(Pharmacology)

Homework/List the types of insulin preparations and

their durations of action.
P repare By:
‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﻧﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮزاق‬
Class/B3

Intoduction of Insulin plays a key role in the regulation of

carbohydrate,fat, and protein metabolism. It is a polypeptide
hormone ofcomplex structure. There are differences in the
amino-acid sequence of animal insulins, human insulins and the
human insulin analogues. Insulin may be extracted from pork
pancreas and purified by crystallisation; it may also be
extracted from beef pancreas, but beef insulins are now
rarely used. Human sequence insulin may be produced semi
synthetically by enzymatic modification of porcine insulin or
biosynthetically by recombinant DNAtechnology using bacteria
or yeast . All insulin preparations are to a greater or lesser
extent immunogenic in man but immunological resistance to
.insulin action is uncommon
Insulin is inactivated by gastro-intestinal enzymes, and must
therefore be given by injection; the subcutaneous route is ideal
.in most circumstances
* the types of insulin preparations and their durations of action:

1-Rapid-acting: These include Apidra, Humalog, and Novolog. They

have an onset in less than 15 minutes, peak in 30 to 90 minutes, and
duration of two to four hours.

2-Regular (short-acting): These include Humulin R and Novolin R.

They have an onset of a half an hour, a peak of two to three hours,
and duration of three to six hours.

3-Intermediate-acting: These include Humulin N and Novolin N. They

have an onset of two to four hours, a peak at four to 12 hours, and
duration of 12 to 18 hours.

4-Long-acting: These include Levemir and Lantus. They have an onset

of several hours, minimal or no peak, and a duration of 24 hours or
more.
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