specially, without, particularly, with
6. Introduced, remembered, carried, produced
7. expenses revenue, expenditure, profit

24)
An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called
carbonado or "black" diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central
African Republic. They are unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles.
The diamonds, which can weigh at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks
like melted glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as
gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped
dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International
University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the odd stones were brought
to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal
Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of
carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many
hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich
environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to
tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not identical,"
Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories
predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas,
which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic
and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of
years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.

1. Eccentric, exotic, weird, terrific

2. Mysterious, surprised, miracle, common
3. Common, ugly, abnormal, unusual
4. Count, weigh, value, weight
5. Pretty, mysterious, common, odd
6. Perfect, unsuitable, remarkable, suitable
7. Proving, suggesting, imposing, declaring
8. Similarities, connections, differences, relationship
9. Different, similar, related, identical
10. Probably, definitely absolutely, usually

25)
There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the
class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boy and girls who has come
from big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would
each get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the
class. I realized that my classmates were ready all talking in English, simple sentences
tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their
intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I
stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it
all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had
read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spoken back to me in such a
speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

1. Majoring, considering, taking, studying

2. Derived, come, originated, emerged
3. Told, informed, announced, instructed
4. Speaking, saying, talking, expressing
5. Accept, master, understand, figure
6. Have spoken, spoke, speaking, spoken
7. Beating, conquering, failing, supporting

26)
Drive down any highway，and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if
you travel long and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger
King, Hardee’s，and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King
has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's
No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with
its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer
service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and
messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and
practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message
as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

1. Claiming, winning, getting, filing

2. Participants, contestants, contenders, members
3. Dedicated, attributed, contributed, due
4. Rectified, realized, recognized, ratified
5. Importance, principal, significant, result
6. Quality, service, consistency, management
7. Available, reputable, quality, reliable

27)
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell
(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and
conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of
design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of
evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in
story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as
design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details
about “having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such
as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term,
“sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging.
In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well
as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The
definitions for qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow
and illdefined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures,
students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb
packages, in the Appendix.

1. Praise, results, criticisms, compliments

2. Line, element, factor, figure
3. Makers, leaders, students, innovators
4. Colloquial, formal, traditional, subjective
5. Results, examples, themes, ideas

28)
HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in
Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses
in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception
in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the
Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of
Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic
speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first intake
of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh
Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for
business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education
to meet the demands of the region."

1. Distance, discount, distribution, level

2. Announced, convinced, declared, suggested
3. Raise, rise, bring, strengthen
4. Local, region, place, size
5. Enrol, group, intake, season
6. meet the demands, increase the reputation, improve the economy, promote the language

29)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can use their own ways
to attract insects to help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley
Glover from the University of Cambridge and her colleagues did an experiment in which they
use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they freed many
bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.

1. Uncomfortable, irresistible, wired, strange

2. Friends, colleagues, staff, relatives
3. Origins, originals, organisms, organics
4. Hypotheses, processes, assertions, results
30)
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near
pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and
interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds.
Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of
course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of
editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many
of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,”
“The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy
tales, they strike adult rereaders much differently than they do young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the
discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages:
don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because
some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of
Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our reading list), reveals a
darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous–in
general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but
it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often
through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

1. React, interact, perform, talk

2. React, connected, related, concerned
3. Strike, hit, beat, strive
4. Inappropriate, shameful, awkward, improper
5. Blessings, gifts, ability, treasures
6. Harmful, painful, detrimental, unpleasant

31)
It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly in time,
quality and quantity, whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another
process further along the production line.

1. Requirement, demand, need, feedback

2. While, thus, although, whether
3. Up, further, all, back

32)
Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that
directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes
traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to
nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk,
especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow
manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy
protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred
tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food
Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of
consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's
effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A
2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people
eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents
had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy
foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat
alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.

1. Guesses, estimates, predicts, assumes

2. Saturating, saturation, saturated, saturate
3. Extreme, tremendous, minimal, limited
4. Users, consumers, clients, guests
5. Effectiveness, fruitfulness, usefulness, timeliness
6. Choices, sources, alternatives, preferences

33)
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or
gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in
the late Hallstatt period (about 600 – 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony
of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape
began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported
metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of
moodaltering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age
Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury
goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel)
found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic
containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe
but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have
included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

1. Vests, vehicles, vectors, vessels

2. Colony, territory, settlement, occupation
3. Method, way, direction, pace
4. Food, Milk, Wine, Grape
5. Containers, places, holders, bottles
6. Purchased, bought, traded, exchanged

34)
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski
Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology.
Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past
12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo
Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on
phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of
Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s
non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives
beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy,
Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).

1. Shifted, moved, focused, scoped

2. Bad, negative, extreme, rigid
3. Story, review, treatise, journal
4. Magazine, quote, newspaper, journal
5. Majors, jobs, interests, undertakings
6. Along, around, beside, near

35)
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies
with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears.
Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of
Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake’s auditory system to
explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the
vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not
the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have
external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts
stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”

1. Hand, head, chest, feet

2. Model, type, module, style
3. System, appliance, tools, applications
4. Voice, song, prey, shout
5. Ears, eardrums, eyes, eyeballs
6. Sounds, frequencies, voices, quantity
7. Internal, external, viral, outer

36)
The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines
and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space
Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds
company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character.
When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.

1. Foreign, external, outside, excel

2. Practiced, carried, given, set
3. Suit, Travel, Tribe, Station
4. Out, Outward, Outside, Outdoors
5. Escalate, estimate, inspect, investigate
6. lie down, shake off, put aside, set up

37)
A dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective
breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion
of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded
as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to
understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded,
their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of
material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic
analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research
Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus
have an ideal experimental animal.
1. Excellent, excessive, selective, scrupulous
2. Diseases, epidemics, pathologies, medications
3. Brood, household, litter, kin
4. Hence, However, Moreover, So
5. Representative, attainable, general, ideal

38)
The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and
further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with
the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalised political environment have
been key drivers of the staffing system's development. But there has not been commensurate
growth in arrangements to support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial
staff is fragmented and ad hoc.
1. Engagements, arrangements, instruments, enlightenments
2. Discussing, opposing, operating, selecting
3. Split, fragmented, pieced, merged

39)
Complementary therapies - such as those practised by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and
increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research
into their efficacy.
1. Conducted, expected, practised, recommended
2. Issues, decades, centuries, generations
3. Confidence, ambition, occupation, enthusiasm
4. Effect, influence, earning, idea
5. Effluent, effigy, efficacy, efficiency

40)
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
percent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much
as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently
exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright
to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the
ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren
are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the
Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The
scandal is that “bien pensant” politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating
private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away
much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our
trust.
1. Loyalty, floaty, royalty, bravery
2. Humiliation, slander, insult, scandal
3. Achieved, accumulated, exacerbated, exercised
4. Reaching, garnishing, reaping, gaining
5. Humiliation, slander, insult, scandal
6. Testify, justify, satisfy, rubify

41)
Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see
tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making
many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a
novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for
that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him
the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the
incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the
“kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first person in
the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original design of the stock
ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent
inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights
in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his
death.

1. Both, neither, never, almost

2. Peculiar, tremendous, particular, brilliant
3. Thought, made, regard, consider
4. New, miracle, tradition, novelty
5. Credit, achievement, contribution, establishment
6. Copyright, patented, processed, made
7. Owned, started, produced, developed
8. Improved, increased, created, invented
9. Tribute, order, regard, addition
10. Dimmed, lit, on, switched

42)
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of
Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis
Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in
their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving
colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters
such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the
world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted
indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient
effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

1. Emphasised, emphasis, rely, depending

2. Derived, come, attribute, related
3. Paintings, lines, inspiration, enlightenment
4. Fact, act, notion, thought
5. Remember, capture, memorize, notice

43)
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank
has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between
countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily
African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.

1. Requires, desires, needs, allows

2. Qualities, prices, costs, demands
3. Less, more, most, least
4. Developed, middle-income, high-income, developing

44)
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my
bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I
have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call
those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams
has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely undermined my
confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed
to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many
thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which
countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory have had on average about 5 per cent more
road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have
decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no
evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983.
Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually
increased by about 10 per cent.

1. Decisions, opinions, convictions, prejudices

2. Damaged, undermined, harmed, hurt
3. because of, despite of, even though, in spite of
4. Imperative, necessary, compulsory, acceptable

45)
Gas drilling on the Indonesian of java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13
people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable
for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly
upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9300 feet
(2800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high pressure water to escape. The water
carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in
diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a
gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, team says.
This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic
swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as violent as a conventional volcano,
more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who
published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano,
called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

1. Triggered, intrigued, motivated, inspired

2. Upwelling, downwelling, uncurrent, downcurrent
3. Laboratory, observatory, exploratory, exploitative
4. Prohibiting, allowing, forbidding, pushing
5. Explode, extract, escape, eclipse
6. Carried, delivered, mixed, transmited
7. Polluted, spread, transported, expanded
8. Distance, width, length, diameter
9. Eruptible, conventional, active, thermal

46)
The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant
that fall/autumn is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they
drop off. Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and
natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no
such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try
to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

1. fall/autumn, spring, summer, winter

2. Roots, leaves, trunks, stems
3. Watery, sticky, waxy, slippery
4. Saved, survived, shed, fell
5. Salvage, slave, transmit, transit

47)
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some
native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were
wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor
Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the
Spanishspeaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and
Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish
dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish
since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country
retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as
Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in
urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r"
sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was
brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of
northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New
World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank
you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America). Another difference
is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in
Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.

1. Necessarily, usually, only, particularly

2. Rocky, hidden, mountainous, coastal
3. Thoughts, actions, accents, authority
4. Collection, elucidation, pronunciation, remembering
5. Characteristics, problems, normality, distinguishes

48)
At the beginning of the twenty—first century, the relationship between standard and
nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point
between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as
elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptable
usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and
excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when
nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new
presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when
dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet.
The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and
nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have
been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to
shake off.

1. transcendent, compositional, evanescent, transitional

2. notable, irreversible, acceptable, preferential
3. approaching, revolutionizing, fathoming, transplanting
4. still, ever, yet, thus
5. concatenations, consequences, successions, sequences

49)
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn
metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science : no atomic
number or weight, no periodic chart no list of elements to the alchemists the universe was
not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one
substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even though modern
scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge
of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?

1. biology, science, technology, history

2. universe, universal, worldwide, world
3. all, completed, pure, wholesome
4. affidavit, law, scientists, medicine
5. proper, necessary, impossible, possible

50)
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and
energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics,
where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have
guessed at the complete contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to
humankind.

1. colossal, various, tremendous, overwhelming

2. vadmired, influenced, awed, appreciated
3. specialities, species, spices, specifications
4. value, profit, price, power
Reading: Fill in the blanks:

1) Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his
professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of
researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it
most succinctly, that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of interactions
with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind
their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own
kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only
a genius could have thought of it.”
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a
wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years–from
his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84–Piaget
had developed several new fields of science.
Developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic
epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking
about children that provided the foundation for today’s education-reform movements. It
was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of “noble savages” and “cannibals”
by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children’s
thinking seriously.

2) Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always
thought she “was growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little business that
controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that
sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder
family’s shares are worth more than $6 billion.
But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New York, Palm
Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to
answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing
department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a
chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer,
daughter of immigrants, lived above her father’s hardware store in Corona, a section of
Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams conducted
by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.
No doubt the potions were good — Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady
was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics
industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some
counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a
personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and
perfumes.

3) Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced candidates in an effort to
boost applications and head off competition for the best students from other graduate
programs such as law and public policy.
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools – including Harvard,
Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial
 admissions prerequisite of four years work experience and instead have set their sights
on recent college graduates and so-called “early career” professionals with only a couple
years of work under their belt.

4) Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers
in a container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing
where nature and humanity are brought together_ Contrary to the idea of a particolored or
multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the
plant. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing a closeness with nature. Such as its
stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is
an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist’s intention behind each is
shown through a piece’s color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
implied meaning of the arrangement.
As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of
construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and blossoms. Its heart is
the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement. Ikebana is, therefore, much more
than mere floral decoration.

5) In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works,
Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have
originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on
the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from
being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to
reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of
women who become mechanical engineers – all may have their roots in natural selection,
Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might
differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting
may have little influence on personality.

6) Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants — most likely,
if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for
Burger King. Hardee’s and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though,
Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown unable to surpass market leader
McDonald’s number 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger
King remains number 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic,
with its overall quality rating dropping, while ratings for the other contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor
customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who
takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous
 tagline, “Have it your way.” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain
restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

7) Away from the rumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the
shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the
early evening or on a weekend morning, you’ll hear the sound of classical music drifting
from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down
another alley toward drab high-rises (skyscrapers) and you’ll hear Beethoven or Mozart
flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is
booming as mightily as the 1812 overture, its fortissimo in Shanghai, is home to China’s
oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-
flung areas. Commanding YI00-200 (512.50425) per hour, private music teachers in
Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.

8) It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of
science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance
known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a
further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold Dark Mater’ that can only be
detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest
is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These discoveries require a shift in our
perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s revelation that the Earth moves
around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the checkered history of Dark Energy,
not only since Einstein’s proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept
back to Newton’s ideas. This lecture will summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy
and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the “Dark Energy Survey”, the Hubble
Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.

9) The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air
moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly creating gales and
hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves
through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others.
The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and
begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow because- air
squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow
wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high
to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name — North America’s
chinook and France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends
winds over the entire globe.

10) Sportswomen’s records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records
don’t exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on
it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren’t kept in some form or
another, then the stories are lost too.

11) No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as
much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal,
recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension
of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end
up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and
members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin
books)? No. The scandal is that been peasants politicians have attempted to appear
cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their
existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In
doing so they have betrayed our trust.

12) The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor
machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure
the Space travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some
seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological
character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space
rubbish.

13) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes eat only eggs as part of their diet. Some
eat only small eggs which are easy to eat, while some snakes eat bird’s eggs, which they
have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines
that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the
throat. Once the egg is punctured, muscles in the snake’s body work in waves to squeeze
out the contents, which then move down into the stomach. The snake then forces the
shell back into its mouth by bending its body into an ‘S’ shape. The shell is now drained
and flattened into a compact shape. Egg eating snakes sometimes have to go for a long
time without any food. So, they eat as many eggs as they can when they get them!

14) Joseph Engel Berger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once marked, “I can’t define
a robot, but I know one when I see one.” If you consider all the different machines
people call robots, you can see that it’s nearly impossible to come up with a
comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a robot.

15) The exponential qrowth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing
the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a
means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned with
African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the
technology gap that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries However, the
initial optimism about the internet’s potential to provide an enormous and ever-expanding
body of publicly available knowledge has had to come to terms with material and social
obstacles.

16) UMN’s ALCs feature large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate
laptop computers for collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to
class and use the building’s ubiquitous wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to
 facilitate hands-on activities and problems that require students to interact with each
other to reach a solution. Students can display their work on large LCD screens mounted
around the room to promote small- and large-group discussion. Each table is allotted
three gooseneck microphones so that students can make themselves heard without
shouting during group discussions. Additionally, students can press a button on their
table console to light a signal lamp to indicate when they need help or wish to speak. To
facilitate brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined with erasable
marker-boards.

17) Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to
individual dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that
the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it possible to take swift
and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how
the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the
temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in a much broader
sense — as common usage suggests?

18) Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was
put out of use shortly after its introduction. After World War II the newly-formed United
Nations continued efforts of its predecessor, the League of Nations, to establish the
proposed World Calendar but postponed the issue after a veto from the US government.

19) The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and
culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and
punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is
that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms
of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold? To take but one
instance, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should
similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the
culpability of individuals.

20) Space’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT
(1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an unscrewed mockup of
Space’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one day carry both crew and cargo to orbit.
“This has been a good day for Space and a promising development for the US human
space flight program,” said Robyn Ringette of Space in a webcast of the launch. In a
teleconference with the media on Thursday, Space’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk,
said he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we
prove out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a
test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.” Space hopes to win a NASA
 contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US
government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for
safety reasons at the end of 2010.

21) Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence
in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found
there is a substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration
of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behaviour and health
education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighbourhoods in
Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.

22) We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic
other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in
the observer. Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our
brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the
action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear
people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial
expressions, etc, neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the ”shared
representations” generating feelings within us that reflect the experience of those we are
observing.

23) In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes
from the Greek root “to build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate
tectonics, which refers to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory of plate
tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or larger
and small plates that are moving relative to one another.

24) The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without
notice and do not constitu nte an agreement between the University of Washington and
the student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate
academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.

25) The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library
designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of
the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations
Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO
staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United Nations
Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.

26) Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks’ personalities
may help scientists learn more about what drives their choice of things like prey and
habitat. Some sharks are shy, and some are outgoing; some are adventurous, and
some prefer to stick close to what they know, information that could prove useful in
making sense of larger species-wide behavior patterns.
27) For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about
civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the
developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil
Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give
the institutions of society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the
policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long
way to go in trying to accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-
governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that
international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.

28) The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an
increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is
exceptionally high in coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas
of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for
many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behaviour
depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to
have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage
when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural
conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late
afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to the
water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above
the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can
cause them to move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a
constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death
of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.

29) Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you
are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that
speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is
called the fight-or fight stress response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress
can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race
or finish an important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can
have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble
sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off disease.

30) From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV
done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to
make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs
are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature
(e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987
Robertson and Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to
distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the intent of TV
 advertising, whereas others are not.

31) Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's
moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the
ideal place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually, all the
information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its
mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water
ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the most
recent measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral
fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids, however, they accept that it could
just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

32) Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity—doing something
truly creative, we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy
of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at twenty-five. Herman
Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with
“Moby- Dick.” Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the
age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity
has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote “The Love Song of
J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty-three. “Poets peak young,” the
creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of
“Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the
young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, “Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and
then peters out at an early age.”

33) It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth
century the new country was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many
centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain’s – very close even to
the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone where Breton,
Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.

34) From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV
done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to
make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs
are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the
literature, some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials and
are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
Summarise Spoken Text:
1)
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent
years. And it’s no wonder: studies show the commercials’ work: consumers go to their
doctors with a suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in
the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs
Patty Neighmond reports. You’re most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially
around the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like
hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry
says the ads arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the
information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick
Frosch headed the study. “What we would see in these ads is that before taking the
prescription drug, the character’s life was out of control and the loss of control really
extended beyond just the impact of the health condition; For example, herpes patients were
portrayed as being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and
depressed patients friendless and boring at parties. When the character is then shown taking
the drug, he then magically regains complete control of his life. None of the ads, of course,
mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat the condition. After all, it’s mass
marketing. But in this case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not like soap.

2)
Under appropriate conditions, mind you. Sound receptors. You’ve got sound receptors in your
ear and they are beautiful. We’re not going to talk about them at any length, but there’s little
flappy, these little spiky things going along in your ear and they can translate vibrational
energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the
fluid in your ear into a physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion,
into an electrical signal that goes into your ear. So, all of that, all of that’s pretty impressive
stuff. We’re not going to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to
learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think find receptors really quite remarkable
kinds of devices.

3)
Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider
domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into
practice. This reflects the environmentalists’ maxim, ‘think globally act locally’. United
Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans’ activity on the environment is not new.
As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the
burning of ‘sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed
legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by ‘self- regulation’ in the form
of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures
implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and
standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions
but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution
with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local
industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was to
the detriment of the local environment with the operation of ‘Gresham’s Law’ that is, the bad
drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their
employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors.

4)
There has always been the lively debate of power-sharing. Who should have the power? There
is an issue of moving power to people or moving power from away from federal to state. That
power system is private power. There is a need is to modify government powers. One aspect
is devolution transfer power from federal government to state government. The different
opinions are holding by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party created persistent
debate while the Democratic Party claims that government should hold the big power and the
entitlements, the Republicans believe government should share its powers with the states and
people. However, government holding the power normally means taking power away from
people.

5)
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and, but secretly wanting to be a novelist.
When I first started writing at the age of thirty, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but
it took a little detour for ten to twelve years and wrote nonfiction, which I have absolutely no
regret about at all. I think it was exactly the right thing for me to do. But there was that
dream tucked away inside of me to do this. Now remember reading something that Eudora
Welty wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on
me actually. She said “No art ever came out of not risking your neck”, and I think she is
absolutely right about that. It felt that way to me at the time, and actually it feels that way to
me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath
and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that and one of the very first
things that I wrote was, what I thought, was going to be the first chapter of a novel called
“The Secret Life of Bees”. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually essentially the first chapter of
the novel as it is now.

6)
There are many definitions of what the economic globalization is, but an important aspect of
most is that it involves reducing or removing the barriers limiting the free movement of
business, trade (exports and imports), investment and even labor across national borders.
First, globalization means the increase in international trade transactions and multinational
companies across the border. Secondly, globalization represents an integrated economic
system than ever before. Some countries produce goods, and some consume goods, which
means one country’s economy may depend on another country, and more transactions across
countries. But in the past, they were economically independent while they are now parts of
the global economy.

7)
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the
best students all of whom have choices they can exercise and many of them choices which
run across national and continental borders. We are in competition too for staff. The academic
job market is one of the most global there is and in the 21st century English is the new Latin.
So universities in English- speaking countries are exposed to more intensive competition than
those elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding through the assessment of
research quality we are in competition for research contracts from public and private sector
sources and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound many of our own
donors were at more than one University and indeed think of the LSE’s requests alongside
those of other charities to which they are committed that is the competitive environment
which is particularly visible to a vice-chancellor.

8)
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the
best students all of whom have choices they can exercise and many of them choices which
run across national and continental borders. We are in competition too for staff. The academic
job market is one of the most global there is and in the 21st century English is the new Latin.
So universities in English-speaking countries are exposed to more intensive competition than
those elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding through the assessment of
research quality we are in competition for research contracts from public and private sector
sources and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic pound many of our own
donors were at more than one University and indeed think of the LSE’s requests alongside
those of other charities to which they are committed that is the competitive environment
which is particularly visible to a vice-chancellor.

9)
Welcome to Stanford University Business School. Today, I would like to talk about
management and leadership. It is very important that you realize the importance of
management and leadership in this university. It is obvious that the purpose of this education
is to learn management and leadership skills. But you have to remember this education of
management should not be only about delivering services and making sure the good quality.
However, you should realize it is responsibility of students to accomplish assignments by
themselves instead of depending on others. Students should be responsible for the
management performance and identify how it could happen appropriately. The responsibility
means that the accomplishments achieved by others does not necessarily indicate what they
are truly capable of.

10)
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August
13th, 1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30
years until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those living in the east.
Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes those who
tyrannize you are a form of folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly different as
communist. Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern
day (Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. They can protect self-respect and
identity. In more totalitarian societies laughter relieves, at least temporarily, the pressures
and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may not in themselves topple dictators, but
they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own, perhaps the trouble with political jokes
is that they sometimes get elected.
11)
Last month, I published a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The
report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It
praises those schools where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and
which now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we
are critical of schools which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or
lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in
the curriculum in one-fifth of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other
subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to
step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools
suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled,
given the time and resources.
While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values that
young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world. The main
problems standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack of
commitment on the part of many school leaders; an insufficient amount of initial and in-
service training provision to ensure that every school can call upon teachers with subject
expertise; and its uncertain place in the curriculum.

12)
Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account parents leave their drugs
all over the place at home but their children may accidentally take these drugs before they
know it, and soon many children are victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all
cost. One way preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly
close the lid really well, I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another problem we find
in mismanagement of drugs is how these medicines can be allergic to many people. We have
to remember different drugs have different resistance and duration that is extremely
dangerous if someone takes a wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from
happening? Well, I suggest introduce the course, which will primarily improve the misuse of
drugs and greatly improve our lives.

13)
Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account parents leave their drugs
all over the place at home but their children may accidentally take these drugs before they
know it, and soon many children are victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all
cost. One way preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly
close the lid really well, I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another problem we find
in mismanagement of drugs is how these medicines can be allergic to many people. We have
to remember different drugs have different resistance and duration that is extremely
dangerous if someone takes a wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from
happening? Well, I suggest introduce the course, which will primarily improve the misuse of
drugs and greatly improve our lives.

14)
Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on architecture design
in London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West side of London called West Street of
London. The architecture made a very poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a
moon swing. An awful design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood.
If you want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They are
good examples of the best architectural designs. Different architects have different
perspectives on beauty, which is an arrogant word since is in the eye of the beholder. One
can write the … out in the play, but how one can design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is
difficult for architects to realize a bad architectural design.

15)
If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior. You will be surprised about
the findings. It is said that there is a correlation between human behavior and our physical
feature. It was believed that genes are the only factor that determine the physical
appearance. This includes height and hair color. However, the recent study showed that
behavior is also another factor that can change height and hair color. The findings in the
study further state that a person’s habits can change the physical features of human. These
findings have tremendous interests impact on scientific fields such as biology, psychology,
sociology and neuroscience.

16)
This topic is described as an experiment on body fat change. 31 obese women volunteered in
a study by Canadian researchers, in which they were provided with healthy diet and asked to
keep to it, and exercise regularly for 6 months in order to burn 2000 calories weekly. After six
months, some lost weight, some remained the same, while others gained weight. The
researchers tracked their records and gave two explanations about why some women gained
weight. One was that they ate too much or cheated on diet, and the other was that they did
less exercise consciously or subconsciously.

17)
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines in the Earth's crust and an
earthquake. This dislocation of the rock occurs from the Earth's surface, seven kilometers to
several hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. The earthquake's focus is called
epicenter which is vertically beneath the interior of the Earth's crust and the energy releases
and transfers through epicenter. The faults are the fracture on the Earth's crust. The position
of the epicenters can be identified by the faults' maps, looking down from the center of the
Earth. It will result in seismic wave which is decreased as it moved away from the epicenter.

18)
“But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?” “There are a number of dangers.
Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous because they may be accidentally
ingested by children. Either adults don’t keep the bottles properly closed and stored or
because even many kids can sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs after
their expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For example,
someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left over into microbial that was
prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will have no effect as the viral infections.
Drugs that are left over might be given to or taken by someone else who may have a serious
allergy to the medicine and who for that reason would not be prescribed to medicine under
the supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug resistance if
the drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or in the wrong dosage. “Todd,
what can people do about this how can the situation be improved?” “I think physicians,
patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve the situation. First of all,
physicians should prescribe the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct amount and
only for the correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that the full course
of the drug must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved before the end of
the prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they complete their
course as well.”

19)
Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine
Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people that they have
difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking more
about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need
to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically.
Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population – most people are fascinated
by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their town’s name is, or
whether their baby’s name means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and
a host of other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio
and television, too – but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness
to take on board the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment,
is not something that happens much.

20)
In the most developed countries, especially in those with democracy, market economy is the
essential in history development. In the 18th and 19th century, industrial revolution had a
negative effect on people living in all class in the world, which resulted in decreasing in life
expectancy, height, human population and poor medical records. However, legislations were
issued to deal with corporate coordination and business behaviours. Other legislations were
issued to start battling with environmental conditions. These legislations helped market
economy worked. Thus, nowadays, the market economy brings benefits far more than we
shared 100 years ago.
Listening: Fill in the Blanks:
1) Mark Newman studied “who swapped messages with whom” on a popular online dating
platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using
PageRank, one of the algorithms behind search technology. Essentially, if you receive a
dozen messages from desirable users, you must be more desirable than someone who
receives the same number of messages from average users. Then they asked: How far "out of
their league" do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think people are
optimistic realists." In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue
mates just 25 percent more desirable than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but
they're also taking into account their own relative position within this overall desirability
hierarchy." And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think
one of the take-home messages from this study is that women could probably afford to be
more aspirational in their mate pursuit."

2) What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the
Roy al Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came our last summer, identified
two topics. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at
atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from
those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization, production and
application of structures devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the
nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but
loosely speaking people think of nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers
or less.

3) Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won an
d been runnerup in the prestigious United Nations World habitat Award: the first time an
Australian building has received that international honor. We rely on older concepts of
Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents have private ver
andhas which allows them to socialize outdoors and also creates some "defensible space"
between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural or soft materials and buil d
beautiful landscaped gardens.

4) For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in
ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning
circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that
this ocean circulation could be disrupted.

5) Now that story’s been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks
from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much
worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some
whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its
drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the State
may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a
nation?
6) Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further selling of
equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time trading i
n the European credit markets in London was exceptionally heavy as traders frantically re
assessed their appetite for risk - prompting wild swings in the prices of the key derivatives . It
was the third day of frenetic activity in the European credit markets, suggesting that eq uity
market swings were prompting a wider repositioning of investors in a host of asset classes.

7) Lowry Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and
paintings depict Pend Lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years,
and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the
industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive
style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often
referred to as matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding
portraits and the unpublished "narionette" works, which were only found after his death.

8) Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced a

paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland,
so bus, train and ferry, and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a
Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the
card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.

9) The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal Nature.
But that’s not really good news for the planet. It means that the plants that give the ocean
its green tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say that’s because the ocean has been getting
warmer.

10) That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more accurately, building
the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it's the CEO's job to hire, fire, and
manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is the most important
skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an excellent senior team, that team can keep the
company running. When a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up spending all of their
time trying to do with the team, and not nearly enough time trying to do with other elements
of their job. The senior team can and often does develop the strategy for the company, but
ultimately it's always the CEO who has the final "go-no-go" decision on strategy.

11) Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, but they all work on the same
fundamental principles. They all use the intensity of light reflected from a series of black and
white stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing White stripes reflect light very well,
while black stripes reflect hardly any light at all. The bar code scanner shines light
sequentially across a bar code, simultaneously detecting and recording the pattern of
reflected and non-reflected light. The scanner then translates this pattern into an electrical
signal that the computer can understand. All scanners must include computer software to
interpret the bar code once it's been entered. This simple principle has transformed the way
we are able to manipulate data and the way in which many businesses handle
recordkeeping.

12) As a consumer, you’re probably consuming imports. If we have a trade war and we start
slapping tariffs on all of those imports, the bill is going to be higher. If the world relies so
much on trade, what is a trade war and why do countries get caught up in them in the first
place?
Highlight Incorrect Words:
1)
On a visit to the Tampa area way back when, I enjoyed a stringer stinging OM reminder that
not all little red ants are benign. Introduced fire ants in the U.S. South are just one example
of how ants from one region can set up colonies in another. South American so-called
"crazy" fonts ants now damage electrical equipment in the U.S. And super-colonies of
Argentine ants are all over Europe. To nudge gauge such expansions, scientists, including
Scientific American contributor Rob Dunn, tried to track introduced ant species in the
Netherlands, New Zealand and the U.S. They found that some 252 ant species have
infiltrated the three places, mostly accidentally, for example, in slipping shipping containers
full of fruit or wood. The researchers think their official count is low—they estimate the true
number at nearly a thousand species. And most can make a permanent home on new shoes
shores, thanks to coming from nearby, academically climatically similar regions. The
research appeared in the journal Biology Letters. Expanding their empires may be good
news for ants. But maybe not for humans, as I learned all too painfully.

2)
Then the European Economic Community was established in 1957 its aim was, in broad
terms, to move towards closer political and economic co-operation. Today, the much bigger
larger European Union has a far- reaching importance influence on many aspects of our
lives, from the conditions we work under, to the safety standards we must adhere to, and
the environment in which we live. In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services,
work workers and capital between the member countries, they needed to establish mutual
politics policies in areas as diverse as agriculture, transport, and working conditions. When
they had agreed on these policies, they became legal law. Now, though, the EU is concerned
with a far wider range of issues.

3)
Stem cells are the body's master cells, the rare raw material from which we are built. Unlike
normal body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when manipulated
in the right way, can turn themselves into any sort type of cell in the body. The most
versatile stem cells are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This ball of a few
dozen stem cells eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a human person. In
1998, James Thompson pronounced announced that he had isolated human embryonic stem
cells in the laboratory. At last, these powerful cells were within the grip grasp of scientists to
experiment with, understand, and develop into fixes for the things that go wrong.

4)
In the 19th century, few people could afford to travel abroad; it was expensive and there
weren't the massive mass transport systems that we have today. So curiosity about foreign
lands had to be satisfied through books and drawings. With the advent of photography, a
whole new version dimension of "reality" became available. Publishers were not slow to
realize that here was a large new market of people eager hungry for travel photography and
they soon had photographers out shooting the best known European cities, as well as more
exotic places further afield away. People bought the pictures by the millions, and magic
lantern shows were presented in schools and leisure lecture halls. Most popular of all,
however, was the stereoscopic picture which pretended resented three-dimensional views
and was considered a marvel of Victorian technology.

5)
Classified advertisements placed by individuals in newsprint newspapers and magazines are
not covered by the Advertising Standards Authority's "court code of practice". If you happen
to buy goods that have been wrongly described in such an advertisement, and have lost
money as a result, the only thing you can do is bring a case against the person who placed
the advertisement for misrepresentation or for breach of contrast contract. In this case you
would use the small claims procedure, which is a relatively cheap way to sue for the
recovery of a debt. If you want to pursue a claim, you should take into account whether the
person you are suing will be able to pay damages, should any be rewarded awarded.
Dishonest traders are wary aware of this and often pose as private sellers to expose exploit
the legal loopholes that exist: that is, they may claim they are not in a position to pay
damages.

6)
"No news is good news" may be true for most of us most of the time — after all, we don't
look forward to unpleasant things happening to us — but "Bad news is good news" is true for
those who work in the news media, and, I suspect, for the rest of us, at least some of the
time. It is tied up with stories and our seemingly unsatisfied insatiable need for stories. Have
you ever been grasped gripped by a story where nothing goes wrong for the characters?
There's an accident incident in a Kingsley Amis novel that nicely illuminates illustrates this:
the main character Jake comes home to find his wife chatting to a friend about a hairdresser
both women know who has moved with his family to somewhere in Africa. Jake listens in,
expecting tales of cannibalism and such like, but no, the friend has just received a letter
saying they love the place and are settling in nicely. Jake leaves the room in disgrace
disgust. We demand to be entertained, and while we don't object to ending, the characters
have to have experienced loss, pain and hardship in one form or another along the way to
have earned deserved it.

7)
Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mostly mainly due to economic
and social factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized and industrial
society offered greater growing numbers of people time for leisure. This, coupled with
improvements in transport, especially the railways, meant that large numbers of people
could get to holiday resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism of a sort we can
easily recognize today began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the first packet package
tour, in which everything was included in the price cost — travel, hotel and entertainment.
To cater for the large numbers of new holiday-makers, holiday camps were established, both
on the coast and in the countryside, and they became immensely popular. Their popularity
declined, however, with the rise of cheap overseas tours, which gave many people their first
opportunity to travel about abroad.
8)
When societies were still mostly rural and agricultural, waste dispersal disposal was hardly
an issue, partly because people tended to make use of everything and partly because there
was plenty of space to bury rubbish. It was when societies became predominantly urban and
industrious industrial that problems arose —mainly to do with wealth health. City authorities
had a hard time trying to find effective efficient ways of getting rid of all the rubbish. One of
these was to get people to set sort out their rubbish into different types, just as these days
we are encouraged to separate our rubbish into different categories for easier removal and
recycling. So, for example, kitchen rubbish was set aside and used for feeding animals.
However, fears of disease put an end to that. In fact, it wasn't until the 20th century that all
waste was simply thrown together and put ploughed into landfills.

9)
Archery, the practice or art of shooting with a bow and arrow, has played an important part
in English history, being the major main weapon of the foot-soldier and instrumental in
winning many battles in wars with the French -with whom we seemed to be continuously
constantly at war during the Middle Ages. The English featured favored the longbow over the
short bow and the crossbow, the latter being the main firearm of militias militaries on the
European continent. The crossbow fired a metal bolt released by a trigger, rather like a gun,
and had the farthest longest range of any of the bows, but the main advantage of the
longbow was its accuracy. The importance placed on archery is illustrated by the fact that
medieval kings in England encouraged the practice and one of them, Edward Ill, went so far
as to bar ban all sports on Sundays and holidays except archery. Because there were no
standing armies in those days, and in the event of war rulers had to call on the populace,
everything was done to make sure there were large numbers of competent, if not expert
archers, to recruit.

10)
So far in our discussion of chemical equations reactions we read it in an equation. That's
why our arrowhead arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to make
products. However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality nature. In fact, practically
every chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to
reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing
from right left to top right, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going
from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually — continuously
— reacting to form produce products. But at the same time as those products are formed,
they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each other. This is
what we would call a state of equality equilibrium.
11)
I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental rift shift in the nature
of the economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the industrial era,
you manufactured everything something, you got economies of scale, you had long
production runs, you were really effective efficient - you know, you could get a Model T, any
color just so long as it was black. Right? So there was centralization standardization. And
there was a whole set of presumptions assumptions about how to manage, how to create an
organization — you know, a typical kind of hierarchical organization — to make sure that
things ran smoothly. Well, that may be great for a relatively stable era of history —
relatively stable — but now things are functionally fundamentally unstable — and so we
need less economies of scale and more economies of recovery discovery. Which means that
the management approach, the organizational approach, has got to shift as well.

12)
The UN Charter comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles. The Charter
sets out forth the purposes of the United Nations as: the maintenance of international peace
and civility security the development of friendly relations between states, and the
achievement of cooperation in solving international ecologic economic, social, cultural, and
humanitarian problems. It expresses a strong hope for the ability equality of all people and
the expansion of basic freedoms. The principal organs of the United Nations, as specified in
the Charter, are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social
Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

13)
French, on the other hand, is a highly gentrified centralized language, with the Parisian
accent setting the standard for the world. If other French-speaking political abilities entities
had risen to rival France, the situation might be dissident different. If for instance, Quebec
had remained a separate entity county, or if Haiti had been a larger country, then perhaps
other French dialects might have become more accepted.

14)
By way of introduction, Joseph Heller, the author who introduced the phrase 'Catch-22' into
the English language, died on December 12th at the age of 76 in his home in East Hampton,
New York In 1961, Heller published his first novel, Catch-22, a succinct surreal anti-war
story set in World War II. Heller's protagonist, a fighter pilot, comes to understand that a
man deemed insane by the military administration bureaucracy may be released from duty.
The "Catch-22" of Heller's title is that when a man recognizes his situation, condition he is
no longer insane. Heller spoke at numerous college campuses throughout the 60s, and
Catch-22 seemed to reflect Capture the anti-war sentiment of many protesters during the
New York Vietnam War.

15)
Even in the 1940s, it was easy to see how fine time would soon expand the economists'
horizons. The link between security and property poverty logically applied to developing
countries as well as the developed ones, and the statesmen of the time could check see this.
The economic health of every country is a proper matter of concern to all its behaviors
neighbors, near and distant.

16)
In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down into
the barking Sparking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most dispirited unwanted
were herded ashore by their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were bullied into
some semblance of order to view the unveiling raising of the English flag as Australia
became the fairest farthest outpost of the largest empire the world has ever gleaned see.

17)
Heritage is what the present chooses to make of the past. That means that heritage is
dynamic. It's a challenging changing concept. And it also means that it tends to be confined
defined in opposition to much that is going on in the present. It's endangered. Where there
is heritage, there is often a sense of identity threat , you know, whether it's a building that's
about to be bull-dozed, or a way of life that is dying out because of prolific economic
change. The heritage that we speak about in this country in terms of conservation tends to
be a term that becomes very central—or more central in new ways—as the state becomes
mired involved in this field of administering conservation.

18)
The idea is that we divide the ward—the patients if you like—and the nurses into three
different teams, which we call lively primary nursing teams. And in those teams, we then
have the primary nurse which is me, associate nurses which might generally tend to be D
grade nurses, and health care officials assistant and you're all in one team together. The
idea is that you would hopefully work as a team on coordinating the care for the patients
who come in under your care as in the red team. In our teams, we have eight patients each.
The Idea would be that I would always normally prescribe the care or plan the care, for
those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like that and besides which the associate
nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway from their upgrading training.

19)
We've already started feeling the reverse adverse effects of global warming. Forests have
been destroyed devastated due to the rise in population of pine beetle which expanded due
to the lack of severe winters. Forests are also at a high risk of catching fires. There has been
a five four fold increase in forest fires. The amount of carbon monoxide dioxide released due
to these bog fires has resulted in fuel combustion. It's been observed that over the past
couple of years , birds and butterflies have shifted their range northward by 200 kilometers
in Europe and North America. Global warming has also had a devastating effect decade on
health. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases has increased due to increased
fluorocarbons ozone in the atmosphere. Lung tissues are damaged leading to asthma.
Hence, the morality mortality rate too has been affected. This global warming has led to a
higher rate of dengue and malaria cases. These diseases are on the rise and the World
Health Organization is working hard to eliminate eradicate insect borne them through
vaccines.

20)
Schizophrenia is a severe, caloric chronic, and a disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenics
need ongoing psychiatric and psychological treatment. People with schizophrenia have
conceptions perceptions that are strikingly different than from others. Their behavior may
seem old odd, bizarre, and erratic eccentric at times. They suffer from hallucinations and
delusions illusions, i.e., they hear voices and see things that actually do not exist or at least
are not really physically present.
 21)
Leisure travel was, in a sense, a British invention. This was mostly mainly due to economic
and social factors; Britain was the first country to become fully industrialized and industrial
society offered greater growing numbers of people time for leisure. This, coupled with
improvements in transport, especially the railways, meant that large numbers of people
could get to holiday resorts in a very short time. Modern mass tourism of a sort we can
easily recognize today began in 1841 when Thomas Cook organized the first packet package
tour, in which everything was included in the price cost — travel, hotel and entertainment.
To cater for the large numbers of new holiday-makers, holiday camps were established, both
on the coast and in the countryside, and they became immensely popular. Their popularity
declined, however, with the rise of cheap overseas tours, which gave many people their first
opportunity to travel about abroad.

22)
So far in our discussion of chemical equations reactions we read it in an equation. That's why
our arrowhead arrow points from left to right: reactants react together to make products.
However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality nature. In fact, practically every
chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to reform the
reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing from right left
to top right, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going from left to right
and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually — continuously — reacting to form
produce products. But at the same time as those products are formed, they remake the
reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call
a state of equality equilibrium.

23)
In January 1788, the anchors of the sea-battered ships of the First Fleet rattled down into the
barking Sparking waters of Sydney Cove and 780 of England's most dispirited unwanted were
herded ashore by their guards, British Navy Marines The convicts were bullied into some
semblance of order to view the unveiling raising of the English flag as Australia became the
fairest farthest outpost of the largest empire the world has ever gleaned see.

24)
I think the importance of creativity today really reflects a fundamental rift shift in the nature
of the economy. You know, in the old days, wealth was created because in the industrial era,
you manufactured everything something, you got economies of scale, you had long
production runs, you were really effective efficient - you know, you could get a Model T, any
color just so long as it was black. Right? So there was centralization standardization. And
there was a whole set of presumptions assumptions about how to manage, how to create an
organization — you know, a typical kind of hierarchical organization — to make sure that
things ran smoothly. Well, that may be great for a relatively stable era of history — relatively
stable — but now things are functionally fundamentally unstable — and so we need less
economies of scale and more economies of recovery discovery. Which means that the
management approach, the organizational approach, has got to shift as well.

25)
Stem cells are the body's master cells, the rare raw material from which we are built. Unlike
normal body cells, they can reproduce an indefinite number of times and, when manipulated
in the right way, can turn themselves into any sort type of cell in the body. The most versatile
stem cells are those found in the embryo at just a few days old. This ball of a few dozen stem
cells eventually goes on to form everything that makes up a human person. In 1998, James
Thompson pronounced announced that he had isolated human embryonic stem cells in the
laboratory. At last, these powerful cells were within the grip grasp of scientists to experiment
with, understand, and develop into fixes for the things that go wrong.
Write from Dictation:

1) Undergraduates may pay their interests on special stages within specific programs.
2) All industries are thought of systems as inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback.
3) His appointment as a cultural minister was seen as a demotion.
4) The placement test of mathematics and statistics are offered every semester.
5) Establishing and retaining intellectual leadership clearly takes strong management skills.
6) Rivers provide habitats and migration pathways to fish and numerous aquatic species.
7) Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
8) Students can download the materials from the website.
9) The nation achieves prosperity by opening its ports for trade.
10) Radio is one of the most popular forms of the entertainment throughout the world.
11) The tutorial timetable can be found on the course website.
12) She has been in the library for a long time.
13) She used to be the editor of the student newspaper
14) Having clean water for the human is vital for health
15) The commissioner will potion the funds among all sovereignties
16) Undergraduate students can select what interests them most in the scientific program.
17) All Students contact tutor by email.
18) Experts are thinking that the world climate is changing.
19) Experts say learning and listening to music can reduce the stress.
20) Family life is difficult for parents who have shift work.
21) New development in technology contributes to current research.
22) Nutrition plays a key role in athletic performance.
23) Our company must have independent financial auditing.
24) Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.
25) Reading histories involves a level of careful selections.
26) Relying on natural ability will not get you far in science.
27) Remember, the prestigious selection has strict eligibility criteria.
28) Our workshops are opening for all students on campus.
29) Parenting is difficult for parents who have shift work.
30) Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
31) Many universities provide exchange programs to other countries.
32) Media can influence humans’ opinions.
33) Members can contribute to the association of operating firm.
34) Money and how it is paid can be the motivation for the work.
35) The use of mobile phones is not permitted in the library.
36) A new collection of articles has been published.
37) A surprising large number of students applied for that course.
38) We can’t consider any increase in our price at this stage.
39) The application process may take longer than it' s expected.
40) The article consists of a number of interesting experiments.
41) Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
42) Students may only use parking cards in authorized university parking space.
43) Students were instructed to submit their assignments by Friday.
44) We help individuals to develop and follow their interest.
45) We shall be studying economy of several developing countries.
46) The study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.
47) All students have their own style of learning.
48) An essay should use evidence from both primary and secondary sources.
49) Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
50) Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
51) Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor/adviser must approve your application.
52) When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise prices.
53) While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
54) You are required to complete the research paper by Monday.
55) You can contact all your tutors by email.
56) You will need to purchase an academic gown for the commencement.
60) You will portray your plan and sign off on your paper.
61) The placement test of mathematics and statistics is offered every semester.
62) The program must be conducted abidingly by general regulations.
63) The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.
64) Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.
65) Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
66) New development in technology contributes to current research.
67) This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been cancelled.
68) While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
69) University departments carefully monitor articles and other publications by faculty.
70) Water is heated to boiling in the flask and added to the mixture.