HOW TO DRAW MANGA Animals Pets, Wild Animals, and BirdsTable of Contents Chapter 1: The ABCs of Drawing Animals....... Introduction Simplify......... Making Animals with Matchstick ...........0:c-s 8 Head-to-Body Ratios The S-shaped Legs . ‘Sample Drawing: Starting with a Diagram Taking a Step Stages in Leg Movement Hind Legs in a Seated Position Seated Poses Relaxed Pose Assorted Angles and Leg Positions Animal Faces .... Stylizing to Create Facial Expressions Suggesting Coats and Coat Patterns: Animal Colors ..24 Assorted Hamster Coats and Col0rs..............25 Sizing Up: Animals vs. People 1.26 20 Chapter 2: Pets and Other Familiar Animals.........27 Dogs: Pointed-eared Dogs.... 28 Floppy-eared Dogs Drawing Dogs with Distinctive Forms (Short to Medium Hair) Drawing Fluffy Dogs (Long Hair) Drawing Dogs with Thick Fur Rising from a Sleeping State/Scratching Walking/Running Comparing Positions from the Same Angle Sniffing, Licking, and Eating Portraying Puppies Cats: Common Japanese Housecat/Long-haired Cats (Persian, Himalayan). 38 Drawing the Mouth Open Common Housecat / Long-haired Cat Walking Stalking and Pouncing Sleeping and Rolling to the Side Grooming Holding a Cat Kitten Rabbits . Prairie Dogs .. 56 Lizards / Geckos. Iguanas / Chameleons ... Alligators and Crocodiles .. Crayfish / Scoriones Crabs Turtles.......... Chapter 3: Wild Animals Gorillas. Orangutans. Chimpanzees Japanese eid Tigers econ . ated Big Cats. Wolves Bears... Polar Bears. Zebras.... Giraffes.......... Hippos...... Elephants. Rhinoceroses Wild Boar... Deer Camél........ Kangaroos Keates eeeerreee Pandas. Raccoons.......... Lesser Panda Foxes... Ears... Raccoon Dogs. Giant Flying Squirrel... Flying Squirrel... Armadillos / Tapirs. Anteaters / Sloths. River Otters Sea Otter Sea Lions / Seals. Dolphins / Orcas / Whales. Rays / Sharks. Octopuses / Squi Jellyfish... 128 Chapter 3: Birds........ 129 Songbirds... 130 CrOWS ..... 134 Chickens. 135 Waterfowl Raptors Seagulls. Penguins. 7 Tropical Fish / Goldfish........... 140Chapter 1 The ABCs of Drawing AnimalsIntroduction> Simplify Abstract and simplify while drawing the animal's entire figure. You can stil draw an animal without reproducing each strand of fur on its body. The whiskers are usually omitted. Use wispy, jagged strokes to recreate areas of fluffy fur Include the fur when drawing the figure’s silhouette.Making Animals with Matchsticks {292 msetstokto porta he animals head and back makes drawing any number of positions a snap. ® i) Front Vie “C “ G) : O The trunk becomes The back isnot visible foreshortened when seen from the front. Add some eee form of mark at least to) indicate where the back ® is positioned, ®@ ® \ Back OS 4 Add a "fleshec ® s ly ‘the back. wt ®Head-to-Body Ratios These ratios serve as a guide wien determining the length of the face or body seen from the side. fe Balancing the Head and Snout Snakes have bodies made up of ten or more heads in length. 9The S-shaped Legs ‘When we crawl on all fours, our =~ limbs aso take on an S-shape On a human, this is ~ where the foot's arch would be located. an, Ls the palm would be located. J = Toe Toe ‘* Animals’ elbows and knees are located fairly close to their trunks. ‘¢ Animals tend to stand on their toes or toe tips. Naan eeceecceceeeeneeeeneeeed!jing: i! if i: Give S-curves to the matchsticks you use Sample Drawing: Starting with a Diagram S-Curves >) forthe skeletal structure. This isthe seoret to successfully drawing animals. The shoulder should be approximately one head's distance from the neck. Shoulder The elbows and knees are typically located at the same height or the knees are slightly higher. a y Short legged animal Long legged animal ey S-Curves and Triangles If you run into difficulties sketching the legs, draw a triangle with an S inside. This should make things easier. wT ‘Triangles help reproduce the feel of flufy puppy legs. bTaking a Step Zs tb Problem: Where does the right AA) Figure with the right hind leg 8) Figure with the right hind hind leg go? forward teg back, Stages in Leg Movement Tv to memorize how the S-curve of the hind legs change. ) . \ * \ fo The legs of dogs, cats, and horses The legs of elephants and camels take on a wide triangular shape. do not form a wide triangle. 12: + 1m, he key is to determine the Hind Legs in a Seated Position knees’ locations. q) | / a @ Sketch a diagram of the overall shape. The knees are located midway along the body. @ Sketch a layout of the front) When sketching the hind legs, be conscious ofthe legs’ legs and pelvis. ‘S-curve, which will determine the knees’ location, ‘despite that this curve is not evident in this position. @ Roughly sketch in the outer contours. (©) Only draw precisely placed lines at © Draw the head and other body parts Make the rear (the thighs) round and the knees. to finish. plump. {Finishing Touches —Practical Application: Use hatching/diagonal lines and tone around the knees. { {Seated Poses When drawing an animal seated, be sure to round the back, An seated pose. It you try to seat a hamster the way a cat or dog would sit, it will end up standing Assorted Animals Sitting yh i 4 a ») Meerkat Dog: Small, Medium, LargePrairie Dog The prairie dog is usually sen siting. Bear Bears typicaly sit with their hind legs ying straight out. Lion Circus Elephant 15Relaxed Pose Each animal folds its front paws differently when relaxing. Front Paws Straight Forward —\ Front Paws Tucked Underneath ?\ { esl \ NE Shoulder Shoulder Heel Wrist Heel Wrist Ebon Dog, cat, mouse, etc. Deer, horse, and other hoofed animals » “by La Ferret oD Hamster 16Lying Down The animal lies with its head on the ground or resting on its, forelegs. The elbow is extended forward or is pulled back. Cat Rolling to the Side Dogs, cat, deer, and other animals often roll onto their sides to relax and frequently fall asleep in this positionya JA x we. AA Animal Faces Model Animal Faces a Pst we) Ge’) Dog: Rectangular Cat: Oval Hamster, ferret: Rabbit: (longish Roundish Trapezoidal horizontally) triangle (roundish triangle) ‘These animals have similar head shapes: 2D a across and ‘raw a circle in the lower half 1. saat witha cite Determine the Dog ‘nose's positioning. cat From a front view, ‘the nose should be either centered on the lower half of the face or somewhere below center. 4. draw ne contours of the eyes, mouth, and ears. Nose The face should be hexagonal, but Use an ellipse that vertically longish is long horizontally.Dog Faces: Dogs’ noses Cat Faces: Cats have shorter determine the faces than dogs. length of their faces. Draw two circles overlapping toa considerable degree. Z ‘Sketch guidelines for the face's center. Draw two overlapping circles. Floppy ears With nose bridge Without nose bridge Ferret, Hamster, and Rabbit Faces Draw a circle with a beak. o {a; | — Ferrets have Make the mouth, eyes, and fe ano. make — the mouth large and lr small ears ears larger for ahamster. 4 bunny ears 21Stylizing to Create Facial Expressions Stylized ferret Modifying the eyes creates @ more manga- esque face You may give whichever sort of eyes you prefer to any animal 22Maximizing Distinguishing Features ‘An effective way to stylize an animal isto take full advantage of each pet or animal's individual physical differences and distinguishing personality traits. Droopy eyes 20 heh Upward slanting eyes U 0 oft Enlarging the irises/pupils will make even upward slanting eyes look cute. Realistically drawn face Modified face Tips in Making Animal Cute * Draw the eyes bigger than in real ite. (Design face «+ Make the iises/pupits big. ‘Sometimes the face can be made to ac vous look cute by using dots for the eyes. ~ Assorted Eyes \ } Ona real cat from ‘eG | the side, the eye would appear to be a > clear crystal, and the iris and pupil would scarcely be visible. he common fish has neither eyelids ‘nor eyelashes.Suggesting Coats and Coat Patterns: Animal Colors If you are unable to add color then use hatching or tone to suggest fur color. y | t Realistic cat rendered with hatching Cat rendered with tone Body Tabby Cats Inked with a felt-tip pen Hatching added Tone added ‘Adding black patches to red motting creates a calico cat Striped Cats Q " Q Hatching added Adding a light tone creates Adding gradation tone creates a an orange striped kitty kity with black stipes on grey‘Sample Drawing: Hamster Coat (For a Bi-colored Teddy Bear Hamster) Hatching added to illustrate Hatching added independent Line drawing the fur's growth of the fur's growth “Tone added Both hatching and tone added Assorted Hamster Coats and Colors eee “e Ox oA XX f \ , a N wis Bi-colored (tortoise shell) LLonghaired: Applying hand-drawn strokes “Ti-colored (calico) creates the look of long hair. tf Bi-color (Colored face) Ear of a cream Beige teddy bear Golden: Use a darker tone than you would for a cream teddy bear's ear. 25Sizing Up: Animals vs. PeopleChapter 2 Pets and Other Familiar AnimalsDogs When drawing, give consideration to the following three points: 1) Are the ears pointed or floppy? 2) Is the muzzle long or short? '3) What size is the dog: large, medium, or small? Pointed-eared Dogs (Long Muzzle): Shiba Inu, German Shepard (Alsatian), Pomeranian, Papilion, Ete. ==" The ears should be spaced slightly further apart than \ the eyes. Dogs like Akitas and Collies have floppy ears during their puppy stage. 28Floppy-eared Dogs (Long and Short Muzzle): Great Pyrenees, Golden Retriever, Poodle, Pug, English Bulldog, Etc.Drawing Dogs with Distinctive Forms (Short to Medium Hair) The portion touching the leg isthe elbow. The flat of the dog's foot is the equivalent of the human hand.Drawing Fluffy Dogs (Long Hair) Ln WIA NSS WA WIM SS saiulos Ss 3 Z 31Drawing Dogs with Thick Fur Dogs’ Eyes Come in Three Types Eg: Siberian Husky - & | (s ch) y AL) Almond- shapes ek Pyrenees, _— Triangular, Shiba Inu, etc upward slanting eyes Round, popeyed aniston . 4 Feet Ly (hid TON A oo oO } 32Sniffing, Licking, and EatingPortraying Puppies Puppies are more compact than adult dogs and have larger heads, and on top of that, they offen have thick, short legs. Your puppies should have an overall roly-poy look.Cats Cat furs come in varying lengths, from that of the common Japanese housecat to fluffy puffballs, like the Persian or Himalayan. ‘The ears are close together (about half the distance of Common Japanese Housecat TA an ear's actual with). ‘The forehead occupies about 1/3 of the face. The nose protrudes about 1/5 the F distance of the head's total depth, ‘he Ae i Long-haired Cats (Persian, Himalayan) The ears are ey approximately one ear apart. In Persians and Himalayans, the eyes are virtually level with the nose. (~ Assorted Faces yes Siamese Russian Blue Japanese housecat Scottish Fld \ \\ (divided chin) (pentagonal head) {round head) (downward folded a) \\ The bridge of the nose becomes ee ——— a visible on Persians and Himalayans: 38 when mixed with other breeds.Drawing the Mouth Open Common HousecatAl of the digits ) touch the ground. } orton normal touching the groun Co The coat of a long-haired cat has about three times the volume of a common housecat.Walking GR ey b Os You can change the mood the cat projects simply by adjusting the direction its head faces. aSleeping and Rolling to the SideFerrets Ferrets are members of the weasel family. They have long bodies, and their talis occupy about 113 of their overall length. Their ithe bodies require sinuous lines to draw the figure's contours. Keep the nose and mouth on the short side. ‘he distance between the eyes The semicircular ears almost teed Heed real dette is about three eyes in length. perfectly stay within the face's eine eareuaen overal contours and do not jut out. ‘The profile is lke a circle attached to a triangle. ‘Add large ears almost the same size as four ‘eyes stuck together. Use a sinuous S-curve to connect the ‘crown of the head to the neck to the back. | te tick isto give he | ferret a long neck (area ——Lirom the throat to where the forelegs emerge from the body) ( >) Give the ferret small, ‘ ae thin, sharp nails. Eo a ‘taking up about 1/4 Tufts of hair at the ears of the entire foot,© Flow of the overall figure Flesh out the sketch and draw a triangle be: ) for the snout. Double-check the figur's overall proportions. Use a triangular form‘) The legs are approximately ‘ forthe legs as wel te same length asthe head “ ‘The upper body from the thoracic, ., region up shown from the front: If the f * trunk isnot included, then the figure - ‘ ‘ appears to be a close-up of the front. \ y a “| Draw the silhouette line. ‘Add in the eyes and ears. Fill in the detailed areas, ows such as the legs. Final image ig Mine — From a high, 3/4 angle, the nose does“fot appear Pointed, Use a flattish elliptical form for the snout.White with black eyes ‘The forelegs are approximately as long as the head. Ferret Colors @ Albino (red eyes) eg e RS \ ‘All ferrets have the same shaped head. However, their eye color, fur patterns, and coloration do vary. Silver 50Chipmunks aw the head on the large side. The key to drawing a chipmunk is to create ea 3-shaped curve with hills and valleys running from the neck down the back, The ears are spaced approximately the same as the eyes. The eyes are a The face isa pentagon rh fy h 4 distinct almond with the cheeks slightly shape. puted. The tail when raised straight up is about twice the height of the body. The back sports three stripes, while the sides, two (each). th Se OM A ® The rear paws have ‘The mouth is narrow The chipmunk’s head f NS five toes. Underneath the nose. retains its pentagonal! shape even from a low angle, There are four toes on the front paws, 51Drawing a Chipmunk Frolicking (Standing) oP Do a layout sketch of the overall figure. Determine the entire figure's proportions according to the head's size. 52 Draw the figure's Contours and sketch in the back's stripes are white, but lay“. down thick black lines first to achieve ‘the general look. Draw outines in black of thse areas to be white inthe final image. | recommend using a .on-photo blue pencil to mark guidelines when you are planning con using toneDrawing a Chipmunk with Full Cheek Pouches y ®@ \ NW) ey) Draw an upside-down triangle. Draw the ears and semicircles for Draw the eyes along a line the cheek pouches. ‘connecting the nose tothe base of the ears. The mouth should form a W", while the nose forms aU". @® al \ ot Aw: i Vy we) er cle Use zigzagging lines for the cheeks’ Add whiskers to the sides of the nose. Complete the silhouette and the contours to make them appear fuzzy. You may omit these in the final image. details and blacken the eyes to finish. esi ta ieee J wiiceetripee wich sath oan spa Cheek pouchesRabbits This is a full-cheeked, trapezoidal head with the ears about as tall as the head. Back of the head Neck ‘The eyes are spaced far apart with the equivalent %,_ distance of size eyes tween them. The throat is short. . | — 1-1 ty Stretched out, the body is about four heads in length, while the legs are about three heads long ‘The feet should be about the same length as the ears. The rear paws have - The five front toes are four toes each. barely discernible. 54Prairie Dogs — 1é top ofthe head is a curve so subte itis almost flat. The ears attach toward the rear of the head, Draw the head on the large side and the limbs thick, crafting an overall stocky, roly-poly figure. ‘The brow above the eyelid 4 1, The eyes are spaced rises into a hill I about four eyes apart. L_- The whiskers originate ae trom around here. w 7 Eyelid creases are present at both The ears are not visible from the k i a straight-on front view. eee 1 F +1 +1 fF The tal originates from S, |- atound the center of the gE body. The forelegs are astoundingly thickset. ‘The snout extends further The paws have five toes, out than the toes. each sporting a long, black claw. 56Prairie dogs raise their tales slighty just ike a dog. From this moderately high angle, the legs do not play a prominent role in the profile, presenting a straight-up-and-dowm figure. The knees are not very prominent. Prairie dogs grow to be about 30 to 40 cm (approx. 11 3/4" to 15 5/8"), but pups appear about this size.Meerkats ‘The distinguishing features for this animal are its flat head and pointed snout. The hair surrounding the ears and eyes is black, making the ‘meerkat appear from far away to be wearing a black mask. The forehead occupies The ears are attached about 1/3 ofthe head. toward the back ofthe head and are black. ‘The lower jaw recedes significantly from the tip of the nose. Large differences exist from individual to individual in the black surrounding the eyes, and some have faces that are black from the tip of the nose to the chin. = The abstracted contour lines © make the head appear almost : lke a bird's. ~ Z From underneath, the chin appears to be that of a fox. 58The stripes along the back are dark brown. The tail becomes increasingly dark toward the tip.Hedgehogs Draw the hedgehog asi depicting a pointy-nosed rat wearing a carapace of needles on its back. Thick fur strands (needles) The snout composes “WS The ears’ interiors are black, These fine strands originate approximately half of just above the eye and grow the face straight back ‘The mouth forms a "W" Omit the part of the forelegs where they meet the body to create the look that they are tose tp A K ls maging em re nese at be ’ “4 The needles radiate from The needles are striped. two spots on the head r, wi Needles obscure this region of the hind legs. 60= Determine the head's size to length. =55) Establish the height of the fe needle coat. Sketch the exterior ‘contours. When drawing, try visualizing a rat wearing a shell of needles. = y) Tenrec ‘The ears fold when the hedgehog curts into a bal 61Skunk Draw the profile with the snout turning up. From the front, the head with its full cheeks should form a pentagonal shape. The fur covering the trunk gives it a stout appearance. Use a gentle S-curve from the forehead to the tip of the nose, AA thin rhomboid shape appears in the forehead’s center. Give the skunk an From the side, the whole trunk appears to \ extravagantly voluminous, be covered in white fur. The limbs and face Y bushy tail are black. ‘The center of the back sports a long rhomboid shape.Hamsters The hamster is a rodent whose sticky-out ears are approximately 1/3 the head's size. Its legs are stubby, and seme its abdomen lies close to the ground. Be sure to give both the head as well as the body a sense of roundness. The eyes are spaced three , eye-widths apart | leg Ear 4 “Ft dy / The ears are about 1/8 the size of the The eyes bulge 7 head. and are lidded. 7 COD ‘The belly lies close tevel withthe throat. From a feet en te ben comprises 2/3 of the figure to the ground ts a tue inconspicuous. ‘The hind legs' toes are long, and each claw ‘emerges from the whole tip ofthe toe. The front paws are reminiscent of hum ence When stretching, the hands. hamster appears to double its normal length The bottom row of teeth are longer.‘Manga-fied Hammies Draw the eyes as perfect Circles and the mouths as. a simplified “W" to turn your hamster into a manga character. Decide where to place the white spot (reflected light in the eye. If yu draw the hamster to look the same from almost any angle, you will give the reader the sense that ths is in fact the same character. Stuffed with Goodies The cheeks begin to swell from below the ears, When the hamster crams its cheek pouches full of food, the face expands to twice its normal width,Horses From straight on, a horse's eyes appear to slant upward, giving them a ster : expression. Prevent the legs from appearing to be simple sticks by drawing chunky joints, thus giving the legs some curve ‘The horse's ears should be about as long as the horse's forehead is wide. ‘The ears should be spaced closer together than the eyes. ‘The neck and head are about the same length Picture the horse's head as ql 4 a rectangle. ph —-+| Originating at the top of the rump, the tail appears to grow out as an extension of the back. / Shoulder Elbow. Knee Ankle Wrist The flat ofthe foot (the equivalent of the palm on a Toe This partis the equivalent of the sole on @ human. The legs are about 1.5, times the trunk’s height. The same moment drawn from a side and bird's eye view ty 66Riding a HorseNote the appearance of the horse's face (particularly the mouth), the position of the ears, and the motion in the mane and tail when in full gallop. When galloping, the horse leans forward, foreshortening Foreshortening the horse's face causes the jaw to rise, creating the look of a running horse. Add clearly delineated, large nostris. Drawing the hooves’ underside in full view suggests that the horse is running,Reclining Hee! Fig. Showing Horse Similar to the Ancestor of the Modern Horse ‘Ahorse recining and rolled onto its side Ancient horses were smaller and heavier built than today's domestic thoroughbred Line denoting the height of today's modern thoroughbred The ears are shaped like long ‘scoops, while the eyes appear to droop down from a side view.The distance from the eye tothe The mane grows straight up. | recommend sankey S ee eee ea base ofthe ear shoud be equal drawing iin dusters leaving space tothe —_—_—_ to the height of the ear itsetf. right and left of each tuft. im ‘The ears are large, about twice those of a horse. The head is also large, ‘occupying about 1/4 of the figure's total length (head-to-body ratio of 1:4. The head's length, the trunk's height, and the legs' length are for the most part In this stop-action pose, we see the end of the tail hanging like a wispy stalk of wheat.Cattle ‘Add wrinkles tothe neck, the shoulder, and the legs The length of each ear jutting out to the side to project a sense of sturdiness is the same as the forehead's width The trunk is four times the length of the head, and is twice as thick. Shortening the legs evokes the sense of a heavy, stout cow. The fur conceals the ears fromSheep Since sheep are covered in soft wool, | recommend crawing the figure with gently rounded surfaces. The trick here is to keep the distance between From the front, the face appears the eyes and the nose on the long side to suggest a flattsh face. an inverted triangle with a round Lf "Bob" style haircut and sideburns, 7 = The front and back legs should The wool covering the figure makes be spaced about one head apart. the legs appear short—about 1/4 of the total height. AN i yh gira SN os Ht ba tye ie (hae i SS When shorn, sheep look like a hornless, beardless goat. stasis “4 ! 1/9 of the leg is covered in wool.Goats Despite being domestic animals tend to come across as The projecting ears are rather untamed. Give their legs knobby joints, and heavy virtually the same size in 2X upper eyelids, 8 most goats have inst, eyes, giving length and width as the them a scary countenance. forehead. ‘The homs are slightly longer than the head. \ Define the base of the neck by drawing hair in the form ‘of diagonal strokes. ‘The width of the horn's base is commonly the same as that of an eye. Adding black imbues the horn with the sense of a hard texture. yf UyPigs ‘There are pigs with long head and pigs with wide heads. For both, | recommend rounding the head, using an eliptical shape The snout comprises approximately hatt \ the head. When facing forward, the ‘ose is positioned exactly at the midway point of the pig's total height. While pigs come with both range of expressive mation long and short snouts, the snout typically occupies about 1/3 of the headFrogs Drawing your frogs with their elbows pointed outward produces that distinctive supercilious air that frogs seem to have. The elbows should stick out to the sides. ‘The toes of the hind feet have webbing. Appearance when Croaking a WAL | SY Black-spotted Pond Frog Frog with cheeks inflated Frog with throat inflatedSnakes Snakes have rope-lke bodies and flat heads. Note that the pupils from the front do not appear round, but rather lke thin slits. Underside of the head ‘Showing the head raised slightly imparts a sense of mation. Triangular Heads of Poisonous Snakes Nonpoisonous Poisonous Visualizing the spine and drawing the scales in segments for each curve of the spine produces a satisfying image. Drawing Snake Scales Showing the scales becoming compressed toward the top and bottom of the body generates a three-dimensional feel 78Lizards Lizards are basically snakes with feet. However, the abdomen should have a gentle swell, and the body should taper toward the tal, so that the figure does have some curve to it The mouth has 1 teeth, ‘The head is virtually the same as that of a snake; however, raised skin should be present above the eyes to make the face appear more lizard-lke, = € LR Without the tail, the lizard has a 1:6 to 1:7 head-to-body ratio, The tail increases the body's length by double or more. a The feet have five slender toes. : Lizards wiggle when they move. Geckos Geckos tend to be tubbier than mast lizards. Draw the skin more as if covered in warts than in scales to give the gecko its distinctive look. The toes are rounded at the ends (with suction cups on the underside).Iguanas ‘The iguana lifts himself up on its front legs, raising its head approximately one head-height off the ground. Chameleons A, The eyes are capable of rotating 360° independently of one another. Chameleons have three toes on each front foot and two toes on each hind foot. The tail can coil into itself two to three times.Alligators and Crocodiles ive the scales on an aligator or crocodiles back a rugged, angular look to evoke the feeling of the animal's sti hide On an alligator the upper teeth are visible when the mouth is closed. On a crocodile, both the upper and lower teeth are visible when the mouth is closed. Drawing the Scales ® Draw the layout lines adhering to the body's curved surface. Final image Draw coarse, irregular blocks that are reminiscent of alligator hide and add shading, 81Crayfish Ne My Excluding the pincers, crayfish have four legs on each side for a total of eight. Giving the figure two long barbells (feelers) and two to four short barbels should create an authentic looking crayfish YJ’ The legs are similar to those of a spider. 82Crabs Mobile claw Immobile claw Hermit Crabs Other than the pincers, only two legs on either side of the hermit crab emerge from its shell while two more pairs remain inside.Turtles Turtles’ legs attach in the same manner as those of lizards and frogs. Conceive of the turtle as a lizard with a round head and a shell (carapace) Elbow — \Shoulder Turtle tucked into its shell (worm's eye view) ‘Turtle seen from overhead : (bird's eye view) The neck stretches about one-head Draw a lizard length out of the shell ‘Add a carapace to its back, For the under drawing, sketch the turtle on the paper's underside. Next, trace the under drawing using a light table, carefully filing in the details. SQ Q cone ropertoning The carapace is four heads in length, 84Chapter 3 Wild AnimalsGorillas Make the area above the gorilla's brow, the forehead, expansive. Give the gorilla strong, bulging shoulders, The neck is incorporated within the trunk and is typically not very visible. 1 2. | The front (hairless) area ofthe face constitutes + V4 of the entire face in. [~*~ The mouth isthe same width as profil the distance fromthe tip of the left eye tothe tp ofthe right. the top of the hand (knuckle sie) touches the ground,Orangutans Give the male orangutan a largish head and cheek pads semen about as wide as the distance the eyes are space apart The female has @ narrower forehead," and the mouth is more prominent. / The shoulders are about level wth the AA eyes and nose. The orangutan has a stout body paired with long, slender arms and legs. Draw long hair-like fur covering the entire body. ‘The feet are prehensile (can grasp).Chimpanzees —_“rimpanzees’ neads seem to rest immediately upon thelr shoulders. Draw them with slender hands and feet, long fingers and toes, and big ears. The ears are approximately half the head in height. The hairy forehead occupies about 1/4 of the head. The hairless portion of the i face constitutes approximately 113 of the head in profil. The [ large ears and short hair give the chimpanzee a clean-cut look The chimpanzee when walking, The knuckle-side of the hand touches the ground when walking,Japanese Macaques — "éapanese macaque typically walks onal fours ts ears are ‘sometimes obscured from view by fur such as in the winter and ‘The ears ere situatod ‘other occasions (and should be omitted when drawing) somewhat toward the 1 back of the head. The eyes are spaced approximately one eye apart. 213 of the profile is ‘covered in fur. Japanese macaque The Japanese macaque _With ears omitted Oo Jeans about one head-width In the winter, the Japanese macaque grows about this thick.Lions They way the mane grows varies from lion to lion. Use an octagonal shape forthe lion's head and a hexagonal shape for the lioness's. ‘The forehead, eyes, nose, and chin are all spaced about eveniy The mane radiates from the head. The forehead occupies 1/3 of the face in profile and the muzzle, the other 2/3.a7 reel Wi Nyy reyTigersSpotted Big Cats These are big cats with patterns on their fur. Draw them with large paws and a powerful trunk From the chest to the abdomen, the cheetah has a slim build. The legs ate slender. The leopard is more catlike and stockier than the cheetah, ‘The cheetah has ‘small, round spots. The jaguar has a stocky build and thick, ‘muscular legs. he majority of the leopard's spots have the appearance of two semicircles attached together. The jaguar's individual spots are large with small, black dots in the center. Mountain Lion The mountain lion has no spots and closely resembles an African or Asian lioness at first glance. Draw the mountain lion with Pointed ears and wide face to distinguish it from other species. 93Wolves —_To.istinguish the wolf from a dog, draw the wolf with a longish snout and piercing eyes. fi i if i et Toe garo The feet appear big and stable The base of the tail should be solid in appearance."4 vl ry tas Ail 95Bears ‘The space between the ears is wider than those ‘The ears are semicircular. of the eyes. The forehead forms a gentle arc. 2 1 f Va ‘The bear's head forms The direction of the furs NAY 0 almost a perfect circle nap in the figure above from the front. gives the impression that ‘The trick to drawing the profile is to Keep the this bear is worried distance between the eyes and ears on the wide side. Bringing the eyes too close to the ‘ears will make your bear look more like a dog ‘The shoulders form rounded hills on the back. Use the shoulders as guides when drawing the forelegs. ‘The flats of the front paws are small—equal to about only 2/3 of the face. bub, hs Xn ©) The tal is short | Front paw underside ) 96Polar Bears The polar bear has a more squarish face than the The ears are positioned toward the back of the head, -_ sccm average bear. A distinguishing feature lies in its large spaced as distant from the eyes as the eyes are from paws, which are about the same size as its head. the nose—a distinctive trait of this species. The white of the eye is rarely evident on the polar bear, which The (line of the) =S\.__ typically appear coal black. ‘mouth is black. ny ay, os %Zebras ‘The ears are spaced approximately the equivalent to half the head!'s full width The stripes are | symmetrical ‘The zebra's cheeks are round and stick out more The pattern of black stripes than the common horse. continues in the zebra's mane, The tail is cord-like with the tip reminiscent of a brush with bristles. Ear The ear is rhomboid LJ ia shape. tv Front of the earGiraffes ‘The ears are shaped like long scoops. ‘The giraffe has a protuberance on its The eyes siant forehead. downward when seen in profile. The face forms a vertically long | {The head becomes hexagon. Figure shows face \)" foreshortened when looking down slightly looking upward. The tail is as long as the neck. The giratfe's patches appear Virtually symmetrical whether seen from the back or front. This line representing a fold of loose skin is distinctive to the irate Cloven hoot Sagging skin 99Hippos The mouth comprises half of the hippopotamus's face. i The feet are spaced approximately 1.5 feet apart Bie 4 ay Visualize a SSA led box when drawing they hippopotamus's. #¥ mouth Flesh out the box. 100Elephants The eleohant’s head is essentially a vertical elipse whether viewing i from the side or o The trunk’s width is approximately half that of the face. African elephant 101Rhinoceroses The thinoceros should be drawn with a rectangular face and conical {trumpet-shaped) ears, The black rhino and white rhino closely resemble ‘one another, but may be distinguished using the mouth. The legs are about half the width of the head, In the layout sketch, we see that the protruding shoulders are a distinctive trait. Use circles to define the shoulders, abdomen, and rump. like a horizontal rectangle The black thinoceros's mouth is triangular, The elephant’s ‘mouth is also triangular in eo cc 102Wild Boar The tusks of some wild boars puncture their mouths. Boar tusks do not typically grow from the corner of their mouths, but rather close to the snout. hah The boars cloven hooves look like women’s high- heeled shoes, The boat's tusks peak ‘out just a bit even when the mouth is closed.Deer deers ears tum out tothe side in a distinctive manner. Determine the ears' positions at the layout sketch stage. 104Camel In profile, the snout occupies 2183 of the face and the The mouth is as forehead 1/3. wide as the face. Long, dark eyelashes are @ distinctive trait of va ‘the camel. The camet's humps ccome in a variety of shapes. ‘The neck has a wide range of motion. The camel has two toes, each with a hoof. 106Kangaroos Te ears are capable of moving in al directions Ears facing Ears tumed Ears rotated forward tothe side backwards ‘The ears are the same \ length as the face. : The legs are [ f approximate! w y half the full r figure in . The feet are I \ 1.5 times the i in length ——— 107Koalas ~ The nose and ears are The nose is as long about the same size. as half the width of the face. ‘The index finger is slender and positioned next to the thumb, which is also slender. The ears feature tufts of hair. Abstracted ear ‘The fused second and third toes of the foot are slender and aligned with the other toes. mr" Baby Koala The juvenile koalas head is smaller but broader than the adut's. The eyes 408 are also slightly more widely spaced.Pandas The almond-shaped eyes arc slightly upward. The forelegs’ black fur extends to encircle the animal from the chest to the back The muzzle is about half the length of the head. The abdomen bulges. 109Raccoons __ Black surrounds the raccoon's eyes lie a mask as well as enveloping the nose and its feet. The tail has six rings withthe ring size varying for each individual. The line from the forehead to the tip of the nose forms a subtie S-curve. rom the front, the raccoon’s face shaped like a flattened The tail has six complete stripes with the tail ending in the seventh, er gvt ‘The ends of the feet are black. ‘The tp of the tall is also black. 110Lesser Panda The lesser panda sports a round head and triangular ears. Growing at the base ofits ears, are long, earlobe-lke tufts of fur. While the lesser Panda's back is brown, its legs and belly are virtually jet-black. Long tuft of fur resembling an earlobe The tail has eight to ten stripes. When sketching the under drawing, take care with the ‘number and spacing of the stripes as well as generating a sense of volume (i.e. suggesting curved surfaces). Back The entire belly underside of the figure) should be biack wt The lesser panda's magnificent eA claws are noticeable. se 112Foxes The fox has triangular face. | recommend The tps of the ears are giving the snout a long, cylindrical silhouette. a dark burnt umber. When drawing, visualize aS the ears as about hatf ee 7 the height of the head. =] f ‘f The winter coat reaches’ SS \ {— allthe way to the fox's, ie ~St Underside. In the summer, the for's coat is short, giving him a slim appearance. In the winter, the fox's coat increases to about 1.5 times its summertime volume.f Ears: Not only are foxes’ le, but so are those of cats, deer, hippos, bears, and most other animals. Les vor Fr? | agae jagae ae eeRaccoon Dogs From the front, the raccoon dog has a wide, hexagonal face. The ears are shaped like triangles with rounded points, forming a loop. ‘The tip of the nose, the area surrounding the eyes, and the legs are black. The ears are ‘framed in black as well 116Summer coat Winter coat In the winter, the neck and the tail become hairy with, long fur. The coat around the trunk grows to twice its ‘summertime volume. in contrast, the regions from the wrist and angle downward remain relatively uncovered. Wrist Use Circles and Triangles For the Profile, Start for the Face in Front View with a Duck Head ory 0 i . The ears are framed in black. (v7) A? “3 ®@ ~~ The ears are rounded triangles. ) In profile, the ears’ contours take on semicircular shape. The key lies in the line at the top of the nose found between the @Giant Flying Squirrel 8° known as a taguan, picture an over-sized mouse ms . comenene when drawing the giant flying squirrel. | recommend ‘drawing the eyes about the same size as the nose. The eyes bulge out, making them appear to slant Upward from a front view. + The almond-shaped eyes 4 band of white gurounds are almost perfectly round. the head from the throat to above the eyes. The flying squirrel has skin . ®& tf (6S membranes between its fore and ; Sa re > hind legs just lke those of a bat. iy ‘ — on | \ Muscle ( : i | { “ f \ BE Poa When depicting the flying squirrel : su gliding, use diagonal hatched lines to ~N. a suggest fur pushed back by the breeze. »\ DKFlying Squirrel Te fying squires tiny, measuring at around 15 cm (approx. 6"), about 1/3 the ene = size ofa giant flying squirrel. To draw a convincing flying squirrel, give it a rodent's ‘ace, but with eyes about three times the size of those found on a mouse. yD Take careful note that while the eyes form almost perfect circles from the side, from a front view, they are vertically oblong, ‘The forelegs appear thick ‘owing to the skin membrane ~ e Used for gliding ROI CT NEE = 1 The tying squirrel can tp its tal, which is bushier than that ofthe \ A Giant fying squirel, over its back or curl it over its upper body.Armadillos The three-banded armadillo is the only able to rol itself Lup into a bal. None of the other armadillo species are capable ofthis feat The nine-banded armadillo is not capable of rolling itself into a bal roll itself into a ball Tapirs ‘The tapir’s legs are about as long as i) Ve the trunk i tall. The nose wiggles. have three toes each, FS ie ‘The forefeet have four toes each.Anteaters When determining the head's length, aim for about half that of the trunk. | Sloths yi yi | hi idRiver Otters The head is streamlined. | recommend using sinuous lines forthe entire body. The feet are webbed.Sea Otter Poms Ash Tones The paws’ digits are barely noticeable. ‘The front paws resemble flat mittens. ‘The sea otter's feet are webbed, and the legs are shaped like flippers. tts ~The sea otter dolphins through the water, without a — 2 Using its feet. The legs are virtually the same — — length as the head G The flat tail is twice as long as the legs. Fo ‘The sea otter sports y Z) abairy coatThe hind flippers fold forward, allowing the sea lion to straighten its body upright forming an “L" Sea Lions ‘The tip of the nose, the eye, and the ear form an almost perfectly straight lin. The front flippers attach to the trunk approximately where the neck begins to arc up. (— The hind flippers do not fold forward, meaning that the seal is Seals permanently in a reclining position and is only able to use its front, flippers to propel itself forward. a ‘The flippers extended to each side are approximately as long as the trunk's width, — Sketch a guide layout for the whisker. = The flippers’ length is virtually the same as the head's width. The ips of the front flippers aa when rotated to the back lie e approximately midway along the body. a The front flippers - have claws. Figure showing the hind 124 flippers brought togetherDolphins The key point to the dolphin is the arc extending from the dorsal fin to a the tal To draw dolphins convincingly maintain a Orcas Visual image of a bow when drawing the body. The orca has a chubby, streamlined body, which is equal in height to its tall dorsal fin. Position the pectoral fins lower than the eyes and the talfin above the eyes. Whales Sperm whale Right whaleRays Ravsare iat, homboid- shaped animals. Eye Gill sits From straight on, the ray's body forms a low mound in ‘Adding thin rim of tone to the the center. figure's outline imparts the flat body with a minor sense of volume. ‘The tails three times the length of the body. The dorsal and pectoral fins are Portray the shark with a streamlined proportioned to form a triangle. body ending in a pointed tip, large dorsal, pectoral, and tailfins. Sharks The gills slits lined up in front of the pectoral fin make the figure convincingly shark-tike. The mouth forms an inverted "V". 126The octopus has a head-to-body ratio of approximately 1:2 with the tentacles Octopuses — somewnat lnger than the mantle (arge, bulbous, muscular feature resembling ahead and located above the actual head, housing major organs) The suction cups are aligned along the underside of the tentacles. Drawing the tentacles toward the outside portrays the tentacles’ characteristic wigaly, wriggly The suction cups are ‘The pupil is horizontally regularly spaced in ‘oblong, making the octopus staggered rows. look sleepy. The siphon is not a mouth for iN food, nor is it located between ‘the eyes. The octopus squirts When swimming, the Water through the siphon to . octopus stretches itself, allow for jet propuision. 7 Squid elongating the mantle. Siphon’ The yarika's ("spear squid”; Loligo bleeker) cylindrical body appears to have relatively the same thickness whether viewed from the front or side. Big fin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) shown swimming, Back ‘The entire body becomes ramrod stif when the tentacles are extended. squid arcs its mantle \ The eyes are perfectly round and have an alert appearance. Blowfish the biowtish infiates to twice its normal size. " The blowtish's body expands up to the pelvic fin. 127‘The jllyish's movements and the angle from which it is viewed greatly affect whether it appears flat tothe eye or a complicated three-dimensional creature. Jellyfish ‘Moon jellyfish Low angle ole) Gk a ! f | = High angle High angle (overhead view) Low angle High angle (ellyfish with bell expanded) ‘Andon kurage (“andon lamp jellyfish"; Charybdea rastonii Haeckel jellyfish; Cladonema uchidal) Lined sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster) Karakasa kurage (“umbrella jellyfish; Liriope tetraphyla) 128Chapter 4Songbirds The beak ofthe finch comprises 1/3 of the head, and the eyes are almond-shaped. ‘The tongue comes into view when the finch opens its The finch squats when relaxed, mouth. causing the entire figure to become rounded in appearance. wen the finch becomes alert or agitated, it holds its body erect, stretching itself thin. Finches Zebra finch The tal is used to maintain balance. Consequently, the legs attach to the body more toward the rear than center When in flight, the legs are tucked more toward the tal than center, Parakeet feet have two toes in the front and two Typically, on each foot members of the i the back. finch family have three toes facing 130 forward and one facing rearward.@ Final image Use cross-hatching to render effectively the head's dark brown coloration. In the winter, sparrows fluff up their feathers, making them appear rounder. The beak is small, occupying about 1/4 of the head. Try to make the beak slightly larger than the eyes. Swallows The eyes are perfectly round. Chimney swift ‘The flat and wide beak is capable of opening to half the size of the entire head. Bengalese finch 131Parakeets The parakeet's hooked beak forms an inverted triangle, Relatively speaking, the bbeak occupies about half of the parakeet's face. The tips of the wing are ‘The tail comprises half of the | figure overall. The body up to the base ofthe tal has a head-to- body ratio of 1:3, ® QO Cockatiel (lutino cockatiel) Peach-faced lovebird 132Conure ‘These birds are capable of rotating thet heads 180° and can bend their body to touch the base ofthe tal wit their beak. \\~ The white ring found i|{\\ around each eye isa aii INQ characteristic feature, Draw i} Ha \\ a large, white dot in the iris My) \\to indicate reflected tight Use undulating contours : from the dramatically puffed-out breast to the small head, Japanese robin Pigeons Draw a tiny dot for the pupil in the center of the iris to achieve that distinctly pigeon-esque look. 133Crows Distinguish the different species of crows Slender beak: Carrion crow through the thickness of the beak. Thick beak: Jungle crow Both do appear together in a flock. Jungle crow Carrion crow Color the wings black in a manner that their shape can still be recognized ‘Add white touches after coloring the entire figure black. Define éach feather and then ‘add gradation tone. Exploit the various methods of representation using black (e.g. solid black, gradation tone). Etch the tone in the’ direction the feathers | \ grow, Lay down black and then add white on top, or add tone and then etch it to achieve visual NN ZB balance and a sense of volume. ae BR 134Chickens Maintaining the hen's comb at about 1/2 to 1/8 the size ofthe rooster’s wil allow you to distinguish between the two. Chick A Re \ C “+ SEX, Neu Avoid using clearly defined contour lines, but instead use diagonal hatching to create the feel of a downy chick RoosterWaterfowl Attach a shoehorn to an egg-shaped head, and voila! A water bird ‘The spot-billed duck's bill and feet are almost the same size Spat-billed duckling The legs of a common land bird attaches — obliquely to the body. The head is thrust =a forward, and the figure overall has a forward 1/3 of the body obscured by water. leaning appearance In contrast, waterbirds stand straight with nN fn Soe Waterfowl their heads slighty shifted to the rear. Whooper swan Mute swan 136Raptors Thick necks, pufed up breasts, wie shouders, and broad wingspans characterize birds of prey. Draw these birds with hooked beaks that are likewise thick as well as sharp. The wings form a sharply cut an "M" when in fight—a silhouette identifying this bird as a falcon. Subtle differences exist in the wingspan and appearance of the wings when spread, but this image stil gives you a general idea of the silhouette of a raptor in fight. Peregrine falcon The Steller's sea eagle has a head-to-body ratio of 1:6 with the beak ‘occupying about half of the head.Seagulls ‘The gul's long bill should be approximately the same length as its head. Also, adding tiny pupils will help to make your gull convincing, Ss ‘When drawing a gull flying, use the appearance of the feet (i.e. the webbing) to evoke a sense of speed. \ pica when the gull is in fight, it tucks its legs to the rear. ‘When swooping down or decelerating, the gull straightens its legs down to its toes. Common Gulls Use differences in the bill's length and shape, and the plumage to distinguish between the different species. ° o Albatross Black-tailed gull Black-headed gull 138Penguins 4! penguins nave black covering them from the head to back and waite bees. = Co) ° ° oO \ Like other waterfowl, the bil is the same length as the head. & ° forward and one facing back on each foot ° ( Running AS a 4 In the water —_ 5 Hopping over ice (Chssorted Penguins Note the coloration as well asthe length and size of the bls Emperor Adele Chinstrap Rockhopper Macaroni Humboldt penguin King penguin penguin penguin penguin penguin penguin Cane penguin PHAD GTD®@ RRA MM @ RM Naa {_orpsorney cove warae iz to2978) (TW e238) (7271) E1028.) ' t XRTropical Fish fom aside view, the angetfis fits into almost a perfect square. ‘Angelfish Easy Peasy Angelfish © 1. Draw a circle 2. Draw an arrow. ‘Adding highlights to the eyes will make them look more realistic. 4. Add the fins and draw the coloration pattern, Goldfish Fringe tail goldfish (Ryukin) Draw fluttering fins and tails to 440 impart a sense of movement.