BS 845-2

BRITISH STANDARD BS 845-2:1987
Methods for
Assessing thermal
performance of boilers
for steam, hot water
and high temperature
heat transfer fluids —
Part 2: Comprehensive procedure
UDC 621.18.018
BS 845-2:1987
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refrigeration,

Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Committee (RHE/-) to Technical
Committee RHE/10, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Associated Offices Technical Committee

Association of British Solid Fuel Appliances Manufacturers
Association of Shell Boilermakers
Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association Ltd.
British Coal
British Combustion Equipment Manufacturers Association
British Foundry Association
British Gas plc
Building Services Research and Information Association
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Department of Energy (Energy Efficiency Office)
Department of Energy (Gas Standards)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Domestic Solid Fuel Appliances Approval Scheme
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association
Health and Safety Executive
Hevac Association
Institute of Domestic Heating Engineers
Society of British Gas Industries
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through sub-committees and panels:
Association of Consulting Engineers

This British Standard, having British Paper and Board Industry Federation (PIF)
been prepared under the
direction of the Institution of Chemical Engineers
Refrigeration, Heating and Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Air Conditioning Standards
Committee, was published National Industrial Fuel Efficiency Service
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes into
Water-tube Boilermakers’ Association
effect on
30 June 1987
© BSI 11-1999
First published as BS 845
April 1939
First revision as BS 845
September 1961
Second revision as BS 845 Amendments issued since publication
July 1972
Third revision as BS 845-2 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
June 1987
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference RHE/10
Draft for comment 83/73795 DC
ISBN 0 580 15857 8

BS 845-2:1987
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Test preparation 2
4 Minimum test duration 3
5 Test operation 3
6 Instrumentation 4
7 Measurement procedure 5
8 Calculations 10
9 Report 16
Appendix A Report data 22
Appendix B Calculation of production rate of unweighed ash 37
Appendix C Radiation, convection and conduction losses for
boilers of conventional design 37
Appendix D Guiding principles 38
Appendix E Selection of assessment procedure 40
Figure 1 — Diagram of heat flows in and out of the unit 42
Figure 2 — Boundary points of unit 43
Table 1 — Minimum duration of tests 3
Table 2 — Measurement tolerances 6
Table 3 — Symbols and units 17
Table 4 — Typical radiation, convection and conduction
losses from water-tube and shell boilers 38
Table 5 — Typical radiation, convection and conduction
losses from sectional hot water boilers 38
Publications referred to Inside back cover
© BSI 11-1999 i
BS 845-2:1987
Foreword
This Part of BS 845 has been prepared under the direction of the Refrigeration,
Heating and Air Conditioning Standards Committee. Together with BS 845-1 it
supersedes BS 845:1972 which is withdrawn.
The revised edition of BS 845 describes, in two Parts, the procedures that should
be used and the data that should be collected in order to obtain an assessment of
the thermal performance of steam, hot water or high temperature heat transfer
fluid boilers, generally of output greater than 44 kW. The test results may be
based on either the net or the gross calorific value of the fuel.
The tests described in this British Standard are for thermal performance only but
are based on the assumption that boilers are operated during the tests in such a
manner as to comply with relevant safety requirements and the requirements of
national environmental legislation.
BS 845 is published in two separate Parts as follows:
— Part 1: provides a concise but complete procedure and is convenient for
boilers which are thermodynamically simple, i.e. having a single major source
of heat input and a simple water or steam or high temperature heat transfer
fluid;
— Part 2: provides a comprehensive procedure suitable for all boilers, including
those with multiple thermal flows to and from the boiler.
Part 2 is intended for testing boiler plant of any size burning any of the fuels
available to commerce and industry. It may be used for contractual tests or for
any subsequent test at full or part output and is suitable for testing all types of
boiler including waste heat and electric boilers.
Allowance is made for the use of fluidized bed combustion and for the use of
domestic refuse as fuel.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 44, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
1 Scope
This Part of BS 845 describes a comprehensive procedure for conducting thermal performance tests on
steam, hot water or high temperature heat transfer fluid boilers to give results within a tolerance
of ± 2 percentage points1) and for presenting the results in tabular form. This Part makes use of both the
direct and the indirect methods of test. Test results are based on either the gross or the net calorific value
of the fuel.
This comprehensive procedure is suitable for all boilers, including those with multiple thermal flows to and
from the boiler.
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 845 the following definitions apply.
2.1
unit
a steam, hot water or high temperature heat transfer fluid boiler, generally of output greater than 44 kW,
including firing equipment, together with ancillary plant or equipment, such as superheater, economizer,
air heater, fans and pumps lying within the unit boundary (as indicated in Figure 1 and Figure 2)
2.2
solid fuel
any fuel in the solid state, including wastes with declared characteristics
2.3
liquid fuel
petroleum fuel oils in accordance with BS 2869 or any other fuel in the liquid state with declared
characteristics
2.4
gaseous fuel
manufactured gas (first family), natural gas (second family) or LPG, i.e. propane or butane, (third family)
or any other gaseous fuel with declared characteristics
2.5
gross calorific value
the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion, under specified conditions, of unit volume of a
gas or unit mass of a solid or liquid fuel in the determination of which the water produced by combustion
of the fuel is assumed to be completely condensed and its latent and sensible heat made available
(see 7.8, clause 8 and BS 526)
2.6
net calorific value
the amount of heat generated by the complete combustion, under specified conditions, of unit volume of a
gas or unit mass of a solid or liquid fuel in the determination of which the water produced by the combustion
of the fuel is assumed to remain as a vapour (see 7.8, clause 8 and BS 526)
2.7
heat input
the heat value of the fuel fired during the test based upon the net or gross calorific value (to be stated), plus
the sensible heat in the fuel above the air intake temperature and any heat supplied to the unit from a
separate source. In the case of waste heat and electric boilers the reference to net or gross calorific value
does not apply
2.8
heat output
the heat value of the steam or hot water supplied by the unit less the heat value of any water or steam
returned to the unit during the test
1) One percentage point is one hundredth of the total amount concerned, in this instance, the heat input.
© BSI 11-1999 1
BS 845-2:1987
2.9
radiation, convection and conduction losses
the losses from water, steam, combustion air, or gas backed surfaces prior to the flue gas temperature
measurement point and directly from flame to the floor and surroundings of the unit
2.10
thermal efficiency
the heat output divided by the heat input expressed as a percentage
2.11
direct procedure
the determination of thermal performance from thermal input and output, based on measurement. Further
measurements are taken to determine the heat losses, although one or more minor losses may be
determined by difference in the heat balance
2.12
indirect procedure
the determination of thermal performance by the assessment of the thermal losses and the measured
thermal input or output. Major thermal losses are determined directly from measured quantities; minor
losses are determined directly, or assessed, and in the case of radiation and convection losses Appendix C
gives values
3 Test preparation
3.1 Before a test, the unit shall be examined for condition and cleanliness (see clause 9).
NOTE 1 It is important that the unit is in a suitable condition for testing and in particular that it is in an acceptable state of
cleanliness.
NOTE 2 Appendix D gives information concerning guiding principles for the carrying out of tests and Appendix E deals with the
selection of the test method.
3.2 The unit shall be isolated from any supplies of feed water or fuel other than those passing through their
respective measuring devices. Precautions shall be taken to avoid all leakages of water or steam, inwards
or outwards, which will affect the results of the test. Similar precautions shall be taken with liquid or
gaseous fuel. Wherever practicable unused pipes shall be blanked off or be subject to continuous
supervision.
3.3 The unit shall be observed in operation for as long as may be necessary to confirm whether or not each
of the following working conditions can be met.
a) Output of hot water or steam from main boiler stop valve or flow connection.
b) Pressure and temperature of steam or water at the unit outlet.
c) Pressure and temperature of feed or return water entering the unit.
d) Temperature of air at entry to the unit.
e) Temperature and analysis of the flue gases.
It shall also be verified that the characteristics of the fuel to be burned are within the agreed range
(see D.8) and that the fuel can be burned at the necessary rate (see D.7).
NOTE If such preliminary observation discloses that the required working conditions, as listed in 3.3 a) to e), cannot be met in any
one or all particulars, or if the characteristics of the available fuel are different from those specified, the test may be carried out, by
agreement between the parties concerned, under the working conditions shown to be feasible, and on agreement also on the resultant
changes in the guarantee values.
3.4 Where circumstances require correction curves to be applied for deviations from the reference
temperature of feed water temperature, temperature of steam or water and external air, as well as for
deviations of steam or water throughput and fuel analysis, the method of application shall be stated. The
correction shall be made to bring the maker’s guarantee values to the “as tested” conditions.
NOTE The use of correction curves should be agreed between the parties concerned prior to the commencement of the test.
3.5 Boiler water shall comply with BS 2486.
3.6 In preparation for the test the unit shall be run for a sufficient time to attain equilibrium of
temperature and combustion at test load conditions (see 3.7).
NOTE At this time it is also necessary to ensure that national legislation (e.g. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Clean
Air Acts) is being complied with.
2 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
3.7 Before the test the following conditions shall prevail:

a) the heat output shall not vary by more than ± 5 % from the value required;
b) the extreme values of steam pressure shall not differ from one another by more than ± 6 %;
c) The extreme values of difference between the temperatures of the flue gas at the unit exit and the
ambient air shall not differ from one another by more than ± 6 %. That is t7 – t3 will not vary by more
than 6 %.
3.8 During the whole of the preliminary running the unit shall be fired with the fuel(s) that will be used
for the duration of the test.
4 Minimum test duration

Having attained the steady conditions given in clause 3, a one hour control period shall be followed by the
minimum test periods given in Table 1.
NOTE The control period may be counted as part of the test period only by mutual agreement between the parties concerned.
Following the test a further control period may be maintained.
Table 1 — Minimum duration of tests
Direct tests, and indirect tests with fuel measured
Solid fuel equipment giving steady burning rates 4h

Solid fuel equipment giving possible cyclic variations in the mass Not less than 8 h and at least one full
of fuel present (e.g. underfeed, gravity feed stokers, hand cycle of firing or de-ashing operations,
de-ashed units)a beginning and ending at the same
points on the cycle
Solid fuel equipment burning domestic refuse, bagasse, and other
solid fuels of variable calorific value 6h
Liquid and gaseous fuels (including waste heat boilers) 2h
Electric boilers 1h
Indirect tests, fuel not measured
Solid fuel 2h
Liquid and gaseous fuels (including waste heat boilers) 2h
a If the unit has to be taken off load for de-ashing, the period between de-ashing operations is the duration of the test.
5 Test operation
5.1 Operation of equipment during test
5.1.1 During the test, the cleaning equipment shall not be operated unless there is a specific operational
need to do so. If the cleaning equipment is to be operated during the test this shall be recorded in the report
[see clause 9 and Appendix A c) viii)] together with the time(s) and period(s) of such operation(s).
NOTE The need to operate the cleaning equipment should be agreed between the parties concerned prior to the test.
5.1.2 During the test, the boiler shall not be blown down nor shall the timed or continuous integral
ash-quenching equipment be operated unless such operations are normal functions or there is a specific
operational need to do so. In the event of blow down or operation of the ash-quenching equipment during
the test, allowance shall be made for the operations in the heat account (see 7.6).
NOTE The need to blow down or operate the ash-quenching equipment should be agreed between the parties concerned.
5.2 Rejection of test runs
The test shall be discontinued or rejected if excessive variations occur such as to disturb the running
equilibrium (see 3.7).
NOTE Momentary variations may occur without involving the rejection of the test, providing that, taking into account the
frequency, duration and time of occurrence of the variations, the parties agree that the variations are not such as to upset appreciably
the equilibrium of temperature in the different parts of the unit.
© BSI 11-1999 3
BS 845-2:1987
5.3 Conditions at beginning and end of test

The following parameters shall correspond at the beginning and end of the test:
a) combustion conditions;
b) combustion air temperature;
c) excess air;
d) rate of feeding fuel;
e) feed water pressure, temperature and rate of feed;
f) steam pressure;
g) water level;
h) main steam and reheat steam flows.
NOTE With grate firing and, particularly during direct tests, the stock of fuel on the grate and its condition should, as far as can be
reasonably ascertained, be the same at the beginning and end of the test.
With mechanical grates, the average grate velocity and the height of the fuel layer, at least during the
period of one pass of the fuel on the grate, shall be the same at the beginning and end of the test. These
values shall, therefore, be observed for an adequate period before commencement and after termination of
the test.
NOTE In view of these conditions it is recommended that in cases where a test of long duration necessitates a change of observers
during its course, the observers at the end of the test are the same as at the beginning.
6 Instrumentation
6.1 Temperature measurement
Any of the following types of thermometer shall be used for temperature measurement.
a) High grade thermocouples used with a potentiometer or digital voltmeter of appropriate accuracy
(see BS 4937-1, BS 4937-2, BS 4937-3, BS 4937-4 and BS 4937-5).
b) Electric resistance thermometers with Wheatstone bridge or similar “null” balance instrument
(see BS 1041).
c) Mercury-in-glass solid stem thermometers with scales appropriate to the measurement to be made
(see BS 593 and BS 1704).
Care shall be taken to ensure that the sensing element provides a representative reading, is of low thermal
inertia so as to respond rapidly to changes, and does not gain or lose heat by radiation.
6.2 Pressure measurement
Steam and water pressures shall be measured by calibrated Bourdon-type gauges (see BS 1780),
dead-weight gauges or other means.
The scale markings of the Bourdon gauges shall be of plain straight lines or dots, and a difference of 1 % of
the working pressure shall be easily read on the scale.
6.3 Sampling and analysis of flue gases
Flue gases shall be sampled and analyzed using any of the following.
a) Orsat apparatus for CO2 and O2 measurement.
b) Paramagnetic or electrochemical instruments for O2 measurement.
c) Colorimetric apparatus such as Draeger tubes or infra-red apparatus for CO measurement.
NOTE Since new forms of portable instruments are continually becoming available, e.g. infra-red analysers and electrochemical
cells for certain gas analyses, this should be borne in mind.
6.4 Measurement of steam or water flows
The feed (or return) water quantity shall be measured by any of the following methods.
a) Tanks and suitable scales for actual weighing.
b) Calibrated volumetric measuring tanks.
c) A calibrated venturi meter of the precision type, nozzle or orifice plate or any meter suitable for the
working conditions and having the required standard of accuracy.
4 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
The associated pipework and device for indicating the differential pressure used in conjunction with a
venturi, nozzle or orifice plate shall comply with BS 1042.
6.5 Measurement of fuel flow
Quantities of gaseous fuels shall be measured using meters of the nozzle, orifice, venturi or pitot-static type
complying with BS 1042 or using positive or semi-positive displacement meters. Oil fuel shall be measured
by direct weighing, positive displacement meters, flow meters of the accuracy required by 7.1.1 or, where
practicable, calibrated tanks. Solid fuel shall be measured by direct weighing.
6.6 Measurement of energy used by auxiliaries
Energy used by auxiliaries shall be measured using either integrating kWh meters or indicating
instruments of the precision type with current and voltage transformers also of the precision type
(see 7.1.4).
7 Measurement procedure
7.1 General
7.1.1 The methods of making and recording measurements shall be within the measurement tolerances
given in Table 2. Unconventional methods of measurement shall only be used if their compliance with the
measurement tolerances given in Table 2 can be demonstrated.
7.1.2 Calibrations shall be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, before the tests,
of all instruments and apparatus.
NOTE 1 In some cases it may be considered necessary to repeat calibrations after the tests.
NOTE 2 Where possible at no sacrifice of accuracy the use of remote indicating recording instruments is recommended and the
location and grouping of all instruments, whether local or remote reading, should be considered from the standpoint of the observers,
with the object of ensuring accurate measurements with the minimum of fatigue, having due regard to the agreed duration of the
tests.
7.1.3 Recording instruments shall be monitored regularly, correct charts shall be fitted and the charts
accurately timed especially at the start and end of the test period. Enough data to indicate the time base
shall be on the chart.
7.1.4 When using indicating instruments for flow measurements, the interval between readings shall be
half a minute, except where constant flow conditions are established. Water temperature readings in hot
water installations shall be taken at 5 min intervals. In other cases readings shall be taken at intervals of
up to 15 min provided that there are not less than 25 uniformly spaced readings and provided that there
are no sudden and wide fluctuations.
NOTE 1 All readings should be taken at such frequency as may be necessary to determine the arithmetic average accurately over
the test period.
NOTE 2 Where there are sudden and wide fluctuations it may be necessary to reduce the interval between readings.
NOTE 3 Intervals that are too short can result in an increase in the error due to fatigue of the observers taking the readings.
7.1.5 With respect to quantitative measurements, as far as possible the initial readings shall be taken
simultaneously and the final readings shall be taken simultaneously. The steady-state values shall be read
off immediately prior to the beginning of the test period.
NOTE It is recommended that major readings should be continued throughout both the initial and any final control periods.
7.1.6 The observed data shall be directly recorded by each observer on log sheets designed for the purpose,
having regard to recording all data necessary for subsequent interpretation (see clause 9). The log sheets
shall include the reference number of all instruments. Units and multipliers shall be included.
© BSI 11-1999 5
BS 845-2:1987
Table 2 — Measurement tolerances

Measurement Tolerance (expressed
as a percentage of
reading except where
stated otherwise)
Atmospheric pressure ± 0.5

Gas fuel pressure ± 0.5
Steam pressure ±1
Water or fuel mass by weighing ± 0.2
Water or liquid fuel flow ± 0.5
Gaseous fuel flow ± 0.5
Steam flow ± 0.5
Time ± 0.1
Calorific value ± 0.6
Auxiliary electrical energy ± 0.5
Gas temperature ±1
Water temperature ± 0.1 °C
CO2 ± 0.1
CO (for the calculation of flue-gas losses) ± 10
O2 ± 0.2
Dryness fraction of saturated steam See 7.15
7.2 Temperature measurement

7.2.1 The temperature of steam taken from the unit and used for heating oil, or for other purposes, shall
be taken in such a manner as to debit the heater with any pipe heat losses for which it may be responsible.
NOTE The usual procedure is to measure the steam temperature directly at a point that is as near as practicable to the source of
supply. Where steam flow is determined other than by direct measurement, the steam temperature used should ensure a similar
result.
7.2.2 The temperature of the combustion air shall be measured at the points of air entry to the unit; where
there is non-uniformity in the temperature, several thermometers shall be used.
7.2.3 In measurements of the flue gas outlet temperature, the temperature measuring point shall be as
close to the heat exchanger outlet as is practicable, care being taken to obtain a representative
temperature.
7.3 Pressure measurement
Bourdon gauges shall be calibrated under pressure and ambient temperature conditions approximating to
those obtained during the test, using standard dead-weight test gauges before and, if required, after the
tests.
7.4 Sampling and analysis of flue gases
7.4.1 Sampling and analysis of the flue gases are normally carried out at a point after the final heat
exchange surface of the unit but, if an alternative boundary point is taken after the induced draught fan
(see Figure 2), checks shall be carried out to ensure that there is no air leakage inward at the fan.
7.4.2 Before the test the ducts where gas analyses are required shall be explored, under all conditions of
load and combustion expected on the test, to ascertain the distribution of carbon dioxide or oxygen.
NOTE 1 If this reveals a point where a reliable mean exists, single point sampling may be adopted with the end of the sampling tube
in this position.
NOTE 2 For large ducts it is recommended that multi-point sampling be employed and the arithmetic average taken.
NOTE 3 Care is necessary in selecting the plane of sampling of the flue gases. The difficulty may be accentuated in large
cross-sectional areas. Stratification may be particularly bad after a bend and where rotating air heaters are present and there may
also be considerable variation in gas analysis over the duct due to air infiltration (see BS 1756 and BS 3048).
7.4.3 Analyses shall be made at frequent intervals. Unless the analysis is to be used for reasons other than
determining the discharge gas losses, the sampling point shall be as close as practicable to the point at
which the exit temperature is taken.
6 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
7.4.4 Because all gases and especially SO2 and CO2 are soluble to some extent in water, the water in the
levelling bottle of Orsat apparatus, if used (see 6.3), shall be saturated with sample gas before taking any
readings.
7.5 Measurement of steam or hot water flows
7.5.1 Steam or hot water output shall be determined by measurement of the feed (or return) water quantity
or alternatively, for steam boilers, by direct measurement of steam flow.
NOTE Output should be determined preferably by measurement of water quantity. Direct measurement of steam flow should only
be used where the parties agree, the duration of the test and the water content of the boiler having been taken into consideration.
Whether the determination of steam output is made by water or steam measurement, reference shall be
made to BS 1042, BS 3285 and BS 3812 (see 7.15).
7.5.2 The pressure pipework between the primary element and its associated equipment shall be arranged
so that no back pressure or false pressure difference is set up (see BS 1042-1).
7.5.3 Pipeline primary elements and associated equipment shall only be used with systems incorporating
centrifugal pumps providing a non-pulsating flow.
7.5.4 In no case shall vane-type meters be used in conjunction with reciprocating pumps.
NOTE If reciprocating pumps are used, the mass or volume of the feed water should be determined, if this is permissible, the oxygen
absorption of the feed water in open measuring tanks having been taken into consideration.
7.5.5 Water levels in all parts of the unit shall be the same at the end of a test period as at the start unless
differences are measured and taken into account.
7.5.6 All leakages at safety valves, blow-off valves, feed water heaters, pumps, joints, stuffing boxes, and
through-connecting piping that may affect the test results shall either be eliminated or measured and
accounted for.
NOTE For the purposes of this standard the elimination of leakages may be taken to include reduction to an amount which to the
satisfaction of all parties concerned can be ignored.
Errors due to steam or water entering or leaving the equipment under test through connecting piping shall
be obviated by blanking off such connections or by providing open tell-tale drains to give visible assurance
that no flow exists.
7.6 Measurement of blow-down
If the boiler is to be blown down during the test, the quantity of the blow-down shall be determined, where
practicable, by direct measurement of the cooling water to any blow-down cooler and of the inlet and outlet
water temperature.
NOTE Blowing down during a test should be avoided wherever practicable.
7.7 Measurement of fuel
7.7.1 Solid fuel. The amount of fuel between the point of weighing and the point of combustion shall be kept
as small as possible and, wherever practicable, shall be kept to the same amount at the beginning and at
the end of the test. Where this is not practicable, the change in quantity of fuel so stored shall be estimated
and the appropriate correction made. In the case of pulverized fuel produced by on-site milling equipment
and discharged directly to the burners, the fuel shall be weighed before pulverizing.
7.7.2 Liquid fuel. The precautions referred to for solid fuel regarding storage between point of weighing and
point of combustion shall be observed with fuel oil.
7.7.3 Gaseous fuel. The location and installation of nozzles, orifices, venturis or pitot-static tubes, and the
connecting system between the primary element and the manometer shall be in accordance with BS 1042.
7.8 Sampling and analysis of fuel
7.8.1 Solid fuel shall be sampled and analysed in accordance with BS 1017 and BS 1016 respectively. The
degree of accuracy in sampling shall be to 0.25 % in ash and moisture.
7.8.2 The following principles shall be adopted for sampling pulverized fuel from a fuel pipe for
determination of size grading.
a) The velocity of flow into the sampling nozzles shall be within ± 10 % of the velocity within the pipe at
the sampling point.
b) The sampling pipe shall be cleared of pulverized fuel before sampling is begun.
© BSI 11-1999 7
BS 845-2:1987
c) Sampling shall take place from a section of the fuel pipe at a sufficient distance from the pulverizer
(and from the exhauster, if one is used) in a straight length of the pipe, preferably vertical, and as far
away as possible from bends.
d) A traverse shall be made of the pipe section at regular intervals of time throughout the test and
samples drawn off from centres of equal areas, the sampling time being the same at each point.
e) The weighted average of the individual gradings so obtained shall be used as the average result for
the test unless the samples are thoroughly mixed and the grading of the mixture determined.
7.8.3 In the case of fuel mixtures such as coal and oil or relatively uniform waste materials the
characteristics of each fuel component shall be determined separately and the characteristics of the
mixture found from the proportions by mass of the constituents. This procedure shall also be adopted in
cases where different fuels are burned simultaneously as this will enable the formulae for dry gas losses
(based on flue gas analysis) to be used.
NOTE For widely varying materials such as domestic refuse, either the heat output should be determined instead of the heat input
or agreement should be obtained concerning the size, frequency and method of determination of calorific value.
7.8.4 For liquid fuels a continuous sample shall be collected throughout the test at a point between the fuel
conditioning station and the burners.
NOTE This may be at the fuel oil heaters for convenience.
7.8.5 For liquid fuels the ultimate analysis, including ash and water, calorific value, viscosity and density
shall be determined (see BS 1469, BS 2000-12 and BS 2000-13, BS 2869 and BS 4451).
7.8.6 If gaseous fuel does not have closely controlled characteristics (e.g. is not from the public supply
system) special consideration shall be given to the method of obtaining an average sample.
7.8.7 If the composition of the gaseous fuel is expected to remain constant during the test, sampling of the
fuel gas shall be either by means of a continuous sample, or by samples taken at regular intervals.
NOTE If it is expected that the fuel gas composition may vary significantly during the test (for instance if the fuel gas comes from
an intermittent gas-producing process), agreement should be reached on the procedure to be adopted to obtain the true weighted mean
calorific value.
7.8.8 All calorific values used shall be those at constant pressure and corrected to one atmosphere standard
pressure (1.013 25 bar2)). The standard reference temperature for the calorific values of solid and liquid
fuels shall be 25 °C, and for gaseous fuels shall be 15 °C. The calorific values at constant pressure as
defined in BS 526 shall be used.
7.9 Measurement of humidity
The humidity of the combustion air at entry to the unit shall be determined.
NOTE The quantity of combustion air is required for the calculation of the total amount of moisture admitted with the air. This air
flow may be determined by calculation, provided that the fuel and flue gas analyses are known, or be measured using nozzles at the
air inlets.
7.10 Measurement of residues
7.10.1 The masses of ash and clinker, dust, riddlings, mill rejects and any other residues shall be
determined. The mass of the flue dust shall be found by carrying out representative gas sampling to obtain
the dust burden (see BS 893, BS 3405 and 7.10.2).
7.10.2 The masses of residues shall be determined on a dry basis. However, as any hot residue has to be
quenched with water immediately upon its withdrawal from the unit, and as residues are often wet when
discharged from the handling plant, the water content shall be ascertained in order that this may be
allowed for in the calculations.
NOTE Where there is special difficulty in weighing any component, and especially where the carbon content of the component
concerned is expected to be small, its mass may be estimated from the masses of the other components and of the total ash
corresponding to the coal mass and analysis (see Appendix B).
7.11 Sampling of boiler residues
NOTE 1 Sampling of residues is required for two main reasons: sampling to determine heat loss, involving residue quantities, and
sampling for determination of other physical characteristics such as grading, density or, for instance, fusion temperatures or corrosive
qualities.
NOTE 2 The methods for sampling, which are considered in connection with the measurement of residues in accordance with 7.10,
should be agreed by the parties concerned prior to the test.
2) 1 bar = 0.1 MPa.
8 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
7.11.1 Separate sample collection shall be carried out from all the relevant residue discharges of the plant.
NOTE These discharges may take the form of hoppers, chutes or pipes discharging solids or liquids or both, or may be ducts carrying
dust laden gases.
7.11.2 From each discharge a quantity of material, representative of the residue leaving the unit via that
discharge during the test, shall be collected.
NOTE 1 A procedure for collection of residues is given in a) and b).
a) Ash. Where the loss due to combustible matter in ash is known to be small, a number of increments to form a gross sample
should be taken as the hoppers are being emptied after the test. Where the loss is likely to be significant, the whole of the ash
should, if practicable, be treated as the gross sample and should be crushed to 13 mm and mixed thoroughly. Quantities in excess
of 100 kg should be subdivided by coning and halving and quartering until the mass of the subdivided sample is reduced to
between 50 kg and 100 kg. Samples of 100 kg and less should be subdivided by a mechanical sample divider, of a type approved
for subdivision of coal samples down to the size of sample suitable for laboratory use (see BS 1017-1). In the event of wetting of the
ash taking place, separate moisture samples should be taken unless the mass of the dry ash is being found by calculation.
b) Other residues. With boilers fired with pulverized fuel, if the dust burden in the flue gases is being measured, laboratory samples
for combustible content should be taken from the gross sample collected, after this has been thoroughly mixed, by riffling or by
means of a sample divider. If the sample is taken from a hopper which has collected the dust during the test period, periodic
samples to form a gross sample should be taken as the hopper is being emptied. The gross sample should then be mixed and divided
as above, to obtain laboratory samples.
Where the fly ash or dust is wetted, and this is weighed after wetting, the quantity of water added should be obtained by calculation
or by direct measurement; in the latter case, representative samples should be taken both for moisture and for combustible content.
In addition to the main flue dust, if significant quantities are collected in other parts of the unit, gross samples should be taken and
divided by means of a riffle or sample divider.
If the quantity of mill rejects or stoker riddlings is significant, the whole quantity should be considered as a gross sample and this
should be reduced by halving and quartering to form laboratory samples.
NOTE 2 The collection of residues by any other procedure should be agreed prior to the test by the parties concerned.
NOTE 3 The quantities of sample to be submitted for examination, the condition of the samples for submission and the number of
replicate samples and their purpose should be agreed by the parties concerned prior to the test.
7.11.3 The samples shall be submitted for analyses (see BS 1016-14).
NOTE These analyses, as required by the purpose of the test, can relate to design or contractual requirements or to an agreement
between the parties concerned prior to the test.
7.12 Sensible heat in residues or fluidized bed material
Where the sensible heat loss in the ash or carried over fluidized bed material is significant, the sensible
heat shall be measured, in dry systems, by determining the temperature and specific heat. In wet systems,
the sensible heat of residues shall be determined from the mass of the cooling water and its rise in
temperature and/or from the mass of water evaporated.
NOTE The operation of wet systems may be modified or suspended if this enables the test procedure to be simplified [see D.8 i)].
7.13 Radiation, convection and conduction loss
The loss due to radiation, convection and conduction (i.e. the gross loss from the unit with no allowance
being made for recuperation) shall be evaluated by using one of the following methods.
a) From the measurement of the surface temperature and ambient air temperatures of the unit together
with heat transfer coefficients, or from measurements with a heat flux meter.
NOTE It is important to have an accurate knowledge of the area of surface to which the above temperatures or heat fluxes refer
and to determine the surface area of irregular parts, particularly those which are not lagged.
b) By determining the heat entering and leaving the building or isolated section thereof, using air-flow
and temperature measurement at each point of entry or exit, including the entry to the air intakes of the
unit, together with an allowance for the building radiation loss.
NOTE This is only applicable where the unit, or one of a number of identical units steaming equally, can be isolated as regards
air supply.
c) By adopting predetermined values for radiation convection and conduction losses.
NOTE This method of evaluation should only be used when methods a) and b) are impracticable and agreement should be reached
before the test as to the value to be adopted for the radiation convection and conduction loss. Suggested values for boilers of
conventional design are given in Table 4 and Table 5.
7.14 Measurement of energy used by auxiliaries
Where only the total electrical energy is to be determined, this shall be measured by appropriate metering
in the main feeder, or in each feeder if there are more than one.
NOTE 1 In this case an indication of the distribution of energy may be obtained from a comparison of the ammeter, voltmeter, and
power factor measurement or Watt meter readings of each motor.
Where the energy input to a particular auxiliary motor is to be determined, it shall be measured directly
by a Watt meter connected in the supply to that motor.
© BSI 11-1999 9
BS 845-2:1987
NOTE 2 Determination of the energy consumption of auxiliaries driven by other means (such as steam, hydraulic and gas turbines)
should be made as agreed by the interested parties in the light of the circumstances of the individual case.
7.15 Estimation of dryness fraction
Boilers producing saturated steam shall be tested by the indirect procedure [see E.2 f)].
NOTE 1 The dryness fraction, q, can be estimated by calculation if required (see 8.3.5, G5), provided that the steam flow can be
derived.
NOTE 2 Methods of estimating the dryness fraction of saturated steam are described in BS 3812 but accuracies are not specified.
8 Calculations
NOTE For a summary of the symbols and their units used in this clause see Table 3.
8.1 General
The calculations necessary to complete the assessment of thermal performance shall be in accordance with
the equations given in 8.2 to 8.4.
The equations provide for calculations on a basis of either the gross (subscript “gr”) or the net
(subscript “net”) calorific value of the fuel; whichever value is used the basis shall be stated in the test
report [see clause 9 and Appendix A(d)].
The calculations shall be carried out in the following order.
a) Having identified the individual heat flows relevant to the unit (see E.2), calculate the individual
heat-flow rates by using the equations provided in 8.2.
b) Calculate the combined heat flows G1 to G5 using the equations provided in 8.3.
c) Calculate the thermal efficiency in accordance with 8.4.
NOTE The data required to complete the calculations are fully itemised in the test report (see clause 9 and Appendix A), which
includes a tabulation of the heat account.
8.2 Calculation of heat flows
Calculate the individual heat flows using the equations given in 8.2.1 to 8.2.46.
8.2.1 Heat flow rate from calorific value in solid fuel, F1
F1 gr = C1 Qgr,p (1)
F1 net = C1 Qnet,p (2)
Alternatively, in the case of on-site milling, with the fuel weighed prior to milling:
F1 gr = W12 Qgr,p – F27 (3)
F1 net = W12 Qnet,p – F27 (4)
8.2.2 Heat flow rate from calorific value in liquid fuel, F2
8.2.3 Heat flow rate from calorific value in gaseous fuel, F3
or
F3 gr = C2 QA (9)
F3 net = C2 QB (10)
In the case of waste heat
F3.1 = C1 h16 (11)
8.2.4 Heat flow rate due to preheating liquid fuel, F4
8.2.4.1 If supplied from a separate source (as indicated by “alternative boundary” in Figure 2):
F4 = C1 f1 (t9 – t3) (12)
10 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
8.2.4.2 If supplied with steam for this purpose by the unit:

F4 = C1 f1 (t6 – t3) (13)
NOTE If the unit also supplies steam for heating fuel tanks and pipes beyond the unit boundary only the heat flow required to raise
the fuel temperature from t6 to t9 should be treated as being for use within the unit (see 7.2.1).
8.2.5 Heat flow rate in combustion air from separate source, F5
F5 = W23 (h15 – h14) (14)
8.2.6 Heat flow rate in feed or return water, F6
F6 = W1 (h1 – h5) (15)
8.2.7 Heat flow rate in attemperator spray water (main steam), F7
F7 = W4 (h4 – h5) (16)
8.2.8 Heat flow rate in main steam or water at discharge from unit, F9
F9 = W2 (h2 – h5) (17)
or
F9 =(W1 + W4 – W3 – W5 – W13) (h2 – h5) (18)
8.2.9 Heat flow rate in blow-down, F10
F10 = W3 (h3 – h5) (19)
3)
8.2.10 Heat flow rate in ash and clinker due to unburnt carbon , F11
a
D 1 i1 Q
F 11 = -------------------i (20)
100
a Normally 33 820 kJ/kg. If the greater part of the combustibles in the unburned residue is in the form of partly distilled coal and
not of carbon, then Qi should be determined by bomb calorimeter and calculated on the dry basis of this partly distilled coal.
8.2.11 Heat flow rate in grit and dust due to unburnt carbon3), F12
a
D2 i2 Q
F12 = -------------------i (21)
100
a
Normally 33 820 kJ/kg. If the greater part of the combustibles in the unburned residue is in the form of partly distilled coal and
8.2.12 Heat flow rate in fine dust due to unburnt carbon3), F13
a
D3 i3 Q
F 13 = ---------------------i (22)
100
a
8.2.13 Heat flow rate in riddlings due to unburnt carbon, F14
a
D4 i4 Q
F 14 = ---------------------i (23)
100
a Normally
33 820 kJ/kg. If the greater part of the combustibles in the unburned residue is in the form of partly distilled coal and
8.2.14 Heat flow rate in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash due to unburnt carbon3), F15
a
D5 i5 Q
F 15 = ---------------------i (24)
100
a
8.2.15 Sensible heat flow rate in ash and clinker, F16
F16 = D1 f2 (t10 – t3) (25)
3)
See Appendix B for pure ash account.
© BSI 11-1999 11
BS 845-2:1987
8.2.16 Sensible heat flow rate in grit and dust, F17

F17 = D2 f3 (t11 – t3) (26)
8.2.17 Sensible heat flow rate in fine dust, F18
F18 = D3 f4 (t12 – t3) (27)
8.2.18 Sensible heat flow rate in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash, F19
F19 = D5 f5 (t13 – t3) (28)
8.2.19 Sensible heat flow rate in solid residues derived from heated and evaporated ash cooling
water, F20
F20 = F51 + F52 (29)
F51 is the heat flow rate producing increased temperature in the ash cooling water, i.e.
F51 = 4.2W7 (t15 – t14) (30)
F52 is the heat flow rate producing evaporation of the ash cooling water, i.e.
F52 = (W6 – W7) [4.2 (100 – t14) + 2257] (31)
NOTE 1 If evaporation does not occur or is considered negligible W6 = W7 and F20 = F51.
NOTE 2 If the evaporated water passes into the flue gas F20 = F51.
8.2.20 Heat flow rate in flue gas from evaporated ash cooling water, F21
F21 = (W6 – W7) [4.2 (39 – t3) + 2409 + 1.88 (t7 – 39)] (32)
8.2.21 Heat flow rate in unburnt gas, F22
F22 = F53 + F54 (33)
8.2.21.1 Heat in unburnt CO, F53
(34)
a The term Ms/2.67 only applies when the carbon dioxide content is obtained using an Orsat or similar apparatus, which
normally gives a value including the sulphur dioxide contents: it is not included if sulphur retention additives are
injected into the furnace.
b
Cn V Cn H represents the sum of the values of VCn H for each hydrocarbon present (where measured)
m m
in the flue gas.
8.2.21.2 Heat in other unburnt hydrocarbons, F54
(35)
a The term Ms/2.67 only applies when the carbon dioxide content is obtained using an Orsat or similar apparatus,
which normally gives a value including the sulphur dioxide contents: it is not included if sulphur retention additives
are injected into the furnace.
b
Where more than one hydrocarbon is present the above equation shall be applied separately to each
hydrocarbon and the results added, VC n H m in the equation being the volumetric percentage of each
individual hydrocarbon where measured.
12 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
8.2.22 Sensible heat flow rate in dry flue gas, F23
(36)
a The term Ms/2.67 only applies when the carbon dioxide content is obtained using an Orsat or similar apparatus,
which normally gives a value including the sulphur dioxide contents: it is not included if sulphur retention additives
are injected into the furnace.
b
The kilogram molecular specific heat capacities for the individual constituents are as follows.
Constituent CO2 CO O2 N2 H2 SO2 CH4 C 2H 2 C2H4 C2H6
kg-mol specific 39.8 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 42.3 39.8 41.5 48.6 48.6
heat capacity
The value chosen for the weighted average kilogram molecular specific heat capacity, 30.6, is within 1 % of
the true weighted average for any composition of gases likely to be encountered in practice.
8.2.23 Heat flow rate in flue gas from sensible and latent heat in moisture in fuel (tests on basis of gross
calorific value), F24
F24 = C1 (ME + 9MH) ×
[4.2 (39 – t3) + 2409 + 1.88 (t7 – 39)] (37)
8.2.24 Heat flow rate in flue gas from sensible heat in moisture in fuel (tests on basis of net calorific
value), F25
F25 = C1 (ME + 9MH) ×
(38)
[4.2 (39 – t3) + 1.88 (t7 – 39)]
8.2.25 Heat flow rate added to moisture in combustion air, F26
F26 = 1.88W15 k (t7 – t3) (39)
8.2.26 Heat flow rate in mill rejects due to unburnt combustibles, F27
D 7 i7 Q ra
F 27 = ---------------------
- (40)
100
a
If carbon, normally 33 820 kJ/kg.
8.2.27 Heat flow rate in residual moisture in flue gas (boilers with condensing recuperators), F28
F28 = W21 [4.2 (39 – t3) + 2409 + 1.88 (t7 – 39)] (41)
For spray type condensing recuperators
W21 =C1 (ME + 9MH) – (W20 – W19) (42)
For heat exchanger type condensing recuperators
W21 = C1 (ME + 9MH) – W22 (43)
8.2.28 Heat flow rate stored in unit due to increase in water level, F29
F29a = W5 (h3 – h5) (44)
a
This is a negative quantity if there is a decrease in level.
8.2.29 Heat flow rate in endothermic/exothermic reactions due to chemical additives injected into furnace,
F30
F30a = W14 Qe (45)
a May be positive or negative quantity.
© BSI 11-1999 13
BS 845-2:1987
8.2.30 Heat flow rate in gas entering unit (waste heat unit), F31
F31 = C1 (h16 – h18) (46)
8.2.31 Heat flow rate in gas leaving unit (waste heat unit), F32
F32 = C1 (h17 – h18) (47)
8.2.32 Heat flow rate in steam discharged into furnace (if supplied from an outside source), F33
F33 = W10 (h7a – h5) (48)
a
Allowance should be made for any wetness in the steam.
8.2.33 Heat flow rate in flue gas due to steam discharged into furnace, F34
F34 = W10 [4.2 (39 – t3) + 2409 + 1.88 (t7 – 39)] (49)
8.2.34 Sensible heat flow rate in added fluidized bed material relative to that of air entering the unit, F35
F35a = W11 f7 (t21 – t3) (50)
a May be positive or negative quantity.
8.2.35 Sensible heat flow rate in gaseous fuel, F36

F36 = C1 f6 (t6 – t3) (51)
8.2.36 Heat flow rate in auxiliary steam discharged for use within unit, F37
F37 = W13 (h2 – h5) (52)
F37 may include steam discharged into furnaces for fuel atomizing and other purposes as well as steam for
oil preheating (see note to 8.2.4) and driving auxiliaries within the unit boundary represented by F46. F37
does not appear in the heat account but allowance shall be made for it, or its mass flow W13, in calculating
F9.
NOTE If auxiliary steam is extracted from any stage in the steam circuit other than the unit discharge, the specific enthalpy of
steam at that stage h6 should be used instead of h2.
8.2.37 Heat flow rate in air supplied for atomizing fuel oil, F38
F38 = W9 (h19 – h20) (53)
8.2.38 Heat flow rate from electricity (electrical boilers), F39

F39 is directly measured or calculated from electrical system data.
8.2.39 Heat flow rate in steam returned to unit for reheating, F40
F40 = W16 (h8 – h5) (54)
8.2.40 Heat flow rate in attemperator spray water (reheated steam), F41
F41 = W17 (h9 – h5) (55)
8.2.41 Heat flow rate in reheated steam at discharge from unit, F42
F42 = W18 (h10 – h5) (56)
or
F42 = (W16 + W17) (h10 – h5) (57)
8.2.42 Heat flow rate in water supplied to condensing recuperator, F43

F43 = W19 (h11 – h5) (58)
8.2.43 Heat flow rate in water discharged from condensing recuperator, F44
F44 = W20 (h12 – h5) (59)
14 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
8.2.44 Heat flow rate in condensed flue gas moisture discharged from heat exchanger type condensing
recuperator, F45
F45 = W22 (h13 – h5) (60)
8.2.45 Heat flow rate due to mechanical energy of auxiliaries, F46

F46 is equal to the shaft power of auxiliaries contributing to the heat account (see E.2 and Figure 2).
NOTE These auxiliaries lie within the unit boundary. If the alternative boundary enclosing the induced draught fan is chosen, the
induced draught fan power is not included.
8.2.46 Heat flow rate emitted by radiation, convection and conduction, F50 (see also Figure 1)
In indirect tests and tests involving a full heat balance, this is determined directly (see 7.13). In direct
tests, where F50 is determined by difference
F50 = G1 – G5 + F11 + F12 + F13 + F14 + F15 + F16 + F17 + F18 + F19 + F20 + F21 +
F22 + F23 + (F24 or F25) + F26 + F27 + F28 + F32 + F34 + F45a (61)
a Or as many of these factors as are applicable to the unit under test and the type of test.
8.3 Calculation of combined heat flows

Calculate the combined heat flows using the equations given in 8.3.1 to 8.3.5 (see also Figure 1).
8.3.1 Heat input flow rate, G1
In direct tests, and indirect tests when the fuel firing rate is known,
G1 = (F1 or F2 or F3 or F31 or F39) + F4 + F5 ± F30 + F33 ± F35 + F36 + F38 + F46a (62)
a
Or as many of these factors as are applicable to the unit under test and the type of test.
In the indirect test (on fossil fuel or waste heat units) where the firing rate is unknown, the heat input flow
rate shall be calculated as follows.
G1 + G4 = G2 + G3 (63)
and, within G1 and G2, the heat flows F1, F2, F3, F4, F22, F23, F24, F25, F31, F32, and F36 all contain firing
rate C1 as a factor. Also,
G3 – G4 = G5 (64)
Therefore
(F1, F2, F3 or F31) + F4 + F36 – (F22 + F23 + F24 + F25 + F32)a = G5 + (all heat flows in G2
except F22, F23, F24, F25, F32)a – (all heat flows in G1 except F1, F2, F3, F4, F31, F36, F39)a (65)
NOTE In this equation all factors are known except for the firing rate C1. This can be determined, after which the other heat flows
involving C1, and also G1, can be evaluated.
8.3.2 Sum of all heat losses from unit, G2
In direct and indirect tests,
G2 = F11 + F12 + F13 + F14 + F15 + F16 + F17 + F18 + F19 + F20 + F21 + F22 + F23 + F24 +
F25 + F26 + F28 + F32 + F34 + F45 + F50a (66)
8.3.3 Sum of useful heat flows from unit, G3

In direct tests, and indirect tests when the steam/water flow rates and enthalpies are known:
G3 = F9 ± F29 + F10 + F42 + F44 (67)
In indirect tests when the fuel firing rate is known, G3 is not determined.
8.3.4 Sum of heat flows in water/steam entering unit, G4
G4 = F6 + F7 + F40 + F41 + F43 (68)
In indirect tests when the fuel firing rate is known, G4 is not determined.
© BSI 11-1999 15
BS 845-2:1987
8.3.5 Heat output flow rate, G5

G5 = G3 – G4 (69)
In indirect tests when the fuel firing rate is known:
G5 = G1 – G2 (70)
NOTE In the case of boilers producing saturated steam, provided the steam flow rate can be derived, the dryness fraction, q, can be
calculated for information purposes.
8.4 Calculation of thermal efficiency
Calculate the thermal efficiency Rgr or Rnet (in %) for direct and indirect tests, as follows:
G
Rgr or Rnet = 100 ------5- (71)
G1
9 Report
The report shall include the data and test results set out in Appendix A, reported in the sequence (a) to (d)
of that appendix.
16 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Table 3 — Symbols and units

Symbol Quantity Unit
a1 Production rate of pure ash in ash and clinker kg/s

a2 Production rate of pure ash in grit and dust kg/s
a3 Production rate of pure ash in fine dust kg/s
a4 Production rate of pure ash in riddlings kg/s
a5 Production rate of pure ash in carried over fluidized bed material and ash kg/s
a6 Balance of pure ash kg/s
C1 Rate of firing of fuel by mass (or mass flow of waste gas in waste gas boiler) kg/s
C2 Rate of firing of gaseous fuel, by volume, at t5 and p5 m3/s
D1 Production rate of ash and clinker (dry basis) kg/s
D2 Production rate of grit and dust (dry basis) kg/s
D3 Production rate of fine dust (dry basis) kg/s
D4 Production rate of riddlings (dry basis) kg/s
D5 Production rate of carried-over fluidized bed material and ash (dry basis) kg/s
D6 Production rate of unweighed residue (estimated) kg/s
D7 Production rate of mill rejects (dry basis) kg/s
f1 Mean specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) of liquid fuel between kJ/(kg·K)
temperatures t6 and t9
f2 Mean specific heat capacity of ash and clinker kJ/(kg·K)
f3 Mean specific heat capacity of grit and dust kJ/(kg·K)
f4 Mean specific heat capacity of fine dust kJ/(kg·K)
f5 Mean specific heat capacity of fluidized bed material and ash kJ/(kg·K)
f6 Mean specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) of fuel between temperatures t6 kJ/(kg·K)
and t3
f7 Mean specific heat capacity of fluidized bed material kJ/(kg·K)
NOTE Percentages (based on heat input) corresponding to F1, F2, etc. are indicated by symbols F1½, F2½, etc.
F1 Heat flow rate from calorific value in solid fuel kW
F2 Heat flow rate from calorific value in liquid fuel kW
F3 Heat flow rate from calorific value in gaseous fuel kW
F3.1 Heat flow rate from waste heat gas kW
F4 Heat flow rate due to preheating oil fuel kW
F5 Heat flow rate in combustion air from separate source kW
F6 Heat flow rate in feed or return water kW
F7 Heat flow rate in attemperator spray water (main steam) kW
F9 Heat flow rate in steam or water at discharge from unit kW
F10 Heat flow rate in blow-down kW
F11 Heat flow rate in ash and clinker due to unburnt carbon kW
F12 Heat flow rate in grit and dust due to unburnt carbon kW
F13 Heat flow rate in fine dust due to unburnt carbon kW
F14 Heat flow rate in riddlings due to unburnt carbon kW
F15 Heat flow rate in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash due to unburnt carbon kW
F16 Sensible heat flow rate in ash and clinker kW
F17 Sensible heat flow rate in grit and dust kW
F18 Sensible heat flow rate in fine dust kW
F19 Sensible heat flow rate in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash kW
© BSI 11-1999 17
BS 845-2:1987

F20 Sensible heat flow rate in solid residues derived from heated and evaporated ash kW
cooling water
F21 Heat flow rate in flue gas from evaporated ash cooling water kW
F22 Heat flow rate in unburnt gas kW
F23 Sensible heat flow rate in dry flue gas kW
F24 Heat flow rate in flue gas from sensible and latent heat in moisture in fuel kW
F25 Heat flow rate in flue gas from sensible heat in moisture in fuel kW
F26 Heat flow rate added to moisture in combustion air kW
F27 Heat flow rate in mill rejects (primarily unburnt combustibles) kW
F28 Heat flow rate in moisture in flue gas kW
F29 Heat flow rate stored in unit due to increase in water level kW
F30 Heat flow rate in endothermic/exothermic reactions due to chemical additives kW
injected into furnace
F31 Heat flow rate in gas entering unit (waste heat unit) kW
F32 Heat flow rate in gas leaving unit (waste heat unit) kW
F33 Heat flow rate in steam discharged into furnace kW
F34 Heat flow rate in flue gas due to steam discharged into furnace kW
F35 Sensible heat flow rate in added fluidized bed material relative to that of air kW
entering unit
F36 Sensible heat flow rate in gaseous fuel kW
F37 Heat flow rate in auxiliary steam discharged for use within unit kW
F38 Heat flow rate in air used for atomizing oil fuel kW
F39 Heat flow rate from electricity (electrical boilers) kW
F40 Heat flow rate in steam returned to unit for reheating kW
F41 Heat flow rate in attemperator spray water (reheated steam) kW
F42 Heat flow rate in reheated steam at discharge from unit kW
F43 Heat flow rate in water supplied to condensing recuperator kW
F44 Heat flow rate in water discharged from condensing recuperator kW
F45 Heat flow rate in condensed flue gas moisture discharged from condensing kW
recuperator
F46 Heat flow rate due to mechanical energy of auxiliaries kW
F50 Heat flow rate emitted by radiation conduction and convection kW
F51 Heat flow rate producing increased temperature in the ash cooling water kW
F52 Heat flow rate producing evaporation of the ash cooling water kW
F53 Heat flow rate in unburnt carbon monoxide kW
F54 Heat flow rate in unburnt hydrocarbons kW
G1 Heat input flow rate kW
G2 Sum of all heat losses kW
G3 Sum of useful heat flows from unit kW
G4 Sum of heat flows in water/steam entering unit kW
G5 Heat output flow rate kW
h1 Specific enthalpy of feed water kJ/kg
h2 Specific enthalpy of steam or hot water at discharge from unit kJ/kg
h3 Specific enthalpy of boiler blow-down (boiler drum water) kJ/kg
h4 Specific enthalpy of attemperator spray water (main steam discharge) kJ/kg
h5 Specific enthalpy of water at temperature t3 kJ/kg
18 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987

h6 Specific enthalpy of auxiliary steam for use within unit kJ/kg

h7 Specific enthalpy of steam discharged into furnace kJ/kg
h8 Specific enthalpy of steam returned to unit for reheating kJ/kg
h9 Specific enthalpy of attemperator spray water (reheated steam) kJ/kg
h10 Specific enthalpy of reheated steam discharged from unit kJ/kg
h11 Specific enthalpy of water supplied to condensing recuperator kJ/kg
h12 Specific enthalpy of water discharged from condensing recuperator kJ/kg
h13 Specific enthalpy of condensed flue gas moisture discharged from condensing kJ/kg
recuperator
h14 Specific enthalpy of air at temperature t3 kJ/kg
h15 Specific enthalpy of air from separate source kJ/kg
h16 Specific enthalpy of waste gas at temperature t19 kJ/kg
h19 Specific enthalpy of air at temperature t22 and pressure p14 kJ/kg
i1 Combustible content of ash and clinker (dry basis) %
i2 Combustible content of grit and dust (dry basis) %
i3 Combustible content of fine dust (dry basis) %
i4 Combustible content of riddlings (dry basis) %
i5 Combustible content of carried-over fluidized bed material and ash (dry basis) %
i6 Combustible content of unweighed residue (dry basis) %
i7 Combustible content of mill rejects (dry basis) %
k Water content of the combustion air, by mass kg/kg
K Relative humidity of the combustion air %
Ka Proportion of ash in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash kg/kg
MC Carbon content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MCR Fraction of fuel lost as carbon in solid residue kg/kg
ME Water content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MH Hydrogen content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MN Nitrogen content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MO Oxygen content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MS Combustible sulphur content of fuel, by mass kg/kg
MZ Proportion of inert matter in the fuel, by mass kg/kg
p1 Feed water pressure bar
p2 Steam or water pressure at discharge from unit bar
p3 Boiler blow-down pressure (shell or drum pressure) bar
p4 Attemperator spray water pressure (main steam) bar
p5 Reference pressure for gaseous fuel mbar
p6 Ambient atmospheric pressure mbar
p9 Attemperator spray water pressure (reheated steam) bar
p10 Pressure of steam returned to unit for reheating bar
p11 Pressure of steam discharged from reheater bar
p12 Pressure of auxiliary steam for use within unit bar
p13 Pressure of steam from outside source for discharge into furnace bar
p14 Pressure of atomizing air bar
© BSI 11-1999 19
BS 845-2:1987

p15 Pressure of water supplied to condensing recuperator bar

p16 Pressure of water discharged from condensing recuperator bar
q Dryness fraction of steam at discharge from unit %
q1 Dryness fraction of steam returned for use within unit %
q2 Dryness fraction of steam from outside source for discharge into furnace %
Qgr,v Gross calorific value of the fuel, by mass, measured at constant volume (and kJ/kg
corrected to reference temperature t5)
QA Gross calorific value of gaseous fuel, by volume, measured at constant kJ/m3
pressure (and corrected to temperature t5)
QB Net calorific value of gaseous fuel, by volume, measured at constant pressure kJ/m3
(and corrected to temperature t5)
Qgr,p Gross calorific value of fuel, by mass, at constant pressure and at temperature t5 kJ/kg
Qnet,p Net calorific value of fuel, by mass, at constant pressure and at temperature t5 kJ/kg
Qi Calorific value of unburnt combustibles in the solid residue of combustion kJ/kg
Qr Calorific value of unburnt combustibles in mill rejects kJ/kg
QCO Calorific value of carbon monoxide in flue gas kJ/kg
QUH Calorific value of unburnt hydrocarbons in flue gas kJ/kg
Qe Net exothermic/endothermic heat resulting from chemical additive injected kJ/kg
into furnace
Rgr Thermal efficiency based on the gross calorific value of the fuel %
Rnet Thermal efficiency based on the net calorific value of the fuel %
t1 Feed water temperature °C
t2 Temperature of steam or water at discharge from unit °C
t3 Temperature of combustion air at entry to air intakesa °C
t4 Temperature of attemperator spray water (main steam) °C
t5 Reference temperature of the calorific value (and of the volume rating in the °C
case of a gaseous fuel)
t6 Temperature of fuel entering unit °C
t7 Temperature of flue gases leaving unit °C
t8 Temperature indicated by the “wet” bulb thermometer of the psychrometer °C
at fan inlet
t9 Temperature of fuel entering furnace °C
t10 Temperature of ash and clinker as discharged °C
t11 Temperature of grit and dust as discharged °C
t12 Temperature of fine dust as discharged °C
t13 Temperature of carried-over fluidized bed material and ash as discharged °C
t14 Temperature of water entering tank or trough for cooling solid residues °C
t15 Temperature of water leaving tank or trough for cooling solid residues °C
t19 Temperature of gas entering unit (waste heat unit) °C
t21 Temperature of fluidized bed material added to furnace °C
t22 Temperature of air used for atomizing fuel oil °C
t23 Temperature of attemperator spray water (reheated steam) °C
t24 Temperature of steam returned to unit for reheating °C
t25 Temperature of reheated steam discharged from unit °C
t26 Temperature of water supplied to condensing recuperator °C
a In the case of waste heat or electric boilers this is the ambient (boilerhouse) air temperature.
20 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987

t27 Temperature of water discharged from condensing recuperator °C

t28 Temperature of condensed flue gas moisture discharged from condensing °C
recuperator
VCO CO2 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
2
VCO CO content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
VCH CH4 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
4
VO
2
O2 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
VSO
2
SO2 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
VN
2
N2 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
VH
2
H2 content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
VC Hm
n
CnHm content of flue gases by volume (dry basis) %
W1 Flow rate of feed water kg/s
W2 Flow rate of steam or hot water at discharge from unit kg/s
W3 Rate of boiler blow-down kg/s
W4 Flow rate of attemperator spray water (main steam discharge) kg/s
W5 Flow rate of water corresponding to the variation in the drum level during the test kg/s
W6 Flow rate of water entering solid residue tank or trough kg/s
W7 Flow rate of water leaving solid residue tank or trough kg/s
W9 Flow rate of atomizing air kg/s
W10 Flow rate of steam discharged into furnace kg/s
W11 Flow rate of added fluidized bed material kg/s
W12 Flow rate of solid fuel prior to on-site milling kg/s
W13 Flow rate of auxiliary steam discharged for use within unit kg/s
W14 Flow rate of chemical additives injected into furnace kg/s
W15 Flow rate of combustion air entering unit kg/s
W16 Flow rate of steam returned to unit for reheating kg/s
W17 Flow rate of attemperator spray water (reheated steam) kg/s
W18 Flow rate of reheated steam discharge from unit kg/s
W19 Flow rate of water supplied to condensing recuperator kg/s
W20 Flow rate of water discharged from condensing recuperator kg/s
W21 Production rate of residual moisture in flue gas kg/s
W22 Flow rate of condensed flue gas moisture discharged from condensing recuperator kg/s
W23 Flow rate of combustion air from separate source kg/s
© BSI 11-1999 21
BS 845-2:1987
Appendix A Report data
22 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
b) Maker’s design data

Unit Symbol Maximum Other
continuous declared
rating output
Output kW
Ambient air temperature °C t 3a
Barometric pressure mbar p6
Humidity % K
Evaporation/flow kg/s W2
Final steam or water temperature °C t2
Initial temperature of feed water °C t1
Initial pressure of feed water bar p1
Gauge pressure of steam or water at main bar p2
discharge from unit
Steam pressure in saturated steam space of bar p12
superheated steam units
Steam pressure at entry to reheater bar p10
Steam temperature at entry to reheater °C t24
Steam pressure at discharge from reheater bar p11
Steam temperature at discharge from reheater °C t25
Overall thermal efficiency
based on net calorific value % Rnet
based on gross calorific value % Rgr
a
See Table 3 for other relevant temperatures, e.g. t6 and t7.
© BSI 11-1999 23
BS 845-2:1987
24 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
© BSI 11-1999 25
BS 845-2:1987
26 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
a
The grate area is that surface measured in a horizontal or inclined plane (no allowance being made for undulating surfaces) upon
which, under normal firing conditions, it is intended that the fuel should rest within the furnace. This may include portions that are
not provided with air supply but in which coking only is intended to take place. Ash plates or clinker dams that are intended to be
covered with ash or clinker only should not be included as grate area. Where the length of the bar in effective use varies, as in
reciprocating grates, the middle position of the end of the bar should be taken as determining the length of the grate. For chain grates
the width of the grate should be the width between side bars. For underfeed stokers the grate area is defined as 1.5 times the area
bounded by the outermost rows of ports supplied with forced draught.
Unit Symbol Value

Average thickness of feed
(chain or travelling grate) mm —
Depth of slumped bed
(fluidized bed) mm —
Depth of operating bed
(fluidized bed) mm —
Speed of chain or travelling grate m/s —
Speed of rotary feeder r/s —
Speed of worms r/s —
Speed of ram strokes/s —
Rate of firing kg/s C1
Fuel fired per m2 of grate area kg/s —
Heat release per m2 of grate area kJ/s —
© BSI 11-1999 27
BS 845-2:1987
a a
Proximate analysis Unit Before conditioning After conditioning
Moisture (air dried sample.......... %) %
Volatile matter %
Fixed carbon %
Ash %
a If steam and/or water conditioning is used adjust the analysis and the calorific value to the moisture content after conditioning.
Ultimate analysis Unit Symbol As fireda As fired Dry, mineral

matter free
Moisture % 100ME —
Ash % 100MZ —
Carbon % 100MC
Hydrogen % 100MH
Nitrogen % 100MN
Sulphur % 100MS
Oxygen (by difference) % 100MO
100.0 100.0 100.0
a
If steam and/or water conditioning is used, adjust the analysis and the calorific value to the moisture content after conditioning. In
the case of pulverized fuel, if the original analysis is that of the raw unmilled coal, take into account any change in constituent
quantities after milling for the as-fired analysis.
28 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Calorific value of fuel at entry to system under test: Unit Symbol Value
Grossa kJ/kg Qgr,v
Gross kJ/kg Qgr,p
Net kJ/kg Qnet,p
Flow rate prior to on-site milling kg/s W12
Fuel fired per m2 of grate area kg/s —
Heat release per m2 of grate area kJ/s —
Oxidizing Reducing
atmosphere atmosphere
Fusibility of ash (to be recorded where required by °C °C

the parties to the test)b
Deformation temperature
Hemisphere temperature
Flow temperature
a As measured using calorimeter. Q
gr,p and Qnet,p are calculated using the method described in BS 526. For these calculations the
hydrogen and oxygen contents on a dry, mineral free basis are required.
b
An analysis of the ash may be required, and particle size may be required for fluidized bed installations.
© BSI 11-1999 29
BS 845-2:1987
Liquid fuel
Unit Symbol Value

Ultimate analysis, at entry to system under test:
Moisture % 100ME
Ash % 100MZ
Carbon % 100MC
Hydrogen % 100MH
Sulphur % 100MS —
Oxygen and nitrogen (by difference) % 100.0
Density of oil at 15 °C kg/L —

Viscosity by. . . . . . . . . viscometer at. . . . . . . . . °Cb mm2/s —
Flash point °C —
Specific heat capacity of liquid fuelc kJ/(kg·K) f1
Gross calorific valuea kJ/kg Qgr,v
Gross calorific value kJ/kg Qgr,p
Net calorific value kJ/kg Qnet,p
Temperature at entry to unit °C t6
Liquid fuel as delivered to burner
pressure bar
temperature °C t9
Air for atomizing, as delivered to burner: Unit Symbol Value
Flow rate kg/s W9
Gauge pressure bar P14
Temperature °C t22
a
As measured using calorimeter. Qgr,p and Qnet,p are calculated using the method described in BS 526. For these calculations the
hydrogen and oxygen contents on a dry, mineral free basis are required.
b BS 2869 class D fuel oil, 40 °C; classes E, F, G and H fuel oil, 80 °C.
c
For petroleum fuels, unless specially determined, this should be taken as:
2.05 kJ/(kg·K) for gas oil (1.5 mm2/s to 5.5 mm2/s ata 40 °C)
1.92 kJ/(kg·K) for light fuel oil (13.5 mm2/s at 80 °C max.)
1.90 kJ/(kg·K) for medium fuel oil (35 mm2/s at 80 °C max.)
1.88 kJ/(kg·K) for heavy fuel oil (85 mm2/s at 80 °C max.)
1.87 kJ/(kg·K) for very heavy fuel oil (130 mm2/s at 80 °C max.)
Unit Symbol Value

Rate of firing:
Volume m3/s C2
Mass kg/s C1
Gas as measured:
Gauge pressure bar —
Temperature °C —
30 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Gas as fired: Unit Symbol Value

Temperature °C —
Barometric pressure mbar —
Analysis of dry gas, percentage by volume:
Carbon monoxide (CO) % —
Carbon dioxide (CO2) % —
Methane (CH4) % —
Ethane (C2H6) % —
Propane (C3H8) 

Butane (C4H10)  to be expressed as ethane or propane % —
Pentane (C5H12) 
CxHy % —
Others: % —
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) % —
Hydrogen (H2) % —
Oxygen (O2) % —
Nitrogen (N2) % —
Carbon content calculated per unit mass of gas, as fired kg/kg MC
Sulphur content calculated per unit mass of gas, as fired kg/kg MS
Saturated gas:
Temperature °C —
Relative density (air = 1)
Moisture content:
As fired kg/m3 —
Calculated per unit mass of dry gas kg/kg —
Calorific value of saturated gas, as analysed,
at 1.013 25 bar and 15 °C:
Gross kJ/m3 —
Gross kJ/kg —
Net kJ/kg —
Calorific value, as fired:
Gross
kJ/m3 QA
Net
kJ/m3 QB
Gross
kJ/kg Qgr,p
Net
kJ/kg Qnet,p
Mean specific heata kJ/(kg·K)
Temperature of waste gas entering unit —
°C t19
Electricity
Voltage
Frequency
Phase
Power kW
a
This item may be calculated proportionately from the specific heats of the fundamental constituents of the gaseous fuel.
© BSI 11-1999 31
BS 845-2:1987
(xii) Air Unit Symbol Value

Air inlet to unit:
Pressure mbar p6
Flow rate kg/s W15
Psychrometer wet bulb temperature °C t8
Psychrometer dry bulb temperature (temperature at entry
to air intakes) °C t3
Relative humidity % K
Water content of air kg/kg k
(xiii) Water
Feed or return water entering unit:
Flow rate kg/s W1
Temperature °C t1
Gauge pressure bar p1
Specific enthalpy kJ/kg h1
Boiler water:
Level at beginning of testa mm —
Level at end of testa mm —
Increase in drum contentb kg —
Average rate of increase in drum content during test period kg/s W5
Average rate of blow-down during test period kg/s W3
Water leaving unit (hot water units):
Flow rate kg/s W2
Temperature °C t2
Spray water for main steam attemperator:
Flow rate kg/s W4
Temperature °C t4
Spray water for reheat steam attemperator: W17
Flow rate kg/s t23
Temperature °C p9
Gauge pressure bar h9
Specific enthalpy kJ/kg
Condensing recuperator spray water: W19
Flow rate kg/s t26
Temperature °C p15
Gauge pressure bar h11
Condensed flue gas moisture: W22
Flow rate kg/s t28
Temperature °C h13
a Datum level to be stated in report.
b This figure is negative if the drum content decreases.
32 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Unit Symbol Value

Water discharged from condensing recuperator:
Flow rate kg/s W20
Temperature °C t27
(xiv) Steam
Superheated steam units
Main steam discharge from unit:
Temperature °C t2
Steam entering reheater:
Flow rate kg/s W16
Temperature °C t24
Steam discharged from reheater:
Flow rate kg/s W18
Temperature °C t25
Saturated steam units

Steam leaving unit (main discharge):
Flow rate kg/s W2
Dryness fraction % q
Other steam flows

Auxiliary steam for use within unit:
Flow rate kg/s W13
Dryness fraction (if applicable) % q1
Steam from outside source for discharge into furnace:
Flow rate kg/s W10
Dryness fraction (if applicable) % q2
(xv) Flue gases

Temperature at discharge from unit °C t7
Pressure at discharge from unit mbar —
Production rate of moisture (total, measured) kg/s W21
© BSI 11-1999 33
BS 845-2:1987
Unit Symbol Value

Analysis of gas at discharge from unit:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)a % VCO
2
Carbon monoxide (CO) % VCO
Methane (CH4) % VCH
4
Oxygen (O2) % VO
2
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) % VSO
2
Nitrogen (N2) % VN
2
Hydrogen (H2) % VH
2
Hydrocarbons (CnHm) % VC Hm
n
(xvi) Residues
Ash and clinker
Production rate kg/s D1
Combustible content % i1
Temperature as discharged °C t10
Specific heat capacityb kJ/(kg·K) f2
Grit and dust

Fine dust
Riddlings
Carried-over fluidized bed material and ash

Mill rejects
a When the carbon dioxide content is obtained using an Orsat apparatus the value normally includes the sulphur dioxide content.
b To be assumed as 0.67 kJ/(kg K) if not determined.
34 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Water filled tank or trough for cooling solid residues Unit Symbol Value
Water inlet:
Temperature
Flow rate °C t14
Water outlet: kg/s W6
Temperature
Flow rate °C t15
kg/s W7
(xvii) Power of auxiliaries
Forced draught fans kW
Secondary air fans kW
Induced draught fans kW
Other draught plant (to be listed) kW
Circulating pump kW
Recirculating pumps kW
Attemperator spray water pumps kW
Air heaters kW
Fuel pumps kW
Pulverizing mills kW
Stokers/burners kW
Fuel transfer plant (to be listed) kW
Ash transfer plant (to be listed) kW
Dust plant (to be listed) kW
Other auxiliaries (to be listed) kW
Total power of auxiliaries kW
Total power of auxiliaries which can contribute to heat accounta kW F46
a Usually fans and recirculating pumps; see Figure 2.
© BSI 11-1999 35
BS 845-2:1987
Symbol Gross calorific Net calorific

value value
% %
Thermal efficiency Rgr or Rnet
Losses due to residuea
a) combustible in ash and clinker F½11
b) combustible in grit and dust F½12
c) combustible in fine dust F½13
d) combustible in riddlings F½14
e) combustible in carried-over fluidized bed material F½15
f) sensible heat of solid residue F½16–20
Losses due to flue gasesa
a) unburnt gas F½22
b) sensible heat in dry gas F½23
c) sensible and latent heat in moisture in fuel F½24
d) sensible heat in moisture in fuel F½25
e) sensible heat in waste gas F½32
f) heat in steam discharged into furnace F½34
g) heat in moisture in combustion air F½26
h) heat in evaporated ash cooling water F½21
i) heat in residual moisture F½28
j) heat in condensed moisture F½45
Radiation, convection and conduction loss F½50
Balance of account
Thermal equivalent of auxiliary powerb kW
a
All loss percentages are calculated from the corresponding heat flow quantity and based on total heat input G1. Thus
b With an efficiency factor, if relevant, see D.2 c)
36 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Appendix B Calculation of production rate of unweighed ash

B.1 Where the balance of the ash is not weighed4), it should be calculated as given in B.2 to B.8.
B.2 Production rate of pure ash in ash and clinker, a1 (in kg/s):
D 1 ( 100 – i 1 )
a1 = ------------------------------------
100
B.3 Production rate of pure ash in grit and dust, a2 (in kg/s):
D 2 ( 100 – i 2 )
a2 = ------------------------------------
100
B.4 Production rate of pure ash in fine dust, a3 (in kg/s):
D 3 ( 100 – i 3 )
a3 = -----------------------------------
-
100
B.5 Production rate of pure ash in riddlings, a4 (in kg/s):
D 4 ( 100 – i 4 )
a4 = -----------------------------------
-
100
B.6 Production rate of pure ash in carried-over fluidized bed material and ash, a5 (in kg/s):
D5 ( KA – i5 )
a 5 = ---------------------------------
-
100
B.7 Balance of pure ash, a6 (in kg/s):
a6 = C1MZ – (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5)
NOTE In the case of on-site milling, with the fuel weighed prior to milling, C1 = W12 – D7.
B.8 Equivalent production rate of unweighed residue, D6 (in kg/s):
100a 6
D 6 = --------------------
-
100 – i6
Appendix C Radiation, convention and conduction losses for boilers of

conventional design
The radiation, convection and conduction losses from a boiler depend upon its design and construction and
are small as a proportion of the total losses. Experience has shown that the radiation, convection and
conduction losses in the case of conventional designs consistently fall within ranges for the various types
of boiler. Characteristics of common types of boiler are shown in Table 4 and Table 5 together with typical
radiation, convection and conduction losses at rated output which may be assumed to apply. Where the type
of boiler can generally be recognized, but one characteristic varies from that shown in the tables, the
relevant loss may be interpolated. However, where the type cannot readily be recognized, the losses should
be calculated as given in 7.13 a) or b).
The percentage radiation, convection and conduction losses at outputs other than the rated output can be
assumed to be in inverse proportion to the ratio of the actual fuel input to the fuel input at the rated output.
4) To be estimated on the basis of the determinations on the weighed refuse.
© BSI 11-1999 37
BS 845-2:1987
Table 4 — Typical radiation, convection and conduction losses from water-tube

and shell boilers
Boiler Design details Total lossa at
type rated output
based on gross
calorific value
%
A Water-tube and multitubular shell boilers with rated outputs of 5 MW and 0.3
above
B Water-tube and multitubular shell boilers with rated outputs of 2 MW and 0.5
above but less than 5 MW
C Water-tube and multitubular shell boilers with rated outputs below 2 MW 1.0
D Brickset and dry-back multitubular and brick hearth boilers 1.5
E Brickset water-tube boilers with water walls 2.0
F Brickset water-tube boilers without water walls 2.5
G Brickset Lancashire and Cornish boilers 4.0
a
Radiation convection and conduction losses are combined to give the total loss as a percentage of the heat input under stable test
conditions and at the rated output.
Table 5 — Typical radiation, convection and conduction losses from sectional hot
water boilers
Boiler Direct openings from Water-cooled base Closing and clean-out Insulation Total lossa at
type combustion chamber plates and other rated output
non-water-backed based on
surface gross calorific
value
A None Yes Less than 10 % of 40 mm applied directly 1.5

total surface to boiler surface
B Less No but not Less than 10 % of 40 mm applied directly 3
than 2 000 mm2/kW exceeding 120 °C total surface to boiler surface
C Less No but not Less than 10 % of 25 mm within casing 4
than 2 000 mm /kW exceeding
2 total surface
9 000 mm2/kW
a
Radiation, convection and conduction losses are combined to give the total loss as a percentage of the heat input under stable test
conditions and at the rated output.
Appendix D Guiding principles

D.1 The primary object of testing is to quantify performance. A number of options exist and it is necessary
in each instance to establish which of the options to apply.
The options chosen will relate to the reasons for making the tests and the prevailing circumstances. For
example, testing would differ for a contractual acceptance trial, a routine test and an exploratory
investigation.
D.2 Usually it is necessary to measure the products of the plant and relate these to measured supplies.
These include the following factors.
Measured products
Flow of heated fluid
Final condition of heated fluid
Measured supplies
Flow of fuel
38 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
Heat value of fuel

Flow of air
Initial condition of air
Flow of heated fluid
Initial condition of heated fluid
D.3 The performance quantified includes both measured values and values computed from measured
values, e.g. fluid temperature is measured, plant efficiency is computed.
D.4 The major computation, as distinct from calculations based upon measurements, is likely to be the
determination of efficiency as defined to satisfy the requirements of the test.
D.5 Ideally, sufficient data should be collected to construct a complete heat balance related to one or more
sustained operating conditions but in practice it may be impossible, due to the prevailing circumstances,
to obtain certain data. On some plant it may not be necessary to determine a less significant loss of energy,
and agreement may be reached prior to testing on a value to be included in a heat balance. Likewise it is
sometimes unrealistic to measure some larger flow quantities accurately. It is however in the interests of
all parties that as much data as practicable is collected. The most important factor is always to determine
the major products and the major energy losses.
D.6 It is usual for there to be at least two main parties involved in testing, one individual or group
representing the user and one individual or group representing the tester. In all cases it is imperative that
the main parties are represented by persons knowledgeable and experienced in the principles and practices
of testing and that the representatives meet, discuss and detail the extent of data collection and agree on
the method to be used. If the user or the tester cannot provide the services of suitably experienced persons
a specialist organization should be engaged.
D.7 Prior to testing and, particularly in the case of an official acceptance test, it is important that the plant
is observed in operation for as long as may be reasonably necessary to confirm that the required working
conditions can be met (see 3.3).
It should also be verified that the appropriate fuel can be burned at the necessary rates (see 3.3).
If the requirements for the test cannot be met, then the testing can be completed, following negotiation and
agreement between the parties, under conditions expected or shown to be feasible (see 3.3).
D.8 Where applicable, the following items should be agreed between the parties concerned before carrying
out the test.
a) That the plant is in suitable condition for testing (see clause 3).
b) The specific objects of the test.
c) The number and duration of separate tests and the duration of pre-test operation.
d) The boundary points of the unit (see Figure 2).
e) The extent of data to be collected.
f) The treatment of heat entering the unit due to mechanical energy of auxiliaries.
g) The primary method of evaluating and defining efficiency.
h) If appropriate, the identification of steam tables to be used.
i) The establishment of agreed, unmeasured values.
j) The general method of operation during the tests.
k) Thermal and physical characteristics of the fuel used during the test (see 3.3).
l) In the event of a plurality of fuels being burned, the ratio of the different fuels to be burned.
m) The number and details of samples to be collected.
n) Laboratories of recognized standing to make the necessary analyses.
o) The procedure for treatment of the analytical data and reference samples.
p) The equipment, instruments and apparatus to be utilized (see clause 6).
q) Correction curves, if required (see 3.3).
r) Whether the control period is counted as part of the test period.
s) Whether the cleaning equipment is to be operated during the test (see 5.1).
© BSI 11-1999 39
BS 845-2:1987
t) Whether the boiler is to be blown-down or the integral ash-quenching equipment is to be operated

during the test (see 5.2).
u) Whether test runs are to be rejected if excessive variations occur (see 5.3).
v) Whether output of steam boilers is to be directly measured (see 6.4).
w) Whether flowmeters are to be used for measuring liquid fuel (see 6.5).
x) Procedure for obtaining the true weighted mean calorific value of fuel gas if its composition is expected
to vary.
y) Methods for sampling boiler residues (see 7.11).
z) Whether fusibility and/or characteristics of ash is to be recorded.
D.9 At some convenient time prior to the testing, the meeting between the major parties should be
convened. The results of the meeting should be properly recorded and minuted and submitted prior to the
tests to all the parties represented at the meeting. If possible the test start date should be established.
Any disagreement with the minutes should be immediately brought to the attention of all parties
concerned. Failure to acknowledge or comment on the minutes is likely to be considered as acceptance.
For the successful conduct of the test, the following arrangements, actions, facilities and areas of
responsibility should be defined and finalized.
a) The test start date.
b) The appointment of a competent and experienced supervisor to direct the tests and represent the
tester.
c) The appointment by the user of a suitably experienced person to supervise the tests on behalf of the
user and to provide liaison between the user and the tester.
d) The arrangements for the supply of fuel and other items to meet the requirements of the test.
e) The method of transporting samples to the laboratories.
f) The supply of log sheets, sample containers and expendable items.
g) Staffing and accommodation.
h) The number of copies of reports to be provided and the distribution of reports.
D.10 The details of procedures to be employed in plant testing are complex and often operator-dependent
for accuracy. It is not the purpose of this standard to advise on these requirements, many of which, for
example on temperature, flow and gas analysis measurement, are the subjects of separate British
Standards. Each requires interpretation based on knowledge, experience and expertise for the production
of adequate results.
Appendix E Selection of assessment procedure

E.1 General
It is advantageous to obtain the maximum amount of information from a test by employing the direct
procedure in the fullest sense, with all heat flows in and out of the unit being separately determined. The
heat account for such a test becomes a true heat balance (and therefore, to a degree, self-checking) because
the heat input should balance the sum of the heat output and losses.
Alternatively, the direct procedure is simplified by grouping a number of small heat quantities together
and obtaining them by difference as the balance of the heat account. These heat quantities, though small,
are collectively important and often difficult to measure, and typically include radiation, convection and
conduction loss, sensible heat in ash, heat in unburnt hydrocarbon gases, etc.
The indirect procedure is employed in cases where either the heat input or the heat output cannot be
measured with precision or convenience. Typically, the difficulty may be associated with the determination
of water flow and/or temperature rise, the measurement of steam flow and/or steam moisture content, or
the measurement of large fuel quantities. To be effective, the procedure requires the assessment of all the
minor heat losses.
40 © BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
E.2 Application of diagram of heat flows

With the general procedure, direct or indirect, having been chosen, Figure 1 is used to identify those heat
flows applicable to the unit to be tested. The diagram is a general one covering all fuels and both steam and
hot water units, and therefore includes many more heat flows than will be found in any one unit. Figure 2
supplements Figure 1 and identifies those ancillaries which contribute energy to the heat account.
The following should be taken into account.
a) F26, heat flow rate added to moisture in the combustion air, may be ignored if check calculations
indicate that it is below 0.2 % of heat input.
b) In contractual tests, if the boiler blow-down is operated, the heat flow F10 is included in the useful
heat output unless otherwise agreed.
c) F46 the heat equivalent of the shaft power of the auxiliaries has conventionally been ignored as a heat
input and this is acceptable when it amounts to less than 0.25 % of the heat input. However, where this
heat quantity is significant it should be taken into account. This is done by adding it to the heat input
(in the case of power supplied from an outside source), deducting it from the heat output (in the case of
power supplied by the unit itself). Any other way of introducing the power consumed by auxiliaries into
the heat account should be agreed by the parties concerned.
d) F24, F43, F44 and F45 apply only to tests based on the gross calorific value and F25 only to tests based
on the net calorific value.
e) F43, F44 and F45 apply only to units with condensing recuperators.
f) In the case of boilers producing saturated steam, F9 cannot be obtained directly with known accuracy
(see 7.15). These units are tested by the indirect method.
Identification of the appropriate heat flows enables the test instrumentation to be specified (see clause 7),
the test readings to be taken, and the calculations and heat account to be completed (see clauses 8 and 9).
© BSI 11-1999 41
BS 845-2:1987
NOTE This diagram covers all types of unit. Only those heat flows applicable to the unit under test should be selected.
Figure 1 — Diagram of heat flows in and out of unit
42 © BSI 11-1999
© BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
NOTE Auxiliaries within the boundary of the unit receive the energy which, in total, comprises F46. In units with built-in induced draught fans, these are taken to lie within the
boundary. Steam driven machines supplied by F37 are not included when assessing F46.
Figure 2 — Boundary points of unit
43
44 blank
BS 845-2:1987
Publications referred to
BS 526, Definitions of the calorific value of fuels.

BS 593, Specification for laboratory thermometers.
BS 893, Method for the measurement of the concentration of particulate material in ducts carrying gases.
BS 1016, Methods for analysis and testing of coal and coke.
BS 1017, Methods for sampling of coal and coke.
BS 1041, Code for temperature measurement.
BS 1042, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits.
BS 1469, Specification for coal tar fuels.
BS 1704, Specification for solid-stem general purpose thermometers.
BS 1756, Methods for sampling and analysis of flue gases.
BS 1780, Specification for bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges.
BS 2000, Methods of test for petroleum and its products.
BS 2000-12, Heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
BS 2000-13, Conradson carbon residue of petroleum products.
BS 2486, Recommendations for treatment of water for land boilers.
BS 2869, Specification for fuel oils for oil engines and burners for non-marine use.
BS 3048, Code for the continuous sampling and automatic analysis of flue gases: indicators and recorders.
BS 3285, Methods of sampling superheated steam from steam generating units.
BS 3405, Method for measurement of particulate emission including grit and dust (simplified method).
BS 3812, Recommendations for estimating the dryness of saturated steam.
BS 4451, Method for determination of carbon residue of petroleum products (Ramsbottom method).
BS 4937, International thermocouple reference tables.
BS 4937-1, Platinum — 10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples. Type S.
BS 4937-2, Platinum — 13 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples. Type R.
BS 4937-3, Iron/copper-nickel thermocouples. Type J.
BS 4937-4, Nickel-chromium/nickel-aluminium thermocouples. Type K.
BS 4937-5, Copper/copper-nickel thermocouples. Type T.
© BSI 11-1999
BS 845-2:1987
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BRITISH STANDARD BS 845-2:1987

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Refrigeration,

Associated Offices Technical Committee

Association of Consulting Engineers

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 15857 8

3.7 Before the test the following conditions shall prevail:

4 Minimum test duration

Solid fuel equipment giving steady burning rates 4h

5.3 Conditions at beginning and end of test

Table 2 — Measurement tolerances

Atmospheric pressure ± 0.5

7.2 Temperature measurement

2) 1 bar = 0.1 MPa.

8.2.4.2 If supplied with steam for this purpose by the unit:

8.2.16 Sensible heat flow rate in grit and dust, F17

8.2.22 Sensible heat flow rate in dry flue gas, F23

8.2.35 Sensible heat flow rate in gaseous fuel, F36

8.2.38 Heat flow rate from electricity (electrical boilers), F39

8.2.42 Heat flow rate in water supplied to condensing recuperator, F43

8.2.45 Heat flow rate due to mechanical energy of auxiliaries, F46

8.3 Calculation of combined heat flows

8.3.3 Sum of useful heat flows from unit, G3

8.3.5 Heat output flow rate, G5

Table 3 — Symbols and units

a1 Production rate of pure ash in ash and clinker kg/s

Table 3 — Symbols and units

Table 3 — Symbols and units

h6 Specific enthalpy of auxiliary steam for use within unit kJ/kg

Table 3 — Symbols and units

p15 Pressure of water supplied to condensing recuperator bar

Table 3 — Symbols and units

t27 Temperature of water discharged from condensing recuperator °C

Appendix A Report data

b) Maker’s design data

Unit Symbol Value

Ultimate analysis Unit Symbol As fireda As fired Dry, mineral

Fusibility of ash (to be recorded where required by °C °C

Unit Symbol Value

Density of oil at 15 °C kg/L —

Unit Symbol Value

Gas as fired: Unit Symbol Value

(xii) Air Unit Symbol Value

Unit Symbol Value

Saturated steam units

Other steam flows

(xv) Flue gases

Unit Symbol Value

Grit and dust

Carried-over fluidized bed material and ash

Symbol Gross calorific Net calorific

b With an efficiency factor, if relevant, see D.2 c)

Appendix B Calculation of production rate of unweighed ash

Appendix C Radiation, convention and conduction losses for boilers of

4) To be estimated on the basis of the determinations on the weighed refuse.

Table 4 — Typical radiation, convection and conduction losses from water-tube

A None Yes Less than 10 % of 40 mm applied directly 1.5

Appendix D Guiding principles

Heat value of fuel

t) Whether the boiler is to be blown-down or the integral ash-quenching equipment is to be operated

Appendix E Selection of assessment procedure

E.2 Application of diagram of heat flows

BS 526, Definitions of the calorific value of fuels.